,note3 ,italics indicated by ,bold print by 444 ,,the ,,century ,,handbook ,,series ,,the ,,century ,,handbook ,,of ,,writing4 ,by ,garland ,greever and ,easley ,s4 ,jones4 ,,the ,,century ,,vocabulary ,,builder4 ,by ,garland ,greever and ,joseph ,m4 ,bachelor4 ,,the ,,century ,,desk ,,book ,,of ,,good ,,english4 ,by ,garland ,greever and ,joseph ,m4 ,bachelor4 ,a ,,business ,,man',s ,,desk ,,book4 ,by ,garland ,greever and ,joseph ,m4 ,bachelor4 ,,the ,,facts ,,and ,,backgrounds ,,of ,,literature1 ,english and ,american4 ,by ,george ,f4 ,reynolds1 ,university of ,colorado1 and ,garland ,greever4 ,,parliamentary ,,practice4 ,by ,general ,henry ,m4 ,robert4 ,other ,volumes ,to ,be ,arranged ,,the ,,century ,,vocabulary ,,builder4 ,by ,,garland ,,greever and ,,joseph ,m4 ,,bachelor ,,to ,,dana ,h4 ,,ferrin ,,whom ,,this ,,book ,,owes ,,more ,,than ,a ,,mere ,,dedication ,,can ,,acknowledge ,,preface ,you should know at the outset what this book does not attempt to do4 ,it does not1 save to the extent that its own special purpose requires1 concern itself with the many and intricate problems of grammar1 rhetoric1 spelling1 punctuation1 and the like2 or clarify the thousands of individual difficulties regarding correct usage4 ,all these matters are important4 ,concise treatment of them may be found in ,,the ,,century ,,handbook ,,of ,,writing and ,,the ,,century ,,desk ,,book ,,of ,,good ,,english1 both of which manuals are issued by the present publishers4 ,but this volume confines itself to the one task of placing at your disposal the means of adding to your stock of words1 of increasing your vocabulary4 ,it does not assume that you are a scholar1 or try to make you one4 ,to be sure1 it recognizes the ends of scholarship as worthy4 ,it levies at every turn upon the facts which scholarship has accumulated4 ,but it demands of you no technical equipment1 nor leads you into any of those bypaths of knowledge1 alluring indeed1 of which the benefits are not immediate4 ,for example1 in ,chapter ,v it forms into groups words etymologically akin to each other4 ,it does this for an end entirely practical--namely1 that the words you know may help you to understand the words you do not know4 ,did it go farther--did it account for minor differences in these words by showing that they sprang from related rather than identical originals1 did it explain how and how variously their forms have been modified in the long process of their descent--it would pass beyond its strict utilitarian bounds4 ,this it refrains from doing4 ,and thus everything it contains it rigorously subjects to the test of serviceability4 ,it helps you to bring more and more words into workaday harness--to gain such mastery over them that you can speak and write them with fluency1 flexibility1 precision1 and power4 ,it enables you1 in your use of words1 to attain the readiness and efficiency expected of a capable and cultivated man4 ,there are many ways of building a vocabulary1 as there are many ways of attaining and preserving health4 ,fanatics may insist that one should be cultivated to the exclusion of the others1 just as health-cranks may declare that diet should be watched in complete disregard of recreation1 sanitation1 exercise1 the need for medicines1 and one's mental attitude to life4 ,but the sum of human experience1 rather than fanaticism1 must determine our procedure4 ,moreover experience has shown that the various successful methods of bringing words under man's sway are not mutually antagonistic but may be practiced simultaneously1 just as health is promoted1 not by attending to diet one year1 to exercise the next1 and to mental attitude the third1 but by bestowing wise and fairly constant attention on all4 ,yet it would be absurd to state that all methods of increasing one's vocabulary1 or of attaining vigor of physique1 are equally valuable4 ,this volume offers everything that helps1 and it yields space in proportion to helpfulness4 ,aside from a brief introductory chapter1 a chapter 7number ,x7 given over to a list of words1 and a brief concluding chapter1 the subject matter of the volume falls into three main divisions4 ,chapters ,,ii and ,,iii are based on the fact that we must all use words in combination--must fling the words out by the handfuls1 even as the accomplished pianist must strike his notes4 ,chapters ,,iv and ,v are based on the fact that we must become thoroughly acquainted with individual words--that no one who scorns to study the separate elements of speech can command powerful and discriminating utterance4 ,chapters ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 and ,,ix are based on the fact that we need synonyms as our constant lackeys--that we should be able to summon1 not a word that will do1 but a word that will express the idea with precision4 ,exercises scattered throughout the book1 together with five of the six appendices1 provide well-nigh inexhaustible materials for practice4 ,for be it understood1 once for all1 that this volume is not a machine which you can set going and then sit idly beside1 the while your vocabulary broadens4 ,mastery over words1 like worthy mastery of any kind whatsoever1 involves effort for yourself4 ,you can of course contemplate the nature and activities of the mechanism1 and learn something thereby2 but also you must work--work hard1 work intelligently4 ,as you cannot acquire health by watching a gymnast take exercise or a doctor swallow medicine or a dietician select food1 so you cannot become an overlord of words without first fighting battles to subjugate them4 ,hence this volume is for you less a labor-saving machine than a collection and arrangement of materials which you must put together by hand4 ,it assembles everything you need4 ,it tags everything plainly4 ,it tells you just what you must do4 ,in these ways it makes your task far easier4 ,but the task is yours4 ,industry1 persistence1 a fair amount of common sense--these three you must have4 ,without them you will accomplish nothing4 ,even with them--let the forewarning be candid--you will not accomplish everything4 ,you cannot learn all there is to be learned about words1 any more than about human nature4 ,and what you do achieve will be1 not a sudden attainment1 but a growth4 ,this is not the dark side of the picture4 ,it is an honest avowal that the picture is not composed altogether of light4 ,but as the result of your efforts an adequate vocabulary will some day be yours4 ,nor will you have to wait long for an earnest of ultimate success4 ,just as system will speedily transform a haphazard business into one which seizes opportunities and stops the leakage of profits1 so will sincere and well-directed effort bring you promptly and surely into an ever-growing mastery of words4 ,,contents ,,chapters ,i4 ,,reasons ,,for ,,increasing ,,your ,,vocabulary4 ,,ii4 ,,words ,,in ,,combination3 ,,some ,,pitfalls4 ,tameness ,exercise ,sovenliness ,exercises ,wordiness ,exercises ,verbal ,discords ,exercise #a4 ,abstract vs4 ,concrete ,terms2 ,general vs4 ,specific ,terms ,exercise #b4 ,literal vs4 ,figurative ,terms ,exercise #c4 ,connotation ,exercise ,,iii4 ,,words ,,in ,,combination3 ,,how ,,mastered ,preliminaries3 ,general ,purposes and ,methods #a4 ,a ,ready1 an ,accurate1 or a ,wide ,vocabulary8 #b4 ,a ,vocabulary for ,speech or for ,writing8 ,the ,mastery of ,words in ,combination #a4 ,mastery through ,translation ,exercise #b4 ,mastery through ,paraphrasing ,exercise #c4 ,mastery through ,discourse at ,first ,hand ,exercise #d4 ,mastery through ,adapting ,discourse to ,audience ,exercise ,,iv4 ,,individual ,,words3 ,,as ,,verbal ,,celibates ,what ,words to ,learn ,first ,the ,analysis of ,your ,own ,vocabulary ,exercise ,the ,definition of ,words ,exercise ,how to ,look up a ,word in the ,dictionary ,exercise ,prying into a ,word's ,past ,exercise ,v4 ,,individual ,,words3 ,,as ,,members ,,of ,,verbal ,,families ,words ,related in ,blood ,exercise ,words ,related by ,marriage ,exercise ,prying into a ,word's ,relationships ,exercise ,two ,admonitions ,general ,exercise for the ,chapter 7with ,lists of ,words ,containing the ,same ,key-,syllables7 ,second ,general ,exercise 7with ,additional ,lists7 ,third ,general ,exercise ,fourth ,general ,exercise ,latin ,ancestors of ,english ,words ,latin ,prefixes ,greek ,ancestors of ,english ,words ,greek ,prefixes ,,vi4 ,,words ,,in ,,pairs4 ,opposites ,exercise ,words ,often ,confused ,exercise ,parallels 7with ,lists7 ,exercise ,,vii4 ,,synonyms ,,in ,,larger ,,groups 7#a7 ,how to ,acquire ,synonyms ,exercise 7with ,lists7 ,,viii4 ,,synonyms ,,in ,,larger ,,groups 7#b7 ,exercise 7with ,lists7 ,,ix4 ,,many-,,sided ,,words ,exercise ,literal vs4 ,figurative ,applications ,exercise ,imperfectly ,understood ,facts and ,ideas ,exercise ,x4 ,,supplementary ,,list ,,of ,,words ,exercise ,,xi4 ,,retrospect ,,appendices #a4 ,the ,drift of ,our ,rural ,population ,cityward 7an ,editorial7 #b4 ,causes for the ,american ,spirit of ,liberty 7by ,edmund ,burke7 #c4 ,parable of the ,sower 7,gospel of ,st4 ,matthew7 #d4 ,the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7by ,william ,shakespeare7 #e4 ,the ,castaway 7by ,daniel ,defoe7 #f4 ,reading ,lists ,,index ,,century ,,vocabulary ,,builder ,i ,,reasons ,,for ,,increasing ,,your ,,vocabulary ,sometimes a dexterous use of words appears to us to be only a kind of parlor trick4 ,and sometimes it is just that4 ,the command of a wide vocabulary is in truth an accomplishment1 and like any other accomplishment it may be used for show4 ,but not necessarily4 ,just as a man may have money without flashing it1 or an extensive wardrobe without sporting gaudy neckties or wearing a dress suit in the morning1 so may he possess linguistic resources without making a caddish exhibition of them4 ,indeed the more distant he stands from verbal bankruptcy1 the less likely he is to indulge in needless display4 ,again1 glibness of speech sometimes awakens our distrust4 ,we like actions rather than words2 we prefer that character1 personality1 and kindly feelings should be their own mouthpiece4 ,so be it4 ,but there are thoughts and emotions properly to be shared with other people1 yet incapable of being revealed except through language4 ,it is only when language is insincere--when it expresses lofty sentiments or generous sympathies1 yet springs from designing selfishness--that it justly arouses misgivings4 ,power over words1 like power of any other sort1 is for use1 not abuse4 ,that it sometimes is abused must not mislead us into thinking that it should in itself be scorned or neglected4 ,our contempt and distrust do not mean that our fundamental ideas about language are unsound4 ,beneath our wholesome dislike for shallow facility and insincerity of speech1 we have a conviction that the mastery of words is a good thing1 not a bad4 ,we are therefore unwilling to take the vow of linguistic poverty4 ,if we lack the ability to bend words to our use1 it is from laziness1 not from scruple4 ,we desire to speak competently1 but without affectation4 ,we know that if our diction rises to this dual standard1 it silently distinguishes us from the sluggard1 the weakling1 and the upstart4 ,for such diction is not to be had on sudden notice1 like a tailor-made suit4 ,nor can it1 like such a suit1 deceive anybody as to our true status4 ,a man's utterance reveals what he is4 ,it is the measure of his inward attainment4 ,the assertion has been made that for a man to express himself freely and well in his native language is the surest proof of his culture4 ,meditate the saying4 ,can you think of a proof that is surer8 ,but a man's speech does more than lend him distinction4 ,it does more than reveal to others what manner of man he is4 ,it is an instrument as well as an index4 ,it is an agent--oftentimes indeed it is the agent--of his influence upon others4 ,how silly are those persons who oppose words to things1 as if words were not things at all but air-born unrealities6 ,words are among the most powerful realities in the world4 ,you vote the ,republican ticket4 ,why8 ,because you have studied the issues of the campaign and reached a well-reasoned conclusion how the general interests may be served8 ,possibly4 ,but nine times in ten it will be because of that word ,republican4 ,you may believe that in a given instance the ,republican cause or candidate is inferior2 you may have nothing personally to lose through ,republican defeat2 yet you squirm and twist and seek excuses for casting a ,republican ballot4 ,such is the power--aye1 sometimes the tyranny--of a word4 ,the word ,republican has not been selected invidiously4 ,democrat would have served as well4 ,or take religious words--,catholic1 ,methodist1 ,presbyterian1 ,episcopalian1 ,baptist1 ,lutheran1 or what not4 ,a man who belongs1 in person or by proxy1 to one of the sects designated may be more indifferent to the institution itself than to the word that represents it4 ,thus you may attack in his presence the tenets of ,presbyterianism1 for example1 but you must be wary about calling the ,presbyterian name4 ,mother1 the flag--what sooner than an insult coupled with these terms will rouse a man to fight8 ,but does that man kiss his mother1 or salute the flag1 or pay much heed to either8 ,probably not4 ,words not realities8 ,with what realities must we more carefully reckon8 ,words are as dangerous as dynamite1 as beneficent as brotherhood4 ,an unfortunate word may mean a plea rejected1 an enterprise baffled1 half the world plunged into war4 ,a fortunate word may open a triple-barred door1 avert a disaster1 bring thousands of people from jealousy and hatred into coperation and goodwill4 ,nor is it solely on their emotional side that men may be affected by words4 ,their thinking and their esthetic nature also--their hard sense and their personal likes and dislikes--are subject to the same influence4 ,you interview a potential investor2 does he accept your proposition or not8 ,a prospective customer walks into your store2 does he buy the goods you show him8 ,you enter the drawing room of one of the elite2 are you invited again and again8 ,your words will largely decide--your words1 or your verbal abstinence4 ,for be it remembered that words no more than dollars are to be scattered broadcast for the sole reason that you have them4 ,the right word should be used at the right time--and at that time only4 ,silence is oftentimes golden4 ,nevertheless there are occasions for us to speak4 ,frequent occasions4 ,to be inarticulate then may mean only embarrassment4 ,it may--some day it will--mean suffering and failure4 ,that we may make the most of the important occasions sure to come1 we must have our instruments ready4 ,those instruments are words4 ,he who commands words commands events--commands men4 ,,ii ,,words ,,in ,,combination3 ,,some ,,pitfalls ,you wish1 then1 to increase your vocabulary4 ,of course you must become observant of words and inquisitive about them4 ,for words are like people3 they have their own particular characteristics1 they do their work well or ill1 they are in good odor or bad1 and they yield best service to him who loves them and tries to understand them4 ,your curiosity about them must be burning and insatiable4 ,you must study them when they have withdrawn from the throng of their fellows into the quiescence of their natural selves4 ,you must also see them and study them in action1 not only as they are employed in good books and by careful speakers1 but likewise as they fall from the lips of unconventional speakers who through them secure vivid and telling effects4 ,in brief1 you must learn word nature1 as you learn human nature1 from a variety of sources4 ,now in ordinary speech most of us use words1 not as individual things1 but as parts of a whole--as cogs in the machine of utterance by which we convey our thoughts and feelings4 ,we do not think of them separately at all4 ,and this instinct is sound4 ,in our expression we are like large-scale manufacturing plants rather than one-man establishments4 ,we have at our disposal1 not one worker1 but a multitude4 ,hence we are concerned with our employees collectively and with the total production of which they are capable4 ,to be sure1 our understanding of them as individuals will increase the worth and magnitude of our output4 ,but clearly we must have large dealings with them in the aggregate4 ,this chapter and the following1 therefore1 are given over to the study of words in combination4 ,as in all matters1 there is a negative as well as a positive side to be reckoned with4 ,let us consider the negative side first4 ,tameness ,correct diction is too often insipid4 ,there is nothing wrong with it1 but it does not interest us--it lacks character1 lacks color1 lacks power4 ,it too closely resembles what we conceive of the angels as having-- impeccability without the warmth of camaraderie4 ,speech1 like a man1 should be alive4 ,it need not1 of course1 be boisterous4 ,it may be intense in a quiet1 modest way4 ,but if it too sedulously observes all the ,thou shalt not's of the rhetoricians1 it will refine the vitality out of itself and leave its hearers unmoved4 ,that is why you should become a disciple of the pithy1 everyday conversationalist and of the rough-and-ready master of harangue as well as of the practitioner of precise and scrupulous discourse4 ,many a speaker or writer has thwarted himself by trying to be literary4 ,even ,burns when he wrote classic ,english was somewhat conscious of himself and made1 in most instances1 no extraordinary impression4 ,but the pieces he impetuously dashed off in his native ,scotch dialect can never be forgotten4 ,the man who begins by writing naturally1 but as his importance in the publishing world grows1 pays more and more attention to felicities--to style--and so spoils himself1 is known to the editor of every magazine4 ,any editorial office force can insert missing commas and semicolons1 and iron out blunders in the ,english2 but it has not the time1 if indeed the ability1 to instil life into a lifeless manuscript4 ,a living style is rarer than an inoffensive one1 and the road of literary ambition is strewn with failures due to correctness4 ,cultivate readiness1 even daring1 of utterance4 ,a single turn of expression may be so audacious that it plucks an idea from its shroud or places within us an emotion still quivering and warm4 ,sustained discourse may unflaggingly clarify or animate4 ,but such triumphs are beyond the reach of those1 whether speakers or writers1 who are constantly pausing to grope for words4 ,this does not mean that scrutiny of individual words is wasted effort4 ,such scrutiny becomes the basis indeed of the more venturesome and inspired achievement4 ,we must serve our apprenticeship to language4 ,we must know words as a general knows the men under him--all their ranks1 their capabilities1 their shortcomings1 the details and routine of their daily existence4 ,but the end for which we gain our understanding must be to hurl these words upon the enemy1 not as disconnected units1 but as battalions1 as brigades1 as corps1 as armies4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 one of the most effective talkers in all history1 resolved early in life that1 always1 and whatever topic might be broached1 he would on the moment express his thoughts and feelings with as much vigor and felicity as if he had unlimited leisure to draw on4 ,and ,patrick ,henry1 one of the few really irresistible orators1 was wont to plunge headlong into a sentence and trust to ,god ,almighty to get him out4 ,,exercise - ,tameness #a4 ,study ,appendix ,i 7,the ,drift of ,our ,rural ,population ,cityward74 ,do you regard it as written simply1 with force and natural feeling8 ,or does it show lack of spontaneity8--suffer from an unnatural and self- conscious manner of writing8 ,is the style one you would like to cultivate for your own use8 #b4 ,express1 if you can1 in more vigorous language of your own1 the thought of the editorial4 #c4 ,think of some one you have known who has the gift of racy colloquial utterance4 ,make a list of offhand1 homely1 or picturesque expressions you have heard him employ1 and ask yourself what it is in these expressions that has made them linger in your memory4 ,with them in mind1 and with your knowledge of the man's methods of imparting his ideas vividly1 try to make your version of the editorial more forceful still4 #d4 ,study ,appendix #b 7,causes for the ,american ,spirit of ,liberty7 as an example of stately and elaborate1 yet energetic1 discourse4 ,the speech from which this extract is taken was delivered in ,parliament in a vain effort to stay ,england from driving her colonies to revolt4 ,some of ,burke's turns of phrase are extremely bold and original1 as ,the religion most prevalent in our northern colonies is a refinement on the principle of resistance2 it is the dissidence of dissent and the ,protestantism of the ,protestant religion4 ,moreover1 with all his fulness of diction1 ,burke could cleave to the heart of an idea in a few words1 as ,freedom is to them the southern slave-holders not only an enjoyment1 but a kind of rank and privilege4 ,find other examples of bold or concise and illuminating utterance4 #e4 ,read ,appendix #c 7,parable of the ,sower74 ,it has no special audacities of phrase1 but escapes tameness in various ways--largely through its simple earnestness4 #f4 ,make a list of the descriptive phrases in ,appendix #d 7,the ,seven ,ages of ,man7 through which ,shakespeare gives life and distinctness to his pictures4 #g4 ,study ,appendix #e 7,the ,castaway7 as a piece of homely1 effective narrative4 7,defoe wrote for the man in the street4 ,he was a literary jack-of-all-trades whom dignified authors of his day would not countenance1 but who possessed genius47 ,it relies upon directness and plausibility of substance and style rather than temerity of phrase4 ,yet it never sags into tameness4 ,notice how everyday expressions 7,my business was to hold my breath1 ,i took to my heels7 add subtly to our belief that what ,defoe is telling us is true4 ,notice also that such expressions 7the least capful of wind1 half dead with the water ,i took in1 ready to burst with holding my breath7 without being pretentious may yet be forceful4 ,notice finally the naturalness and lift of the sinewy idioms 7,i fetched another run1 ,i had no clothes to shift me1 ,i had like to have suffered a second shipwreck1 ,it wanted but a little that all my cargo had slipped off74 #h4 ,once or twice at least1 make a mental note of halting or listless expressions in a sermon1 a public address1 or a conversation4 ,find more emphatic wording for the ideas thus marred4 #i4 ,to train yourself in readiness and daring of utterance1 practice impromptu discussion of any of the topics in ,activity #a for ,,exercise - ,discourse4 ,slovenliness ,though we are to recognize the advantage of working in the undress of speech rather than in stiffly-laundered literary linens1 though we are not to despise the accessions of strength and of charm which we may obtain from the homely and familiar1 we must never be careless4 ,the man whose speech is slovenly is like the man who chews gum--unblushingly commonplace4 ,we must struggle to maintain our individuality4 ,we must not be a mere copy of everybody else4 ,we must put into our words the cordiality we put into our daily demeanor4 ,if we greeted friend or stranger carelessly1 conventionally1 we should soon be regarded as persons of no force or distinction4 ,so of our speech and our writing4 ,nothing1 to be sure1 is more difficult than to give them freshness without robbing them of naturalness and ease4 ,yet that is what we must learn to do4 ,we shall not acquire the power in a day4 ,we shall acquire it as a chess or a baseball player acquires his skill--by long effort1 hard practice4 ,one thing to avoid is the use of words in loose1 or fast-and-loose1 senses4 ,do not say that owning a watch is a fine proposition if you mean that it is advantageous4 ,do not say that you trembled on the brink of disaster if you were threatened with no more than inconvenience or comparatively slight injury4 ,do not say you were literally scared to death if you are yet alive to tell the story4 ,,exercise - ,slovenliness ,i ,give moderate or accurate utterance to the following ideas3 ,the burning of the hen-coop was a mighty conflagration4 ,the fact that the point of the pencil was broken profoundly surprised me4 ,we had a perfectly gorgeous time4 ,it's a beastly shame that ,i missed my car4 ,it is awfully funny that he should die4 ,the saleslady pulled the washlady's hair4 ,a cold bath is pretty nice of mornings4 ,to go a little late is just the article4 ,another thing to avoid is the use of words in the wrong parts of speech1 as a noun for a verb1 or an adjective for an adverb4 ,sometimes newspapers are guilty of such faults2 for journalistic ,english1 though pithy1 shows here and there traces of its rapid composition4 ,you must look to more leisurely authorities4 ,the speakers and writers on whom you may rely will not say to burglarize1 to suspicion1 to enthuse1 plenty rich1 real tired1 considerable discouraged1 a combine1 or humans4 ,an exhaustive list of such errors cannot be inserted here4 ,if you feel yourself uncertain in these details of usage1 you should have access to such a volume as ,the ,century ,desk ,book of ,good ,english4 ,,exercise - ,slovenliness ,,ii #a4 ,for each quoted expression in the preceding paragraph compose a sentence which shall contain the correct form1 or the grammatical equivalent1 of the expression4 #b4 ,correct the following sentences3 ,the tramp suicided4 ,she was real excited4 ,he gestured angry4 ,he was some anxious to get to the eats4 ,all of us had an invite4 ,them boys have sure been teasing the canine4 ,another thing to avoid is triteness4 ,the ,english language teems with phrases once strikingly original but now smooth-worn and vulgarized by incessant repetition4 ,it can scarcely be said that you are to shun these altogether4 ,now and then you will find one of them coming happily as well as handily into your speech4 ,but you must not use them too often4 ,above all1 you must rid yourself of any dependence upon them4 ,the scope of this book permits only a few illustrations of the kinds of words and phrases meant4 ,but the person who speaks of lurid flames1 or untiring efforts1 or specimens of humanity--who views with alarm1 or has a native heath1 or is to the manner born--does more than advertise the scantness of his verbal resources4 ,he brands himself mentally indolent2 he deprives his thought itself of all sharpness1 exactness1 and power4 ,,exercise - ,slovenliness ,,iii ,replace with more original expressions the trite phrases 7italicized7 in the following sentences3 ,last but not least1 we have in our midst one who began life poor but honest4 ,after we had done justice to a dinner and gathered in the drawing room1 we listened with bated breath while she favored us with a selection4 ,a goodly number of the fair sex1 perceiving that the psychological moment had come1 applauded him to the echo4 ,we were doomed to disappointment2 the grim reaper had already gathered unto himself all that was mortal of our comrade4 ,no sooner said than done4 ,i soon found myself the proud possessor of that for which ,i had acknowledged a long-felt want4 ,after the last sad rites were over and her body was consigned to earth1 we began talking along these lines4 ,with a few well-chosen words he brought order out of chaos4 ,the way my efforts were nipped in the bud simply beggars description4 ,i am somewhat the worse for wear4 ,hoping you are the same1 ,i remain ,yours sincerely1 ,ned ,burke4 ,finally1 to the extent that you use slang at all1 be its master instead of its slave4 ,you have many times been told that the overuse of slang disfigures one's speech and hampers his standing with cultivated people4 ,you have also been told that slang constantly changes1 so that one's accumulations of it today will be a profitless clutter tomorrow4 ,these things are true1 but an even more cogent objection remains4 ,slang is detrimental to the formation of good intellectual habits4 ,from its very nature it cannot be precise1 cannot discriminate closely4 ,it is a vehicle for loose-thinking people1 it is fraught with unconsidered general meanings1 it moves in a region of mental mists4 ,it could not flourish as it does were fewer of us content to express vague thoughts and feelings instead of those which are sharply and specifically ours4 ,unless1 therefore1 you wish your intellectual processes to be as hazy and haphazard as those of mental shirkers and loafers1 you must eschew1 not necessarily all slang1 but all heedless1 all habitual use of it4 ,now and then a touch of slang1 judiciously chosen1 is effective2 now and then it fulfils a legitimate purpose of language4 ,but normally you should express yourself as befits one who has at his disposal the rich treasuries of the dictionary instead of a mere stock of greasy counterfeit phrases4 ,,exercise - ,slovenliness ,,iv ,replace the following slang with acceptable ,english3 ,we pulled a new wrinkle4 ,he's an easy mark4 ,oh1 you're nutty4 ,beat it4 ,i have all the inside dope4 ,you can't bamboozle me4 ,what a phiz the bloke has6 ,you're talking through your hat4 ,we had a long confab with the gink4 ,he's loony over that chicken4 ,the prof4 told us to vamoose4 ,take a squint at the girl with the specs4 ,ain't it fierce the way they swipe umbrellas8 ,goodnight1 how she claws the ivory6 ,nix on the rough stuff4 ,and there ,i got pinched by a cop for parking my ,tin ,lizzie4 ,wordiness ,as a precaution against tameness you should cultivate spontaneity and daring4 ,as a precaution against slovenliness you should cultivate freshness and accuracy4 ,but to display spontaneity1 daring1 freshness1 accuracy you must have or acquire a large stock1 a wide range1 of words4 ,now this possession1 like any other1 brings with it temptation4 ,if we have words1 we like to use them4 ,nor do we wait for an indulgence in this luxury until we have consciously set to work to amass a vocabulary4 ,verbosity is1 in truth1 the besetting linguistic sin4 ,most people are lavish with words1 as most people are lavish with money4 ,this is not to say that in the currency of language they are rich4 ,but even if they lack the means--and the desire--to be extravagant1 they yet make their purchases heedlessly or fail to count their linguistic change4 ,the degree of our thrift1 not the amount of our income or resources1 is what marks us as being or not being verbal spendthrifts4 ,the frugal manager buys his ideas at exactly the purchase price4 ,he does not expend a twenty-dollar bill for a box of matches4 ,have words by all means1 the more of them the better1 but use them temperately1 sparingly4 ,do not think that a passage to be admirable must be studded with ostentatious terms4 ,consider the ,gettysburg ,address or the ,parable of the ,prodigal ,son4 ,these convey their thought and feeling perfectly1 yet both are simple--exquisitely simple4 ,they strike us indeed as being inevitable--as if their phrasing could not have been other than it is4 ,they have1 they are1 finality4 ,what could glittering phraseology add to them8 ,nothing2 it could only mar them4 ,yet ,lincoln and the ,scriptural writers were not afraid to use big words when occasion required4 ,what they sought was to make their speech adequate without carrying a superfluous syllable4 ,the sun set is more natural and effective than ,the celestial orb that blesses our terrestrial globe with its warm and luminous rays sank to its nocturnal repose behind the western horizon4 ,great writers--the true masters--have often held fine writing and pretentious speaking up to ridicule4 ,thus ,shakespeare has ,kent1 who has been rebuked for his bluntness1 indulge in a grandiloquent outburst3 ,sir1 in good sooth1 in sincere verity1 ,under the allowance of your grand aspect1 ,whose influence1 like the wreath of radiant fire ,on flickering ,phoebus' front1-- ,no wonder ,kent is interrupted with a ,what meanest by this8 ,sometimes great writers use ornate utterance for humorous effects4 ,thus ,dickens again and again has ,mr4 ,micawber express a commonplace idea in sounding terms which at length fail him1 so that he must interject an in short and summarize his meaning in a phrase amusing through its homely contrast4 ,but humor based on ponderous diction is too often wearisome4 ,better say simply ,he died1 or colloquially ,he kicked the bucket1 than ,he propelled his pedal extremities with violence against the wooden pail which is customarily employed in the transportation of the aquatic fluid4 ,,exercise - ,wordiness ,i ,express these ideas in simpler language3 ,the temperature was excessive4 ,the most youthful of his offspring was not remarkable for personal pulchritude4 ,henry ,clay expressed a preference for being on the right side of public questions to occupying the position of ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,he who passes at an accelerated pace may nevertheless be capable of perusing4 ,a masculine member of the human race was mounted on an equine quadruped4 ,but the number of the terms we employ1 as well as their ostentatiousness1 must be considered4 ,most of us blunder around in the neighborhood of our meaning instead of expressing it briefly and clearly4 ,we throw a handful of words at an idea when one word would suffice2 we try to bring the idea down with a shotgun instead of a rifle4 ,of course one means of correction is that we should acquire accuracy1 a quality already discussed4 ,another is that we should practice condensation4 ,first1 let us learn to omit the words which add nothing to the meaning4 ,thus in the sentence ,an important essential in cashing a check is that you should indorse it on the back1 several words or groups of words needlessly repeat ideas which are expressed elsewhere4 ,the sentence is as complete in substance1 and far terser in form1 when it reads ,an essential in cashing a check is that you should indorse it4 ,next1 let us1 when we may1 reduce phrases and even clauses to a word4 ,thus the clause at the beginning and the phrase at the close of the following sentence constitute sheer verbiage3 ,men who have let their temper get the better of them are often in a mood to do harm to somebody4 ,the sentence tells us nothing that may not be told in five words3 ,angry men are often dangerous4 ,finally1 let us substitute phrases or clauses for unnecessary sentences4 ,the following series of independent assertions contains avoidable repetitions3 ,one morning ,i was riding on the subway to my work4 ,it was always my custom to ride to my work on the subway4 ,this morning ,i met ,harry ,blake4 ,the full thought may better be embodied in a single sentence3 ,one morning1 while ,i was1 as usual1 riding on the subway to my work1 ,i met ,harry ,blake4 ,by applying these instructions to any page at hand--one from your own writing1 one from a letter some friend has sent you1 one from a book or magazine--you will often be able to strike out many of the words without at all impairing the meaning4 ,another means of acquiring succinct expression is to practice the composition of telegrams and cable messages4 ,you will of course lessen the cost by eliminating every word that can possibly be spared4 ,on the other hand1 you must bear it in mind that your punctuation will not be transmitted1 and that the recipient must be absolutely safeguarded against reading together words meant to be separated or separating words meant to be read together4 ,that is1 your message must be both concise and unmistakably clear4 ,,exercise - ,wordiness ,,ii #a4 ,condense the editorial 7,appendix #a7 by eliminating unnecessary words and finding briefer equivalents for roundabout expressions4 #b4 ,try to condense similarly the ,parable of the ,sower 7,appendix #c7 and the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d74 7,the task will largely or altogether baffle you1 but will involve minute study of tersely written passages47 #c4 ,condense the following3 ,a man whose success in life was due solely to his own efforts rose in his place and addressed the man who presided over the meeting4 ,a girl who sat in the seat behind me giggled in an irritating manner4 ,we heard the wild shriek of the locomotive4 ,any sound in that savage region seemed more terrible than it would in civilized surroundings4 ,so as we listened to the shriek of the locomotive1 it sounded terrible too4 ,i heard what kind of chauffeur he was4 ,a former employer of his told me4 ,he was a chauffeur who speeded in reckless fashion because he was fond of having all the excitement possible4 #d4 ,condense the following into telegrams of ten words or less3 ,arrived here in ,toledo yesterday morning talked with the directors found them not hostile to us but friendly4 ,detectives report they think evidence now points to innocence of man arrested and to former employee as the burglar4 #e4 ,the following telegrams are ambiguous4 ,clarify them4 ,jane escaped illness ,i feared ,charley better4 ,buy oil if market falls sell cotton4 #f4 ,base a telegraphic night letter of not more than fifty words upon these circumstances3 7a7 ,you have been sent to buy1 if possible and as cheaply as possible1 a majority of the stock in a given company4 ,you find that many of the stockholders distrust or dislike the president and are willing to sell4 ,some of these ask only #ej a share for their holdings2 the owners of #ajj shares want as much as #ib2 the average price asked is #gf4 ,by buying out all the president's enemies1 which you can now do beyond question1 you would secure a bare majority of the stock4 ,but #ib a share seems to you excessive2 that is1 you think that by working quietly among the president's friends you can get #ajj shares at #gg or thereabouts and thus save approximately #aejj4 ,on the other hand1 should your dealings with the friends of the president give him premature warning1 he might stop the sales by these friends and himself begin buying from his enemies1 and thus make your purchase of a majority of the stock impossible4 ,is the #aejj you would save worth the risk you would be obliged to take8 ,you call for instructions4 7b7 ,you are telegraphing a metropolitan paper the results of a ,congressional election4 ,philput1 the ,republican candidate1 leads in the cities1 from which returns are now complete4 ,wilkins1 the ,democratic candidate1 leads in the country1 from only certain districts of which-- those nearest the cities--returns have been heard4 ,if the present proportionate division of the rural vote is maintained for the total1 ,philput will be elected by a plurality of three hundred votes4 ,philput asserts that the proportions will hold4 ,wilkins points out1 however1 that he is relatively stronger in the more remote districts and predicts that he will have a plurality of seven hundred votes4 ,smallbridge1 an independent candidate1 is apparently making a better race in the country than in the city1 but he is so weak in both places that the ballots cast for him can scarcely affect the outcome unless the margin of victory is infinitesimal4 #g4 ,compress #f;a and #f;b each into a telegram of not more than ten words4 #h4 7,do not read this assignment until you have composed the night letters and telegrams called for in #f and #g47 ,compare your first night letter in #f and your first telegram in #g with the versions given below4 ,decide where you have surpassed these versions1 where you have fallen short of them4 ,night letter3 ,two factions in company ,i can buy from enemies president bare majority stock at average seventy-six but hundred of these shares held at ninety-two ,i could probably get hundred quietly from friends president about seventy-seven but president might detect move and buy majority stock himself wire instructions4 7,fifty words47 ,telegram3 ,wire whether buy safe or risk control saving fifteen hundred4 7,ten words47 ,a final device for escaping wordiness you will have discovered for yourself while composing telegrams and telegraphic night letters4 ,it is to pass over details not vital to your purpose4 ,of course you must have due regard for circumstances2 details needed for one purpose may be superfluous for another4 ,but all of us are familiar with the person who loses her ideas in a rigmarole of prosaic and irrelevant facts4 ,such a person is ,shakespeare's scatter-brained ,dame ,quickly4 ,on one occasion this voluble woman is shrilly reproaching ,sir ,john ,falstaff for his indebtedness to her4 ,what is the gross sum that ,i owe thee8 he inquires4 ,she might answer simply3 ,if thou wert an honest man1 thyself and the money too4 ,thou didst promise to marry me4 ,deny it if thou canst4 ,instead1 she plunges into a prolix recital of the circumstances of the engagement1 so that the all-important fact that the engagement exists has no special emphasis in her welter of words4 ,if thou wert an honest man1 she cries1 thyself and the money too4 ,thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet1 sitting in my ,dolphin-chamber1 at the round table1 by a sea-coal fire1 upon ,wednesday in ,wheeson week1 when the prince broke thy head for liking his father to a singing-man of ,windsor1 thou didst swear to me then1 as ,i was washing thy wound1 to marry me and make me my lady thy wife4 ,canst thou deny it8 ,did not goodwife ,keech1 the butcher's wife1 come in then and call me gossip ,quickly8 coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar2 telling us she had a good dish of prawns2 whereby thou didst desire to eat some1 whereby ,i told thee they were ill for a green wound8 ,and didst thou not1 when she was gone down stairs1 desire me to be no more so familiarity with such poor people2 saying that ere long they should call me madam8 ,and didst thou not kiss me and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings8 ,i put thee now to thy book-oath2 deny it if thou canst4 ,,exercise - ,wordiness ,,iii #a4 ,study the following paragraph1 decide which ideas are important1 and strike out the details that merely clog the thought3 ,as ,i stepped into the room1 ,i heard the clock ticking and that caused me to look at it4 ,it sits on the mantelpiece with some layers of paper under one corner where the mantel is warped4 ,when the papers slip out or we move the clock a little as we're dusting1 the ticking stops right away4 ,of course the clock's not a new one at all1 but it's an old one4 ,it has been in the family for many a long year1 yes1 from even before my father's time4 ,let me see1 it was bought by my grandfather4 ,no1 it couldn't have been grandfather that bought it2 it was his brother4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i remember now2 my mother told me all about it1 and ,i'd forgotten what she said till this minute4 ,but really my grandfather's brother didn't exactly buy it4 ,he just traded for it4 ,he gave two pigs and a saddle1 that's what my mother said4 ,you see1 he was afraid his hogs might take cholera and so he wanted to get rid of them2 and as for the saddle1 he had sold his riding-horse and he didn't have any more use for that4 ,well1 it isn't a valuable clock1 like a grandfather clock or anything of that sort1 though it is antique4 ,as ,i was saying1 when ,i glanced at it1 it read seven minutes to six4 ,i remember the time very well1 for just then the factory whistle blew and ,i remember saying to myself3 ,it's seven minutes slow today4 ,you see1 it's old and we don't keep it oiled1 and so it's always losing time4 ,hardly a day passes but ,i set it up--sometimes twice a day1 as for the matter of that--and ,i usually go by the factory whistle too1 though now and then ,i go by ,dwight's gold watch4 ,well1 anyhow1 that tells me what time it was4 ,i'm certain ,i can't be wrong4 #b4 ,study1 on the other hand1 ,the ,castaway 7,appendix #e7 for its judicious use of details4 ,defoe in his stories is a supreme master of verisimilitude 7likeness to truth74 ,as we read him1 we cannot help believing that these things actually happened4 ,more than in anything else the secret of his lifelikeness lies in his constant faithfulness to reality4 ,he puts in the little mishaps that would have befallen a man so situated1 the things he would have done1 the difficulties he might have avoided had he exercised forethought4 ,though ,defoe had little insight into the complexities of man's inner life1 he has not been surpassed in his accumulations of naturalistic outer details4 ,these do not cumber his narrative2 they contribute to its purpose and add to its effectiveness4 ,in this selection 7,appendix #e7 observe how plausible are such homely details as ,crusoe's seeing no sign of his comrades except three of their hats1 one cap1 and two shoes that were not fellows2 as his difficulty in getting aboard the ship again2 and as his having his clothes washed away by the rising of the tide4 ,find half a dozen other such incidents that ,you consider especially effective4 ,verbal ,discords ,we may pitch our talk or our writing in almost any key we choose4 ,our mood may be dreamy or eager or hilarious or grim or blustering or somber or bantering or scornful or satirical or whatever we will4 ,but once we have established the tone1 we should not--except sometimes for broadly humorous effects--change it needlessly or without clear forewarning4 ,if we do1 we create one or the other of two obstacles1 or both of them1 for whoever is trying to follow what we say4 ,in the first place1 we obscure our meaning4 ,for example1 we have been speaking ironically and suddenly swerve into serious utterance2 or we have been speaking seriously and then incongruously adopt an ironic tone4 ,how are our listeners1 our readers to take us8 ,they are puzzled2 they do not know4 ,in the second place1 we offend--perhaps in insidious1 indefinable fashion--the esthetic proprieties2 we violate the natural fitness of things4 ,for example1 we have been speaking with colloquial freedom1 sprinkling our discourse with shouldn't and won't2 suddenly we become formal and say should not and will not4 ,our meaning is as obvious as before1 but the verbal harmony has been interrupted2 our hearers or readers are uneasily aware of a break in the unity of tone4 ,a speaker or writer is a host to verbal guests4 ,when he invites them to his assembly1 he gives each the tacit assurance that it will not be brought into fellowship with those which in one or another of a dozen subtle ways will be uncongenial company for it4 ,he must never be forgetful of this unspoken promise4 ,if he is to avoid a linguistic breach1 he must constantly have his wits about him2 must study out his combinations carefully1 and use all his knowledge1 all his tact4 ,he will make due use of spontaneous impulse2 but that this may be wise and disciplined1 he will form the habit of curiosity about words1 their stations1 their savor1 their aptitudes1 their limitations1 their outspokenness1 their reticences1 their affinities and antipathies4 ,thus when he has need of a phrase to fill out a verbal dinner party1 he will know which one to select4 ,certain broad classifications of words are manifest even to the most obtuse user of ,english4 ,shady1 behead1 and lying are popular words1 while their synonyms umbrageous1 decapitate1 and mendacious are learned words4 ,flabbergasted and higgledy-piggledy are colloquial1 while roseate and whilom are literary4 ,affidavit1 allegro1 lee shore1 and pinch hit are technical1 while vamp1 savvy1 bum hunch1 and skiddoo are slang4 ,it would be disenchanting indeed were extremes of this sort brought together4 ,but offenses of a less glaring kind are as hard to shut out as ,february cold from a heated house4 ,unusual are the speeches or compositions1 even the short ones1 in which every word is in keeping1 is in perfect tune with the rest4 ,for the attainment of this ultimate verbal decorum we should have to possess knowledge almost unbounded1 together with unerring artistic instinct4 ,but diction of a kind only measurably inferior to this is possible to us if we are in earnest4 ,to attain it we must study the difference between abstract and concrete terms1 and let neither intrude unadvisedly upon the presence or functions of the other2 do the same by literal and figurative terms and instruct ourselves in the nature and significance of connotation4 ,before considering these more detailed matters1 however1 we may pause for a general exercise on verbal harmony4 ,,exercise - ,discords #a4 ,study the editorial in ,appendix #a for unforewarned changes in mood and assemblages of mutually uncongenial words4 ,rewrite the worst two paragraphs to remove all blemishes of these kinds4 #b4 ,compare ,burke's speech 7,appendix #b7 with ,defoe's narrative 7,appendix #e7 for the difference in tone between them4 ,does each keep the tone it adopts 7that is1 except for desirable changes78 #c4 ,note the changes in tone in the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d74 ,do the changes in substance make these changes in tone desirable8 #d4 ,in the following passages1 make such changes and omissions as are necessary to unify the tone3 ,how ,i loved to stroll1 on those long ,indian summer afternoons1 into the quiet meadows where the mild-breathed kine were grazing6 ,an old cow that switches her tail at flies and puts her foot in the bucket when you milk her1 ,i absolutely loathe4 ,how ,i loved to hear the birds sing1 to listen to the fall of ripe autumnal apples6 ,it wasn't the girl yclept ,sally4 ,this girl was not so vivacious as ,sally1 but she had a mug on her that was a lot less ugly to look at4 ,gee1 when she stood there in front of me with those mute1 ineffable1 sympathetic eyes of hers1 ,i was ready to throw a duck-fit4 ,old ,grimes is dead1 that dear old soul2 ,we'll never see him more2 ,he wore a great long overcoat1 ,all buttoned down before4 ,i4 ,abstract vs4 ,concrete ,terms2 ,general vs4 ,specific ,terms ,abstract terms convey ideas2 concrete terms call up pictures4 ,if we say ,honesty is the best policy1 we speak abstractly4 ,nobody can see or hear or touch the thing honesty or the thing policy2 the apprehension of them must be purely intellectual4 ,but if we say ,the rat began to gnaw the rope1 we speak concretely4 ,rat1 gnaw1 and rope are tangible1 perceptible things2 the words bring to us visions of particular objects and actions4 ,now when we engage in explanations and discussions of principles1 theories1 broad social topics1 and the like--when we expound1 moralize1 or philosophize1--our subject matter is general4 ,we approach our readers or hearers on the thinking1 the rational side of their natures4 ,our phraseology is therefore normally abstract4 ,but when1 on the other hand1 we narrate an event or depict an appearance1 our subject matter is specific4 ,we approach our readers or hearers on the sensory or emotional side of their natures4 ,our phraseology is therefore normally concrete4 ,you should be able to express yourself according to either method4 ,you should be able to choose the words best suited to make people understand2 also to choose the words best suited to make people realize vividly and feel4 ,now to some extent you will adopt the right method by intuition4 ,but if you do not reinforce your intuition with a careful study of words1 you will vacillate from one method to the other and strike crude discords of phrasing4 ,of course if you switch methods intelligently and of purpose1 that is quite another matter4 ,an abstract discussion may be enlivened by a concrete illustration4 ,a concrete narrative or portrayal may be given weight and rationalized by generalization4 ,moreover many things lie on the borderland between the two domains and may properly be attached to either4 ,thus the abstraction is legitimate when you say or write3 ,a man wishes to acquire the comforts and luxuries1 as well as the necessaries1 of life4 ,the concreteness is likewise legitimate when you say or write3 ,john ,smith wishes to earn cake as well as bread and butter4 ,in most instances general terms are the same as abstract1 and specific the same as concrete4 ,some subtle discriminations may1 however1 be made4 ,of these the only one that need concern us here is that the wording of a passage may not be abstract and yet be general4 ,suppose1 for example1 you were telling the story of the prodigal son and should say3 ,he was very hungry1 and could not obtain food anywhere4 ,when he had come to his senses1 he thought1 ',i should be better off at home4' ,this language is not abstract1 but it is general rather than specific4 ,when ,jesus told the story1 he wished to put the situation as poignantly as possible and therefore avoided both abstract and general terms3 ,and he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat3 and no man gave unto him4 ,and when he came to himself1 he said1 ,how many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare1 and ,i perish with hunger6 ,many a person who shuns abstractions and talks altogether of the concrete things of life1 yet traps out circumstance in general rather than specific terms4 ,to do this is always to sacrifice force4 ,,exercise - ,abstract #a4 ,discuss as abstractly as possible such topics as those listed in ,activity #a for ,,exercise - ,discourse1 or as the following3 ,is there any such thing as luck8 ,is the ,golden ,rule practicable in the modern business world8 ,is modesty rather than self-assertion regarding his own merits and abilities the better policy for an employee8 ,are substantial1 home-keeping girls or girls rather fast and frivolous the more likely to obtain good husbands8 ,is it desirable for a young man to take out life insurance8 ,is self-education better than collegiate training8 ,should one always tell the truth8 #b4 ,discuss as concretely as possible the topics you have selected from #a4 ,use illustrations drawn from life4 #c4 ,restate in concrete terms such generalizations as the following3 ,experience is the best teacher4 ,self-preservation is the first law of nature4 ,to him who in the love of nature holds ,communion with her visible forms1 she speaks ,a various language4 ,necessity is the mother of invention4 ,the bravest are the tenderest4 ,vanity of vanities1 all is vanity4 ,pride goeth before destruction4 ,the evil that men do lives after them4 #d4 ,compare the abstract statement ,truths and high ethical principles are received by various men in various ways with the concrete presentation of the same idea in ,appendix #c4 ,which expression of the thought would be the more easily understood by the average person8 ,why8 ,which would you yourself remember the longer8 ,why8 #e4 ,compare the statement ,the second period of a human being's life is that of his reluctant attendance at school with ,shakespeare's picture of the schoolboy in ,appendix #d4 #f4 ,burke1 near the close of his speech 7,appendix #b71 presents an idea1 first in general terms1 and then in specific terms1 thus3 ,no contrivance can prevent the effect of444distance in weakening government4 ,seas roll1 and months pass1 between the order and the execution1 and the want of a speedy explanation of a single point is enough to defeat a whole system4 ,find elsewhere in ,burke's speech and in the editorial 7,appendix ,i7 general assertions which may be made more forceful by restatement in specific terms1 and supply these specific restatements4 #g4 ,state in your own words the general thought or teaching of the ,parable of the ,prodigal ,son4 7,luke #ae3 #aa-bd47 #h4 ,make the following statements more concrete3 ,in front of our house was a tree that at a certain season of the year displayed highly colored foliage4 ,a celebrated orator said3 ,give me liberty1 or give me death6 ,on the table were some viands that assailed my nostrils agreeably and others that put into my mouth sensations of anticipated enjoyment4 ,from this window above the street ,i can hear a variety of noises by day and a variety of different noises by night4 ,as he groped through the pitch-dark room he could feel many articles of furniture4 #i4 ,state in general terms the thought of the following sentences3 ,a burnt child dreads the fire4 ,a stitch in time saves nine4 ,a cat may look at a king4 ,a barking dog never bites4 ,if his son ask bread1 will he give him a stone8 ,if two men ride a horse1 one must ride behind4 ,stone walls do not a prison make4 ,a merry heart goes all the day4 ,thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just4 ,as the twig is bent1 so the tree is inclined4 #aj4 ,describe a town as seen from a particular point of view1 or at a particular time of day1 or under particular atmospheric conditions4 ,make your description as concrete as possible4 #aa4 ,compare your description with this from ,stevenson3 ,the town came down the hill in a cascade of brown gables1 bestridden by smooth white roofs1 and spangled here and there with lighted windows4 ,stevenson's sentence contains twenty-five words4 ,how many of them are color words8 ,how many motion words8 ,how many of the first twenty-five words in your description appeal to one or another of the five senses8 #ab4 ,narrate as vividly as possible an experience in your own life4 ,compare what you have written with the account of ,crusoe's escape to the island 7,appendix #e74 ,which narrative is the more concrete8 ,how much8 #b4 ,literal vs4 ,figurative ,terms ,phraseology is literal when it says exactly what it means2 is figurative when it says one thing1 but really means another4 ,thus ,he fought bravely is literal2 ,he was a lion in the fight is figurative4 ,literal phraseology as a rule appeals to our scientific or understanding faculties2 figurative to our emotional faculties4 ,here again1 as with abstraction and concreteness1 you should learn to express yourself by either method4 ,both have their advantages and their drawbacks4 ,we all admire the man who has observed1 and can state1 accurately4 ,it is upon this belief of ours in the literal that ,defoe shrewdly traffics4 7,see ,appendix #e47 ,he does not stir us as some writers do1 but he gains our implicit confidence4 ,dame ,quickly1 on the contrary1 makes egregious use of the literal4 7,see paragraph above ,,exercise - ,wordiness ,,iii above47 ,her facts are accurate1 yes2 but how strictly1 how unsparingly accurate6 ,and how many of them are beside the point6 ,she quite convinces us that the devotee of the literal may be dull4 ,an advantage of the figurative also is that it may make meanings lucid4 ,thus when ,burke near the close of his discussion 7,appendix #b7 wishes to make it clear that by a law of nature the authority of extensive empires is slighter in its more remote territories1 he has recourse to a figure of speech3 ,in large bodies1 the circulation of power must be less vigorous at the extremities4 ,nature has said it4 ,more often1 however1 the function of the figurative is to drive home a thought or a mood of which a mere statement would leave us unmoved--to make us feel it4 ,thus ,burke said of the ,americans ,their love of liberty1 as with you1 fixed and attached on this specific point of taxing4 ,he added3 ,here they felt its pulse1 and as they found that beat they thought themselves sick or sound4 ,had you been one of his ,parliamentary hearers1 would not that second sentence have made more real and more important the colonial attitude to taxation8 ,the poets of course make frequent and noble use of the figurative4 ,this is how ,coleridge tells us that the descent of a tropical night is sudden3 ,the sun's rim dips2 the stars rush out2 ,at one stride comes the dark4 ,the words rush out and at one stride comes convert the stars and the darkness into vast beings or at least vast personal forces2 the comparisons are so natural as to seem inevitable2 we are transported to the very scene and feel the overwhelming abruptness of the nightfall4 ,but if a figure of speech seems artificial1 if it is strained or far-fetched or merely decorative1 it subtracts from the effectiveness of the passage4 ,thus when ,tennyson says3 ,when the breeze of a joyful dawn blew free ,in the silken sail of infancy4 we must stop and ponder before we perceive that what he means is ,when ,i was a happy child4 ,the figure is like an exotic plant rather than a natural outgrowth of the soil2 it appears to us something thought up and stuck on2 it is a parasite rather than a helper4 ,of course1 as with abstraction and concreteness1 you should develop facility in gliding from literalness to figurativeness and back again4 ,but you are always to remember that your gymnastics are not to militate against verbal concord4 ,you must never set words scowling and growling at each other through injudicious combinations like this3 ,she was five feet1 four and three-quarter inches high1 had a small1 round scar between her nose and her left cheek-bone1 and moved with the lissom and radiant grace of a queen4 ,,exercise - ,literal #a4 ,give the specifications for a house you intend to build4 #b4 ,make a list of comparisons 7as to a nest1 a haven1 a goal7 to show what such a house might mean in the life of a man4 ,expand as many of these comparisons as you can1 but do not carry the process to absurd lengths4 7,in the figure of the nest you may mention the parent birds1 their activities1 the nestlings2 in the figure of the haven you may mention the quiet1 sheltered waters in contrast to the turbulent billows outside2 in the figure of the goal you may mention the struggle necessary to reach it47 #c4 ,describe the looks of the house4 ,use as many figures of speech as you can4 ,if you can find no appropriate figures1 at least make your words specific4 #d4 ,give a surveyor's or a tax assessor's or a conveyancer's description of a piece of land4 ,then describe the land through figures of speech which will vivify its outward appearance or its emotional significance to the owner4 #e4 ,observe that the ,parable of the ,sower 7,appendix #c7 is an extended figure of speech4 ,is the main figure effective8 ,are its detailed applications effective8 #f4 ,the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d7 is also an extended figure of speech4 ,does it1 as ,shakespeare intends1 bring vividly to your consciousness the course1 motives1 stages1 evolution of a human being's life8 ,there are several subsidiary figures4 ,do these add force1 definiteness to the picture ,shakespeare is drawing at that moment8 #g4 ,observe from ,appendix #c1 ,appendix #d1 and the sentences listed in ,activity #i for ,,exercise - ,abstract above1 that a thing meant to be concrete is likely to be stated figuratively4 #h4 ,examine ,the ,castaway 7,appendix #e7 for its proportionate use of literal and figurative elements4 ,see ,activity #b of ,,exercise - ,wordiness ,,iii above for a statement of ,defoe's purpose4 ,could he have effected this purpose so well had he employed more figures of speech8 #i4 ,examine ,appendix #b for its use of figures4 ,are the figures appropriate to the subject matter8 ,are there enough of them8 #aj4 ,galvanize the thought of any sentence or paragraph in editorial 7,appendix #a7 by the use of a figure of speech4 #aa4 ,summarize or illustrate your opinion on any of the topics listed in ,activity #a for ,,exercise - ,discourse1 through the employment of figure of speech4 #ab4 ,are these figures effective8 ,man is born unto trouble1 as the sparks fly upward4 ,the flower of our young manhood is scaling the ladder of success4 ,fair as a star1 when only one ,is shining in the sky4 ,silence1 like a poultice1 comes ,to heal the blows of sound4 ,in my head ,many thoughts of trouble come1 ,like to flies upon a plum6 ,let me tell you first about those barnacles that clog the wheels of society by poisoning the springs of rectitude with their upas-like eye4 ,the day is done1 and the darkness ,falls from the wings of night1 ,as a feather is wafted downward ,from an eagle in his flight4 ,yea1 though ,i walk through the valley of the shadow of death1 ,i will fear no evil4 ,life1 like a dome of many-colored glass1 ,stains the white radiance of eternity4 ,mountains stood out like pimples or lay like broken welts across the habitable ground4 ,life's but a walking shadow1 a poor player ,that struts and frets his hour upon the stage1 ,and then is heard no more2 it is a tale ,told by an idiot1 full of sound and fury1 ,signifying nothing4 ,i saw him in ,russia1 where the infantry of the snow and the cavalry of the wild blast scattered his legions like winter's withered leaves4 #ac4 ,recast the following sentences to eliminate the clashing of literal and figurative elements3 ,life is like a rich treasure entrusted to us1 and to sustain it we must have three square meals a day4 ,she glanced at the mirror1 but did not really see herself4 ,she was trying to puzzle out the right course1 and could only see as through a glass darkly4 ,arming himself with the sword of zeal and the buckler of integrity1 he wrote the letter4 ,he swept the floor every morning1 and was a ray of sunshine in the office4 ,he also emptied the waste baskets and cleaned the cuspidors4 #c4 ,connotation ,the connotation of a word is the subtle implication1 the emotional association it carries--often quite apart from its dictionary definition4 ,thus the words house and home in large measure overlap in meaning1 but emotionally they are not equivalents at all4 ,you can say house without experiencing any sensation whatever1 but if you utter the word home it will call back1 however slightly1 tender and cherished recollections4 ,bald heads and gray hair are both indicative of age2 but you would pronounce the former in disparaging allusion to elderly persons1 and the latter with sentiments of veneration4 ,you would say1 of a clodpole that he plays the fiddle1 but of ,fritz ,kreisler that he plays the violin4 ,and just as you unconsciously adapt words to feelings in these obvious instances1 you must learn1 on peril of striking false notes verbally1 to do so when distinctions are less gross4 ,moreover circumstance as well as sentiment may control the connotation of a word4 ,a word or phrase may have a double or triple connotation1 and depend upon vocal inflection1 upon gesture1 upon the words with which it is linked1 upon the experience of speaker or hearer1 upon time1 place1 and external fact1 or upon other forces outside it for the sense in which it is to be taken4 ,you may be called old dog in an insulting manner1 or 7especially if a slap on the shoulder accompanies the phrase7 in an affectionate manner4 ,you may properly say1 ,calhoun had logic on his side2 add1 however1 the words but his face was to the past1 and you spoil the sentence1--for face gives a reflex connotation to side1 slight perhaps and momentary1 but disconcerting4 ,think over the funny stories you have heard4 ,many of them turn1 you will find1 on the outcropping of new significance in a phrase because of its environment4 ,thus the anecdote of the servant who had been instructed to summon the visiting ,english nobleman by tapping on his bedroom door and inquiring1 ,my lord1 have you yet risen8 and who could only stammer1 ,my ,god6 ain't you up yet8 ,or the anecdote of the minister who in a sermon on the ,parable of the ,prodigal ,son told how a young man living dissolutely in a city had been compelled to send to the pawnbroker first his overcoat1 next his suit1 next his silk shirt1 and finally his very underclothing--and then1 added the minister1 he came to himself4 ,only by unresting vigilance can you evade verbal discords1 if not of this magnitude1 at least of much frequency and stylistic harm4 ,,exercise - ,connotation #a4 ,note the contrast in emotional suggestion that comes to you from hearing the words3 ,sodium chloride and salt ,a test-tube of ,h#b,o and a cup of cold water ,a pair of brogans and a little empty shoe ,bump and collide ,a brilliant fellow and a flashy fellow ,bungled it and did not succeed ,tumble and fall ,dawn and #f ,a4,m4 ,licked and worsted ,fat and plump ,wept and blubbered ,cheek and self-assurance ,stinks and disagreeable odors ,steal and embezzle ,thievishness and kleptomania ,educated and highbrow ,job and position ,told a lie and fell into verbal inexactitude ,a drunkard 7a stranger7 and a drunkard 7your father74 #b4 ,make a list of your own similar to that in ,exercise #a4 #c4 ,read the sentences listed in ,,exercise - ,slovenliness ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,what do these sentences suggest to you as to the social and mental qualifications of the person who employs them8 #d4 ,read the second paragraph of ,appendix #b4 ,what does it suggest to you as to ,burke's social and mental qualifications8 #e4 ,suppose you were told that a passage of twenty-eight lines contains the following expressions3 mewling and puking1 whining schoolboy1 satchel1 sighing like furnace1 round belly1 spectacles on nose1 shrunk shank1 sans without teeth1 sans eyes1 sans taste1 sans everything4 ,would you believe the passage is poetry8--that its total effect is one of poetic elevation8 ,read the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d74 ,is it poetry8 ,how does ,shakespeare reconcile the general poetic tone with such expressions as those quoted8 #f4 ,what is wrong with the connotation of the following8 ,the servant told us that the young ladies were all in4 ,all my poor success is due to you4 ,he insisted on carrying a revolver1 and so the college authorities fired him4 ,the carpenter too had his castles in ,spain4 ,he rested his old bones by the wayside1 and his gaunt dog stood sniffing at them4 ,on the other hand1 he had a white elephant to dispose of4 ,when he came to the forks of the road1 he showed he was not on the square4 ,body1 for funeral purposes1 must be sold at once4 ,city ,automobile ,agency4 #g4 ,can you express the following ideas in other words without sacrifice of emotional suggestion8 ,try4 ,the music1 yearning like a god in pain4 ,alone1 alone1 all1 all alone1 ,alone on a wide1 wide sea6 ,but ,o for the touch of a vanished hand1 ,and the sound of a voice that is still6 ,old1 unhappy1 far-off things1 ,and battles long ago4 ,it was night in the lonesome ,october4 ,how they tinkle1 tinkle1 tinkle1 ,in the icy air of night6 ,while the stars1 that oversprinkle ,all the heavens1 seem to twinkle ,with a crystalline delight4 ,the moan of doves in immemorial elms1 ,and murmuring of innumerable bees4 ,ay1 but to die1 and go we know not where2 ,to lie in cold obstruction and to rot4 ,merrily1 merrily1 shall ,i live now1 ,under the blossom that hangs on the bough4 ',tis as easy now for the heart to be true ,as for grass to be green or skies to be blue1-- ',tis the natural way of living4 ,we are such stuff ,as dreams are made of1 and our little life ,is rounded with a sleep4 #h4 ,with the most connotative words at your command describe the following3 ,your first sweetheart ,a solemn experience ,a ludicrous experience ,a terrifying experience ,a mysterious experience ,the circus parade you saw in your boyhood ,a servant girl ,a dude ,an odd character you have known ,the old homestead ,your boarding house ,a scene suggesting the intense heat of a midsummer day ,night on the river ,the rush for the subway car ,the traffic policeman ,your boss ,anything listed in the first part of ,activity #i of ,,exercise - ,discourse4 ,,iii ,,words ,,in ,,combination3 ,,how ,,mastered ,the more dangerous pitfalls for those who use words in combination--as all of us do--have been pointed out4 ,the best ways of avoiding these pitfalls have also been indicated4 ,but our work together has thus far been chiefly negative4 ,to be sure1 many tasks assigned for your performance have been constructive as well as precautionary2 but the end held ever before you has been the avoidance of feeble or ridiculous diction4 ,in the present chapter we must take up those aspects of the mastery of words in combination which are primarily positive4 ,preliminaries3 ,general ,purposes and ,methods ,before coming to specific aspects and assignments1 however1 we shall do well to consider certain large general purposes and methods4 ,i4 ,a ,ready1 an ,accurate1 or a ,wide ,vocabulary8 ,first1 what kind of vocabulary do we wish to acquire8 ,a facile1 readily used one8 ,an accurate one8 ,or one as nearly as may be comprehensive8 ,the three kinds do not necessarily coexist4 ,the possession of one may even hinder and retard the acquisition of another4 ,thus if we seek a ready vocabulary1 an accurate vocabulary may cause us to halt and hesitate for words which shall correspond with the shadings of our thought and emotion1 and a wide vocabulary may embarrass us with the plenitude of our verbal riches4 ,but may is not must4 ,though the three kinds of vocabulary may interfere with each other1 there is no reason1 except superficially1 why they should4 ,our purpose should be1 therefore1 to acquire not a single kind but all three4 ,we should be like the boy who1 when asked whether he would have a small slice of apple pie or a small slice of pumpkin pie1 replied resolutely1 ,thank you1 ,i will take a large piece of both4 ,that the assignments in this chapter may help you develop a vocabulary which shall be promptly responsive to your needs1 you should perform some of them rapidly4 ,your thoughts and feelings regarding a topic may be anything but clear1 but you must not pause to clarify them4 ,the words best suited to the matter may not be instantly available1 but you must not tarry for accessions of language4 ,stumble1 flounder if you must1 yea1 rearrange your ideas even as you present them1 but press resolutely ahead1 comforting yourself with the assurance that in the heat and stress of circumstances a man rarely does his work precisely as he wishes4 ,when you have finished the discussion1 repeat it immediately--and with no more loitering than before4 ,you will find that your ideas have shifted and enlarged1 and that more appropriate words have become available4 ,further repetitions will assist you the more4 ,but the goal you should set yourself1 as you proceed from topic to topic1 is the attainment of the power to be at your best in the first discussion4 ,you may never reach this goal1 but at least you may approach it4 ,that the assignments in this chapter may assist you in making your vocabulary accurate1 you should perform some of them in another way4 ,when you have selected a topic1 you should first of all think it through4 ,in doing this1 arrange your ideas as consistently and logically as you can1 and test them with your reason4 ,then set them forth in language which shall be lucid and exact4 ,tolerate no slipshod diction1 no vaguely rendered general meanings4 ,send every sentence1 every word like a skilful drop-kick--straight above the crossbar4 ,when you have done your best with the topic1 lay it by for a space4 ,time is a great revealer of hidden defects1 and you must not regard your labors as ended until your achievement is the maturest possible for you4 ,if the quantity of what you accomplish is meager1 suffer no distress on that account4 ,the desideratum now is not quantity1 but quality4 ,the assignments in this chapter will do less toward making your vocabulary wide than toward making it facile and precise4 ,to be sure1 they will now and then set you to hunting for words that are new4 ,better still1 they will give you a mastery over some of your outlying words--words known to your eyes or ears but not to your tongue4 ,but these advantages will be somewhat incidental4 ,means for the systematic extension of your verbal domain into regions as yet unexplored by you1 are reserved for the later chapters of this book4 #b4 ,a ,vocabulary for ,speech or for ,writing8 ,in the second place1 are we to develop a vocabulary for oral discourse or a vocabulary for writing8 ,it may be that our chief impediment or our chief ambition lies in one field rather than in the other4 ,nevertheless we should strive for a double mastery2 we ought to speak well and write well4 ,indeed the two powers so react upon each other that we ought to cultivate both for the sake of either4 ,true1 some men1 though inexpert as writers1 have made themselves proficient as speakers2 or though shambling and ineffective as speakers1 have made themselves proficient as writers4 ,but this is not natural or normal4 ,moreover these men might have gleaned more abundantly from their chosen field had they not shut it off from the acres adjacent4 ,fences waste space and curtail harvests4 ,the assignments in this chapter are of such a nature that you may perform them either orally or in writing4 ,you should speak and write alternately1 sometimes on the same topic1 sometimes on topics taken in rotation4 ,in your oral discussions you should perhaps absent yourself at first from human auditors4 ,a bedstead or a dresser will not make you self-conscious or in any way distract your attention1 and it will permit you to sit down afterward and think out the degree of your failure or success4 ,ultimately1 of course1 you must speak to human beings--in informal conversations at the outset1 in more ambitious ways later as occasion permits4 ,in your writing you may find it advantageous to make preliminary outlines of what you wish to say4 ,but above all1 you must be willing to blot1 to revise1 to take infinite pains4 ,you should remember the old admonition that easy reading is devilish hard writing4 ,the ,mastery of ,words in ,combination ,these purposes and methods are general4 ,we now come to the specific fields in which we may with profit cultivate words in combination4 ,of these fields there are four4 ,i4 ,mastery through ,translation ,if you read a foreign language1 whether laboriously or with ease1 you should make this power assist you to amass a good ,english vocabulary4 ,take compositions or parts of compositions written in the foreign tongue1 and turn them into idiomatic ,english4 ,how much you should translate at a given time depends upon your leisure and your adeptness4 ,employ all the methods--the spontaneous1 the carefully perfected1 the oral1 the written--heretofore explained in this chapter4 ,in your final work on a passage you should aim at a faultless rendition1 and should spend time and ransack the lexicons rather than come short of this ideal4 ,the habit of translation is an excellent habit to keep up4 ,for the study of an alien tongue not only improves your ,english1 but has compensations in itself4 ,,exercise - ,translation #a4 ,translate from any accessible book in the foreign language you can read4 #b4 ,subscribe for a period of at least two or three months for a newspaper or magazine in that language1 if it is a modern one4 ,translate as before1 but give most of your time to rapid oral translation for a real or imaginary ,american hearer4 #c4 ,when you have completed your final written translation of a passage from the foreign language1 make yourself master of all the ,english words you have not previously 7#a7 known or 7#b7 used1 but have encountered in your work of translation4 #b4 ,mastery through ,paraphrasing ,it may be that you are not familiar with a foreign language4 ,at any rate you have some knowledge of ,english4 ,put this knowledge to use in paraphrasing2 for thus you will enrich your vocabulary and make it surer and more flexible4 ,the process of paraphrasing is simple1 though the actual work is not easy4 ,you take passages written in ,english--the more of them the better1 and the more diversified the better--and both reproduce their substance and incarnate their mood in words you yourself shall choose4 ,you may have a passage before you and paraphrase it unit by unit4 ,more often1 however1 you should follow the plan adopted by ,franklin when he emulated ,addison by rewriting the ,spectator ,papers4 ,that is1 you should steep yourself in the thought and emotion of a piece of writing1 and then lay the piece aside until its wording has faded from your memory1 when you should rembody the substance in language that seems to you natural and fitting4 ,much of the benefit will come from your comparing your version1 as ,franklin did his1 with the original4 ,when you perceive that you have fallen short1 you should consider the respects wherein your inferiority lies--and should make another attempt1 and yet another1 and another4 ,when you perceive that in any way you have surpassed the original1 you should feel a just pride in your achievement--and should resolve that next time your cause for pride shall be greater still4 ,even after you have desisted from formal paraphrasing1 you should cling to the habit1 formed at this time1 of observing any notable felicities in whatever you read and of comparing them with the expression you yourself would likely have employed4 ,,exercise - ,paraphrasing #a4 ,paraphrase the editorial in ,appendix #a4 ,you should improve upon the original4 ,keep trying until you do4 #b4 ,paraphrase the second paragraph in ,burke's speech 7,appendix #b74 ,burke lacked the cheap tricks of the ordinary orator1 but his discussions were based upon a comprehensive knowledge of facts1 a sympathetic understanding of human nature1 a vast depth and range of thought1 and a well-meditated political philosophy4 ,in short1 he is a model for elaborated discussions4 ,set forth the leading thought of this paragraph2 you can give it in fewer words than he employs4 ,but try setting it forth with his full accompaniments of reflection and information2 you will be bewildered at his crowding so much into such small compass4 #c4 ,try to rival the pregnant conciseness of the ,parable of the ,sower 7,appendix #c74 #d4 ,paraphrase in prose the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d74 ,catch if possible the mood1 the atmosphere1 of each of the pictures painted by ,shakespeare4 ,condense your paraphrase as much as you can4 #e4 ,in each of the preceding exercises compare your vocabulary with that of the original as to size1 precision1 and the grace and ease with which words are put together4 ,does the original employ terms unfamiliar to you8 ,if so1 look up their meaning and make them yours2 then observe1 when you next paraphrase the passage1 whether your mastery of these terms has improved your expression4 #c4 ,mastery through ,discourse at ,first ,hand ,models have their use1 but you can also work without models4 ,it is imperative that you should4 ,you must learn to discuss1 explain1 analyze1 argue1 narrate1 and describe for yourself4 ,here again you should diversify your materials to the utmost1 not only that you may become well-rounded and versatile in your ability to set forth ideas and feelings in words1 but also that your knowledge and your sensibility may receive stimulation4 ,it is feasible to begin by discussing or explaining4 ,most of the intercourse conducted through language consists in either discussion or explanation4 ,analysis1 ordinarily1 is almost ignored4 ,argument is indulged in1 and so is description 7though less freely71 but they are of the bluntest and broadest4 ,narration--the recounting of incidents of everyday existence--is1 however1 widely employed4 ,in your work of discussion or explanation you may seize upon any current topic--industrial1 social1 political1 or what not--that comes into your mind4 ,or you may make a list of such topics1 writing each on a separate piece of paper2 may jumble the slips in a hat2 and may thus have always at your elbow a collection of satisfactory themes from which you may take one at random4 ,or you may invest in language of your own selection the substance of an address or sermon you have heard1 or give the burden of some important conversation in which you have participated1 or explain the tenor of an article you have read4 ,you should of course try to interest your hearers1 and above all1 you should impart to what you say complete clarity4 ,in analyzing you should select as your topic a process fairly obscure1 the implications of a certain statement or argument1 the results to be expected from some action or policy that has been advocated1 or the exact matter at issue between two disputants4 ,any topic for discussion1 explanation1 or argument may be treated analytically4 ,your analysis in its final form should be so carefully considered that its soundness cannot be impeached4 ,in arguing you may take any subject under the sun1 from baseball to ,bolshevism1 for all of them are debated with vehemence4 ,any topic for discussion or explanation becomes1 when approached from some particular angle1 material for argument4 ,thus the initial topic in the exercise that follows is ,the aeroplane's future as a carrier of mail4 ,you may convert it into a question for debate by making it read3 ,the aeroplane is destined to supplant the railroad as a carrier of mail1 or ,the aeroplane is destined to be used increasingly as a carrier of transcontinental mail4 ,in arguing you may propose for yourself either of two objectives3 7#a7 to silence your opponent1 7#b7 to refute1 persuade1 and win him over fairly4 ,the achievement of the first end calls for bluster and perhaps a grim1 barbaric strength2 you must do as ,johnson did according to ,goldsmith's famous dictum--if your pistol misses fire1 you must knock your adversary down with the butt end of it4 ,this procedure1 though inartistic to be sure1 is in some contingencies the only kind that will serve4 ,but you should cultivate procedure of a type more urbane4 ,let your very reasonableness be the most potent weapon you wield4 ,to this end you should form the habit of looking for good points on both sides of a question4 ,as a still further precaution against contentiousness you should uphold the two sides successively4 ,in narrating you should1 as a rule1 stick to simple occurrences1 though you may occasionally vary your work by summarizing the plot of a novel or giving the gist and drift of big historical events4 ,you should confine yourself1 in large part1 to incidents in which you have been personally involved1 or which you yourself have witnessed1 as mishaps1 unexpected encounters1 bickerings1 even rescues or riots4 ,you should omit non-essentials and make the happening itself live for your hearer2 if you can so interest him in it that he will not notice your manner of telling it1 your success is but the greater4 ,finally1 in describing you should deal for the most part with beings1 objects1 and appearances familiar to you4 ,description is usually hard to make vivid4 ,this is because the objects and scenes are likely to be immobile and 7at least when told about7 to lack distinctiveness4 ,try1 therefore1 to lay hold of the peculiar quality of the thing described1 and use words suggestive of color and motion4 ,moreover be brief4 ,long descriptions are sure to be wearisome4 ,,exercise - ,discourse #a4 ,select topics from the following list for discussion or explanation3 ,the aeroplane's future as a carrier of mail ,the commercial future of the aeroplane ,a recent scientific 7or mechanical or electrical7 invention ,a better type of newspaper--its contents and makeup ,a better type of newspaper--how it can be secured ,the connection between the advertising and news departments of a newspaper--the actual condition ,the connection between the advertising and news departments of a newspaper--the ideal ,special features in a newspaper that are popular ,a single standard for the sexes--is it possible8 ,a single standard for the sexes--how it can be attained 7or approximated7 ,should the divorce laws be made more stringent8 ,should a divorced person be prohibited from remarrying8 ,what further marriage restrictions should be placed upon the physically or mentally unfit8 ,what further measures should be taken by the cities 7states1 nation7 for the protection of motherhood8 ,is the division of men into strongly contrasted groups as to wealth one of nature's necessities1 or is it the result of a social and economic system8 ,some shortcomings of the labor unions ,are the shortcomings of the labor unions accidental or inherent8 ,some ways of bettering the condition of the working classes ,how municipal 7state1 national7 bureaus for finding employment for the laborer may become more serviceable ,wrongs committed by big business 7or some branch of it7 ,should a man's income above a stipulated amount be confiscated by the government8 ,income taxes--what exemptions should be granted8 ,the right basis for business--competition or coperation8 ,are the courts equally just to labor and capital8 ,how can legal procedure be changed to enable individuals to secure just treatment from corporations without resorting to prolonged and expensive lawsuits8 ,where our interests clash with those of ,great ,britain ,how our relations with ,great ,britain may be further improved ,how our relations with ,japan may be further improved ,how may closer commercial relations with other countries be promoted8 ,what to do about the railroads and railroad rates ,a natural resource that should be conserved or restored ,do high tariffs breed international ill-will8 ,should we have a high tariff at this juncture8 ,to what extent should osteopathy 7chiropractic7 be permitted 7or protected7 by law8 ,what is wrong with municipal government in my city ,how woman suffrage affects local government ,how to make rural life more attractive ,the importance of the rotation of crops ,the race problem as it affects my community ,the class problem as it affects my community ,the school-house as a social center ,how to ,americanize the alien elements in our population ,to what extent1 if at all1 should foreign-born citizens of our country be encouraged to preserve their native traditions and culture8 ,censorship of the moving picture ,educational possibilities of the moving picture ,how to bring about improvement in the quality of the moving picture ,the effect of the moving picture upon legitimate drama ,a church that men will attend ,how young men may be attracted to the churches ,how far shall doctrine be insisted upon by the churches8 ,to what extent shall the church concern itself with social and economic problems8 ,to what extent1 if at all1 shall ,sunday diversions be restricted8 ,the advantages of using the free public library ,can the cities give children in the slums better opportunities for physical 7mental1 moral7 development8 ,should all cities be required to establish zological gardens1 as well as schools1 for the children8 ,how my city might improve its system of public parks ,the most interesting thing about the work ,i am in ,opportunities in the work ,i am in ,the qualities called for in the work ,i am in ,the ideals of my associates ,something ,i have learned about life ,something ,i have learned about human nature ,a book that has influenced me1 and why ,a person who has influenced me1 and how ,my favorite sport or recreation ,why baseball is so popular ,what ,i could do for the people around me ,what ,i should like for the people around me to do for me4 #b4 ,discuss or explain the ideas listed in ,exercise #c for ',abstract vs4 ,concrete' in ,words in ,combination3 ,some ,pitfalls above4 #c4 ,analyze the debatable questions included in the two preceding exercises or suggested by them4 ,that is1 find the issues in each question1 and show what each disputant must prove and what he must refute4 #d4 ,analyze the results to be expected from the adoption of some policy or course of action by3 ,a newspaper ,a business firm ,the city ,the farmers ,the producers in some business or industry ,the consumers ,the retail merchants of your city ,some group of reformers ,some social group ,those interested in a social activity1 as dancing ,your neighbors ,yourself4 #e4 ,analyze or explain3 ,the testing of seed grain ,how to raise potatoes 7any other vegetable7 ,how to utilize and apportion the space in your garden ,how to keep an automobile in good shape ,how to run an automobile 7motor boat7 ,how to make a rabbit trap ,how to lay out a camp ,how to catch trout 7bass1 codfish1 tuna fish1 lobsters7 ,how to conduct a public meeting ,how a bill is introduced and passed in a legislative body ,how food is digested ,how to extract oxygen from water ,how a fish breathes ,how gold is mined ,how wireless messages are sent ,how your favorite game is played ,how to survey a tract of land ,how stocks are bought and sold on margins ,how public opinion is formed ,how a man ought to form his opinions ,the responsibility of individuals to society ,the responsibility of society to the individual4 #f4 ,argue one side or the other1 or the two successively1 of queries contained or implied in ,exercises #a and #b4 #g4 ,argue one side or the other1 or the two successively1 of queries listed in ,exercise #a in ,,exercise - ,abstract4 #h4 ,give a narrative of3 ,the earning of your first dollar ,how somebody met his match ,an amusing incident ,an anxious moment ,a surprise ,the touchdown ,that fatal seventh inning ,how you got the position ,why you missed the train ,when you were lost ,your first trip on the railroad 7a motor boat1 a merry-go-round1 snowshoes1 a burro7 ,a mishap ,how ,jenkins skated ,your life until the present 7a summary7 ,something you have heard your father tell ,what happened to your uncle ,your partner's 7chum's7 escapade ,meeting an old friend ,meeting a bore ,a conversation you have overheard ,when ,myrtle eavesdropped ,when the girls didn't know ,algy was in the parlor ,a public happening that interests you ,an incident you have read in the papers ,an incident from your favorite novel ,backward ,ben at the party ,something that happened to you today4 #i4 ,describe 444 ,for the mood or general atmosphere3 ,anything you deem suitable in ,activity #h in ,,exercise - ,connotation4 ,an old1 deserted house ,your birthplace as you saw it in manhood ,the view from an eminence ,a city as seen from a roof garden by night ,your mother's ,bible ,a barnyard scene ,the lonely old negro at the supper table ,a new immigrant gazing out upon the ocean he has crossed ,the downtown section at closing hour ,a scene of quietude ,a scene of bustle and confusion ,a richly colored scene ,a scene of dejection ,a scene of wild enthusiasm ,a scene of dulness or stagnation4 ,with attention to homely detail3 ,the old living-room ,my aunt's dresses ,barker's riding-horse ,the business street of the village ,a cabin in the mountains ,the office of a man approaching bankruptcy ,the ,potters' backyard ,the second-hand store ,the ugliest man4 ,for general accuracy and vividness3 ,the organ-grinder ,the signs of an approaching storm ,the arrival of the train ,mail-time at the village post office ,the crowd at the auction ,the old fishing-boat ,a country fair 7or a circus7 ,the inside of a theater 7or a church7 ,the funeral procession ,the political rally ,the choir4 #d4 ,mastery through ,adapting ,discourse to ,audience ,for convenience1 we have heretofore assumed that ideas and emotions1 together with such expression of them as shall be in itself adequate and faithful1 comprise the sole elements that have to be reckoned with in the use of words in combination4 ,but as you go out into life you will find that these things1 however complete they may seem1 are not in practice sufficient4 ,another factor--the human--must have its place in our equation4 ,you do not speak or write in a vacuum4 ,your object1 your ultimate object at least1 in building up your vocabulary is to address men and women2 and among men and women the varieties of training1 of stations1 of outlooks1 of sentiments1 of prejudices1 of caprices are infinite4 ,to gain an unbiased hearing you must take persistent cognizance of flesh and blood4 ,in adapting discourse to audience you must have a supple and attentive mind and an impressionable and swiftly responsive temperament as well as a wide1 accurate1 and flexible vocabulary4 ,unless you are a fool1 a zealot1 or an incorrigible adventurer1 you will not broach a subject at all to which your hearers feel absolute indifference or hostility4 ,normally you should pick a subject capable of interesting them4 ,in presenting it you should pay heed to both your matter and your manner4 ,you should emphasize for your listeners those aspects of the subject which they will most respond to or most need to hear1 whether or not the phases be such as you would emphasize with other auditors4 ,you should also speak in the fashion you deem most effective with them1 whether or not it be one to which your own natural instincts prompt you4 ,let us say you are discussing conditions in ,europe4 ,you must speak in one way to the man who has traveled and in an entirely different way to the man who has never gone abroad--in one way to the well-read man1 in an entirely different way to the ignoramus4 ,let us say you are discussing urban life1 urban problems4 ,you must speak in one way to the man who lives in the city1 in another to the man who lives in the country4 ,let us say you are discussing the labor problem4 ,you must speak in one way to employers1 in another to employees1 possibly in a third to men thrown out of jobs1 possibly in a fourth to the general public4 ,let us say you are discussing education1 or literature1 or social tendencies1 or mechanical principles or processes1 or some great enterprise or movement4 ,you must speak in one way to cultivated hearers and in another to men in the street1 and if you are a specialist addressing specialists1 you will cut the garment of your discourse to their particular measure4 ,the same principle holds regardless of whether you expound1 analyze1 argue1 recount1 or describe4 ,you must always keep a finger on the mental or emotional pulse of those whom you address4 ,but your problem varies slightly with the form of discourse you adopt4 ,in explanation1 analysis1 and argument the chief barriers you encounter are likely to be those of the mind2 you must make due allowance for the intellectual limitations of your auditors1 though many who have capacity enough may for some cause or other be unreceptive to ideas4 ,in description you must reckon with the imaginative faculty1 with the possibility that your hearers cannot visualize what you tell them--and you must make your words brief4 ,in narration you must vivify emotional torpor2 but lest in your efforts to inveigle boredom you yourself should induce it1 you must have a wary eye for signals of distress4 ,,exercise - ,adapting #a4 ,explain to 7a7 a rich man1 7b7 a poor man the blessings of poverty4 #b4 ,discuss before 7a7 farmers1 7b7 merchants the idea that farmers 7merchants7 make a great deal of money4 #c4 ,explain to 7a7 the initiate1 7b7 the uninitiate some piece of mechanism1 or some phase of a human activity or interest1 which you know at first hand and regarding which technical 7or at least not generally understood7 terms are employed4 7,the exact subject depends1 of course1 upon your own observation or experience2 you are sure to be familiar with something that most people know hazily1 if at all4 ,bank clerk1 chess player1 bridge player1 stenographer1 journalist1 truck driver1 backwoods-man1 mechanic--all have special knowledge of one kind or another and can use the particular terms it calls for47 #d4 ,explain to 7a7 a supporter of the winning team1 7b7 a supporter of the losing team why the baseball game came out as it did4 #e4 ,discuss before 7a7 a ,democratic1 7b7 a ,republican audience your reasons for voting the ,democratic 7,republican7 ticket in the coming election4 #f4 ,explain to 7a7 your own family1 7b7 the man who can lend you the money1 why you wish to mortgage your house 7any piece of property74 #g4 ,explain to the owner of an ill-conducted business why he should sell it1 and to a shrewd business man why he should buy it4 #h4 ,discuss before 7a7 old men1 7b7 young men1 7c7 women the desirability of men's giving up their seats in street cars to women4 7,also modify the question by requiring only young men to give up their seats1 and then only to old people of either sex1 to sick people1 or to people with children in their arms47 #i4 ,explain the necessity of restricting immigration to 7a7 prospective immigrants1 7b7 immigrants just granted admission to the country1 7c7 persons just refused admission1 7d7 exploiters of cheap labor1 7e7 ordinary citizens4 #aj4 ,discuss the taking out of a life insurance policy with 7a7 a man not interested1 7b7 a man interested but uncertain what a policy is like1 7c7 a man interested and informed but doubtful whether he can spare the money1 7d7 the man's wife 7his prospective beneficiary71 whose desires will have weight with him4 #aa4 ,discuss the necessity of a reduction in wages with 7a7 unscrupulous employers1 7b7 kind-hearted employers1 7c7 the employees4 #ab4 ,advocate higher public school taxes before 7a7 men with children1 7b7 men without children4 #ac4 ,advocate a further regulation of the speed of automobiles before 7a7 automobile-owners1 7b7 non-owners4 #ad4 ,urge advocacy of some reform upon 7a7 a clergyman1 7b7 a candidate for office4 #ae4 ,combat before 7a7 advertisers1 7b7 a public audience1 7c7 a lawmaking body1 the defacement of landscapes by advertising billboards4 #af4 ,describe life in the slums before 7a7 a rural audience1 7b7 charitable persons1 7c7 rich people in the cities who know little of conditions among the poor4 #ag4 ,describe the typical evening of a spendthrift in a city to 7a7 a poor man1 7b7 a miser1 7c7 the spendthrift's mother1 7d7 his employer1 7e7 a detective who suspects him of theft4 #ah4 ,describe the city of ,washington 7any other city7 to 7a7 a countryman1 7b7 a traveler who has not visited this particular city4 7,if it is ,washington you describe1 describe it also for children in whom you wish to inculcate patriotism47 #ai4 ,give 7a7 a youngster1 7b7 an experienced angler an account of your fishing trip4 #bj4 ,recount for 7a7 a baseball fan1 7b7 a girl who has never seen a game1 the occurrences of the second half of the ninth inning4 #ba4 ,describe a fight for 7a7 your friends1 7b7 a jury4 #bb4 ,narrate for 7a7 children1 7b7 an audience of adults some historical event4 #bc4 ,give 7a7 your partner1 7b7 a reporter an account of a business transaction you have just completed4 #bd4 ,narrate an escapade for 7a7 your father1 7b7 your cronies in response to a toast at a banquet with them4 ,,iv ,,individual ,,words3 ,,as ,,verbal ,,celibates ,thus far we have studied words as grouped together into phrases1 sentences1 paragraphs1 whole compositions4 ,we must now enter upon a new phase of our efforts to extend our vocabulary4 ,we must study words as individual entities4 ,you may think the order of our study should be reversed4 ,no great harm would result if it were4 ,the learning of individual words and the combining of them into sentences are parallel rather than successive processes4 ,in our babyhood we do not accumulate a large stock of terms before we frame phrases and clauses4 ,and our attainment of the power of continuous iteration does not check our inroads among individual words4 ,we do the two things simultaneously1 each contributing to our success with the other4 ,there are plenty of analogies for this procedure4 ,a good baseball player1 for instance1 tirelessly studies both the minutiae of his technique 7as how to hold a bat1 how to stand at the plate7 and the big combinations and possibilities of the game4 ,a good musician keeps unremitting command over every possible touch of each key and at the same time seeks sweeping mastery over vast and complex harmonies4 ,so we1 if we would have the obedience of our vocabularies1 dare not lag into desultory attention to either words when disjoined or words as potentially combined into the larger units of thought and feeling4 ,we might therefore consider either the individuals first or the groups first4 ,but the majority of speakers and writers pay more heed to rough general substance than to separate instruments and items4 ,hence we have thought best to begin where most work is going on already--with words in combination4 ,as you turn from the groups to the individuals1 you must understand that your labors will be onerous and detailed4 ,you must not assume that by nature all words are much alike1 any more than you assume that all men are much alike4 ,of course the similarities are many and striking1 and the fundamental fact is that a word is a word as a man is a man4 ,but you will be no adept in handling either the one or the other until your knowledge goes much farther than this4 ,let us glance first at the human variations4 ,each man has his own business1 and conducts it in his own way--a way never absolutely matched with that of any other mortal being4 ,all this you may see4 ,but besides the man's visible employment1 he may be connected in devious fashions with a score of enterprises the public knows nothing about4 ,furthermore he leads a private life 7again not precisely corresponding to that of any other71 has his hobbies and aversions1 is stamped with a character1 a temperament of his own4 ,in short1 though in thousands of respects he is like his fellows1 he has after all no human counterpart2 he is a distinct1 individual self4 ,to know him1 to use him1 to count upon his service in whatsoever contingency it might bestead you1 you must deem him something more than a member of the great human family4 ,you must cultivate him personally1 cultivate him without weariness or stint1 and undergo inconvenience in so doing4 ,even so with a word4 ,commonplace enough it may seem4 ,but it has its peculiar characteristics1 its activities undisclosed except to the curious1 its subtle inclinations1 its repugnances1 its latent potentialities4 ,there is no precise duplicate for it in all the wide domain of language4 ,to know it intimately and thoroughly1 to be on entirely free terms with it1 to depend upon it just so far as dependence is safe1 to have a sure understanding of what it can do and what it cannot1 you must arduously cultivate it4 ,words1 like people1 yield themselves to the worthy4 ,they hunger for friendship--and lack the last barrier of reserve which hedges all human communion4 ,thus1 linguistically speaking1 you must search out the individuals4 ,you must step aside from your way for the sake of a new acquaintance2 in conversations1 in sermons1 in addresses1 in letters1 in journalistic columns1 in standard literature you must grasp the stranger by the hand and look him straight in the eye4 ,nor must you treat cavalierly the words you know already4 ,you must study them afresh2 you must learn them over and learn them better2 you must come to understand them1 not only for what they are1 but for what they will do4 ,what ,words to ,learn ,first ,what1 then1 is your first task8 ,somebody has laid down the injunction-- and1 as always when anything is enjoined1 others have given it currency-- that each day you should learn two new words4 ,so be it1--but which two8 ,the first two in the dictionary1 or hitherto left untouched in your systematic conquest of the dictionary8 ,the first two you hear spoken8 ,the first two that stare at you from casual1 everyday print8 ,the first two you can ferret from some technical jargon1 some special department of human interest or endeavor8 ,in any of these ways you may obey the behest of these mentors4 ,but are not such ways arbitrary1 haphazard8 ,and suppose1 after doing your daily stint1 you should encounter a word it behooves you to know4 ,what then8 ,are you to sulk1 to withhold yourself from further exertion on the plea of a vocabulary-builder's eight-hour day8 ,to adopt any of the methods designated would be like resolving to invest in city lots and then buying properties as you encountered them1 with no regard for expenditure1 for value in general1 or for special serviceability to you4 ,surely such procedure would be unbusinesslike4 ,if you pay out good money1 you meditate well whether that which you receive for it shall compensate you4 ,likewise if you devote time and effort to gaining ownership of words1 you should exercise foresight in determining whether they will yield you commensurate returns4 ,what1 then1 is the principle upon which1 at the outset1 you should proceed8 ,what better than to insure the possession of the words regarding which you know this already1 that you need them and should make them yours8 ,the ,analysis of ,your ,own ,vocabulary ,the natural way1 and the best1 to begin is with an analysis of your own vocabulary4 ,you are of course aware that of the enormous number of words contained in the dictionary relatively few are at your beck and bidding4 ,but probably you have made no attempt to ascertain the nature and extent of your actual linguistic resources4 ,you should make an inventory of the stock on hand before sending in your order for additional goods4 ,you will speedily discover that your vocabulary embraces several distinct classes of words4 ,of these the first consists of those words which you have at your tongue's end--which you can summon without effort and use in your daily speech4 ,they are old verbal friends4 ,numbered with them1 to be sure1 there may be a few with senses and connotations you are ignorant of-- friends of yours1 let us say1 with a reservation4 ,even these you may woo with a little care into uncurbed fraternal abandon4 ,with the exception of these few1 you know the words of the first class so well that without thinking about it at all you may rely upon their giving you1 the moment you need them1 their untempered1 uttermost service4 ,you need be at no further pains about them4 ,they are yours already4 ,a second class of words is made up of those you speak on occasions either special or formal--occasions when you are trying1 perhaps not to show off1 but at least to put your best linguistic foot foremost4 ,some of them have a meaning you are not quite sure of2 some of them seem too ostentatious for workaday purposes2 some of them you might have been using but somehow have not4 ,words of this class are not your bosom friends4 ,they are your speaking acquaintance1 or perhaps a little better than that4 ,you must convert them into friends1 into prompt and staunch supporters in time of need4 ,that is to say1 you must put them into class one4 ,in bringing about this change of footing1 you yourself must make the advances4 ,you must say1 ,go to1 ,i will bear them in mind as ,i would a person ,i wished to cultivate4 ,when occasion rises1 you must introduce them into your talk4 ,you will feel a bit shy about it1 for introductions are difficult to accomplish gracefully2 you will steal a furtive glance at your hearer perchance1 and another at the word itself1 as you would when first labeling a man my friend ,mr4 ,blank4 ,but the embarrassment is momentary1 and there is no other way4 ,assume a friendship if you have it not1 and presently the friendship will be real4 ,you must be steadfast in intention2 for the words that have held aloof from you are many1 and to unloose all at once on a single victim would well-nigh brand you criminal4 ,but you will make sure headway1 and will be conscious besides that no other class of words in the language will so well repay the mastering4 ,for these are words you do use1 and need to use more1 and more freely--words your own experience stamps as valuable1 if not indeed vital1 to you4 ,the third class of words is made up of those you do not speak at all1 but sometimes write4 ,they are acquaintance one degree farther removed than those of the second class4 ,your task is to bring them into class two and thence into class one--that is1 to introduce them into your more formal speech1 and from this gradually into your everyday speech4 ,the fourth class of words is made up of those you recognize when you hear or read them1 but yourself never employ4 ,they are acquaintance of a very distant kind4 ,you nod to them1 let us say1 and they to you2 but there the intercourse ends4 ,obviously1 they are not to be brought without considerable effort into a position of tried and trusted friendship4 ,and shall we be absolutely honest8--some of them may not justify such assiduous care as their complete subjugation would call for4 ,but even these you should make your feudal retainers4 ,you should constrain them to membership in class three1 and at your discretion in class two4 ,apart from the words in class four1 you will not to this point have made actual additions to your vocabulary4 ,but you will have made your vocabulary infinitely more serviceable4 ,you will be like a man with a host of friends where before1 when his necessities were sorest1 he found 7along with some friends7 many distant and timid acquaintance4 ,outside the bounds of your present vocabulary altogether are the words you encounter but do not recognize1 except 7it may be7 dimly and uncertainly4 ,some counselors would have you look up all such words in a dictionary4 ,but the task would be irksome4 ,moreover those who prescribe it are loath to perform it themselves4 ,your own candid judgment in the matter is the safest guide4 ,if the word is incidental rather than vital to the meaning of the passage that contains it1 and if it gives promise of but rarely crossing your vision again1 you should deign it no more than a civil glance4 ,plenty of ways will be left you to expend time wisely in the service of your vocabulary4 ,,exercise - ,analysis #a4 ,make a list of the words in class two of your own vocabulary1 and similar lists for classes three and four4 7,to make a list for class one would be but a waste of time47 ,procure if you can for this purpose a loose-leaf notebook1 and in the several lists reserve a full page for each letter of the alphabet as used initially4 ,do not scamp the lists1 though their proper preparation consume many days1 many weeks4 ,try to make them really exhaustive4 ,their value will be in proportion to their accuracy and fulness4 #b4 ,con the words in each list carefully and repeatedly4 ,your task is to transfer these words into a more intimate list--those in class four into class three1 those in three into two1 those in two into one4 ,you are then to promote again the words in the lower classes1 except that 7if your judgment so dictates7 you may leave the new class three wholly or partially intact4 ,to carry out this exercise properly you must keep these words in mind1 make them part and parcel of your daily life4 7,for a special device for bringing them under subjection1 see the next exercise47 #c4 ,to write a word down helps you to remember it4 ,that is why the normal way to transfer a word from class four into class two is to put it temporarily into the intermediary class1 three2 you first see or hear the word1 next write it1 afterwards speak it4 ,the mere writing down of your lists has probably done much to bring the words written into the circuit of your memory1 where you can more readily lay hold of them4 ,also it has fortified your confidence in using them2 for to write a word out1 letter by letter1 makes you surer that you have its right form4 ,with many of your words you will likely have no more trouble2 they will be at hand1 anxious for employment1 and you may use them according to your need4 ,but some of your words will still stubbornly withhold themselves from memory4 ,weed these out from your lists1 make a special list of them1 copy it frequently1 construct short sentences into which the troublesome words fit4 ,by dint of writing the words so often you will soon make them more tractable4 #d4 ,make a fifth list of words--those you hear or see printed1 do not understand the meaning of1 but yet feel you should know4 ,obtain and confirm a grasp of them by the successive processes used with words in the preceding lists4 ,the ,definition of ,words ,another means of buttressing your command of your present vocabulary is to define words you use or are familiar with4 ,do not bewilder yourself with words 7like and1 the7 which call for ingenuity in handling somewhat technical terms1 or with words 7like thing1 affair1 condition7 which loosely cover a multitude of meanings4 7,you may1 however1 concentrate your efforts upon some one meaning of words in the latter group47 ,select words with a fairly definite signification1 and express this as precisely as you can4 ,you may afterwards consult a dictionary for means of checking up on what you have done4 ,but in consulting it think only of idea1 not of form4 ,you are not training yourself in dictionary definitions1 but in the sharpness and clarity of your understanding of meanings4 ,about the only rule to be laid down regarding the definition of verbs1 adjectives1 and adverbs is that you must not define a word in terms of itself4 ,thus if you define grudgingly as in a grudging manner1 you do not dissipate your hearer's uncertainty as to what the word means4 ,if you define it as unwillingly or in a manner that shows reluctance to yield possession1 you give your hearer a clear-cut idea in no wise dependent upon his ability to understand the word that puzzled him in the first place4 ,normally1 in defining a noun you should assign the thing named to a general class1 and to its special limits within that class2 in other words1 you should designate its genus and species4 ,you must take care to differentiate the species from all others comprised within the genus4 ,you will1 in most instances1 first indicate the genus and then the species1 but at your convenience you may indicate the species first4 ,thus if you affirm1 ,a cigar is smoking-tobacco in the form of a roll of tobacco-leaves1 you name the genus first and later the characteristics of the species4 ,you have given a satisfactory definition4 ,if on the other hand you affirm1 ,a cigar is a roll of tobacco-leaves meant for smoking1 you first designate the species and then merely imply the genus4 ,again you have given a satisfactory definition2 for you have permitted no doubt that the genus is smoking-tobacco1 and have prescribed such limits for the species as exclude tobacco intended for a pipe or a cigarette4 ,in defining nouns by the genus-and-species method1 restrict the genus to the narrowest possible bounds4 ,you will thus save the need for exclusions later4 ,had you in your first definition of a cigar begun by saying that it is tobacco1 rather than smoking-tobacco1 you would have violated this principle2 and you would have had to amplify the rest of your definition in order to exclude chewing-tobacco1 snuff1 and the like4 ,,exercise - ,definition #a4 ,define words of your own choosing in accordance with the principles laid down in the preceding section of the text4 #b4 ,define the following adjectives1 adverbs1 and verbs3 ,miserable ,rebuke ,wise ,angrily ,rapidly ,boundless ,swim ,paint ,whiten ,haughtily ,surly ,causelessly #c4 ,so define the following nouns as to prevent any possible confusion with the nouns following them in parentheses3 ,wages 7salary7 ,ride 7drive7 ,planet 7star7 ,truck 7automobile7 ,watch 7clock7 ,reins 7lines7 ,jail 7penitentiary7 ,iron 7steel7 ,vegetable 7fruit7 ,timber 7lumber7 ,flower 7weed7 ,rope 7string7 ,hail 7sleet1 snow7 ,stock 7bond7 ,newspaper 7magazine7 ,street car 7railway coach7 ,cloud 7fog7 ,revolver 7rifle1 pistol1 etc47 ,mountain 7hill7 ,creek 7river7 ,letter 7postal card7 #d4 ,while remembering that the following words are of broad signification and mean different things to different people1 define them according to their meaning to you3 ,gentleman ,courage ,honesty ,beauty ,honor ,good manners ,generosity ,a good while ,charity ,a little distance ,modesty ,long ago ,how to ,look ,up a ,word in the ,dictionary ,so much for the words which are already yours1 or which you can make yours through your own unaided efforts4 ,for convenience we have grouped with them some words of a nature more baffling--words of which you know perhaps but a single aspect rather than the totality1 or upon which you can obtain but a feeble and precarious grip4 ,these slightly known words belong more to the class now to be considered than to that just disposed of4 ,for we have now to deal with words over which you can establish no genuine rulership unless you have outside help4 ,you must own a dictionary1 have it by you1 consult it carefully and often4 ,do not select one for purchasing upon the basis of either mere bigness or cheapness4 ,if you do1 you may make yourself the owner of an out-of-date reprint from stereotyped plates4 ,what to choose depends partly upon personal preference1 partly upon whether your need is for comprehensiveness or compression4 ,if you are a scholar1 ,murray's many-volumed ,new ,english ,dictionary may be the publication for you2 but if you are an ordinary person1 you will probably content yourself with something less expensive and exhaustive4 ,you will find the ,century ,dictionary and ,cyclopedia1 in twelve volumes1 or ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary an admirable compilation4 ,the ,new ,standard ,dictionary will also prove useful4 ,all in all1 if you can afford it1 you should provide yourself with one or the other of these three large and authoritative1 but not too inclusive1 works4 ,of the smaller lexicons ,webster's ,collegiate ,dictionary1 ,webster's ,secondary ,school ,dictionary1 the ,practical ,standard ,dictionary1 and the ,desk ,standard ,dictionary answer most purposes well4 ,a dictionary is not for show4 ,you must learn to use it4 ,what ordinarily passes for use is in fact abuse4 ,wherein8 ,let us say that you turn to your lexicon for the meaning of a word4 ,of the various definitions given1 you disregard all save the one which enables the word to make sense in its present context1 or which fits your preconception of what the word should stand for4 ,having engaged in this solemn mummery1 you mentally record the fact that you have been squandering your time1 and enter into a compact with yourself that no more will you so do4 ,at best you have tided over a transitory need1 or have verified a surmise4 ,you have not truly learned the word1 brought it into a vassal's relationship with you1 so fixed it in memory that henceforth1 night or day1 you can take it up like a familiar tool4 ,this procedure is blundering1 farcical1 futile1 incorrect4 ,to suppose you have learned a word by so cursory a glance at its resources is like supposing you have learned a man through having had him render you some temporary and trivial service1 as lending you a match or telling you the time of day4 ,to acquaint yourself thoroughly with a word--or a man-- involves effort1 application4 ,you must go about the work seriously1 intelligently4 ,one secret of consulting a dictionary properly lies in finding the primary1 the original meaning of the word4 ,you must go to the source4 ,if the word is of recent formation1 and is native rather than naturalized ,english1 you have only to look through the definitions given4 ,such a word will not cause you much trouble4 ,but if the word is derived from primitive ,english or from a foreign language1 you must seek its origin1 not in one of the numbered subheads of the definition1 but in an etymological record you will perceive within brackets or parentheses4 ,here you will find the ,anglo-,saxon 7,old ,english71 ,latin1 ,greek1 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,scandinavian1 or other word from which sprang the word you are studying1 and along with this authentic original you may find cognate words in other languages4 ,these you may examine if you care to observe their resemblance to your word1 but the examination is not necessary4 ,it could teach you only the earlier or other forms of your word1 whereas what you are after is the original meaning4 ,this too is set down within the brackets2 if your search is in earnest1 you cannot possible miss it4 ,and having discovered this original meaning1 you must get it in mind2 it is one of the really significant things about the word4 ,your next step is to find the present import of the word4 ,look1 therefore1 through the modern definitions4 ,of these there may be too many1 with too delicate shadings in thought between them1 for you to keep all clearly in mind4 ,in fact you need not try4 ,consider them of course1 but out of them seek mainly the drift1 the central meaning4 ,after a little practice you will be able to disengage it from the others4 ,you now know the original sense of the word and its central signification today4 ,the two may be identical2 they may be widely different2 but through reflection or study of the entire definition you will establish some sort of connection between them4 ,when you have done this1 you have mastered the word4 ,from the two meanings you can surmise the others1 wherever and whenever encountered2 for the others are but outgrowths and applications of them4 ,one warning will not be amiss4 ,you must not suppose that the terms used in defining a word are its absolute synonyms1 or may be substituted for it indiscriminately4 ,you must develop a feeling for the limits of the word1 so that you may perceive where its likeness to the other terms leaves off and its unlikeness begins4 ,thus if one of the terms employed in defining command is control1 you must not assume that the two words are interchangeable2 you must not say1 for instance1 that the captain controlled his men to present arms4 ,such1 abstractly stated1 is the way to look up a word in the dictionary4 ,let us now take a concrete illustration4 ,starting with the word tension1 let us ascertain what we can about it in the ,century ,dictionary and ,cyclopedia4 ,our first quest is the original meaning4 ,for this we consult the bracketed matter4 ,there we meet the ,french1 ,spanish1 ,portuguese1 and ,italian kinsmen of the word1 and learn that they are traceable to a common ancestor1 the ,latin tensio7n71 which comes from the ,latin verb tendere4 ,the meaning of tensio7n7 is given as stretching1 that of tendere as stretch1 extend4 ,thus we know of the original word that in form it closely resembles the modern word1 and that in meaning it involves the idea of stretching4 ,what is the central meaning of the word today8 ,to acquaint ourselves with this we must run through the definitions listed4 ,here 7in condensed form7 they are4 7#a7 ,the act of stretching4 7#b7 ,in mechanics1 stress or the force by which something is pulled4 7#c7 ,in physics1 a constrained condition of the particles of bodies4 7#d7 ,in statical electricity1 surface-density4 7#e7 ,mental strain1 stress1 or application4 7#f7 ,a strained state of any kind1 as political or social4 7#g7 ,an attachment to a sewing-machine for regulating the strain of the thread4 ,now of these definitions 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 and 7#g7 are too highly specialized to conduct us1 of themselves1 into the highway of the word's meaning4 ,they bear out1 however1 the evidence of 7#a71 7#e71 and 7#f71 which have as their core the idea of stretching1 or of the strain which stretching produces4 ,we must now lay the original meaning alongside the central meaning today1 in order to draw our conclusions4 ,we perceive that the two meanings correspond4 ,yet by prying into them we make out one marked difference between them4 ,the original meaning is literal1 the modern largely figurative4 ,to be sure1 the figure has been so long used that it is now scarcely felt as a figure2 its force and definiteness have departed4 ,consequently we may speak of being on a tension without having in mind at all a comparison of our nervous system with a stretched garment1 or with an outreaching arm1 or with a tightly strung musical instrument1 or with a taut rope4 ,what1 then1 is the net result of our investigation8 ,simply this1 that tension means stretching1 and that the stretching may be conceived either literally or figuratively4 ,with these two facts in mind1 we need not 7unless we are experts in mechanics1 physics1 statical electricity1 or the sewing-machine7 go to the trouble of committing the special senses of tension2 for should occasion bid1 we can--from our position at the heart of the word--easily grasp their rough purport4 ,and from other persons than specialists no more would be required4 ,,exercise - ,dictionary ,for each of the following words find 7a7 the original meaning1 7b7 the central meaning today4 7,other words are given in the exercises at the end of this chapter47 ,bias ,supersede ,sly ,aversion ,capital ,meerschaum ,extravagant ,travel ,alley ,concur ,travail ,fee ,attention ,apprehend ,superb ,magnanimity ,lewd ,adroit ,altruism ,instigation ,quite ,benevolence ,complexion ,urchin ,charity ,bishop ,thoroughfare ,unction ,starve ,naughty ,speed ,cunning ,moral ,success ,decent ,antic ,crafty ,handsome ,savage ,usury ,solemn ,uncouth ,costume ,parlor ,window ,presumption ,bombastic ,colleague ,petty ,vixen ,alderman ,queen ,doctor ,engage ,prying ,into a ,word's ,past ,to thread with minute fidelity the mazes of a word's former history is the task of the linguistic scholar2 our province is the practical and the present-day4 ,but words1 like men1 are largely what they are because of what they have been2 and to turn a gossip's eye upon their past is to procure for ourselves1 often1 not only enlightenment but also entertainment4 ,this fact1 though brought out in some part already1 deserves separate and fuller discussion4 ,in the first place1 curiosity as to words' past experience enables us to read with keener understanding the literature of preceding ages4 ,of course we should not1 even so1 go farther back than about three centuries4 ,to read anything earlier than ,shakespeare would require us to delve too deeply into linguistic bygones4 ,and to read ,shakespeare himself requires effort--but rewards it4 ,let us see how an insight into words will help us to interpret the ,seven ,ages of ,man 7,appendix #d74 ,in line #b of this passage appears the word merely4 ,in ,shakespeare's time it frequently meant altogether or that and nothing else4 ,as here used1 it may be taken to mean this1 or to have its modern meaning1 or to stand in meaning midway between the two and to be suggestive of both2 there is no way of determining precisely4 ,in line #ab the word pard means leopard4 ,in line #ah saws means sayings 7compare the phrase an old saw72 modern means moderate1 commonplace2 instances means what we mean by it today1 examples1 illustrations4 7,line #ah as a whole gives us a vivid sense of the justice's readiness to speak sapiently1 after the manner of justices1 and to trot out his trite illustrations on the slightest provocation47 ,the word pantaloon in line #bj is interesting4 ,the patron saint of ,venice was ,st4 ,pantaleon 7the term is from ,greek1 means all-lion1 and possibly refers to the lion of ,st4 ,mark's ,cathedral74 ,pantaloon came therefore to signify 7#a7 a ,venetian1 7#b7 a garment worn by ,venetians and consisting of breeches and stockings in one4 ,the second sense is preserved1 substantially1 in our term pantaloons4 ,the first sense led to the use of the word 7in the mouths of the ,venetians' enemies7 for buffoon and then 7in early ,italian comedy7 for a lean and foolish old man4 ,it is this stock figure of the stage that ,shakespeare evokes4 ,in line #bb hose means the covering for a man's body from his waist to his nether-stock4 7,compare the present meaning3 a covering for the feet and the lower part of the legs47 ,in line #bg mere means absolute4 ,in line #bh sans means without4 ,of the words we have examined1 only sans is obsolete1 though pard1 saws1 and pantaloon are perhaps not entirely familiar4 ,that is1 only one word in the passage1 so far as its outward form goes1 is completely alien to our knowledge4 ,but how different the matter stands when we consider meanings6 ,the words are words of today1 but the meanings are the meanings of ,shakespeare4 ,we should be baffled and misled as to the dramatist's thought if we had made no inquiries into the vehicle therefor4 ,in the second place1 to look beyond the present into the more remote signification of words will put us on our guard against the reappearance of submerged or half-forgotten meanings4 ,we have seen that the word tension may be used without conscious connection with the idea of stretching4 ,but if we incautiously place the word in the wrong environment1 the idea will be resurrected to our undoing4 ,we associate ardor with strong and eager desire4 ,for ordinary purposes this conception of the word suffices4 ,but ardor is one of the children of fire2 its primary sense is burning 7compare arson74 ,therefore to pronounce the three vocables overflowing with ardor is to mix figures of speech absurdly4 ,we should fall into a similar mistake if we said brilliant fluency1 and into a mistake of another kind 7that of tautology or repetition of an idea7 if we said heart-felt cordiality1 for cordiality means feelings of the heart4 ,appreciate means set a 7due7 value on4 ,we may perhaps say really appreciate1 but scrupulous writers and speakers do not say appreciate very much4 ,a humor 7compare humid7 was once a moisture2 then one of the four moistures or liquids that entered into the human constitution and by the proportions of their admixture determined human temperament2 next a man's outstanding temperamental quality 7the thing itself rather than the cause of it72 then oddity which people may laugh at2 then the spirit of laughter and good nature in general4 ,normally we do not connect the idea of moisture with the word4 ,we may even speak of a dry humor4 ,but we should not say now and then a dry humor crops out1 for then too many buried meanings lie in the same grave for the very dead to rest peacefully together4 ,even apart from reading old literature and from having1 when you use words1 no ghosts of their pristine selves rise up to damn you1 you may profit from a knowledge of how the meaning of a term has evolved4 ,for example1 you will meet many tokens and reminders of the customs and beliefs of our ancestors4 ,thus coxcomb carries you back to the days when every court was amused by a fool whose head was decked with a cock's comb2 crestfallen takes you back to cockfighting2 and lunatic 7moonstruck71 disaster 7evil star71 and thank your lucky stars plant you in the era of superstition when human fate was governed by heavenly bodies4 ,further1 you will perceive the poetry of words4 ,thus to wheedle is to wag the tail and to patter is to hurry through one's prayers 7paternoster74 ,what a picture of the frailty of men even in their holiness flashes on us from that word patter6 ,breakfast is the breaking of the fast of the night4 ,routine 7the most humdrum of words7 is travel along a way already broken4 ,goodby is an abridged form of ,god be with you4 ,dilapidated is fallen stone from stone4 ,daisy is the day's eye1 nasturtium 7from its spicy smell7 the nose-twister1 dandelion the tooth of the lion4 ,a lord is a bread-guard4 ,you will perceive1 moreover1 that many a dignified word once involved the same idea as some unassuming or even semi-disreputable word or expression involves now4 ,thus there is little or no difference in figure between understanding a thing and getting on to it2 between averting something 7turning it aside7 and sidetracking it2 between excluding 7shutting out7 and closing the door to2 between degrading 7putting down a step7 and taking down a notch2 between accumulating 7heaping up7 and making one's pile2 between taking umbrage 7the shadow7 and being thrown in the shade2 between ejaculating and throwing out a remark2 between being on a tension and being highstrung2 between being vapid and having lost steam2 between insinuating 7winding in7 and worming in2 between investigating and tracking2 between instigating 7goading on or into7 and prodding up2 between being incensed 7compare incendiary7 and burning with indignation2 between recanting 7unsinging7 and singing another tune2 between ruminating 7chewing7 and smoking in one's pipe4 ,nor is there much difference in figure between sarcasm 7a tearing of the flesh7 and taking the hide off2 between sinister 7left-handed7 and backhanded2 between preposterous 7rear end foremost7 and cart before the horse2 between salary 7salt-money1 an allowance for soldiers7 and pin-money2 between pedigree 7crane's foot1 from the appearance of genealogical diagrams7 and crowsfeet 7about the eyes72 between either precocious 7early cooked71 apricot 7early cooked71 crude 7raw71 or recrudescence 7raw again7 and half-baked4 ,to ponder is literally to weigh2 to apprehend an idea is to take hold of it2 to deviate is to go out of one's way2 to congregate is to flock together2 to assail or insult a man is to jump on him2 to be precipitate is to go head foremost2 to be recalcitrant is to kick4 ,again1 you will perceive that many words once had more literal or more definitely concrete meanings than they have now4 ,to corrode is to gnaw along with others1 to differ is to carry apart1 to refuse is to pour back4 ,polite is polished1 absurd is very deaf1 egregious is taken from the common herd1 capricious is leaping about like a goat1 cross 7disagreeable7 is shaped like a cross1 wrong is wrung 7or twisted74 ,crisscross is ,christ's cross1 attention is stretching toward1 expression is pressed out1 dexterity is right-handedness1 circumstances are things standing around1 an innuendo is nodding1 a parlor is a room to talk in1 a nostril is that which pierces the nose 7thrill means pierce71 vinegar is sharp wine1 a stirrup is a rope to mount by1 a pastor is a shepherd1 a marshal is a caretaker of horses1 a constable is a stable attendant1 a companion is a sharer of one's bread4 ,on the other hand1 you will find that many words were once more general in import than they have since become4 ,fond originally meant foolish1 then foolishly devoted1 then 7becoming more general again7 devoted4 ,nostrum meant our own1 then a medicine not known by other physicians1 then a quack remedy4 ,shamefast meant confirmed in modesty 7shame72 then through a confusion of fast with faced1 a betrayal through the countenance of self-consciousness or guilt4 ,counterfeit meant a copy or a picture1 then an unlawful duplication1 especially of a coin4 ,lust meant pleasure of any sort1 then inordinate sexual pleasure or desire4 ,virtue 7to trace only a few of its varied activities7 meant manliness1 then the quality or attribute peculiar to true manhood 7with the ,romans this was valor71 then any admirable quality1 then female chastity4 ,pen meant a feather1 then a quill to write with1 then an instrument for writing used in the same way as a quill4 ,a groom meant a man1 then a stableman 7in bridegroom1 however1 it preserves the old signification74 ,heathen 7heath-dweller71 pagan 7peasant71 and demon 7a divinity7 had in themselves no iniquitous savor until early ,christians formed their opinion of the people inaccessible to them and the spirits incompatible with the unity of the ,godhead4 ,words betokening future happenings or involving judgment tend to take a special cast from the fears and anxieties men feel when their fortune is affected or their destiny controlled by external forces4 ,thus omen 7a prophetic utterance or sign7 and portent 7a stretching forward1 a foreseeing1 a foretelling7 might originally be either benign or baleful2 but nowadays1 especially in the adjectival forms ominous and portentous1 they wear a menacing hue4 ,similarly criticism1 censure1 and doom1 all of them signifying at first mere judgment1 have come--the first in popular1 the other two in universal1 usage--to stand for adverse judgment4 ,the old sense of doom is perpetuated1 however1 in ,doomsday1 which means the day on which we are all to be1 not necessarily sent to hell1 but judged4 ,you will furthermore perceive that the exaggerated affirmations people are always indulging in have led to the weakening of many a word4 ,fret meant eat2 formerly to say that a man was fretting was to use a vigorous comparison--to have the man devoured with care4 ,mortify meant to kill1 then killed with embarrassment1 then embarrassed4 ,qualm meant death1 but our qualms of conscience have degenerated into mere twinges4 ,oaths are shorn of their might by overuse2 confound1 once a tremendous malinvocation1 may now fall from the lips of respectable young ladies1 and fie1 in its time not a whit less dire1 would be scarcely out of place in even a cloister4 ,words designating immediacy come to have no more strength than soup-meat seven times boiled4 ,presently meant in the present1 soon and by and by meant forthwith4 ,how they have lost their fundamental meaning will be intelligible to you if you have in ordering something been told that it would be delivered right away1 or in calling for a girl have been told that she would be down in a minute4 ,you will detect in words of another class a deterioration1 not in force1 but in character2 they have fallen into contemptuous or sinister usage4 ,many words for skill or wisdom have been thus debased4 ,cunning meant knowing1 artful meant well acquainted with one's art1 crafty meant proficient in one's craft or calling1 wizard meant wise man4 ,the present import of these words shows how men have assumed that mental superiority must be yoked with moral dereliction or diabolical aid4 ,words indicating the generality--indicating ordinary rank or popular affiliations--have in many instances suffered the same decline4 ,trivial meant three ways2 it was what might be heard at the crossroads or on any route you chanced to be traveling1 and its value was accordingly slight4 ,lewd meant belonging to the laity2 it came to mean ignorant1 and then morally reprehensible4 ,common may be used to signify ill-bred2 vulgar may be and frequently is used to signify indecent4 ,sabotage1 from a ,french term meaning wooden shoe1 has come to be applied to the deliberate and systematic scamping of one's work in order to injure one's employer4 ,idiot 7common soldier7 crystallizes the exasperated ill opinion of officers for privates4 7,infantry--an organization of military infants--has on the contrary sloughed its reproach and now enshrines the dignity of lowliness47 ,somewhat akin to words of this type is knave1 which first meant boy1 then servant1 then rogue4 ,terms for agricultural classes seldom remain flattering4 ,besides such epithets as hayseed and clodhopper1 contemptuous in their very origin1 villain 7farm servant71 churl 7farm laborer71 and boor 7peasant7 have all gathered unto themselves opprobrium2 villain now involves a scoundrelly spirit1 churl a contumelious manner1 boor a bumptious ill-breeding2 not one of these words is any longer confined in its application to a particular social rank4 ,terms for womankind are soon tainted4 ,wench meant at first nothing worse than girl or daughter1 quean than woman1 hussy than housewife2 even woman is generally felt to be half-slighting4 ,terms affirming unacquaintance with sin1 or abstention from it1 tend to be quickly reft of what praise they are fraught with2 none of us likes to be saluted as innocent1 guileless1 or unsophisticated1 and to be dubbed silly no longer makes us feel blessed4 ,besides these and similar classes of words1 there are innumerable individual terms that have sadly lost caste4 ,an imp was erstwhile a scion2 it then became a boy1 and then a mischievous spirit4 ,a noise might once be music2 it has ceased to enjoy such possibilities4 ,to live near a piano that is constantly banged is to know how noise as a synonym for music was outlawed4 ,a backward glance over the history of words repays you in showing you the words for what they are1 and in having them live out their lives before you4 ,do you know what an umpire is8 ,he is a non 7or num7 peer1 a not equal man1 an odd man--one therefore who can decide disputes4 ,do you know what a nickname is8 ,it is an eke 7also7 name1 a title bestowed upon one in addition to his proper designation4 ,do you know what a fellow1 etymologically speaking1 is8 ,he is a fee-layer1 a partner1 a man who lays his fee 7property7 alongside yours4 ,do you know that matine1 though awarded to the afternoon1 meant primarily a morning entertainment and has traveled so far from its original sense that we call an actual before-noon performance a morning matine8 ,do you know the past of such words as bedlam1 rival1 parson1 sandwich1 pocket handkerchief8 ,bedlam1 a corruption of ,bethlehem1 was a hospital for the insane in ,london2 it came to be a general term for great confusion or discord4 ,rivals were formerly dwellers--that is1 neighboring dwellers--on the bank of a stream2 disputes over water-rights gave the word its present meaning4 ,a person or parson1 for the two were the same1 was a mask 7literally1 that through which the sound came72 then an actor representing a character in a play2 then a representative of any sort2 then the representative of the church in a parish4 ,a sandwich was a stratification of bread and meat by the ,earl of ,sandwich1 who was so loath to leave the gaming table that he saved time by having food brought him in this form4 ,a kerchief was originally a cover for the head1 and indeed sundry amiable1 old-fashioned grandmothers still use it for this purpose4 ,afterward people carried it in their hands and called it a handkerchief2 and when they transferred it to the pocket1 they called it a pocket handkerchief or pocket hand head-cover4 ,a scrutiny of such words should convince you that the reading of the dictionary1 instead of being the dull occupation it is almost proverbially reputed to be1 may become an occupation truly fascinating4 ,for clustered about the words recorded in the dictionary are inexhaustible riches of knowledge and of interest for those who have eyes to see4 ,,exercise - ,past #a4 ,for each of the following words look up 7a7 the present meaning if you do not know it1 7b7 the original meaning1 7c7 any other past meanings you can find4 ,exposition ,corn ,cattle ,influence ,sanguine ,turmoil ,sinecure ,waist ,shrew ,potential ,spaniel ,crazy ,character ,candidate ,indomitable ,infringe ,rascal ,amorphous ,expend ,thermometer ,charm ,rather ,tall ,stepchild ,wedlock ,ghostly ,haggard ,bridal ,pioneer ,pluck ,noon ,neighbor ,jimson weed ,courteous ,wanton ,rosemary ,cynical ,street ,plausible ,grocer ,husband ,allow ,worship ,gipsy ,insane ,encourage ,clerk ,disease ,astonish ,clergyman ,boulevard ,realize ,hectoring ,canary ,bombast ,primrose ,diamond ,benedict ,walnut ,abominate ,piazza ,holiday ,barbarous ,disgust ,heavy ,kind ,virtu ,nightmare ,devil ,gospel ,comfort ,whist ,mermaid ,pearl ,onion ,enthusiasm ,domino ,book ,fanatic ,grotesque ,cheat ,auction ,economy ,illegible ,quell ,cheap ,illegitimate ,sheriff ,excelsior ,emasculate ,danger ,dunce ,champion ,shibboleth ,calico ,adieu ,essay ,pontiff ,macadamize ,wages ,copy ,stentorian ,quarantine ,puny ,saturnine ,buxom ,caper ,derrick ,indifferent ,boycott ,mercurial ,gaudy ,countenance ,poniard ,majority ,camera ,chattel4 #b4 ,the following words are often used loosely today1 some because their original meaning is lost sight of1 some because they are confused with other words4 ,find for each word 7a7 what the meaning has been and 7b7 what the correct meaning is now4 ,nice ,awful ,atrocious ,grand ,horrible ,pitiful ,beastly ,transpire ,claim ,weird ,aggravate ,uncanny ,demean ,gorgeous ,elegant ,fine ,noisome ,mutual 7in a mutual friend7 ,lovely ,cute ,stunning ,liable ,immense4 #c4 ,the following sentences from standard ,english literature illustrate the use of words still extant and even familiar1 in senses now largely or wholly forgotten4 ,the quotations from the ,bible and ,shakespeare 7all the ,biblical quotations are from the ,king ,james ,version7 date back a little more than three hundred years1 those from ,milton a little less than three hundred years1 and those from ,gray and ,coleridge1 respectively1 about a hundred and seventy-five and a hundred and twenty-five years4 ,go carefully enough into the past meanings of the italicized words to make sure you grasp the author's thought4 ,and now abideth faith1 hope1 charity1 these three2 but the greatest of these is charity47#a ,corinthians #ac3ac7 ,i prevented the dawning of the morning4 7,psalms #aai3adg7 ,our eyes wait upon the ,lord our ,god4 7,psalms #abc3b7 ,the times of this ignorance ,god winked at4 7,acts #ag3cj7 ,and ,jesus said1 ,somebody hath touched me2 for ,i perceive that virtue is gone out of me4 7,luke #h3df7 ,to judge the quick and the dead4 7#a ,peter #d3e7 ,be not wise in your own conceits4 7,romans #ab3af7 ,in maiden meditation1 fancy-free4 7,shakespeare3 ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream7 ,is it so nominated in the bond8 7,shakespeare3 ,the ,merchant of ,venice7 ,would ,i had met my dearest foe in heaven4 7,shakespeare3 ,hamlet7 ,the extravagant and erring spirit4 7,said of a spirit wandering from the bounds of purgatory4 ,shakespeare3 ,hamlet7 ,the modesty of nature4 7,shakespeare3 ,hamlet7 ,it is a nipping and an eager air4 7,shakespeare3 ,hamlet7 ,security ,is mortals' chiefest enemy4 7,shakespeare3 ,macbeth7 ,most admired disorder4 7,shakespeare3 ,macbeth7 ,upon this hint ,i spake4 7,from the account of the wooing of ,desdemona4 ,shakespeare3 ,othello7 ,this ,lodovico is a proper man4 ,a very handsome man4 7,shakespeare3 ,othello7 ,mice and rats and such small deer4 7,shakespeare3 ,king ,lear7 ,this is no sound ,that the earth owes4 7,shakespeare3 ,the ,tempest7 ,every shepherd tells his tale4 7,milton3 ,l',allegro7 ,bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies4 7,rathe survives only in the comparative form rather4 ,milton3 ,lycidas7 ,can honor's voice provoke the silent dust8 7,gray3 ,elegy7 ,the silly buckets on the deck4 7,coleridge3 ,the ,ancient ,mariner7 #d4 ,in technical usage or particular phrases a former sense of a word may be embedded like a fossil4 ,the italicized words in the following list retain special senses of this kind4 ,what do these words as thus used mean8 ,can you add to the list8 ,to wit ,might and main ,time and tide ,christmastide ,sad bread ,a bank teller ,to tell one's beads ,aid and abet ,meat and drink ,shoplifter ,fishing-tackle ,getting off scot-free ,an earnest of future favors ,a brave old hearthstone ,confusion to the enemy6 ,giving aid and comfort to the enemy ,without let or hindrance ,a let in tennis ,quicklime ,cut to the quick ,neat-foot oil ,to sound in tort 7,legal phrase7 ,to bid one ,godspeed ,i had as lief as not ,the child favors its parents ,on pain of death ,widow's weeds ,i am bound for the ,promised ,land ,to carry a girl to a party 7,used only in the ,south7 ,to give a person so much to boot #e4 ,each of the subjoined phrases contradicts itself or repeats its idea clumsily4 ,the key to the difficulty lies in the italicized words4 ,what is their true meaning8 ,a weekly journal ,ultimate end ,final ultimatum ,final completion ,previous preconceptions ,nauseating seasickness ,join together ,descend down ,prefer better ,argent silver ,completely annihilate ,unanimously by all ,most unique of all ,the other alternative ,endorse on the back ,incredible to believe ,a criterion to go by ,an appetite to eat ,a panacea for all ills ,popular with the people ,biography of his life ,autobiography of his own life ,vitally alive ,a new1 novel1 and ingenious explanation ,mutual dislike for each other ,omniscient knowledge of all subjects ,a material growth in mental power ,peculiar faults of his own ,fly into an ebullient passion ,to saturate oneself with gold and silver ,elected by acclamation on a secret ballot4 ,v4 ,,individual ,,words3 ,,as ,,members ,,of ,,verbal ,,families ,our investigation into the nature1 qualities1 and fortunes of single words must now merge into a study of their family connections4 ,we do not go far into this new phase of our researches before we perceive that the career of a word may be very complicated4 ,most people1 if you asked them1 would tell you that an individual word is a causeless entity--a thing that was never begotten and lacks power to propagate4 ,they would deny the possibility that its course through the world could be other than colorless1 humdrum4 ,now words thus immaculately conceived and fatefully impotent1 words that shamble thus listlessly through life1 there are4 ,but many words are born in an entirely normal way2 have a grubby boyhood1 a vigorous youth1 and a sober maturity2 marry1 beget sons and daughters1 become old1 enfeebled1 even senile2 and suffer neglect1 if not death4 ,in their advanced age they are exempted by the discerning from enterprises that call for a lusty agility1 but are drafted into service by those to whom all levies are alike4 ,indeed in their very prime of manhood their vicissitudes are such as to make them seem human4 ,some rise in the world some sink2 some start along the road of grandeur or obliquity1 and then backslide or reform4 ,some are social climbers1 and mingle in company where verbal dress coats are worn2 some are social degenerates1 and consort with the ragamuffins and guttersnipes of language4 ,some marry at their own social level1 some above them1 some beneath2 some go down in childless bachelorhood or leave an unkempt and illegitimate progeny4 ,and if you trace their own lineage1 you will find for some that it is but decent and middle-class1 for some that it is mongrelized and miscegenetic1 for some that it is proud1 ancient1 yea perhaps patriarchal4 ,it is contrary to nature for a word1 as for a man1 to live the life of a hermit4 ,through external compulsion or internal characteristics a word has contacts with its fellows4 ,and its most intimate1 most spontaneous associations are normally with its own kindred4 ,in our work hitherto we have had nothing to say of verbal consanguinity4 ,but we have not wholly ignored its existence1 for the very good reason that we could not4 ,for example1 in the latter portions of ,chapter ,,iv we proceeded on the hypothesis that at least some words have ancestors4 ,also in the analysis of the dictionary definition of tension we learned that the word has1 not only a ,latin forebear1 but ,french1 ,spanish1 ,portuguese1 and ,italian kinsmen as well4 ,one thing omitted from that analysis would have revealed something further--namely1 that the word has its ,english kinfolks too4 ,for the bracketed part of the dictionary definition mentions two other ,english words1 tend and tense1 which from their origin involve the same idea as that of tension-- the idea of stretching4 ,now words may be akin in either of two ways4 ,they may be related in blood4 ,or they may be related by marriage4 ,let us consider these two kinds of connection more fully4 ,words ,related in ,blood ,as an illustration of blood kinships enjoyed by a native ,english word take the adjective good4 ,we can easily call to mind other members of its family3 goodly1 goodish1 goody-goody1 good-hearted1 good-natured1 good- humored1 good-tempered1 goods1 goodness1 goodliness1 gospel 7good story71 goodby1 goodwill1 goodman1 goodwife1 good-for-nothing1 good den 7good evening71 the ,good ,book4 ,the connection between these words is obvious4 ,next consider a group of words that have been naturalized3 scribe1 prescribe1 ascribe1 proscribe1 transcribe1 circumscribe1 subscriber1 indescribable1 scribble1 script1 scripture1 postscript1 conscript1 rescript1 manuscript1 nondescript1 inscription1 superscription1 description4 ,it is clear that these words are each other's kith and kin in blood1 and that the strain or stock common to all is scribe or 7as sometimes modified7 script4 ,what does this strain signify8 ,the idea of writing4 ,the scribes are a writing clan4 ,some of them1 to be sure1 have strayed somewhat from the ancestral calling1 for words are as wilful--or as independent--as men4 ,ascribe1 for example1 does not act like a member of the household of writers1 whatever it may look like4 ,we should have to scrutinize it carefully or consult the record for it in that verbal ,who's ,who1 the dictionary1 before we could understand how it came by its scribal affiliations honestly4 ,but once we begin to reflect or to probe1 we find we have not mistaken its identity4 ,ascribe is the offspring of ad 7to7 and scribo 7write71 both ,latin terms4 ,it originally meant writing to a person's name or after it 7that is1 imputing to the person by means of written words7 some quality or happening of which he was regarded as the embodiment1 source1 or cause4 ,nowadays we may saddle the matter on him through oral rather than written speech4 ,that is1 ascribe has largely lost the writing traits4 ,but all the same it is manifestly of the writing blood4 ,the scribes are of undivided racial stock1 ,latin4 ,consider now the manu1 or man1 words which sprang from the ,latin manus1 meaning hand4 ,here are some of them3 manual1 manoeuver1 mandate1 manacle1 manicure1 manciple1 emancipate1 manage1 manner1 manipulate1 manufacture1 manumission1 manuscript1 amanuensis4 ,these too are children of the same father2 they are brothers and sisters to each other4 ,but what shall we say of legerdemain 7light1 or sleight1 of hand71 maintain1 coup de main1 and the like8 ,they bear a resemblance to the man's and manu's1 yet one that casual observers would not notice4 ,is there kinship between the two sets of words8 ,there is4 ,but not the full fraternal or sororal relation4 ,the mains are children of manus by a ,french marriage he contracted4 ,with this ,french blood in their veins1 they are only half-brothers1 half-sisters of the manu's and the man's4 ,your examination of the family trees of words will be practical1 rather than highly scholastic1 in nature4 ,you need not track every word in the dictionary to the den of its remote parentage4 ,nor need you bother your head with the name of the distant ancestor4 ,but in the case of the large number of words that have a numerous kindred you should learn to detect the inherited strain4 ,you will then know that the word is the brother or cousin of certain other words of your acquaintance1 and this knowledge will apprise you of qualities in it with which you should reckon4 ,to this extent only must you make yourself a student of verbal genealogy4 ,,exercise - ,blood 7,simple exercises in tracing blood relationships among words are given at the end of the chapter4 ,therefore the exercises assigned here are of a special character47 #a4 ,each of the following groups is made up of related words1 but the relationship is somewhat disguised4 ,consult the dictionary for each word1 and learn all you can as to 7a7 its source1 7b7 the influence 7as passing through an intermediate language7 that gave it its present form1 7c7 the course of its development into its present meaning4 ,captain ,cathedral ,governor ,capital ,chaise ,gubernatorial ,decapitate ,chair ,chef ,shay ,guardian ,chieftain ,ward ,camp ,cavalry ,campaign ,guarantee ,chivalry ,champion ,warrant ,camera ,inept ,incipient ,chamber ,apt ,receive ,serrated ,inimical ,poor ,sierra ,enemy ,pauper ,influence ,espionage ,work ,influenza ,spy ,wrought ,playwright ,isolate ,insular #b4 ,the variety of sources for modern ,english is indicated by the following list4 ,do not seek for blood kinsmen of these particular words1 but think of all the additional words you can that have come into ,english from ,indian1 ,spanish1 ,french1 any other language spoken today4 ,alphabet 7,greek7 ,piano 7,italian7 ,folio 7,latin7 ,car 7,norman7 ,boudoir 7,french7 ,rush 7,german7 ,binnacle 7,portuguese7 ,sky 7,icelandic7 ,anger 7,old ,norse7 ,yacht 7,dutch7 ,isinglass 7,low ,german7 ,hussar 7,hungarian7 ,slogan 7,celtic7 ,samovar 7,russian7 ,polka 7,polish7 ,chess 7,persian7 ,shekel 7,hebrew7 ,tea 7,chinese7 ,algebra 7,arabic7 ,kimono 7,japanese7 ,puttee 7,hindoo7 ,tattoo 7,tahitian7 ,boomerang 7,australian7 ,voodoo 7,african7 ,potato 7,haytian7 ,skunk 7,american ,indian7 ,guano 7,peruvian7 ,buncombe 7,american7 ,renegade 7,spanish7 ,words ,related by ,marriage ,that words marry and are given in marriage1 is too generally overlooked4 ,any student of a foreign language1 ,german for instance1 can recall the thrill of discovery and the lift of reawakened hope that came to him when first he suspected1 aye perceived1 the existence of verbal matrimony4 ,for weeks he had struggled with words that apparently were made up of fortuitous collocations of letters4 ,then in some beatific moment these huddles of letters took meaning2 in instance after instance they represented1 not a word1 but words--a linguistic household4 ,let them be what they might--a harem1 the domestic establishment of a ,mormon1 the dwelling-place of verbal polygamists1--he could at last see order in their relationships4 ,to their morals he was indifferent1 absorbed as he was in his joy of understanding4 ,in ,english likewise are thousands of these verbal marriages4 ,we may not be aware of them2 from our very familiarity with words we may overlook the fact that in instances uncounted their oneness has been welded by a linguistic minister or justice of the peace4 ,but to read a single page or harken for thirty seconds to oral discourse with our minds intent on such states of wedlock is to convince ourselves that they abound4 ,consider this list of everyday words3 somebody1 already1 disease1 vineyard1 unskilled1 outlet1 nevertheless1 holiday1 insane1 resell1 schoolboy1 helpmate1 uphold1 withstand1 rainfall1 deadlock1 typewrite1 football1 motorman1 thoroughfare1 snowflake1 buttercup1 landlord1 overturn4 ,every term except one yokes a verbal husband with his wife1 and the one exception 7nevertheless7 joins a uxorious man with two wives4 ,these marriages are of a simple kind4 ,but the nuptial interlinkings between families of words may be many and complicated4 ,thus there is a family of graph 7or write7 words3 graphic1 lithograph1 cerograph1 cinematograph1 stylograph1 telegraph1 multigraph1 seismograph1 dictograph1 monograph1 holograph1 logograph1 digraph1 autograph1 paragraph1 stenographer1 photographer1 biographer1 lexicographer1 bibliography1 typography1 pyrography1 orthography1 chirography1 calligraphy1 cosmography1 geography4 ,there is also a family of phone 7or sound7 words3 telephone1 dictaphone1 megaphone1 audiphone1 phonology1 symphony1 antiphony1 euphonious1 cacophonous1 phonetic spelling4 ,it chances that both families are of ,greek extraction4 ,related to the graphs--their cousins in fact--are the grams3 telegram1 radiogram1 cryptogram1 anagram1 monogram1 diagram1 logogram1 program1 epigram1 kilogram1 ungrammatical4 ,now a representative of the graphs married into the phone family1 and we have graphophone4 ,a representative of the phones married into the graph family1 and we have phonograph4 ,a representative of the grams married into the phone family1 and we have gramophone4 ,a representative of the phones married into the gram family1 and we have phonogram4 ,of such unions children may be born4 ,for example1 from the marriage of ,mr4 ,phone with ,miss ,graph were born phonography1 phonographer1 phonographist 7a rather frail child71 phonographic1 phonographical1 and phonographically4 ,intermarriage between the phones and the graphs or grams is a wedding of equals4 ,some families of words1 however1 are of inferior social standing to other families1 and may seek but not hope to be sought in marriage4 ,compare the ex's with the ports4 ,an ex1 as a preposition1 belongs to a prolific family but not one of established and unimpeachable dignity4 ,hence the ex's1 though they marry right and left1 lead the other words to the altar and are never led thither themselves4 ,witness exclude1 excommunicate1 excrescence1 excursion1 exhale1 exit1 expel1 expunge1 expense1 extirpate1 extract2 in no instance does ex fellow its connubial mate--it invariably precedes4 ,the ports1 on the other hand1 are the peers of anybody4 ,some of them choose to remain single3 port1 porch1 portal1 portly1 porter1 portage4 ,here and there one marries into another family3 portfolio1 portmanteau1 portable1 port arms4 ,more often1 however1 they are wooed than themselves do the pleading3 comport1 purport1 report1 disport1 transport1 passport1 deportment1 importance1 opportunity1 importunate1 inopportune1 insupportable4 ,from our knowledge of the two families1 therefore1 we should surmise that if any marriage is to take place between them2 an ex must be the suitor4 ,the surmise would be sound4 ,there is such a term as export1 but not as portex4 ,now it is oftentimes possible to do business with a man without knowing whether he is a man or a bridal couple4 ,and so with a word4 ,but the knowledge of his domestic state and circumstances will not come amiss1 and it may prove invaluable4 ,you may find that you can handle him to best advantage through a sagacious use of the influence of his wife4 ,,exercise - ,marriage #a4 ,for each word in the lists of ,,exercise - ,dictionary and ,activity #a for ,,exercise - ,past1 determine 7a7 whether it is single or married2 7b7 if it is married1 whether the wedding is one between equals4 #b4 ,make a list of the married words in the first three paragraphs of the selection from ,burke 7,appendix #b74 ,for each of these words determine the exact nature and extent of the dowry brought by each of the contracting parties to the wedding4 ,prying ,into a ,word's ,relationships ,hitherto in our study of verbal relationships we have usually started with the family4 ,having strayed 7as by good luck7 into an assembly of kinsmen1 we have observed the common strain and the general characteristics1 and have then placed the individual with reference to these4 ,but we do not normally meet words1 any more than we meet men1 in the domestic circle4 ,we meet them and greet them hastily as they hurry through the tasks of the day1 with no other associates about them than such as chance or momentary need may dictate4 ,if we are to see anything of their family life1 it must be through effort we ourselves put forth4 ,we must be inquisitive about their conjugal and blood relationships4 ,how1 then1 starting with the individual word1 can you come into a knowledge of it1 not in its public capacity1 but in what is even more important1 its personal connections8 ,you must form the habit of asking two questions about it3 7#a7 ,is it married8 7#b7 ,of what family or families was it born8 ,if you can get an understanding answer to these two questions1 an answer that will tell you what its relations stand for as well as what their name is1 your inquiries will be anything but bootless4 ,let us illustrate your procedure concretely4 ,suppose you read or hear the word conchology4 ,it is a somewhat unusual word1 but see what you can do with it yourself before calling on the dictionary to help you4 ,observe the word closely1 and you will obtain the answer to your first question4 ,conchology is no bachelor1 no verbal old maid2 it is a married pair4 ,your second and more difficult task awaits you2 you must ascertain the meaning of the family connections4 ,with ,mr4 ,conch you are on speaking terms2 you know him as one of the shells4 ,but the utmost you can recall about his wife is that she is one of a whole flock of ologies4 ,what significance does this relationship possess8 ,you are uncertain4 ,but do not thumb the dictionary yet4 ,pass in mental review all the ologies you can assemble4 ,wait also for the others that through the unconscious operations of memory will tardily straggle in4 ,be on the lookout for ologies as you read1 as you listen4 ,in time you will muster a sizable company of them4 ,and you will draw a conclusion as to the meaning of the blood that flows through their veins4 ,ology implies speech or study4 ,conchology1 then1 must be the study of conches4 ,your investigations thus far have done more than teach you the meaning of the word you began with4 ,they have brought you some of the by-products of the study of verbal kinships4 ,for you no longer pass the ologies by with face averted or bow timidly ventured4 ,you have become so well acquainted with them that even a new one1 wherever encountered1 would flash upon you the face of a friend4 ,but now your desires are whetted4 ,you wish to find out how much you can learn4 ,you at last consult the dictionary4 ,here a huge obstacle confronts you4 ,the ologies1 like the ports 7above71 are a haughty clan2 they are the wooed1 rather than the wooing1 members of most marital households that contain them4 ,now the marriage licenses recorded in the dictionary are entered under the name of the suitor1 not of the person sought4 ,hence you labor under a severe handicap as you take the census of the ologies4 ,let us imagine the handicap the most severe possible4 ,let us suppose that no ology had ever been the suitor4 ,even so1 you would not be entirely baffled4 ,for you could look up in the dictionary the ologies you your self had been able to recall4 ,to what profit8 ,first1 you could verify or correct your surmise as to what the ological blood betokens4 ,secondly1 you could perhaps obtain cross-references to yet other ologies than those you remembered4 ,but you are not reduced to these extremities4 ,the ologies1 arrogant as they are1 sometimes are the applicants for matrimony1 and the marriage registry of the dictionary so indicates4 ,to be sure1 they do not1 when thus appearing at the beginning of words1 take the form ology4 ,they take the form log4 ,but you must be resourceful enough to keep after your quarry in spite of the omission of a vowel or two4 ,also from some lexicons you may obtain still further help4 ,you may find ology1 logy1 logo1 or log listed as a combining form1 its meaning given1 and examples of its use in compounds cited4 ,by your zeal and persistence you have now brought together a goodly array of the ologies--all or most1 let us say1 of the following3 conchology1 biology1 morphology1 phrenology1 physiology1 osteology1 histology1 zoology1 entomology1 bacteriology1 ornithology1 pathology1 psychology1 cosmology1 eschatology1 demonology1 mythology1 theology1 astrology1 archeology1 geology1 meteorology1 mineralogy1 chronology1 genealogy1 ethnology1 anthropology1 criminology1 technology1 doxology1 anthology1 trilogy1 philology1 etymology1 terminology1 neologism1 phraseology1 tautology1 analogy1 eulogy1 apology1 apologue1 eclogue1 monologue1 dialogue1 prologue1 epilogue1 decalogue1 catalogue1 travelogue1 logogram1 logograph1 logo-type1 logarithms1 logic1 illogical4 7,moreover you may have perceived in some of these words the kinship which exists in all for the loquy group--see 7#a7 ,soliloquy below47 ,of course you will discard some items from this list as being too learned for your purposes4 ,but you will observe of the others that once you know the meaning of ology1 you are likely to know the whole word4 ,thus from your study of conchology you have mastered1 not an individual term1 but a tribe4 ,in conchology only one element1 ology1 was really dubious at the outset4 ,let us take a word of which both elements give you pause4 ,suppose your thought is arrested by the word eugenics4 ,you perhaps know the word as a whole1 but not its components4 ,for by looking at it and thinking about it you decide that its state is married1 that it comprises the household of ,mr4 ,eu and his wife1 formerly ,miss ,gen4 ,but you cannot say offhand just what kind of person either ,mr4 ,eu or the erstwhile ,miss ,gen is likely to prove4 ,have you met any of the ,eu's elsewhere8 ,you think vaguely that you have1 but cannot lay claim to any real acquaintance4 ,to the dictionary you accordingly betake yourself4 ,there you find that ,mr4 ,eu is of a family quite respectable but not prone to marriage4 ,euphony1 eupepsia1 euphemism1 euthanasia are of his retiring kindred4 ,the meaning of the eu blood1 so the dictionary informs you1 is well4 ,the gen blood1 as you see exemplified in gentle1 general1 genital1 engender1 carries with it the idea of begetting1 of producing1 of birth1 or 7by extension7 of kinship4 ,eugenics1 then1 is an alliance of well and begotten 7or born74 ,your immediate purpose is fulfilled2 but you resolve1 let us say1 to make the acquaintance of more of the gens1 whose number you have perceived to be legion4 ,you are duly introduced to the following3 genus1 generic1 genre1 gender1 genitive1 genius1 general1 ,gentile1 gentle1 gentry1 gentleman1 genteel1 generous1 genuine1 genial1 congeniality1 congener1 genital1 congenital1 engender1 generation1 progeny1 progenitor1 genesis1 genetics1 eugenics1 pathogenesis1 biogenesis1 ethnogeny1 palingenesis1 unregenerate1 degenerate1 monogeny1 indigenous1 exogenous1 homogeneous1 heterogeneous1 genealogy1 ingenuous1 ingenious1 ingenue1 engine1 engineer1 hygiene1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 endogen1 primogeniture1 philoprogeniture1 miscegenation4 ,some of these are professional rather than social2 you decide not to leave your card at their doors4 ,others have assumed a significance somewhat ungen-like1 though the relationship may be traced if you are not averse to trouble1 ,thus engine in its superficial aspects seems alien to the idea of born4 ,but it is the child of ingenious 7innate1 inborn72 ingenious is the inborn power to accomplish1 and engine is the result of the application of that power4 ,whether you care to bother with such subtleties or not1 enough gens are left to make the family one well worth your cultivation4 ,thus by studying two words1 conchology and eugenics1 you have for the first time placed yourself on an intimate footing with three verbal families--the ologies1 the eu's1 and the gens4 ,observe that though you studied the ologies apart from the eu's and the gens1 your knowledge--once you have acquired it--cannot be kept pigeonholed1 for the ologies have intermarried with both the other families4 ,hence you on meeting eulogy can exclaim3 ,how do you do1 ,mr4 ,eu8 ,i am honored in making your acquaintance1 ,mrs4 ,eu--,i was about to call you by your maiden name2 for ,i am a friend of your sister1 the ,miss ,ology who married ,mr4 ,conch4 ,and you too1 ,mr4 ,eu--,i cannot regard you as a stranger4 ,i have looked in so often on the family of your brother--the ,euphony family1 ,i mean4 ,what a beautiful literary household it is6 ,yet it has been neglected by the world-yea1 even by the people who write4 ,well1 the loss is theirs who do the neglecting4 ,and genealogy you can greet with an equal parade of family lore3 ,don't trouble to tell me who you are4 ,i am hob and nob with your folks on both sides of the family1 and my word for it1 the relationship is written all over you4 ,mr4 ,gen1 ,i envy you the pride you must feel in the prominence given nowadays to the eugenics household4 ,and it must delight you1 ,miss ,ology-that-was1 that connoisseurs are so keenly interested in conchology4 ,how are ,grandfather ,gen and ,grandmother ,ology8 ,they were keeping up remarkably the last time ,i saw them4 ,do you think words will not respond to cordiality like this8 ,they will work their flattered heads off for you6 ,,exercise - ,relationships #a4 ,for each of the following words 7a7 determine what families are intermarried1 7b7 ascertain the exact contribution to the household by each family represented1 and 7c7 make as complete a list as possible of cognate words4 ,reject ,oppose ,convent ,defer ,omit ,produce ,expel #b4 ,test the extent of the intermarriages among these words by successively attaching each of the prefixes to each of the main 7or key7 syllables4 7,thus re-ject1 re-fer1 re-pel1 etc47 ,two ,admonitions ,in tracing verbal kinships you must be prepared for slight variations in the form of the same key-syllable4 ,consider these words3 wise1 wiseacre1 wisdom1 wizard1 witch1 wit1 unwitting1 to wit1 outwit1 twit1 witticism1 witness1 evidence1 providence1 invidious1 advice1 vision1 visit1 vista1 visage1 visualize1 envisage1 invisible1 vis--vis1 visor1 revise1 supervise1 improvise1 proviso1 provision1 view1 review1 survey1 vie1 envy1 clairvoyance4 ,perhaps the last six should be disregarded as too exceptional in form to be clearly recognized4 ,and certainly some words1 as prudence from providentia1 are so metamorphosed that they should be excluded from practical lists of this kind4 ,but even in the words left to us there are fairly marked divergences in appearance4 ,why8 ,because the key-syllable has descended to us1 not through one language1 but through several4 ,as good verbal detectives we should be able to penetrate the consequent disguises2 for wis1 wiz1 wit1 vid1 vic1 and vis all embody the idea of seeing or knowing4 ,on the other hand1 you must take care not to be misled by a superficial resemblance into thinking two unrelated key-syllables identical4 ,let us consider two sets of words4 ,the first1 which is related to the tain group 7see ,tain below71 has a key-syllable that means holding3 tenant1 tenement1 tenure1 tenet1 tenor1 tenable1 tenacious1 contents1 contentment1 lieutenant1 maintenance1 sustenance1 countenance1 appurtenance1 detention1 retentive1 pertinacity1 pertinent1 continent1 abstinence1 continuous1 retinue4 ,the second has a key-syllable that means stretching3 tend1 tender1 tendon1 tendril1 tendency1 extend1 subtend1 distend1 pretend1 contend1 attendant1 tense1 tension1 pretence1 intense1 intensive1 ostensible1 tent1 tenterhook1 portent1 attention1 intention1 tenuous1 attenuate1 extenuate1 antenna1 tone1 tonic1 standard4 ,the form of the key-syllable for the first set of words is usually ten1 tent1 or tin2 that for the second tend1 tens1 tent1 or ten4 ,you may therefore easily confuse the two groups until you have learned to look past appearances into meanings4 ,thenceforth the holdings and the stretchings will be distinct in your mind--will constitute two great families1 not one4 ,of course individual words may still puzzle you4 ,you will not perceive that tender1 for example1 belongs with the stretchings until you go back to its primary idea of something stretched thin1 or that tone has membership in that family until you connect it with the sound which a stretched chord emits4 ,,first ,,general ,,exercise ,,for ,,the ,,chapter ,each of the key-syllables given below is followed by 7#a7 a list of fairly familiar words that embody it1 7#b7 a list of less familiar words that embody it1 7#c7 several sentences containing blank spaces1 into each of which you are ultimately to fit the appropriate word from the first list4 7,the existence of the two lists will show you that learned words may have commonplace kinfolks47 ,first1 however1 you are to study each word in both lists for 7#a7 its exact meaning1 7#b7 the influence of the key-syllable upon that meaning1 7#c7 any variation of the key-syllable from its ordinary form4 7,a few words have been introduced to show how varied the forms may be and yet remain recognizable47 ,also1 as an aid to your memory1 you are to copy each list1 underscoring the key-syllable each time you encounter it4 7,the lists are practical1 not meticulously academic4 ,in many instances they contain words derived1 not from a single original1 but from cognates4 ,no list is exhaustive47 ,ag1 act1 ig 7carry on1 do1 drive73 7#a7 agent1 agitate1 agile1 act1 actor1 actuate1 exact1 enact1 reaction1 counteract1 transact1 mitigate1 navigate1 prodigal1 assay1 essay2 7#b7 agenda1 pedagogue1 synagogue1 actuary1 redact1 castigate1 litigation1 exigency1 ambiguous1 variegated1 cogent1 cogitate4 ,sentences 7inflect forms if necessary2 for example1 use the past tense1 participle1 or infinitive of a verb instead of its present tense73 ,it was into law4 ,the legislators had been by honest motives1 but the popular was immediate4 ,the of the mining company refused to let us proceed with the 4 ,nothing could the offense4 ,the father was 1 the son 4 ,the student handed in his at the time designated4 ,though enough on land1 he could not a ship4 ,the by missing his cue so the manager that his good work thereafter could not the ill impression4 ,burn1 brun1 brand 7burn73 7#a and #b combined7 burn1 burnish1 brunette1 brunt1 bruin1 brand1 brandish1 brandy1 brown4 ,sentences3 ,he plucked a from the 4 ,the hair of the was so glossy it seemed 4 ,he his sword and bore the of the conflict4 ,after drinking so much he saw snakes in his imagination1 he staggered off into the woods and met ,old in reality4 ,cad1 cas1 cid 7fall73 7#a7 cadence1 decadent1 case1 casual1 casualty1 occasion1 accident1 incident1 mischance1 cheat2 7#b7 casuistry1 coincide1 occidental1 deciduous4 ,sentences3 ,the period was a one4 ,he gave but attention to the of the music4 ,on this an befell him4 ,to the general it was a mere that his were heavy4 ,as a result of this he was accused of trying to them4 ,cede1 ceed1 cess 7go73 7#a7 cede1 recede1 secede1 concede1 intercede1 procedure1 precedent1 succeed1 exceed1 success1 recess1 concession1 procession1 intercession1 abscess1 ancestor1 cease1 decease2 7#b7 antecedent1 precedence1 cessation1 accessory1 predecessor4 ,sentences3 ,he the existence of a that justified such 4 ,the delegate his authority when he consented to the territory4 ,he would not from his position or for mercy4 ,at the pupils in forming a 4 ,his was suffering from an at the time the ,southern states 4 ,his agony only with his 4 ,ceive1 ceit1 cept1 cip1 cap7t7 7take73 7#a7 receive1 deceive1 perceive1 deceit1 conceit1 receipt1 reception1 perception1 inception1 conception1 interception1 accept1 except1 precept1 municipal1 participate1 anticipate1 capable1 capture1 captivate1 case 7chest1 covering71 casement1 incase1 cash1 cashier1 chase1 catch1 prince1 forceps1 occupy2 7#b7 receptacle1 recipient1 incipient1 precipitate1 accipiter1 capacious1 incapacitate4 ,sentences3 ,though she the officers1 she did not prevent the of the fugitive4 ,he that the man was very 4 ,the mayor skilfully the alderman and proposed that bonds be issued4 ,the sight of the money him and he quickly gave me a 4 ,he uttered musty 1 which were not always given a friendly 4 ,from the of the movement he plotted to the leadership in it4 ,the took part in the 1 but failed to any of the game4 ,cide1 cis7e7 7cut1 kill73 7#a7 decide1 suicide1 homicide1 concise1 precise1 decisive1 incision1 scissors1 chisel1 cement2 7#b7 patricide1 fratricide1 infanticide1 regicide1 germicide1 excision1 circumcision1 incisors1 cesura4 ,sentences3 ,he could not whether to make the with a or a pair of 4 ,there was evidence that he was the 4 ,in a few sentences he explained why his friend could never have been a 4 ,the prim old lady had very manners of speech4 ,cur1 course 7run73 7#a7 current1 currency1 incur1 concur1 occurrence1 cursory1 excursion1 course1 discourse1 intercourse1 recourse2 7#b7 curriculum1 precursor1 discursive1 recurrent1 concourse1 courier1 succor1 corridor4 ,sentences3 ,he in the request that payment be made in 4 ,the was so strong that the by steamer had to be abandoned4 ,in the of his remarks he had to various shifts and evasions4 ,by his with one faction1 though it was but 1 he the enmity of the other4 ,it was a disgraceful 4 ,dic1 dict 7speak1 say73 7#a7 dedicate1 vindicate1 indication1 predicament1 predict1 addict1 verdict1 indict1 dictionary1 dictation1 jurisdiction1 vindictive1 contradiction1 benediction1 ditto1 condition2 7#b7 abdicate1 adjudicate1 juridical1 diction1 dictum1 dictator1 dictaphone1 dictograph1 edict1 interdict1 valedictory1 malediction1 ditty1 indite1 ipse dixit1 on dit4 ,sentences3 ,the man to drugs was for treatment of his wife1 and the were that the would be against him4 ,he said1 on the contrary1 that his character would be 4 ,the attorney for the defense that the judge would rule that the matter did not lie within his 4 ,this would leave the prosecution in a 4 ,but the prosecution issued a strong of this theory1 and said were favorable for proving the man guilty4 ,duce1 duct 7lead73 7#a7 induce1 reduce1 traduce1 seduce1 introduce1 reproduce1 education1 deduct1 product1 production1 reduction1 conduct1 conductor1 abduct1 subdue2 7#b7 educe1 adduce1 superinduce1 conducive1 ducat1 duct1 ductile1 induction1 aqueduct1 viaduct1 conduit1 duke1 duchy4 ,sentences3 ,we the company to the fare4 ,they ten cents from the wages of each man1 an average of four per cent4 ,they us when they say we have wilfully lessened 4 ,the highwaymen the 4 ,if you have an 1 you can an idea in other words4 ,error 7wander73 7#a7 error1 erroneous1 erratic1 errand2 7#b7 errata1 knight errant1 arrant knave1 aberration4 ,sentences3 ,that fellow came on a special to tell us we had made an 4 ,and his statement was at that6 ,fact1 fic7e71 fy1 fect1 feat1 feit 7make1 do73 7#a7 fact1 factory1 faction1 manufacture1 satisfaction1 suffice1 sacrifice1 office1 difficult1 pacific1 terrific1 significant1 fortification1 magnificent1 artificial1 beneficial1 verify1 simplify1 stupefy1 certify1 dignify1 glorify1 falsify1 beautify1 justify1 infect1 perfect1 effect1 affection1 defective1 feat1 defeat1 feature1 feasible1 forfeit1 surfeit1 counterfeit1 affair1 fashion2 7#b7 factor1 factotum1 malefaction1 benefaction1 putrefaction1 facile1 facsimile1 faculty1 certificate1 edifice1 efficacy1 prolific1 deficient1 proficient1 artifice1 artificer1 beneficiary1 versification1 unification1 exemplification1 deify1 petrify1 rectify1 amplify1 fructify1 liquefy1 disaffect1 refection1 comfit1 pontiff1 ipso facto1 de facto1 ex post facto1 au fait1 fait accompli4 ,sentences3 ,the opposing by incredible had found it to take over the of the goods4 ,by this it what goodwill the owner of the had for it1 but it won the of the public4 ,the owner1 though seemingly at first1 soon a scheme to make the success of the enterprise more 4 ,by an lowering of the price of his own goods and by that those of his rivals were 1 he hoped to the public mind with unjust suspicions4 ,but all this did not 4 ,in truth the of it was the hastening of his own and a heightening of the public toward his rivals4 ,his directors1 seeing that his policy had failed to itself1 met in his and urged him to take a more attitude4 ,fer 7bear1 carry73 7#a7 transfer1 prefer1 proffer1 suffer1 confer1 offer1 referee1 deference1 inference1 indifferent1 ferry1 fertile2 7#b7 referendum1 ,lucifer1 circumference1 vociferate1 auriferous1 coniferous1 pestiferous4 ,sentences3 ,with real to their wishes he to the goods by 4 ,the of the sporting writers was that the was to his duties4 ,after apart1 the farmers the use of their most acres for this experiment4 ,to be mortal is to 4 ,fide 7trust1 believe1 have faith73 7#a7 fidelity1 confide1 confident1 diffident1 infidel1 perfidious1 bona fide1 defiance1 affiance2 7#b7 fiduciary1 affidavit1 fianc1 auto da f1 ,santa ,f4 ,sentences3 ,he was that the man was an 4 ,he had in a rascal4 ,he had been for years and had proved his 4 ,though we are somewhat in making it1 you may be sure it is a offer4 ,his attitude toward his father is one of gross 4 ,grade1 gress 7walk1 go73 7#a7 grade1 gradual1 graduate1 degrade1 digress1 ,congress1 aggressive1 progressive1 degree2 7#b7 gradation1 ,centigrade1 ingress1 egress1 transgression1 retrogression1 ingredient4 ,sentences3 ,his failure to from college made him feel especially as his cronies all received their 4 ,the engine lost speed as it climbed the long 4 ,i to remark that some members of are more than 4 ,hab1 hib 7have1 hold73 7#a7 habit1 habitation1 inhabitant1 exhibit1 prohibition1 ability1 debit1 debt2 7#b7 habituate1 habiliment1 habeas corpus1 cohabit1 dishabille1 inhibit4 ,sentences3 ,the of the island an to live without permanent 4 ,it was his to glance first at the side of his ledger1 as he was much worried about his 4 ,most women favor 4 ,hale1 heal1 hol1 whole 7sound73 7#a7 hale1 hallow1 ,hallowe'en1 heal1 health1 unhealthy1 healthful1 holy1 holiday1 hollyhock1 whole1 wholesome2 7#b7 halibut1 halidom4 ,sentences3 ,though he lived in a climate1 he was 4 ,the food was 1 the man and hearty4 ,he did not think of a as 4 ,we had in our garden almost until 4 ,he wept at hearing the name of his mother4 ,for a month the wound refused to 4 ,it 7go73 7#a7 exit1 transit1 transition1 initial1 initiative1 ambition1 circuit1 perishable2 7#b7 itinerant1 transitory1 obituary1 sedition1 circumambient4 ,sentences3 ,the was broken4 ,it was his shipment of goods1 and they suffered a good deal in 4 ,his was to be regarded as a man of great 4 ,his was less effective than his entrance4 ,ject 7throw73 7#a7 eject1 reject1 subject1 project1 objection1 injection1 dejected1 conjecture1 jet1 jetty2 7#b7 abject1 traject1 adjective1 projectile1 interjection1 ejaculate1 jetsam1 jettison4 ,sentences3 ,with mien he watched the waves lash the 4 ,his scheme was to much ridicule and then 1 and he himself was from the room4 ,from a pipe that from the corner of the building came a of dirty water4 ,he could only what their was4 ,the brought immediate relief4 ,jud1 jur1 just 7law1 right73 7#a7 judge1 judicious1 judicial1 prejudice1 jurist1 jurisdiction1 just1 justice1 justify2 7#b7 judicature1 adjudicate1 juridical1 jurisprudence1 justiciary1 de jure4 ,sentences3 ,the eminent said the matter did not lie within his 4 ,though in most matters1 he admitted to in this4 ,the said he would comment in an unofficial rather than a way4 ,she could not her suspicions4 ,he was not only himself1 but devoted to 4 ,junct 7join73 7#a7 junction1 juncture1 injunction1 disjunctive1 conjugal1 adjust2 7#b7 adjunct1 conjunction1 subjunctive1 conjugate4 ,sentences3 ,a force had entered their relationships4 ,at this he gave the that disturbances should cease4 ,the tramp halted at the to eat his lunch and his knapsack4 ,jure 7swear73 7#a and #b combined7 juror1 jury1 abjure1 adjure1 conjurer1 perjury4 ,sentences3 ,they their loyalty4 ,he them to remember their duty as 4 ,the held the guilty of 4 ,leg1 lig1 lect 7read1 choose1 pick up73 7#a7 elegant1 illegible1 college1 negligent1 diligent1 eligible1 elect1 select1 intellect1 recollect1 neglect1 lecturer1 collection1 coil1 cull2 7#b7 legend1 legion1 legacy1 legate1 delegate1 sacrilegious1 dialect1 lectern1 colleague1 lexicon4 ,sentences3 ,in he listened to the and took an occasional note in an hand4 ,she an costume4 ,they the only man who was 4 ,he did not to take up the 4 ,he was rather than 4 ,her mind was too to all the circumstances4 ,lig 7bind73 7#a and #b combined7 ligament1 ligature1 obligation1 ally1 alliance1 allegiance1 league1 lien1 liable1 liaison1 alloy4 ,sentences3 ,it was a pleasure that knew no 4 ,to belong to the carries 4 ,in studying anatomy you learn all about and 4 ,the two nations were in 4 ,we may be sure of their 4 ,we will take a upon your property4 ,as a officer he was for the equipment which our reported lost4 ,luc1 lum1 lus 7light73 7#a7 lucid1 translucent1 luminous1 illuminate1 luminary1 luster1 illustrate1 illustrious2 7#b7 lucent1 ,lucifer1 lucubration1 elucidate1 pellucid1 relume1 limn4 ,sentences3 ,the author spoke very 4 ,he gave us a explanation of a very abstruse subject4 ,the material was even to the rays of the feeblest of the heavenly 4 ,he his theory by the following anecdote4 ,this deed added to his fame4 ,mand 7order73 7#a and #b combined7 mandate1 mandamus1 mandatory1 demand1 remand1 countermand1 commandment4 ,sentences3 ,the superior court issued a writ of 4 ,the case was to the lower court4 ,his instructions were not discretionary1 but 4 ,at your the has been issued4 ,the promptly the orders of the offending officer4 ,mit1 mis1 mise 7send73 7#a7 permit1 submit1 commit1 remit1 transmit1 mission1 missile1 missionary1 remiss1 omission1 commission1 admission1 dismissal1 promise1 surmise1 compromise1 mass1 message2 7#b7 emit1 intermittent1 missive1 commissary1 emissary1 manumission1 inadmissible1 premise1 demise4 ,sentences3 ,the could only why so many of his people had not attended 4 ,the contained a that no one would be held 4 ,the request was that he would please 4 ,he to his without a protest4 ,a was appointed to investigate whether the territory should be granted as a state4 ,his was such as to him to tarry if he chose4 ,move1 mote1 mob 7move73 7#a7 move1 movement1 removal1 remote1 promote1 promotion1 motion1 motive1 emotion1 commotion1 motor1 locomotive1 mob1 mobilize1 automobile1 moment2 7#b7 immovable1 motivate1 locomotor ataxia1 mobility1 immobile1 momentum4 ,sentences3 ,the next was his1 and his was profound4 ,the of the from across the alley enabled the to surge in a threatening toward the rear of the building4 ,at this the was great4 ,the officer whose had seemed so was now enabled to strong forces for the campaign4 ,the began a slow forward4 ,his exact was not known4 ,pass1 path 7suffer73 7#a7 passion1 passive1 impassive1 impassioned1 compassion1 pathos1 pathetic1 impatient1 apathy1 sympathy1 antipathy2 7#b7 passible1 impassible1 dispassionate1 pathology1 telepathy1 hydropathy1 homeopathy1 allopathy1 osteopathy1 neuropathic1 pathogenesis4 ,sentences3 ,with an countenance he spoke of the of our ,lord4 ,the of the story moved her to 4 ,he allowed his no further expression than through that one shrug4 ,with a smile he settled back into dull 4 ,his plea was 4 ,ped1 pod 7foot73 7#a7 pedal1 pedestrian1 pedestal1 expedite1 expediency1 expedition1 quadruped1 impediment1 biped1 tripod1 chiropodist1 octopus1 pew2 7#b7 centiped1 pedicle1 pedometer1 velocipede1 sesquipedalian1 antipodes1 podium1 polypod1 polyp1 ,piedmont4 ,sentences3 ,a suggested that we could matters by each mounting a 4 ,the loss of the was a serious to the rider of the bicycle4 ,the had me place my foot on an artist's 4 ,the purpose of this nautical was to capture a live 4 ,the of having so large a for the statue had not occurred to us4 ,a scarcely recognizable as human occupied my 4 ,pell1 pulse 7drive73 7#a7 dispel1 compel1 propeller1 repellent1 repulse1 repulsive1 impulse1 compulsory1 expulsion1 appeal2 7#b7 appellate1 interpellate4 ,sentences3 ,after the of the attack the mists along the lowlands were 4 ,his manner was 1 even 4 ,the revolutions of the soon the boatmen to shove farther off4 ,after his he for a rehearing of his case4 ,the act was 1 but he felt an toward it anyhow4 ,pend1 pense1 pond 7hang1 weigh73 7#a7 pending1 impending1 independent1 pendulum1 perpendicular1 expenditure1 pension1 suspense1 expense1 pensive1 compensate1 ponder1 ponderous1 preponderant1 pansy1 poise1 pound2 7#b7 pendant1 stipend1 appendix1 compendium1 propensity1 recompense1 indispensable1 dispensation1 dispensary1 avoirdupois4 ,sentences3 ,the veterans felt great while action regarding their was 4 ,we shall you4 ,an arm of it stood in a position to the mass4 ,he knew that fate was 1 and he watched the swing back and forth slowly4 ,he gave a argument in favor of the of the money4 ,there is 1 that's for thoughts4 ,let us the question whether the is needful4 ,she was a woman of rare social 4 ,penny-wise1 foolish4 ,pet 7seek73 7#a and #b combined7 petition1 petulant1 impetus1 impetuous1 perpetuate1 repeat1 compete1 competent1 appetite1 centripetal4 ,sentences3 ,a great force keeps the planets circling about the sun4 ,the complaints of a woman led him to for the prize4 ,the sexual leads men to the race4 ,the was pronounced upon authority to be ill drawn up4 ,with wrath he the assertion4 ,the became noticeably weaker4 ,ply1 plic1 plicate 7fold73 7#a7 ply1 reply1 imply1 plight1 suppliant1 explicit1 implicit1 implicate1 supplicate1 duplicate1 duplicity1 complicate1 complicity1 accomplice1 application1 plait1 display1 plot1 employee1 exploit1 simple1 supple2 7#b7 pliant1 pliable1 replica1 explication1 inexplicable1 multiplication1 deploy1 triple1 quadruple1 plexus1 duplex4 ,sentences3 ,we the thief's with questions4 ,he that others were with him4 ,the king to the that such must never be in the realm thereafter4 ,it would be a matter to the order4 ,the manager had confidence in his 4 ,she admired his courage in this 1 perceived his in the crime1 and deplored his participation in the 4 ,they him for an promise that mercy would be shown4 ,she was in a 1 for she had not had time to arrange her hair in its usual broad 4 ,he was of body4 ,the was refused4 ,pose1 pone 7place73 7#a7 expose1 compose1 purpose1 posture1 position1 composure1 impostor1 postpone1 post office1 positive1 deposit1 disposition1 imposition1 deponent1 opponent1 exponent1 component2 7#b7 depose1 impost1 composite1 apposite1 repository1 preposition1 interposition1 juxtaposition1 decomposition4 ,sentences3 ,the said he would the manner in which the cashier had made away with the 4 ,the true of the was now known1 yet he retained his 4 ,for you to make yourself an of these wild theories is an on your friends4 ,the closing hour at the is thirty minutes on account of the rush of ,christmas mail4 ,he was that his had the letter4 ,one of the elements in his was gloom4 ,prise1 prehend 7seize73 7#a7 prize1 apprise1 surprise1 comprise1 enterprise1 imprison1 comprehend1 apprehension2 7a7 reprisal1 misprision1 reprehend1 prehensile1 apprentice1 impregnable1 reprieve4 ,sentences3 ,he had no as to what the would 4 ,his was so great that he could scarcely the fact that the was his4 ,the judge them of the likelihood that they would be 4 ,prob 7prove73 7#a and #b combined7 probe1 probation1 probate1 probity1 approbation1 reprobate1 improbable4 ,sentences3 ,the young was placed on 4 ,the will was brought into the court4 ,it is that such as his will win the of evil-doers4 ,rupt 7break73 7#a and #b combined7 rupture1 abrupt1 interrupt1 disrupt1 eruption1 incorruptible1 irruption1 bankrupt1 rout1 route1 routine4 ,sentences3 ,the volcano was in 4 ,though 1 he remained 4 ,the of the barbarians these reforms4 ,the organization was after having already been put to 4 ,the he had chosen led to a in their relationships4 ,it was work4 ,sed1 sid7e71 sess 7seat73 7#a7 sedulous1 sedentary1 supersede1 subside1 preside1 reside1 residue1 possess1 assessment1 session1 siege2 7#b7 sediment1 insidious1 assiduous1 subsidy1 obsession1 see 7noun71 assize4 ,sentences3 ,the was so small that he scarcely noticed he it4 ,the officer was in making the upon every tax-payer fair4 ,during the ,congress remained in 4 ,he in the city and has a occupation4 ,when the officer who is firm1 such commotions will quickly 4 ,he the disgraced commander4 ,sequ1 secu1 sue 7follow73 7#a7 sequel1 sequence1 consequence1 subsequent1 consecutive1 execute1 prosecute1 persecute1 sue1 ensue1 suitor1 suitable1 pursuit1 rescue1 second2 7#b7 obsequies1 obsequious1 sequester1 inconsequential1 non sequitur1 executor1 suite4 ,sentences3 ,on the day they continued the 4 ,in the chapter of the the heroine is 4 ,the of events is hard to follow4 ,the was that her brother began to her 4 ,the district attorney six offenders1 but thought it useless to bring any offender to trial4 ,it was a occasion4 ,shear1 share1 shore 7cut1 separate73 7#a and #b combined7 shear1 sheer1 shred1 share1 shard1 scar1 score1 7sea7shore1 shorn1 shroud1 shire1 sheriff4 ,sentences3 ,the had on his face a made by a thrown at him4 ,in that an old custom for every one to in the the sheep4 ,there was1 instead of the usual 1 a cliff that rose from the sea4 ,all as the freshman was1 he had hardly a of his former dignity4 ,the was very one-sided4 ,a of mist was about him4 ,sign 7sign73 7#a7 sign1 signal1 signify1 signature1 consign1 design1 assign1 designate1 resignation1 insignificant2 7#b7 ensign1 signatory1 insignia4 ,sentences3 ,he his approval of the 4 ,the disturbance caused by his was 4 ,he no reason for those particular men4 ,as he could not write his own 1 ,i the document for him4 ,it was a defeat4 ,solve1 solu 7loosen73 7r7 solve1 resolve1 dissolve1 solution1 dissolute1 resolute1 absolute2 7#b7 solvent1 absolution1 indissoluble1 assoil4 ,sentences3 ,on account of his course he had given his parents many a problem to 4 ,he the powder in a cupful of water and to give it to the patient4 ,this of the difficulty did not win the approval of his employer4 ,the obstacles were many1 but he was 4 ,spec7t71 spic7e7_/b_/ 7look73 7#a7 spectator1 spectacle1 suspect1 aspect1 prospect1 expect1 respectable1 disrespect1 inspection1 speculate1 special1 especial1 species1 specify1 specimen1 spice1 suspicion1 conspicuous1 despise1 despite1 spite2 7#b7 specter1 spectrum1 spectroscope1 prospector1 prospectus1 introspection1 retrospect1 circumspectly1 conspectus1 perspective1 specie1 specification1 specious1 despicable1 auspices1 perspicacity1 frontispiece1 respite4 ,sentences3 ,his was conducted in such a manner as to show the utmost 4 ,in she noticed an odor of 4 ,from his you would have taken him to be a of wild animal4 ,the was better than we had it to be4 ,though you have no fondness for children1 you will enjoy the of them playing together4 ,the did not what underhand tactics some of the players were resorting to4 ,in of all this1 we made a showing4 ,the is one you cannot 4 this of matters1 she did not the cause of her 1 but let him what it might be4 ,spire1 spirit 7breathe1 breath73 7#a and #b combined7 spirit1 spiritual1 perspire1 transpire1 respire1 aspire1 conspiracy1 inspiration1 expiration1 esprit de corps4 ,sentences3 ,at the of a few days it that a had actually been formed4 ,the of the division was such that every man to meet the enemy forthwith4 ,he was a man of much and marked powers of 4 ,as he lay there1 he merely and 2 he had no thought whatsoever of things 4 ,sta1 sti7t71 sist 7stand73 7#a7 stand1 stage1 statue1 stall1 stationary1 state1 reinstate1 station1 forestall1 instant1 instance1 distance1 constant1 withstand1 understand1 circumstance1 estate1 establish1 substance1 obstacle1 obstinate1 destiny1 destination1 destitute1 substitute1 superstition1 desist1 persist1 resist1 insist1 assist1 exist1 consistent1 stead1 rest1 restore1 restaurant1 contrast2 7#b7 stature1 statute1 stadium1 stability1 instable1 static1 statistics1 ecstasy1 stamen1 stamina1 standard1 stanza1 stanchion1 capstan1 extant1 constabulary1 apostate1 transubstantiation1 status quo1 armistice1 solstice1 interstice1 institute1 restitution1 constituent1 subsistence1 pre-existence1 presto4 ,sentences3 ,the of the motion was that the student who had been expelled should be 4 ,he in his resolution to go on the 4 ,she could not the pleas of people4 ,he her to alight at the 4 ,in an you shall what the was that drove me to tempt thus4 ,we had gone but a little when ,i perceived by the hungry working of his jaws that his was the in the next block4 ,no could cause him to 4 ,she was in a at the bazaar4 ,stead 7place73 7#a and #b combined7 stead1 steadfast1 instead1 homestead1 farmstead1 roadstead1 bestead4 ,sentences3 of resting in a harbor1 the ships were tossed about in an open 4 ,little did it him to cling to the old 4 ,a nestled by the highway4 ,to be known as now stood him in good 4 ,strict1 string1 strain 7bind73 7#a7 district1 restrict1 strictly1 stringent1 strain1 restrain1 constrain2 7#b7 stricture1 constriction1 boa constrictor1 astringent1 strait1 stress4 ,sentences3 ,we them by means of regulations4 ,he them to this course by his mere example4 ,he attended to his duties4 ,you should not your pleasures in this way4 ,the of long effort was telling on him4 ,tact1 tang1 tain1 ting1 teg 7touch73 7#a7 tact1 contact1 intact1 intangible1 attain1 taint1 stain1 tinge1 contingent1 integrity1 entire1 tint2 7#b7 tactile1 tactual1 tangent1 distain1 attaint1 attainder1 integer1 disintegrate1 contagion1 contaminate1 contiguous4 ,sentences3 ,his appointment is upon his removing this from his name4 ,his is such that no with evil could leave any upon him4 ,the contents were 4 ,with he hopes to the approval of his auditors4 ,it was a dark 4 ,the reason is 4 ,tail 7cut73 7#a and #b combined7 detail1 curtail1 entail1 retail1 tailor1 tally4 ,sentences3 ,he held the property in 4 ,he kept the reckoning straight by means of cut in a shingle4 ,he resolved to expenses by visiting the less often4 ,we need not go into 4 ,the profit lies in the difference between wholesale and prices4 ,tain 7hold--for related ten group see above under ,two ,admonitions73 7#a and #b combined7 detain1 abstain1 contain1 obtain1 maintain1 entertain1 pertain1 appertain1 sustain1 retain4 ,sentences3 ,village life and things thereto ,i shall willingly from4 ,i that precepts of this kind in no sense to public morals4 ,if the gentleman can the consent of his second1 the chair will the motion as he restates it4 ,though your forces may heavy losses1 they must their position and the enemy4 ,term1 termin 7end1 bound73 7#a and #b combined7 term1 terminus1 terminal1 terminate1 determine1 indeterminate1 interminable1 exterminate4 ,sentences3 ,at the of the railroad stands a beautiful station4 ,the manner in which we may the agreement remains 4 ,he that rather than yield he would make the negotiations 4 ,during the second they all the rodents about the school4 ,tort 7twist73 7#a7 torture1 tortoise1 retort1 contort1 distortion1 extortionate1 torch1 7apple7 tart1 truss1 nasturtium2 7#b7 tort1 tortuous1 torsion1 ,dry ,tortugas4 ,sentences3 ,by the light of the he saw a fowl by the fireside and a in the cupboard4 ,the of his countenance was due to the he was undergoing4 his face into a very knowing look1 he that a man with a in his buttonhole and shell glasses on his nose had leered at the girls as he passed4 ,tract1 tra7i7 7draw73 7#a7 tract1 tractor1 intractable1 abstracted1 retract1 protract1 detract1 distract1 attractive1 contractor1 trace1 trail1 train1 trait1 portray1 retreat2 7#b7 traction1 tractate1 distraught1 extraction1 subtraction4 ,sentences3 ,in an manner he drove the across a large of ground4 ,he his gaze at the girl4 ,the was now willing to his statement that in the house as it stood there was no of departure from the specifications4 ,down the weary of the pioneer dashes the palatial modern 4 ,to be was one of his 4 ,the artist her as in a state4 ,the of his forces but little from his fame4 ,vene1 vent 7come73 7#a7 convene1 convenient1 avenue1 revenue1 prevent1 event1 inventor1 adventure1 convention1 circumvent2 7#b7 venire1 venue1 parvenu1 advent1 adventitious1 convent1 preventive1 eventuate1 intervention4 ,sentences3 ,the legislature in order to pass a measure regarding the public 4 ,at the the wily old politician was able to his enemies4 ,the saw no means of this infringement of his patent right4 ,in that we are likely to have an 4 ,through the long1 shaded they strolled together4 ,vert1 vers7e7 7turn73 7#a7 avert1 divert1 convert1 invert1 pervert1 advertize1 inadvertent1 verse1 aversion1 adverse1 adversity1 adversary1 version1 anniversary1 versatile1 divers1 diversity1 conversation1 perverse1 universe1 university1 traverse1 subversive1 divorce2 7#b7 vertebra1 vertigo1 controvert1 revert1 averse1 versus1 versification1 animadversion1 vice versa1 controversy1 tergiversation1 obverse1 transverse1 reversion1 vortex4 ,sentences3 ,though he carried a large of goods1 he was to them4 ,he had forgotten that it was his wedding 4 ,the was on subjects4 ,they a broad area where nothing had been done to the danger that threatened them4 ,with stubbornness he held to his of the story4 ,he held that the reading of is of masculine qualities4 ,his professors at the soon him to new social and economic theories4 ,her husband was such a creature that she resolved to secure a 4 ,americans are the most people in the 4 ,the anecdote his himself4 ,her answer not only was 1 it revealed her 4 ,he had undergone grave in his time4 ,vince1 vict 7conquer73 7#a and #b combined7 evince1 convince1 province1 invincible1 evict1 convict1 conviction1 victorious4 ,sentences3 ,he was that the campaign against the rebels in the could not be 4 ,he a lively interest in my theory that the fugitive could not be 4 ,he felt an repugnance to the man1 and this in spite of his that the man was guilty4 ,voc1 voke 7call1 voice73 7#a7 vocal1 vocation1 advocate1 irrevocable1 vociferous1 provoke1 revoke1 evoke1 convoke2 7#b7 vocable1 vocabulary1 avocation1 equivocal1 invoke1 avouch1 vouchsafe4 ,sentences3 ,he was a of the measure1 but no sooner was the order issued than he wished it 4 ,in the assembly he the enthusiasm of his followers4 ,that he should give utterance to this thought me2 but the words1 once spoken1 were 4 ,volve1 volute 7roll1 turn73 7#a7 involve1 devolve1 revolver1 evolution1 revolutionary1 revolt1 voluble1 volume1 vault2 7#b7 circumvolve1 convolution1 convolvulus4 ,sentences3 ,it upon me to put down the 4 ,in this the heroine is and the hero handy with a 4 ,he was in a uprising4 ,he had laid the papers away in a 4 ,the of civilization is a tedious story4 ,,second ,,general ,,exercise ,copy both sections 7the first consists of fairly familiar terms1 the second of less familiar terms7 of each of the following word-groups4 ,find the key-syllable1 underscore it in each word1 observe any modifications in its form4 ,decide for yourself what its meaning is2 then verify or correct your conclusion by reference to the dictionary4 ,study the influence of the key-syllable upon the meaning of each separate word2 find the word's original signification1 its present signification4 ,add to each word-group as many cognate words as you can 7#a7 think of for yourself1 7#b7 find in the dictionary by looking under the key-syllable4 ,fill the blanks in the sentences after each word-group with terms chosen from the first section of words in that group4 7#a7 ,animosity1 unanimous1 magnanimity2 7#b7 animate1 animadvert1 equanimity4 ,sentences3 ,it was the opinion that to so noble a foe should be shown4 ,the spiteful man continued to display his 4 7#a7 ,annual1 annuity1 anniversary1 perennial1 centennial1 solemn2 7#b7 superannuate1 biennial1 millennium4 ,sentences3 ,the amateur gardener made the discovery that the plant was a 4 ,the celebration of the great man's birth took a and imposing form in our city4 ,by a happy coincidence the increase in his came on his wedding 4 7#a7 ,audit1 auditor1 auditorium1 audience1 inaudible1 obey2 7#b7 aurist1 auricular1 auscultation4 ,sentences3 ,his voice may not have been 1 but it certainly did not fill the 4 ,not one in all that vast but was willing to his slightest suggestion4 ,he was not willing that they should his accounts4 7#a7 ,automatic1 automobile1 autocrat1 autobiography2 7#b7 autograph1 autonomy4 ,sentences3 ,the dictated to his secretary the third chapter of his 4 ,the habit of changing gear properly in an becomes almost 4 7#a7 ,cant1 descant1 incantation1 chant1 enchant1 chanticleer1 accent1 incentive2 7#b7 canto1 canticle1 cantata1 recant1 chantry1 chanson1 precentor4 ,sentences3 ,he upon this topic in a queer1 foreign 4 ,such utterances are mere sanctimonious 2 ,i had rather listen to the of a voodoo conjurer4 ,the little girl from the city was with the crowing of 4 ,the of the choir somehow gave him the to try again4 7#a7 ,cent1 per cent1 century1 centennial2 7#b7 centenary1 centime1 centurion1 centimeter1 centigrade4 ,sentences3 ,for nearly a this family has been living on a small of its income4 ,i wouldn't give a for honors2 ,i want my reward now4 7#a7 ,chronic1 chronological1 chronicle2 7#b7 chronometer1 synchronize1 anachronism4 ,sentences3 ,it is a record of changing activities and ills4 ,this page is a of athletic news4 7#a7 ,corps1 corpse1 corporal1 corpulent1 corporation1 incorporate2 7#b7 corpus1 habeas corpus1 corporeal1 corpuscle1 ,corpus ,christi4 ,sentences3 ,the gentleman said he did not believe in punishment4 ,the hospital carried the into the office of a great 4 ,he resolved to this idea into the reforms he was introducing4 7#a and #b combined7 ,creed1 credulous1 credential1 credit1 accredit1 discredit1 incredible4 ,sentences3 ,he was not so as to suppose that his would be accepted and his statements without some investigation4 ,it is to his that he refused to be bound by his former religious 4 ,that such has been heaped upon him is 4 7#a7 ,crescent1 increase1 decrease1 concrete1 recruit1 accrue1 crew2 7#b7 crescendo1 excrescence1 accretion1 increment4 ,sentences3 ,the now had evidence that military life was not altogether pleasant4 ,in the olden days on the sea deaths from scurvy might bring about a dangerous in the size of the 4 ,his courage with the profits that to him4 ,the moon rode in the sky4 7#a7 ,cure1 secure1 procure1 sinecure1 curious1 inaccurate2 7#b7 curate1 curator4 ,sentences3 ,occupying the position for a while will you of the notion that it is a 4 ,he was to know so a bookkeeper had managed to so high a salary4 ,he the equipment required4 7#a and #b combined7 ,indignity1 indignation1 undignified1 condign1 deign1 dainty4 ,sentences3 ,we must not be too about visiting punishment upon those responsible for this 4 ,he did not to express his 4 ,it was an act4 7#a7 ,durable1 endure1 during1 duration1 obdurate2 7#b7 durance1 duress1 indurate1 perdurable4 ,sentences3 the whole interview she remained 4 ,it is a cloth2 it will all sorts of weather4 ,the session was one of prolonged 4 7#a7 ,finite1 infinite1 define1 definite1 confine1 final1 in fine1 unfinished2 7#b7 definitive1 infinitesimal4 ,sentences3 ,one cannot the 4 ,he himself to purely topics4 it was a offer and the one he expected to make4 ,the bridge is still 4 7#a7 ,flexibility1 inflexible1 deflect1 inflection1 reflection1 reflex2 7#b7 circumflex1 genuflection4 ,sentences3 ,the influence of this act was great4 ,i did not like the of his voice4 ,after some he decided to remain 4 ,he was not to be from his purpose4 ,i could but admire the of her tones4 7#a7 ,fluent1 affluent1 influence1 influenza1 superfluous1 fluid1 influx1 flush 7rush of water71 fluctuate2 7#b7 confluent1 mellifluous1 flux1 reflux1 effluvium1 flume4 ,sentences3 ,when you the basin1 an of water fills it again4 ,he is an man and a writer4 ,when ,i had 1 the doctor gave me a disgusting to drink4 ,the wind must have an in making the waves as they do4 ,any more would be 4 7#a7 ,fort1 forte1 effort1 comfort1 fortitude1 fortify1 fortress2 7#b7 aqua fortis1 pianoforte4 ,sentences3 ,the defenders of the held out with great 4 ,though a or two stood at important passes1 the border was not really 4 ,his was not public speaking4 ,it was the only by an that he could them4 7#a7 ,fraction1 infraction1 fracture1 fragility1 fragment1 suffrage1 frail1 infringe2 7#b7 diffract1 refractory1 frangible4 ,sentences3 ,it was in the course of his of the rules that he suffered the of his collar-bone4 ,he told the committee of ladies that he was as fond of as of 4 ,it is hardly a proof of that he is so willing to upon the rights of others4 ,the scaffolding bent and swung as he trod it4 7#a and #b combined7 ,fugitive1 fugue1 refuge1 subterfuge1 centrifugal4 ,sentences3 ,closing his eyes as if to listen better to the was a little of his4 ,the upward movement of the missile was arrested by the attraction of the earth4 ,the took in an abandoned barn4 7#a7 ,refund1 confound1 foundry1 confuse1 suffuse1 profuse1 refuse1 diffuse2 7#b7 fusion1 effusion1 transfuse4 ,sentences3 ,with cheeks and utterance he made a apology4 ,the amount we lost through the defective work at your should be to us4 ,such a blow might but not him4 ,he the appointment4 7#a7 ,belligerent1 gesture1 suggest1 congested1 digestion1 register1 jest2 7#b7 gerund1 congeries4 ,sentences3 ,as he stopped before the cash he gave a which showed that his was none too good4 ,his look was 1 but he lightly made a 4 ,amid the traffic she stopped to that pink would be more becoming than lavender4 7#a7 ,relate1 translate1 legislate1 elation1 dilated1 dilatory2 7#b7 collate1 correlate1 prelate1 oblation1 superlative1 ablative4 ,sentences3 ,with eyes he the passage for me4 ,the was very in agreeing upon the measure to be passed4 ,he the story with pride and 4 7#a7 ,locate1 locality1 locomotive1 dislocate2 7#b7 locale1 allocate1 collocation4 ,sentences3 ,in trying to the mine as near the fissure as possible he fell and his hip4 ,it was only in that entire 4 7#a7 ,soliloquy1 loquacious1 loquacity1 colloquial1 eloquent1 obloquy1 circumlocution1 elocution2 7#b7 magniloquent1 grandiloquent1 ventriloquism1 interlocutor1 locutory1 allocution4 7,for related log and ology words see above under ,prying ,into a ,word's ,relationships47 ,sentences3 always1 he indulged at this time in a great deal of 4 ,though it was mere 1 yet there was something about it4 ,amid all this he managed to rid himself of a good deal of regarding ,standish4 ,hamlet's on suicide is a famous passage4 7#a7 ,allude1 elude1 delude1 ludicrous1 illusory1 collusion2 7#b7 prelude1 postlude1 interlude4 ,sentences3 ,such evidence is 1 and belief in it is 4 ,he to a possible between them4 ,the more credulous ones he 1 and the skeptical he manages to 4 7#a7 ,metrical1 thermometer1 barometer1 pedometer1 diametrically1 geometry2 7#b7 millimeter1 chronometer1 hydrometer1 trigonometry1 pentameter4 ,sentences3 ,he was careful to consult both the and the 4 ,he always wore a on these trips4 ,the two were opposed to each other4 ,the poet has great skill4 is an exact science4 7#a7 ,monotone1 monotonous1 monoplane1 monopoly1 monocle1 monarchy1 monogram1 monomania2 7#b7 monosyllable1 monochrome1 monogamy1 monorail1 monograph1 monolith1 monody1 monologue1 monad1 monastery1 monk4 ,sentences3 ,his eye held a 1 his gold ring bore a seal1 and his voice was a stilted 4 ,one thing ,i hate about a is the reference to everything as his majesty's4 ,he had a of the trade in his town4 ,he is suffering1 not from madness1 but from 4 7#a7 ,mortal1 immortality1 mortify1 postmortem1 mortgage1 morgue2 7#b7 mortmain1 moribund1 la mort4 ,sentences3 ,after a hasty examination1 the body was taken to the 4 ,she was at this reminder of the on her father's property4 ,the shall put on 4 7#a and #b combined7 ,mutual1 mutation1 permutation1 commute1 transmute1 immutable1 moult4 ,sentences3 ,as he that morning he reflected upon the and combinations of fortune4 ,we suffer the of this worldly life1 but ourselves are not 4 ,god's love is 1 and our love for each other should be 4 ,birds when they are weakened in body and depressed in spirit4 7#a7 ,native1 prenatal1 innate1 nature1 unnatural1 naturalize1 nation1 pregnant1 puny2 7#b7 denatured1 nativity1 cognate1 agnate1 nascent1 renascence1 ne4 ,sentences3 ,it was some influence1 he thought1 that gave him his physique4 ,it was a reply1 but its heartlessness was 4 ,he was not to the country1 but 4 in his was the love of his own 4 7#a7 ,note1 notion1 notable1 notice1 notorious1 cognizant1 incognito1 recognize1 noble1 ignoble1 ennoble1 ignore1 ignorance1 ignoramus1 reconnoiter1 quaint1 acquaintance2 7#b7 notary1 notation1 connotation1 cognition1 prognosticate1 reconnaissance1 connoisseur4 ,sentences3 ,in complete of the enemy's position1 he decided that he would it4 himself1 he was of what was going on about him4 ,you must the conduct of such an 4 ,his with this gentleman him4 ,he but would not this fellow4 ,the is a one4 ,he could but how his brother had become4 7#a7 ,panacea1 panoply1 panorama1 pantomime1 pan-,american1 pandemonium2 7#b7 pantheist1 pantheon4 ,sentences3 ,arrayed in all the of savages1 they acted the scene out in 4 ,from this point the of the country-side unrolled itself before him4 ,it is no for human ills2 any supposition that it is will lead to 4 ,it is a movement4 7#a7 ,peter1 petrify1 petrol1 stormy petrel1 petroleum1 saltpeter1 pier2 7#b7 petrology1 parsley1 samphire4 ,sentences3 ,as he walked along the 1 he observed the flight of the 4 ,the ,english name for gasoline is 4 is used in the manufacture of gunpowder4 ,he was almost at hearing of this enormous stock of 4 ,the crowing of the cock caused to weep bitterly4 7#a and #b combined7 ,petty1 petite1 petit jury1 petit larceny1 petticoat1 pettifogger4 ,sentences3 ,charged with 1 he was tried by the 4 ,the contemptible hid behind the of his wife4 ,she was a winsome maiden1 dainty and 4 ,it is a fault4 7#a and #b combined7 ,philosophy1 philanthropy1 ,philadelphia1 bibliophile1 ,anglophile4 ,sentences3 ,his was generous1 but his was not profound4 ,that queer old hangs to the library like a caterpillar4 ,it was the love of humankind that caused ,penn to name the city 4 ,most ,americans are not 4 7#a and #b combined7 ,cosmopolitan1 metropolitan1 politics1 policy1 police4 ,sentences3 ,those who engage in lack1 as a rule1 a outlook4 ,it is merely intolerance of towns and villages4 ,the of the mayor was to increase the force4 7#a and #b combined7 ,potential1 potency1 potentate1 impotent1 omnipotent1 plenipotentiary4 ,sentences3 ,so far from being 1 we possess a difficult to estimate4 ,the sent an ambassador 4 ,a solution of the problem is this4 ,god4 7#a7 ,impute1 compute1 dispute1 ill repute1 reputation1 disreputable2 7#b7 putative1 indisputable4 ,sentences3 ,she could not the cost4 ,there was some as to the cause of his 4 ,let them to me what motives they will4 ,though somewhat 1 he was extremely solicitous about his 4 7#a7 ,abrogate1 arrogate1 interrogate1 arrogant1 derogatory1 prerogative2 7#b7 surrogate1 rogation1 prorogue4 ,sentences3 ,in an manner he these to himself4 ,to authority is to give opportunity for remarks to one's reputation4 ,he skilfully the witness4 7#a7 ,salmon1 sally1 assail1 assault1 insult1 consult1 result1 exultation1 desultory2 7#b7 salient1 salacious1 resilient4 ,sentences3 ,after the the firing was 4 ,the defenders out and us1 but the of this effort only added to our 4 ,we sat there watching the leap over the waterfall and about our arrangements for taking them4 ,to accept the remark as an is to acknowledge the speaker as an equal4 7#a7 ,science1 conscience1 unconscious1 prescience1 omniscience1 nice2 7#b7 sciolist1 adscititious1 plebiscite4 ,sentences3 ,by his understanding of the issues he was able to gain a reputation for 4 ,we thought he possessed 1 but he seemed of his erudition4 ,except under the sharp necessities of 1 he was ruled by a thoroughly tender4 7#a7 ,sect1 section1 non-sectarian1 dissect1 insect1 intersection1 sickle1 vivisection1 segment2 7#b7 bisect1 trisect1 insection1 sector1 secant4 ,sentences3 ,he stood at the of the roads1 leaning on the shank of a sharp 4 ,the foreman of the gang is a member of our 4 ,the boy was an with a butcher knife he had previously used to cut for himself a large of the ,sunday cake4 ,it is a movement4 ,he defended the of animals4 7#a7 ,sense1 consent1 assent1 resent1 sentimental1 dissension1 sensation1 sensibility1 sentence1 scent1 nonsense2 7#b7 sentient1 consensus1 presentiment4 ,sentences3 ,a woman of her would shrink from a of this sort4 ,he in a single1 crisp 4 ,to be is to be guilty of 4 ,he had the good to to this course4 ,he such and the causes that produced them4 ,a hound hunts by 4 7#a7 ,despond1 respond1 correspond1 corespondent1 sponsor2 7#b7 sponsion1 spouse1 espouse4 ,sentences3 ,she that her husband had been with the 4 ,the of the movement could as yet see no reason to 4 7#a and #b combined7 ,structure1 instructor1 construct1 obstruct1 instrument1 destructive1 misconstrue4 ,sentences3 ,the student the intentions of his 4 ,he resolved to every effort to complete the 4 ,the was one that might easily be turned to work4 ,they a grandstand overlooking the racetrack4 7#a7 ,terrace1 territory1 subterranean1 inter1 terrier2 7#b7 terrene1 tureen1 terrestrial1 terra cotta1 ,mediterranean1 terra firma1 parterre4 ,sentences3 ,the was tearing a great hole in the in order to a bone4 ,he found rich deposits4 ,the discoverers laid claim to the entire 4 7#a7 ,thesis1 parenthesis1 antithesis1 anathema1 theme1 epithet1 treasure2 7#b7 hypothesis1 synthesis1 metathesis4 ,sentences3 ,to set two ideas in to each other makes both more vivid4 ,by way of he informed me that the subject was to his father4 ,on this he can summon a host of picturesque 4 ,the is one you will find it hard to establish4 ,he was seeking ,captain ,kidd's buried 4 7#a and #b combined7 ,tumor1 tumidity1 tumult1 tumulus1 contumacy4 ,sentences3 ,the of his joints was due to rheumatism4 ,his led to a of opposition4 ,so excited was he at the discovery of the that he did not permit the on his hand to restrain him from beginning the excavation4 7#a and #b combined7 ,turbid1 disturb1 perturbation1 turbulence1 trouble1 imperturbable4 ,sentences3 ,his manner gave no hint of the within him4 ,the sweep of the stream caused her not the slightest 4 ,do not yourself with the thought that you are putting me to any 4 7#a and #b combined7 ,pervade1 invade1 evasion1 vade mecum4 ,sentences3 ,he promised that there would be no of payments4 ,byron's ,childe ,harold was my during my travels in ,switzerland and ,italy4 ,the fragrance of heliotrope the room4 ,you must not my privacy like this4 7#a7 ,avail1 prevail1 prevalent1 equivalent1 valiant1 validity1 invalid1 invalidate2 7#b7 valetudinarian1 valediction1 valence4 ,sentences3 ,the of the agreement has been thoroughly established4 ,our cause is just1 and must 4 ,it is to admitting that the terms are now 4 ,it was a act and the concessions previously wrested from us4 ,the impression is that mere ingenuity will not 4 7#a7 ,virtue1 virile1 virgin1 virtually2 7#b7 virago1 virtuoso1 triumvir4 ,sentences3 ,it was a new arrangement4 ,it is soil4 ,to be and daring is every boy's dream4 is its own reward4 7#a7 ,revive1 survival1 convivial1 vivid1 vivify1 vivacious1 vivisection2 7#b7 vive 7le roi71 qui vive1 bon vivant1 tableau vivant4 ,sentences3 ,he has a manner1 a spirit4 ,the of the opposition to the of animals is very marked4 ,you cannot a dead cause or scarcely memories of it4 ,the coloring of her cheeks was a sure sign of health1 or of skill4 ,,third ,,general ,,exercise ,find the key-syllable 7in a few instances the key-syllables7 of each of the following words4 ,how does it affect the meaning of the word8 ,does it appear1 perhaps in disguised form1 in any of the words immediately preceding or following8 ,can you bring to mind other words that embody it8 ,innovation ,commonwealth ,welfare ,wayfarer ,adjournment ,rival ,derivation ,arrive ,denunciation ,denomination ,ignominy ,synonym ,patronymic ,parliament ,dormitory ,demented ,presumptuous ,indent ,dandelion ,trident ,indenture ,contemporary ,disseminate ,annoy ,odium ,desolate ,impugn ,efflorescent ,arbor vitae ,consider ,constellation ,disaster ,suburb ,address ,dirigible ,dirge ,indirectly ,desperate ,inoperative ,benevolent ,voluntary ,offend ,enumerate ,dilapidate ,request ,exquisite ,exonerate ,approximate ,insinuate ,resurgence ,insurrection ,rapture ,exasperate ,complacent ,dimension ,commensurate ,preclude ,cloister ,turnpike ,travesty ,atone ,incarnate ,charnal ,etiquette ,rejuvenate ,eradicate ,quiet ,requiem ,acquiesce ,ambidextrous ,inoculate ,divulge ,proper ,appropriate ,omnivorous ,voracious ,devour ,escritoire ,mordant ,remorse ,miser ,hilarious ,exhilarate ,rudiment ,erudite ,mark ,marquis ,libel ,libretto ,vague ,vagabond ,extravagant ,souse ,saucer ,oyster ,ostracize ,,fourth ,,general ,,exercise ,with a few exceptions like the ,hale-heal group above under ,verbal ,families1 most verbal families of straight ,english or of ,germanic- ,scandinavian-,english descent are easily recognizable as families4 ,witness the ,good family and the ,stead family4 ,the families in which kinship may be overlooked are likely to be of ,latin or ,greek ancestry1 though perhaps with a subsequent infusion of blood from some other foreign language1 as ,french4 ,hitherto our approach to verbal families has been through the descendants1 or through that quality in their blood which holds them together4 ,but we shall also profit from knowing something of the founders of these families--from having some acquaintance with them as individuals4 ,below 7in separate lists7 the more prominent of ,latin and of ,greek progenitors are named1 their meaning is given1 and two or three of their living representatives 7not always direct descendants7 are designated4 ,starred 99 words are those whose progeny has not been in good part assembled in the preceding pages2 for these words you should assemble all the living representatives you can4 7,inflectional forms are given only where they are needed for tracing ,english derivatives47 ,latin ,ancestors of ,english ,words ,latin word ,meaning ,english representatives ,ago1 actum do1 rouse agile1 transact 99,alius other alias1 inalienable 99,alter other alteration1 adultery 99,altus high altitude1 exalt 99,ambulo walk perambulator1 preamble 99,amicus friend amicable1 enemy 99,amo1 amatum love inamorata1 amateur1 inimical 99,anima life animal1 inanimate ,animus mind animosity1 unanimous ,annus year annuity1 biennial 99,aqua water aquarium1 aqueduct ,audio1 auditum hear audience1 audit 99,bellum war rebel1 belligerent 99,bene well benefit1 benevolence 99,bonus good bonanza1 bona fide 99,brevis short abbreviate1 unabridged ,cado1 casum fall cadence1 casual ,caedo1 cecidi1 caesum cut1 kill suicide1 incision ,cano1 cantum sing recant1 chanticleer ,capio1 captum take1 hold capacious1 incipient 99,caput1 capitis head cape 7,cape ,cod71 decapitate1 chapter1 biceps ,cedo1 cessum go concede1 accessory ,centum hundred per cent1 centigrade 99,civis citizen civic1 uncivilized 99,clamo shout acclaim1 declamation 99,claudo1 clausum close1 shut conclude1 recluse1 cloister1 sluice ,cognosco 7see ,nosco7 99,coquo1 coxi1 coctum cook decoction1 precocious 99,cor1 cordis heart core1 discord1 courage ,corpus body corpse1 incorporate ,credo1 credituin believe creed1 discreditable ,cresco1 cretum grow crescendo1 concrete1 accrue 99,crux1 crucis cross crucifix1 excruciating ,cura care curate1 sinecure ,curro1 cursum run occur1 concourse 99,derigo1 directum direct dirge1 dirigible1 address 99,dexter right1 right hand ambidextrous1 dexterity ,dico speak1 say abdicate1 verdict 99,dies day diary1 quotidian ,dignus worthy1 fitting dignity1 condign ,do1 datum give condone1 data 99,doceo1 doctum teach document1 doctor 99,dominus lord dominion1 danger 99,domus house domicile1 majordomo 99,dormio sleep dormant1 dormouse ,duco lead traduce1 deduction 99,duo two dubious1 duet ,durus hard durable1 obdurate ,eo1 itum go exit1 initial ,error1 erratum wander erroneous1 aberration ,facio1 feci1 factum make1 do manufacture1 affect1 sufficient1 verify ,fero1 latum carry transfer1 relate ,fido trust1 believe confide1 perfidious ,finis end confine1 infinity ,flecto1 flexum bend reflection1 inflexible ,fluo1 fluxum flow influence1 reflux ,fortis strong fortress1 comfort ,frango1 fractum break infringe1 refraction 99,frater brother fraternity1 fratricide ,fugio1 fugitum flee centrifugal1 fugitive ,fundo1 fusum pour refund1 profuse1 fusion ,gero1 gestum carry belligerent1 gesture1 digestion ,gradior1 gressus walk degrade1 progress 99,gratia favor1 pleasure1 ingratiate1 congratulate1 good-will disgrace 99,grex1 gregis flock segregate1 egregious ,habeo1 habitum have1 hold habituate1 prohibit ,itum 7see ,eo7 ,jacio1 jeci1 jactum throw1 hurl reject1 interjection ,jungo1 junctum join conjugal1 enjoin1 juncture ,juro swear abjure1 perjury ,jus1 juris law1 right justice1 jurisprudence ,judex 7from jusdico7 judge judgment1 prejudice 99,juvenis young rejuvenate1 juvenilia ,latum 7see ,fero7 99,laudo1 laudatum praise allow1 laudatory ,lego1 lectum read1 choose elegant1 lecture1 dialect 99,lex1 legis law privilege1 illegitimate1 legislature 99,liber book libel1 library 99,liber free liberty1 deliberate ,ligo bind obligation1 allegiance1 alliance 99,linquo1 lictum leave delinquent1 relict1 derelict 99,litera letter illiterate1 obliterate ,locus place collocation1 dislocate ,loquor1 locutus speak soliloquy1 elocution ,ludo1 lusum play prelude1 illusory _/,lux1 lucis light lucid1 luminary ,lumen1 luminis _/ 99,magnus great magnate1 magnificent 99,malus bad1 evil malaria1 malnutrition ,mando order mandatory1 commandment ,manus hand manual1 manufacture 99,mare sea maritime1 submarine 99,mater mother maternal1 alma mater 99,medius middle mediocre1 intermediate 99,mens mind mental1 demented 99,miror wonder mirror1 admirable ,mitto1 missum send commit1 emissary 99,mordeo1 morsum bite mordant1 morsel1 remorse ,mors1 mortis death mortal1 mortify ,moveo1 motum move remove1 locomotive 99,multus many multiform1 multiplex ,muto1 mutatum change transmute1 immutable1 moult ,nascor1 natus be born renascence1 cognate 99,nihil nothing nihilism1 annihilate 99,nomen1 nominis name denomination1 renown 99,norma rule abnormal1 enormous _/,nosco1 notum cognosco cognitum know _/ notation1 incognito 99,novus new novelty1 renovate 99,nuntio announce denounce1 renunciation 99,opus1 operis work magnum opus1 inoperative 99,pater father patrician1 patrimony ,patior1 passus suffer impatient1 passion ,pello1 pulsum drive propeller1 repulse ,pendeo1 pensum hang pendulum1 appendix ,pendo1 pensum weigh compendium1 expense ,pes1 pedis foot expedite1 biped ,peto seek impetus1 compete 99,plaudo1 plausum clap1 applaud explode1 plausible 99,plecto1 plexum braid perplex1 complexion 99,pleo1 pletum fill complement1 expletive 99,plus1 pluris more surplus1 plural ,plico1 plicatum fold reply1 implicate ,pono1 positum place opponent1 deposit ,porto carry report1 porter ,potens1 potentis powerful impotent1 potential ,prendo1 prehensum seize comprehend1 apprise 99,primus1 primatis first primary1 primate ,probo1 probatum prove improbable1 reprobate 99,pugno fight impugn1 repugnant ,puto think impute1 disreputable 99,quaero1 quaesitum seek require1 inquest1 exquisite 99,rapio1 raptum seize enraptured1 surreptitious 99,rego1 rectum rule1 lead region1 erect 99,rideo1 risum laugh deride1 risible ,rogo1 rogatum ask prorogue1 abrogate ,rumpo1 ruptum break disrupt1 eruption ,salio1 saltum leap salient1 insult 99,sanguis blood sang froid1 ensanguined ,scio1 scitum know prescience1 plebiscite ,scribo1 scriptum write prescribe1 manuscript1 escritoire ,seco1 sectum cut secant1 dissect ,sedeo1 sessum sit supersede1 obsession ,sentio1 sensum feel presentiment1 consensus ,sequor1 secutus follow sequence1 persecute1 ensue ,signum sign insignia1 designate 99,solus alone solitude1 desolate ,solvo1 solutum loosen solvent1 dissolute 99,somnus sleep somnambulist1 insomnia 99,sono sound consonant1 resonance 99,sors1 sortis lot sort1 assortment ,specio1 spectum look despicable1 suspect ,spiro1 spiratum breathe perspire1 conspiracy 99,spondeo1 sponsum promise respond1 espouse ,sto1 steti1 statum stand constant1 establish ,sisto1 stiti1 statum cause to stand consistent1 superstition ,stringo1 strictum bind stringent1 restrict ,struo1 structum build construe1 destruction ,tango1 tactum touch intangible1 tact ,tempus1 temporis time temporize1 contemporary ,tendo1 tensum stretch distend1 intense ,teneo1 tentuin hold tenure1 detention 99,tendo try tentative1 attempt ,terminus end1 boundary terminal1 exterminate ,terra earth territory1 inter ,torqueo1 tortum twist distort1 tortuous ,traho1 tractum draw extract1 subtraction ,tumeo1 tumidum swell tumor1 contumacy ,turba tumult1 crowd turbulent1 disturb 99,unus one unify1 triune1 onion 99,urbs city urbane1 suburban ,vado1 vasum go pervade1 invasion ,valeo1 validum be strong prevail1 invalid ,venio1 ventum come intervene1 adventure ,verto1 versum turn divert1 adverse 99,verus true verdict1 veracity 99,via way obviate1 impervious1 trivial ,video1 visum see provide1 revise ,vinco1 victum conquer province1 convict ,vir man triumvir1 virtue ,vivo1 victum live vivacious1 vivisect ,voco1 vocatum call revoke1 avocation 99,volo wish malevolent1 voluntary ,volvo1 volutum turn revolver1 evolution ,vox voice equivocal1 vociferate ,latin ,prefixes ,prefix ,meaning ,english embodiments 99,a1 ab from1 away avert1 abnegation1 abstract 99,ad to adduce1 adjacent1 affect1 accede 99,ante before antediluvian1 anteroom 99,bi two biped1 bicycle 99,circum around circumambient1 circumference 99,cum1 com1 with1 together combine1 consort1 coadjutor con1 co 99,contra against contradict1 contrast 99,de from1 negative deplete1 decry1 demerit1 declaim down1 intensive 99,di1 dis asunder1 away from1 divert1 disbelief negative 99,e1 ex from1 out of evict1 excavate 99,extra beyond extraordinary1 extravagant 99,in in1 into1 not innate1 instil1 insignificant 99,inter among1 between intercollegiate1 interchange 99,intro1 into1 within introduce1 intramural intra 99,non negative nonage1 nondescript 99,ob against1 before 7facing71 toward obloquy1 obstacle1 offer 99,per through1 extremely persecute1 perfervid1 pursue1 pilgrim1 pellucid 99,post after postpone1 postscript 99,pre before prepay1 preoccupy 99,pro before proceed1 proffer 99,re back1 again return1 resound 99,retro back1 backward retroactive1 retrospective 99,se apart1 aside seclude1 secession 99,semi half semiannual1 semicivilized 99,sub under1 less than1 subscribe1 suffer1 subnormal1 inferior subcommittee 99,super above1 extremely superfluous1 supercritical1 soprano 99,trans across1 through transfer1 transparent 99,ultra beyond1 extremely ultramundane1 ultraconservative ,greek ,ancestors of ,english ,words 7,scientific terms in ,english are largely derived from the ,greek7 ,greek word ,meaning ,english representatives 99,aner1 andros1 man1 stamen androgynous1 philander1 anthropos philanthropy 99,archos chief1 primitive archaic1 architect 99,astron star asterisk1 disaster ,autos self autograph1 automatic1 authentic 99,barvs heavy baritone1 barites 99,biblos book ,bible1 bibliomania 99,bios life biology1 autobiography1 amphibious 99,cheir hand chiropody1 chirurgical1 surgeon 99,chilioi a thousand kilogram1 kilowatt 99,chroma color chromo1 achromatic ,chronos time chronic1 anachronism 99,cosmos world1 order cosmopolitan1 microcosm 99,crypto hide cryptogam1 cryptology 99,cyclos wheel1 circle encyclopedia1 cyclone 99,deca ten decasyllable1 decalogue 99,demos people democracy1 epidemic 99,derma skin epidermis1 taxidermist 99,dis1 di twice1 doubly dichromatic1 digraph 99,didonai1 dosis give dose1 apodosis1 anecdote 99,dynamis power dynamite1 dynasty 99,eidos form1 thing seen idol1 kaleidoscope1 anthropoid 99,ethnos race1 nation ethnic1 ethnology ,eu well euphemism1 eulogy 99,gamos marriage cryptogam1 bigamy 99,ge earth geography1 geometry ,genos family1 race gentle1 engender ,gramma writing monogram1 grammar ,grapho write telegraph1 lithograph 99,haima blood hematite1 hemorrhage1 anemia 99,heteros other heterodox1 heterogeneous 99,homos same homonym1 homeopathy 99,hydor water hydraulics1 hydrophobia1 hydrant 99,isos equal isosceles1 isotherm 99,lithos stone monolith1 chrysolite ,logos word1 study theology1 dialogue ,metron measure barometer1 diameter 99,micros small microscope1 microbe ,monos one1 alone monoplane1 monotone 99,morphe form metamorphosis1 amorphous 99,neos new1 young neolithic1 neophyte 99,neuron nerve neuralgia1 neurotic ,nomos law1 science1 astronomy1 gastronomy1 economy management 99,onoma name anonymous1 patronymic 99,opsis view1 sight synopsis1 thanatopsis1 optician 99,orthos right orthopedic1 orthodox 99,osteon bone osteopathy1 periosteum 99,pais1 paidos child paideutics1 pedagogue1 encyclopedia ,pas1 pan all diapason1 panacea1 pantheism ,pathos suffering allopathy1 pathology ,petros rock petroleum1 saltpeter 99,phaino show1 be visible diaphanous1 phenomenon1 epiphany1 fantastic ,philos loving bibliophile1 ,philadelphia 99,phobos fear hydrophobia1 ,anglophobe ,phone sound telephone1 symphony 99,phos light phosphorous1 photograph 99,physis nature physiognomy1 physiology 99,plasma form cataplasm1 protoplasm 99,pneuma air1 breath pneumatic1 pneumonia ,polis city policy1 metropolitan 99,polys many polyandry1 polychrome1 polysyllable ,pous1 pados foot octopus1 chiropodist 99,protos first protoplasm1 prototype 99,pseudes false pseudonym1 pseudo-classic 99,psyche breath1 soul1 psychology1 psychopathy mind 99,pyr fire pyrography1 pyrotechnics 99,scopos watcher scope1 microscope 99,sophia wisdom philosophy1 sophomore 99,techne art technicality1 architect 99,tele far1 far off telepathy1 telescope 99,temno cut 99,tomos that which is epitome1 anatomy1 tome cut off 99,theos god theosophy1 pantheism 99,therme heat isotherm1 thermodynamics ,tithenai place epithet1 hypothesis1 ,thesis a placing1 anathema arrangement 99,treis three trichord1 trigonometry 99,zoon animal zoology1 protozoa1 zodiac ,greek ,prefixes ,prefix ,meaning ,english embodiments 99,a1 an no1 not aseptic1 anarchy 99,amphi about1 around1 ambidextrous1 amphitheater 7,latin ambi7 both 99,ana up1 again anatomy1 ,anabaptist 99,anti against1 opposite antidote1 antiphonal1 antagonist 99,cata down catalepsy1 cataclysm 99,dia through1 across diameter1 dialogue 99,epi upon epidemic1 epithet1 epode1 ephemeral 99,hyper over1 extremely hypercritical1 hyperbola 99,hypo under1 in smaller hypodermic1 hypophosphate measure 99,meta after1 over metaphysics1 metaphor 99,para beside paraphrase1 paraphernalia 99,peri around1 about periscope1 peristyle 99,pro before proboscis1 prophet 99,syn together1 with synthesis1 synopsis1 sympathy ,,vi ,,words ,,in ,,pairs ,our first task in this volume was the study of words in combination4 ,our second was the study of individual words in two of their aspects--first1 as they are seen in isolation1 next as they are seen in verbal families4 ,now our third task confronts us4 ,it is the study of words as they are associated1 not in actual blood kinship1 but in meaning4 ,such an association in meaning may involve only two words 7pairs7 or larger groups4 ,in this chapter we shall confine ourselves to the study of pairs4 ,of the relationship between pairs there are three types4 ,in the first the words are hostile to each other4 ,in the second they may easily be confused with each other4 ,in the third they are parallel with each other4 ,we shall examine the three types successively4 ,but we must make an explanation first4 ,although we shall1 in this and the following chapters1 have frequent occasion to give the meanings of individual words1 we shall give them without regard to dictionary methods4 ,we shall not attempt formal1 water-tight1 or exhaustive definitions2 our purpose is to convey1 in the simplest and most human manner possible1 brief general explanations of what the words stand for4 ,opposites ,pairs of the first type are made up of words by nature opposite to each other1 or else thought of as opposite because they are so often contrasted4 ,here is a familiar1 everyday list3 east1 west straight1 crooked myself1 others large1 small pretty1 ugly major1 minor laugh1 cry walk1 ride light1 darkness top1 bottom hard1 soft friend1 enemy sweet1 sour clean1 dirty temporal1 spiritual meat1 drink merry1 sad means1 extremes land1 water private1 public ,jew1 ,gentile man1 woman noisy1 quiet independent1 dependent old1 new general1 particular sublime1 ridiculous age1 youth wholesale1 retail give1 receive sick1 well savage1 civilized pride1 humility brain1 brawn wealth1 poverty constructive1 destructive soul1 body positive1 negative ,none of these words needs explaining4 ,if you think of one of them1 you will think of its opposite2 at least its opposite will be lurking in the back of your mind4 ,as proof of this fact you have only to glance at the following list1 from which the second member of each pair is omitted3 hot -- black -- boy -- in -- off -- over -- love -- wrong -- strong -- wet -- first -- day -- long -- fast -- good -- hope -- least -- asleep -- buy -- left -- alive -- winter -- war -- succeed -- creditor -- fat -- internal -- wise -- drunk -- ,many words of a more difficult kind are thus pitted against each other1 and we learn them1 not singly1 but in pairs4 ,at least we should4 ,as good verbal hunters we should be alert to the chance of killing two birds with one stone4 ,allopath and homeopath1 for example1 are difficult opposites4 ,we know of the existence of the two classes of medical practitioners2 we know that they use different methods2 but beyond this our knowledge is likely to be hazy4 ,let us set out1 then1 to learn the two words4 ,the best way is to learn them together4 ,allopathy means other suffering1 homeopathy like suffering4 ,an allopath uses remedies which create within the patient a condition that squarely conflicts with the further progress of the disease4 ,a homeopath prescribes medicines 7in small doses7 which produce within the patient the same condition that the disease would produce2 he beats the disease to it1 so to speak--takes the job himself and leaves the disease nothing to do4 ,the allopath travels around a race-track in the opposite direction from the disease1 and thwarts it through a head-on collision4 ,the homeopath travels around the race-track in the same direction as the disease1 and thwarts it by pulling at the reins4 ,if we consider the two words together and get these ideas in mind1 we shall have no further trouble with allopaths and homeopaths--except1 perhaps1 when they have rendered their services and presented their bills4 ,objective and subjective are also a troublesome pair4 ,a thing is objective if it is an actual object or being1 if it exists in itself rather than in our surmises4 ,a thing is subjective if it is the creature of a state of mind1 if it has its existence in the thought or imagination of some person or other4 ,thus if ,i meet a bear in the wilds1 that bear is objective2 whatever may be the state of my thoughts1 he is there--and it would be to my advantage to reckon with this fact4 ,but if a child who is sent off to bed alone says there is a bear in the room1 the bear is subjective2 it is not a living monster that will devour anybody1 but a creature called into the mind of the child through dread4 ,,exercise - ,opposites ,study the following words in pairs4 ,consult the dictionary for actual meanings4 ,then test your knowledge by embodying each word of each pair in a sentence1 or in an illustration like those of the race-track and the bear in the preceding paragraphs4 superior1 inferior concord1 discord export1 import domestic1 foreign fact1 fiction prose1 poetry verbal1 oral literal1 figurative predecessor1 successor genuine1 artificial positive1 negative practical1 theoretical optimism1 pessimism finite1 infinite longitude1 latitude evolution1 revolution oriental1 occidental pathos1 bathos sacred1 profane military1 civil clergy1 laity capital1 labor ingress1 egress element1 compound horizontal1 perpendicular competition1 coperation predestination1 freewill universal1 particular extrinsic1 intrinsic inflation1 deflation dorsal1 ventral acid1 alkali synonym1 antonym prologue1 epilogue nadir1 zenith amateur1 connoisseur anterior1 posterior stoic1 epicure ordinal1 cardinal centripetal1 centrifugal stalagmite1 stalactite orthodox1 heterodox homogeneous1 heterogeneous monogamy1 polygamy induction1 deduction egoism1 altruism ,unitarian1 ,trinitarian concentric1 eccentric herbivorous1 carnivorous deciduous1 perennial esoteric1 exoteric endogen1 exogen vertebrate1 invertebrate catalectic1 acatalectic ,words ,often ,confused ,pairs of the second type are made up of words which are often confused by careless writers and speakers1 and which should be accurately discriminated4 ,sometimes the words are actually akin to each other4 ,continuous- continual and enormity-enormousness are examples4 ,sometimes they merely look or sound much alike4 ,mean-demean and affect- effect are examples4 ,sometimes the things they designate are more or less related1 so that the ideas behind the words rather than the words themselves are responsible for the confusion4 ,contagious-infectious and knowledge-wisdom are examples4 ,let us distinguish between the two members of each of the pairs named4 ,a thing is continuous if it suffers no interruption whatever1 continual if it is broken at regular intervals but as regularly renewed4 ,thus a continuous stretch of forest2 the continual drip of water from the eaves4 ,enormity pertains to the moral and sometimes the social1 enormousness to the physical4 ,thus the enormity of the crime1 the enormity of this social offense2 the enormousness of prehistoric animals4 ,demean is often used reproachfully because of its supposed relation to mean4 ,but it has nothing to do with mean4 ,the word with which to connect it is demeanor 7conduct74 ,thus ,we observed how he demeaned himself implies no adverse criticism of either the man or his deportment4 ,both may be debased to be sure1 but they may be exemplary4 ,to affect means to feign or to have an influence upon1 to effect to bring to pass4 ,thus ,he affects a fondness for classical music1 ,the little orphan's story affected those who heard it2 ,we effected a compromise4 ,affect is never properly used as a noun4 ,effect as a noun means result1 consequence1 or practical operation4 ,thus ,the shot took instant effect2 ,he put this idea into effect4 ,a disease is contagious when the only way to catch it is through direct contact with a person already having it1 or through contact with articles such a person has used4 ,a disease is infectious when it is presumably caused1 not by contact with a person1 but through widespread general conditions1 as of climate or sanitation4 ,our knowledge is our acquaintance with a fact1 or the sum total of our information4 ,our wisdom is our intellectual and spiritual discernment1 to which our knowledge is one of the contributors4 ,knowledge comprises the materials2 wisdom the ability to use them to practical advantage and to worthy or noble purpose4 ,knowledge is mental possession2 wisdom is mental and moral power4 ,,exercise - ,confused #a4 ,consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs4 ,in each blank of the illustrative sentences insert the word appropriate in meaning4 ,ability1 capacity4 to receive knowledge4 to impart knowledge4 ,abstain1 refrain4 ,he from laughter4 ,he steadfastly from evil courses4 ,abstinence1 temperance4 ,though he always displayed 1 he did not carry it to the point of 4 ,accept1 except4 ,i shall most of the suggestions1 but must the one made by ,mr4 ,wheeler4 ,accept1 receive4 ,when the package was at the local post office1 ,bayard refused to it4 ,ache1 pain4 ,the dull of his head4 ,a sharp below shoulder-blade4 ,i have known the of cold hands4 ,my heart 1 and a drowsy numbness ,my sense1 as though of hemlock ,i had drunk4 ,address1 tact4 ,with firmness and he set about reconciling the factions4 ,her enabled her to perceive that something was amiss4 ,adhere1 cohere4 ,the magnetized iron filings 4 ,the cold iron to the boy's tongue4 ,adherence1 adhesion4 ,the of the heated particles to each other was instantaneous4 ,amid these trials their to the cause was unshaken4 ,admission1 admittance4 ,his to the room was forced4 ,he obtained into a fraternal order4 ,admit1 confess4 ,when he that he had a weapon1 he practically that he had slain the man4 ,adverse1 averse4 ,he was to going4 ,their answer was 4 ,advice1 counsel4 ,in this emergency he sought 4 ,he asked my as to the best place to hang the picture4 ,aggravate1 irritate4 ,to let these mishaps you is to your suffering4 ,allusion1 illusion4 ,it is an to suppose that ,i made any to you4 ,allusion1 reference4 ,it was more than a possible 2 it was an unmistakable 4 ,amateur1 novice4 ,though we call him a7n7 1 he is in skill by no means the you might think him4 ,ambiguous1 equivocal4 ,you are unintentionally 4 ,these words are deliberately 4 ,anticipate1 expect4 ,since we the enemy to advance1 would it not be wise to him8 ,appearance1 aspect4 ,he was handsome in 4 ,the of the sky was ominous4 ,apprehend1 comprehend4 ,lovers and madmen have such seething brains1 ,such shaping fantasies1 that ,more than cool reason ever 4 ,ardor1 fervor4 ,the of the worshipers4 ,the of the soldiers4 ,artist1 artisan4 ,the who was decorating the walls called to an who was mixing mortar4 ,ascent1 ascension4 ,we easily made the of the slope1 and from the summit witnessed the balloon 4 ,ascent1 assent4 ,he gave his when ,i proposed that we wait for the others to complete the to this point4 ,ascribe1 impute4 ,i it to you as a fault rather than it to you as an honor4 ,assembly1 assemblage4 ,it was an informal 4 ,the considered the matters it had been called to discuss4 ,assent1 consent4 ,when told that the measure would advance his interests1 he 2 but he would not to it4 ,avenge1 revenge4 ,the injury was slight1 but he it with unsparing malice4 1 ,o ,lord1 thy slaughtered saints4 ,avocation1 vocation4 ,the lawyer1 besides his regular 1 had the collecting of birds' eggs as his 4 ,aware1 conscious4 ,though not of the seriousness of his malady1 he was of the pain it caused him4 ,balance1 remainder4 ,darrell added the of the coins1 but not even they brought about the he sought between assets and obligations4 ,bashful1 modest4 ,though socially1 he was not what you would term a man4 ,behavior1 conduct4 ,his in this time of trial was exemplary4 ,she praised the of the children at the party4 ,belief1 faith4 ,he possibly had 1 but not an active 4 ,benignant1 benign4 ,her social manner was 4 ,the influence of sunlight4 ,beside1 besides4 his personal friends1 many people he had not even met stood his sickbed4 ,blanch1 whiten4 ,at this threat the face of the heroine 4 ,with a pail of cheap paint he the dingy wall4 ,blessing1 benediction4 ,after telling his parishioners to be mindful of their 1 the clergyman pronounced the 4 ,blockade1 siege4 ,daily attacks on exposed redoubts marked the progress of the 4 ,the fleet lay there in silent of the port4 ,bravery1 bravado4 ,the incident proved that his was not founded in real 4 ,bring1 fetch4 ,when you come1 the official documents with you4 me the scales you will find in the granary yonder4 ,broad1 wide4 ,a man with shoulders stood in the 1 open doorway4 ,bury1 inter4 ,after they had solemnly their comrade1 they the treasure4 ,they also their comrade's dog4 #b4 ,consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs4 ,determine whether the words are correctly used in the illustrative sentences4 7,some are2 some are not47 ,can1 may4 ,can ,i stay at home this afternoon1 papa8 ,because of the floods1 the train beyond doubt may not get through4 ,character1 reputation4 ,his character among them was very good4 ,a man's reputation can never be taken from him4 ,childish1 childlike4 ,your conduct is peevish2 it is childishly so4 ,her innocence was childlike4 ,cite1 quote4 ,he was always citing snatches of ,tennyson4 ,we might quote ,hamlet's soliloquy on suicide as an example of ,shakespeare's ability to go to the heart of deep questions4 ,claim1 assert4 ,he claimed that ,jefferson was our third ,president4 ,he asserted that bears sleep through the winter4 ,clothing1 costume4 ,at the masquerade ball we each wore special clothing4 ,the mariner who had swum from the wreck to the desert shore had not a shred of costume4 ,comfort1 ease4 ,comfort after labor4 ,the ease of owning a home4 ,commercial1 mercantile4 ,petty commercial transactions4 ,a mercantile treaty4 ,common1 mutual4 ,this pavilion was the common play-house for the children of the neighborhood4 ,ward and ,aker held this property as their mutual possession4 ,complement1 compliment4 ,this addition is the complement of our quota4 ,he paid his dancing partner a compliment4 ,complement1 supplement4 ,his downrightness is the complement of his uprightness4 ,as a supplement to his wages he received an occasional bonus4 ,complete1 finish4 ,he put in the completing touches4 ,he had finished the task4 ,composure1 equanimity4 ,his composure was not to be shaken4 ,after this inner tumult came equanimity4 ,comprehensible1 comprehensive4 ,numbers of such magnitude are scarcely comprehensible4 ,that men by the million should die for a cause is a thing not really comprehensive4 ,compulsion1 obligation4 ,who does not feel within him a compulsion to help the weak8 ,it was through obligation1 through having slave-drivers stand over them1 that these wretched folk built the pyramids4 ,congratulate1 felicitate4 ,i congratulated my friend on his appointment to the commission4 ,i also felicitated the stranger on his appointment4 ,consecutive1 successive4 ,three consecutive convictions proved the ability of the prosecuting attorney4 ,the quiet passing of successive summer days4 ,contemptible1 contemptuous4 ,its size was insignificant1 even contemptible4 ,he won the prize by a contemptuous trick4 ,continuation1 continuance4 ,the investigator was surprised to find the tradition of such long continuation4 ,we waited impatiently for the continuance of the story in the next issue4 ,corporal1 corporeal4 ,i am more and more amazed at the perfection of man's corporal frame4 ,his corporeal vigor was unusual4 ,correct1 rectify4 ,a man may correct many of his false judgments on current affairs by studying history4 ,the mistake is ours2 it shall be rectified4 ,cozy1 snug4 ,the cozy fit of a garment4 ,a snug place by the fire4 ,crawl1 creep4 ,we crawled forward at dawn to surprise their outposts4 ,in his humility he fairly crept on the earth4 ,credible1 creditable4 ,i do not doubt it2 it is entirely credible4 ,the success of the antidote seemed scarcely creditable4 ,credit1 accredit4 ,though he is the official and credited ambassador1 his assertions are not accredited4 ,cure1 heal4 ,i cured the dog's wounds4 ,the physician declared he could heal leprosy4 ,custom1 habit4 ,a custom more honor'd in the breach than the observance4 ,is it your custom to watch the clock while you eat8 ,the habit in that region was to rise at cockcrow4 ,decided1 decisive4 ,a decided battle4 ,a decisive fault in manners4 ,definite1 definitive4 ,we still await a definite edition of this author's works4 ,his answer was so definitive that we no longer doubted what he meant4 ,demesne1 domain4 ,clive added ,india to the ,british demesne4 ,the king went riding through his personal domain4 ,deprecate1 depreciate4 ,the ,german mark has deprecated in value4 ,he depreciated the praise they were lavishing upon him4 ,descent1 dissent4 ,they tied themselves together with a rope in order to make their dissent safer4 ,the dissent to a lower plane of conversation was what he most desired4 ,discovery1 invention4 ,the discovery of the wireless telegraph is ,marconi's chief claim to remembrance4 ,the invention of a water passage between ,tierra del ,fuego and the mainland was the work of ,magellan4 ,discriminate1 distinguish4 ,he could not discriminate individuals at that distance4 ,any man can distinguish right from wrong4 ,disinterested1 uninterested4 ,his course was entirely generous and disinterested4 ,most visitors to art galleries have an uninterested manner4 ,disposal1 disposition4 ,this disposal of the matter is authoritative1 final4 ,his disposition of his forces was well-considered4 ,dissatisfied1 discontented4 ,though the colonists were dissatisfied for the moment1 they could hardly be called discontented4 ,distinct1 distinctive4 ,the distinct quality of his character was aggressiveness4 ,there were four separate and distinctive calls4 ,dramatic1 theatrical4 ,an affected1 dramatic manner4 ,a truly theatrical situation4 ,dry1 arid4 ,a dry plain4 ,an arid place to sleep in4 ,dumb1 mute4 ,the man stood dumb with surprise4 ,always be kind to mute animals4 ,durable1 lasting4 ,our joy is durable4 ,oak is a lasting wood4 #c4 ,consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs4 ,frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of the words4 7,some of the words in this list1 as well as some in other parts of the chapter1 are considered in larger groups in the chapters following47 earth1 world efficiency1 efficacy egoism1 egotism eldest1 oldest elemental1 elementary elude1 evade emigrate1 immigrate enough1 sufficient envy1 jealousy equable1 equitable equal1 equivalent essential1 necessary esteem1 respect euphemism1 euphuism evidence1 proof exact1 precise exchange1 interchange excuse1 pardon exempt1 immune expect1 suppose expedite1 facilitate facsimile1 copy familiar1 intimate fancy1 imagination farther1 further feeling1 sentiment feminine1 effeminate fervent1 fervid fewer1 less fluid1 liquid first 7or last7 two1 two first 7or last7 food1 feed foreign1 alien force1 strength forgive1 pardon gayety1 cheerfulness genius1 talent gentle1 tame genuine1 authentic glance1 glimpse grateful1 thankful grieve1 mourn hanged1 hung happen1 transpire happiness1 pleasure healthy1 healthful hear1 listen heathen1 pagan honorable1 honorary horrible1 horrid human1 humane illegible1 unreadable image1 effigy imaginary1 imaginative impending1 approaching imperious1 imperial imply1 infer in1 into inability1 disability ingenious1 ingenuous intelligent1 intellectual insinuation1 innuendo instinct1 intuition involve1 implicate irony1 sarcasm irretrievable1 irreparable judicious1 judicial just1 equitable justify1 warrant lack1 want languor1 lassitude later1 latter lawful1 legal lax1 slack leave1 let lend1 loan liable1 likely libel1 slander lie1 lay like1 love linger1 loiter look1 see loose1 lose luxurious1 luxuriant majority1 plurality marine1 maritime martial1 military moderate1 temperate mood1 humor moral1 ethical moral1 religious mutual1 reciprocal myth1 legend natal1 native nautical1 naval near1 close necessaries1 necessities needy1 needful noted1 notorious novice1 tyro observance1 observation observe1 perceive obsolete1 archaic omnipresent1 ubiquitous on1 upon oppose1 resist opposite1 contrary oppress1 depress palliate1 extenuate passionate1 impassioned pathos1 pity patron1 customer peculiar1 unusual perspicuity1 perspicacity permeate1 pervade permit1 allow perseverance1 persistence pertain1 appertain pictorial1 picturesque pitiable1 pitiful pity1 sympathy pleasant1 pleasing politician1 statesman practicable1 practical precipitous1 precipitate precision1 preciseness prejudice1 bias prelude1 overture pride1 vanity principal1 principle process1 procedure procure1 secure professor1 teacher progress1 progression propitious1 auspicious proposal1 proposition tradition1 legend truth1 veracity quiet1 quiescent raise1 rear raise1 rise ransom1 redeem rare1 scarce reason1 understanding reasonable1 rational recollect1 remember regal1 royal reliable1 trustworthy requirement1 requisite restive1 restless reverse1 inverse ride1 drive rime 7or rhyme71 rhythm sacred1 holy salutation1 salute scanty1 sparse scholar1 student science1 art scrupulous1 conscientious serf1 slave shift1 expedient sick1 ill silent1 taciturn sit1 set skilled1 skilful slender1 slim smart1 clever sociable1 social solicitude1 anxiety stay1 stop stimulus1 stimulation strut1 swagger suppress1 repress termination1 terminus theory1 hypothesis tolerate1 permit torment1 torture tradition1 legend truth1 veracity unbelief1 disbelief unique1 unusual varied1 various variety1 diversity venal1 venial vengeance1 revenge verse1 stanza vindictive1 revengeful visit1 visitation visitant1 visitor wander1 stray warn1 caution will1 volition wit1 humor witness1 see womanish1 womanlike worth1 value ,parallels ,pairs of the third type are made up of words parallel in meaning4 ,this class somewhat overlaps the second2 many terms that are frequently confused are parallels1 and parallelism is of course a cause of confusion4 ,parallels are words that show likeness in meaning4 ,likeness1 not sameness4 ,yet at one time actual sameness may have existed1 and in many instances did4 ,nowadays this sameness has been lost1 and the words have become differentiated4 ,as a rule they still are closely related in thought2 sometimes1 however1 the divergence between them is wide4 ,why did words having the same meaning find lodgment in the language in the first place8 ,the law of linguistic economy forbids any such happening1 and only through sheer good fortune did ,english come to possess duplications4 ,the original ,anglo-,saxon did not contain them4 ,but the ,roman ,catholic clergy brought to ,england the language of religion and of scholarship1 ,latin4 ,later the ,normans1 whose speech as a branch of ,french was an offshoot of ,latin1 came to the island as conquerors4 ,for a time1 therefore1 three languages existed side by side in the country--,anglo- ,saxon among the common folk1 ,latin among the clergy1 and ,norman-,french at the court and among the nobility4 ,the coalescing of the three 7or of the two if we count ,latin in its direct and indirect contributions as one7 was inevitable4 ,but other 7mostly cognate7 languages also had a part in the speech that was ultimately evolved4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon element was augmented by words from ,dutch1 ,scandinavian1 and the ,germanic tongues in general2 and ,latin was reinforced by ,greek4 ,thus to imply1 as is sometimes done1 that modern ,english is simply a blend of ,anglo-,saxon and ,latin elements is misleading4 ,native and classic are the better terms to use1 provided both are used broadly4 ,native must include not only ,anglo-,saxon but the other ,germanic elements as well1 and classic must include ,french and ,greek as well as ,latin4 ,the welding of these languages made available two--in some instances more than two--words for a single object or idea4 ,what became of these duplicates8 ,sometimes one of the words was dropped as needless4 ,oftentimes1 however1 both were retained--with such modifications in meaning that thereafter they designated1 not the same object or idea1 but different forms or aspects of it4 ,thus they became parallels1 and the new language waxed rich with discriminations which neither of the component tongues had possessed4 ,scott in ,ivanhoe gives the basis upon which the unification of the languages proceeded4 ,the jester ,wamba in conversation with the swineherd ,gurth explains how the ,anglo-,saxon term took on the homelier1 rougher1 more workaday uses and left the more refined and fastidious uses for the ,norman-,french4 ,a domestic animal1 says ,wamba1 was cared for by the conquered people1 and in consequence bore while living a good ,saxon name--swine1 ox1 or calf2 but it was served at the tables of the conquerors1 and therefore when ready for consumption bore a good ,norman-,french name--pork1 beef1 or veal4 ,when the brute a sow lives1 and is in charge of a ,saxon slave1 she goes by her ,saxon name2 but becomes ,norman and is called pork1 when she is carried into the castle hall to feast among the nobles4444 ,he a calf is ,saxon when he requires tendance1 and takes a ,norman name ,monsieur de ,veau when he becomes matter of enjoyment4 ,let us see how ,scott's contention fares if we extend his list of terms relative to animal life4 ,as throughout the rest of this chapter1 with the single and necessary exception of ,list ,b1 the first word in each pair is native1 the second classic3 ,,list ,a sheep1 mutton deer1 venison horse1 equine cow1 bovine bull1 taurine sheep1 ovine wolf1 lupine hog1 porcine bear1 ursine fox1 vulpine cat1 feline dog1 canine fish1 piscatorial mouse1 vermin rat1 rodent mankind1 humanity man1 masculine woman1 feminine childish1 infantile boyish1 puerile ,a glance at this list will show that1 at least as regards animal life1 the native word is likely to be the more familiar and unpretentious4 ,but we must not leap to the conclusion that1 taking the language as a whole1 the simple1 easy word is sure to be native1 the abstruse word classic4 ,in the following list one word in each pair is simpler1 oftentimes much simpler1 than the other2 yet both are of classic origin4 7,in some instances the two are doublets2 that is1 they spring from the same stem47 ,,list ,b boil1 effervesce plenty1 abundance force1 coerce clear1 transparent sound1 reverberate echo1 reverberate toil1 labor false1 perfidious prove1 verify join1 unite join1 annex try1 endeavor carry1 convey save1 preserve save1 rescue safe1 secure poor1 pauper poor1 penurious poor1 impecunious native1 indigenous strange1 extraneous excuse1 palliate excusable1 venial cannon1 ordnance corpse1 cadaverous parish1 parochial fool1 stultify fool1 idiot rule1 govern governor1 gubernatorial wages1 salary nice1 exquisite haughty1 arrogant letter1 epistle pursue1 prosecute use1 utility use1 utilize rival1 competitor male1 masculine female1 feminine beauty1 esthetics beauty1 pulchritude beautify1 embellish poison1 venom vote1 franchise vote1 suffrage taste1 gust tasteful1 gustatory tasteless1 insipid flower1 floral count1 compute cowardly1 pusillanimous tent1 pavilion money1 finance monetary1 pecuniary trace1 vestige face1 countenance turn1 revolve bottle1 vial grease1 lubricant oily1 unctuous revive1 resuscitate faultless1 impeccable scourge1 flagellate power1 puissance barber1 tonsorial bishop1 episcopal carry1 portable fruitful1 prolific punish1 punitive scar1 cicatrix hostile1 inimical choice1 option cry1 vociferate ease1 facility peaceful1 pacific beast1 animal chasten1 castigate round1 rotunda imprison1 incarcerate bowels1 viscera boil1 ebullient city1 municipal color1 chromatics nervous1 neurotic pleasing1 delectable accidental1 fortuitous change1 mutation lazy1 indolent fragrance1 aroma pay1 compensate face1 physiognomy joy1 rapture charitable1 eleemosynary blame1 blaspheme priest1 presbyter coy1 quiet prudent1 provident pupil1 disciple story1 narrative pause1 interval despise1 abhor doctor1 physician fate1 destiny country1 rustic aged1 senile increase1 increment gentle1 genteel clear1 apparent eagle1 aquiline motion1 momentum nourishment1 nutrition pure1 unadulterated closeness1 proximity number1 notation ancestors1 progenitors confirm1 corroborate convert1 proselyte benediction1 benison treasury1 thesaurus egotism1 megalomania ,sometimes the native word is less familiar than the classic3 ,,list ,c seethe1 boil loam1 soil fare1 travel abide1 remain bestow1 present bestow1 deposit din1 noise quern1 mill learner1 scholar shamefaced1 modest hue1 color tarnish1 stain ween1 expect leech1 physician shield1 protect steadfast1 firm withstand1 resist straightway1 immediately dwelling1 residence heft1 gravity delve1 excavate forthright1 direct tidings1 report bower1 chamber rune1 letter borough1 city baleful1 destructive gainsay1 contradict cleave1 divide hearten1 encourage hoard1 treasure ,again1 the native word is sometimes less emphatic than the classic3 ,,list ,d fly1 soar old1 venerable flood1 cataclysm steep1 precipitous wonder1 astonishment speed1 velocity sparkle1 scintillate stir1 commotion stir1 agitate strike1 collide learned1 erudite small1 diminutive scare1 terrify burn1 combustion fire1 conflagration fall1 collapse uproot1 eradicate skin1 excoriate hate1 abominate work1 labor bright1 brilliant hungry1 famished eat1 devour twisted1 contorted thin1 emaciated sad1 lugubrious mirth1 hilarity ,despite these exceptions1 the native word is in general better known and more crudely powerful than the classic4 ,thus of the pair sweat-perspiration1 sweat is the plain-spoken1 everyday member1 perspiration the polite1 even learned member4 ,the man of limited vocabulary says sweat2 even the sophisticated person1 unless there is occasion to soften effects1 finds sweat the more natural term4 ,no one would say that a horse perspires4 ,no one would say that human beings must eat their bread in the perspiration of their faces4 ,but sweat is a word of connotation too vigorous 7though honest withal7 for us to use the term in the drawing room4 ,a questionable woman in ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield betrays her lack of breeding by the remark that she is in a muck of sweat4 ,the native word1 besides being in itself simpler and starker than the classic1 makes stronger appeal to our feelings and affections4 ,in nearly every instance the objects and relationships that have woven themselves into the very texture of our lives are designated by native terms4 ,even if they are not so designated solely1 they are so designated in their more cherished aspects4 ,we warm more to the native fatherly than to the classic paternal4 ,we have a deeper sentiment for the native home than for the classic residence4 ,that the native is the more downright term may be seen from the following words4 7,these pairs are of course merely illustrative4 ,with them might be grouped a few special pairs1 like devilish-diabolical and church-ecclesiastical1 of which the first members are classic in origin but of such early naturalization into ,english that they may be regarded as native47 ,,list ,e belly1 stomach belly1 abdomen navel1 umbilicus suck1 nurse naked1 nude murder1 homicide dead1 deceased dead1 defunct dying1 moribund lust1 salacity lewd1 libidinous read1 peruse lie1 prevaricate hearty1 cordial following1 subsequent crowd1 multitude chew1 masticate food1 pabulum eat1 regale meal1 repast meal1 refection thrift1 economy sleepy1 soporific slumberous1 somnolent live1 reside rot1 putrefy swelling1 protuberant soak1 saturate soak1 absorb stinking1 malodorous spit1 saliva spit1 expectorate thievishness1 kleptomania belch1 eructate sticky1 adhesive house1 domicile eye1 optic walker1 pedestrian talkative1 loquacious talkative1 garrulous wisdom1 sapience bodily1 corporeal name1 appellation finger1 digit show1 ostentation nearness1 propinquity wash1 lave handwriting1 chirography waves1 undulations shady1 umbrageous fat1 corpulent muddy1 turbid widow1 relict horseback1 equestrian weight1 avoirdupois blush1 erubescence ,the word of classic origin in many instances survives only or mainly in the form of an adjective2 as a noun 7or other part of speech7 it has completely or largely disappeared4 ,this fact may be observed in lists already given1 particularly ,list ,a4 ,it may also be observed in the following words3 ,,list ,f moon1 lunar star1 stellar star1 sidereal sun1 solar earth1 terrestrial world1 mundane heaven1 celestial hell1 infernal earthquake1 seismic ear1 aural head1 capital hand1 manual foot1 pedal breast1 pectoral heart1 cardial hip1 sciatic tail1 caudal throat1 guttural lung1 pulmonary bone1 osseous hair1 hirsute tearful1 lachrymose early1 primitive sweet1 dulcet1 sweet1 saccharine young1 juvenile bloody1 sanguinary deadly1 mortal red1 florid bank1 riparian hard1 arduous wound1 vulnerable written1 graphic spotless1 immaculate sell1 mercenary son1 filial salt1 saline meal1 farinaceous wood1 ligneous wood1 sylvan cloud1 nebulous glass1 vitreous milk1 lacteal water1 aquatic stone1 lapidary gold1 aureous silver1 argent iron1 ferric honey1 mellifluous loving1 amatory loving1 erotic loving1 amiable wedded1 hymeneal plow1 arable priestly1 sacerdotal arrow1 sagittal wholesome1 salubrious warlike1 bellicose timely1 temporary fiery1 igneous ring1 annular soap1 saponaceous nestling1 nidulant snore1 stertorous window1 fenestral twilight1 crepuscular soot1 fuliginous hunter1 venatorial ,the fact that ,english is a double-barreled language1 and that of parallel terms one is likely to be native and the other classic1 is interesting in itself4 ,our lists of parallels1 however1 though 7with the exception of ,list ,b7 they are arranged to bring out this duality of origin1 have other and more vital uses as material for exercises4 ,for after all it matters little whether we know where a word comes from1 provided we know thoroughly the meaning and implications of the word itself4 ,the lists already given and those to follow show the more important words actually yoked as parallels4 ,your task must be to ascertain the differences in import between the words thus joined4 ,,exercise - ,parallels ,,list ,g ,study the discriminations between the members of the following pairs4 ,at each blank in the illustrative sentences insert the appropriate word4 ,brotherly1 fraternal4 ,brotherly is used of actual blood kinship1 or indicates close feeling1 deep affection1 or religious love4 ,fraternal is used less personally and intimately2 it normally betokens that the relations are at least in part formal 7as relations within societies74 ,the sight of the button on the stranger's lapel caused ,wilkes to give him the cabalistic sign and ask his assistance4 ,though the children of different parents1 we bear for each other a true devotion4 ,because we both are newspaper men ,i feel a interest in him4 ,daily1 diurnal4 ,daily1 the popular word1 is often used loosely4 ,we may say that we eat three meals daily without implying that we have never gone dinnerless4 ,diurnal1 the scientific term1 is used exactly1 whether applying to the period of daylight or to the whole twenty-four hours4 ,a diurnal flower closes at night2 a diurnal motion is precisely coincident with the astronomical day4 ,in poetry1 however1 diurnal is often used for daily4 ,give us this day our bread4 ,the rotation of the earth on its axis is the cause of our day and night4 ,fred and ,i went for our ramble through the hills4 ,cold1 frigid4 ,which is the more popular word8 ,let us see4 ,would the man in the street be more likely to use one than the other8 ,which one8 ,does this answer our question8 ,another question3 ,which word is the more inclusive in meaning8 ,again1 let us see4 ,a blacksmith is beating iron2 does the iron grow cold or frigid8 ,which term1 then1 approaches the closer in meaning to the idea of mere coolness8 ,on the other hand1 may that same term represent a temperature far beyond mere coolness8 ,would you speak of a morning as bitterly cold or bitterly frigid8 ,now think of the term you have not been using4 ,can it convey as wide meanings1 or is it limited in range8 ,does the word frigid carry for you a geographical suggestion 7to the frigid zone78 ,do you yourself use the term8 ,if so1 do you use it chiefly 7perhaps entirely7 in connection with human temperament or demeanor8 ,is cold used thus figuratively also8 ,which is the more often thus used8 ,i suffer from hands and feet4 ,the slopes of ,mont ,blanc are with eternal snow4 ,he did not warm to the idea at all4 ,his inclinations are absolutely 4 ,manly1 virile4 ,manly implies possession of traits or qualities a man should possess2 it may be used of immature persons4 ,virile implies maturity and robust masculinity2 it is also used of the power to procreate4 ,a lad4 ,a reply4 energy4 and aggressive4 forbearance4 ,inner1 internal4 ,inner is somewhat within1 or more within than something else is2 it is also used in figurative and spiritual senses4 ,internal is entirely within4 ,the organs of the human body4 ,the layer of the rind4 ,the injury was 4 ,the nature of man4 ,the meaning of the occurrence4 ,height1 altitude4 ,he was five feet1 eleven inches in height4 ,can you substitute altitude8 ,is altitude used of persons8 ,at an altitude of eleven feet from the ground4 ,would height be more natural8 ,does altitude betoken great height8 ,if so1 does ,hamlet speak jestingly when he greets the player1 ,your ladyship is nearer heaven than when ,i saw you last1 by the altitude of a chopine8 ,what of the sentence3 ,the altitude of ,galveston was not sufficient to protect it from the tidal wave8 ,does the magnitude or importance of the object 7,galveston7 compensate for its lack of elevation and thus justify altitude8 ,could height be substituted8 ,if so1 would the words above sea-level have to follow it8 ,does this fact give you a further clue as to the distinction between the two words8 ,you are comparing the elevation of two peaks1 both plainly visible2 you measure them merely by your eye4 ,do you say ,this exceeds the other in height or ,this exceeds the other in altitude8 ,suppose the peaks are so distant from each other that the two are not visible simultaneously1 and suppose you are speaking from a knowledge of the scientific measurements4 ,do you say ,this exceeds the other in height or ,this exceeds the other in altitude8 ,talk1 conversation4 ,talk may be one-sided and empty4 ,conversation requires that at least two shall participate1 and it is not spoken of as empty1 though it may be trivial4 ,our was somewhat desultory4 ,thought is less general than 4 ,his was so lively that ,i had no chance to interrupt ,that is meaningless 4 ,homesickness1 nostalgia4 ,all of us have heard physicians call commonplace ailments by extraordinary names4 ,when homesickness reaches the stage where a physician is or might be called in1 it becomes nostalgia4 ,the latter term suggests morbid or chronic suffering4 ,a healthy boy away from home for the first time is homesick4 ,an exile who has wasted himself with pining for his native land is nostalgic4 ,his was more than 2 it had so preyed upon his thoughts that it had grown into 4 ,rise1 ascend4 ,rise is the more general term1 but it expresses less than ascend in degree or stateliness4 ,he had foretold to them that he would into heaven4 ,do not from your seat4 ,the diver slowly to the surface4 ,the travelers the mountain4 ,sell1 vend4 ,sell is the more dignified word socially1 but may express greater moral degradation4 ,vend is used of the petty 7as that which can be carried about in a wagon71 and may suggest the pettily dishonest4 ,that man would his country4 ,we shall a million dollars' worth of goods4 ,the hucksters their wares4 ,,list ,h ,study the discriminations between the members of the following pairs4 ,determine whether the words are correctly used in the illustrative sentences4 7,some are2 some are not47 ,friendly1 amicable4 ,friendly denotes goodwill positive in quality though perhaps limited in degree2 we may be friendly to friends1 enemies1 or strangers4 ,amicable is negative1 denoting absence of open discord3 it is used of those persons between whom some connection already exists4 ,the newcomer has an amicable manner4 ,both sides were cautious1 but at last they reached a friendly settlement4 ,i have only amicable feelings for an enemy who is thus merciful4 ,the two met1 if not in a friendly1 at least in an amicable way4 ,willing1 voluntary4 ,both words imply an act of the will2 but willing adds positive good-nature1 desire1 or enthusiasm1 whereas voluntary conveys little or nothing of the emotional attitude4 ,voluntary is often thought of in contrast with mechanical4 ,they made willing submission4 ,they rendered whole-hearted and voluntary service4 ,though torn by desire to return to his mother1 he willingly continued his journey away from her4 ,the sneeze was unwilling4 ,greedy1 voracious4 ,greedy denotes excessiveness 7usually habitual7 of appetite or1 in its figurative uses1 of desire2 it nearly always carries the idea of selfishness4 ,voracious denotes intense hunger or the hasty and prolonged consumption of great quantities of food2 it may indicate1 not habitual selfishness1 but the stress of circumstances4 ,nobody else ,i know is so greedy as he4 ,the young poet was voracious of praise4 ,trench1 though a capital fellow1 was so hungry that he ate voraciously4 ,offspring1 progeny4 ,offspring is likely to be used when our thought is chiefly on the children1 progeny when our thought is chiefly on the parents4 ,offspring may be used of one or many2 progeny is used in collective reference to many4 ,he was third among the progeny who won distinction4 ,they are the progeny of very rich parents4 ,clayton left his offspring well provided for4 ,ghost1 spirit4 ,ghost is the narrower term4 ,it never expresses1 as spirit does1 the idea of soul or of animating mood or purpose4 ,with reference to incorporeal beings1 it denotes 7except in the phrase the ,holy ,ghost7 the reappearance of the dead in disembodied form4 ,spirit may denote a variety of incorporeal beings--among them angels1 fairies 7devoid of moral nature71 and personalities returned from the grave and manifested--seldom visibly--through spiritualistic tappings and the like4 ,the superstitious natives thought the spirit of their chief walked in the graveyard4 ,the ghost of the ancestors survives in the descendants4 ,i can call spirits from the vasty deep4 ,foe1 enemy4 ,nowadays the chief difference between the two terms is that foe is the more used in poetry1 enemy in prose4 ,but foe tends to express the more personal and implacable hostility4 ,we do not think of foes as bearing any friendship for each other2 enemies may1 or they may be enemies in public affairs but downright friends in their private relations4 ,a man is hardly spoken of as being his own foe1 but he may be his own enemy4 ,for the moment we found ourselves foes4 ,suspicion is an enemy to content4 ,i paid a tribute to my friend1 who was the dominant personality among the enemy4 ,truth1 veracity4 ,truth has to do with the accuracy of the statement1 of the facts2 veracity with the intention of the person to say nothing false4 ,i cannot vouch for the veracity of the story1 but ,i can for the truth of the teller4 ,though he is not a man of veracity1 ,i believe he is now speaking the truth4 ,veracity1 crushed to earth1 will rise again4 ,break1 fracture4 ,break is the broader term4 ,it need not refer clearly to the operation or result of external force1 nor need it embody the idea that this force is brought against a hard substance4 ,in these respects it differs from fracture1 as also in the fact that it may designate a mere interruption4 ,furthermore it has figurative uses1 whereas fracture is narrowly literal4 ,there was a fracture in the chain of mountains4 ,the break in his voice was distinct4 ,the fracture of the bones of his wrist incapacitated him4 ,the fracture of the rope4 ,hug1 embrace4 ,to hug is to clasp violently or enthusiastically1 and perhaps ludicrously4 ,to embrace is to clasp in a more dignified1 perhaps even in a formal1 way2 the term also means to include1 to comprise4 ,this topic embraces the other4 ,did you see that ardent bumpkin embracing his sweetheart8 ,her sister gave her a graceful but none too cordial hug4 ,the wounded bear hugged the hunter ferociously4 ,shorten1 abridge4 ,the two terms overlap2 but there is a fairly strong tendency to use shorten for reduction in length1 and abridge for reduction in quantity or mass4 ,both words are used figuratively as well as literally4 ,the tyrant shortened the privileges of his subjects4 ,we shortened the rope4 ,the teacher abridged the recitation4 ,the report of the committee appears in abridged form in ,volume #b of our records4 ,,list ,i ,with the help of the dictionary discriminate between the members of the following pairs4 ,determine whether the words are correctly used in the illustrative sentences4 7,some are2 some are not47 ,fiery1 inflammable4 ,he delivered a fiery address4 ,the underbrush was dry and fiery4 ,your disposition is too inflammable4 ,lean1 attenuated4 ,the fat man had grown attenuated4 ,yon ,cassius has a lean and hungry look4 ,the hot metal was then drawn into an attenuated wire4 ,only a lean line of our soldiers faced the dense masses of the enemy4 ,home-like1 domestic4 ,the scene was quiet and domestic4 ,it is home-like1 inexpressibly dear4 ,to ,waltham1 heartsick from his wanderings1 the room in all its arrangements was thoroughly domestic4 ,vigilant1 watchful4 ,we must be vigilant if we would maintain our liberty4 ,he was wakeful1 even watchful1 though not from set purpose4 ,he was vigilant for evidences of friendship4 ,building1 edifice4 ,it is a big1 barn-like building4 ,spare yonder sacred edifice4 ,this is the most imposing building ,i ever saw4 ,hole1 aperture4 ,i poked a stick into the aperture which the crawfish had made4 ,through the aperture of the partly open door ,i gazed out on the street4 ,the hole of the hornet's nest was black with the emerging and angry insects4 ,farming1 agriculture4 ,two hundred students graduated this year from the college of farming4 ,for long years he had devoted himself to the homely1 grinding tasks of agriculture4 ,i have looked rather carefully into the theories of farming4 ,rest1 repose4 ,he obtained some repose even while standing4 ,we wished for a moment's rest from our exertions4 ,worn out1 he was compelled to seek repose4 ,lincoln's face in repose was very melancholy4 ,help1 aid4 ,the man was so injured he could do nothing for himself2 ,i had to aid him4 ,help1 help6 ,aid us1 ,o ,god1 in our sore distress4 ,the little fellow could not quite get the bundle to his shoulder2 a passerby helped him4 ,hide1 conceal4 ,by refraining from comment he hid his connection with the affair4 ,wild creatures hide themselves by means of their protective coloring4 ,the frost on the panes conceals the landscape from you4 ,do not hide your misdeeds from your mother4 ,,list ,j ,in the following list only the native member of each pair is given4 ,determine what the classic member is1 and frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of the two words4 7,make a conscientious effort to find the classic member by means of its parallelism with the native4 ,if1 and after1 you definitely fail in any instance to find it1 obtain a clue to it through study of the words in ,list ,g4 ,every pair in that list is clearly suggestive of one or more pairs in this list47 nightly1-- motherly1-- breadth1-- buy1-- hot1-- fall1-- thought1-- sleeplessness1-- fatherly1-- yearly1-- outer1-- depth1-- womanly1-- speech1-- ,,list ,k ,discriminate between the members of each of the following pairs1 and frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of the two words4 freedom1 liberty well1 cistern freedom1 independence give1 donate free1 acquit happen1 occur door1 portal lessen1 abate begin1 commence lessen1 diminish behead1 decapitate forefathers1 ancestors belief1 credence friend1 acquaintance belief1 credulity lead1 conduct swear1 vow end1 finish curse1 imprecate end1 complete curse1 anathema end1 terminate die1 expire warn1 admonish die1 perish warn1 caution die1 succumb rich1 affluent lively1 vivacious wealthy1 opulent walk1 ambulate help1 assistance leave1 depart help1 succor leave1 abandon answer1 reply go with1 accompany find out1 ascertain go before1 precede take1 appropriate hasten1 accelerate shrewd1 astute quicken1 accelerate breathe1 respire speed1 celerity busy1 industrious hatred1 animadversion growing1 crescent fearful1 timorous grow1 increase ,,list ,l ,cover with a piece of paper the classic 7right-hand7 members of the following pairs1 and if possible ascertain what they are by studying the native members4 ,frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of both words in each pair4 neighborhood1 vicinity hang1 impend hang1 suspend rash1 impetuous flood1 inundation drunk1 intoxicated harmful1 injurious tool1 instrument mind1 intellect mad1 insane birth1 nativity sail1 navigate sailor1 mariner ship1 vessel lying1 mendacious upright1 erect early1 premature upright1 vertical first1 primary shake1 vibrate raise1 elevate swing1 oscillate lift1 elevate leaves1 foliage greet1 salute beg1 importune choose1 select beggar1 mendicant choose1 elect smell1 odor same1 identical sink1 submerge name1 nominate dip1 immerse follow1 pursue room1 apartment follow1 succeed see1 perceive teach1 instruct see1 inspect teach1 inculcate sight1 visibility teacher1 pedagogue sight1 vision tiresome1 tedious sight1 spectacle empty1 vacant glasses1 spectacles farewell1 valediction ,,list ,m ,cover with a piece of paper the native 7left-hand7 members of the following pairs1 and if possible ascertain what they are by studying the classic members4 ,frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of both words in each pair4 skin1 cuticle thunder1 fulminate skin1 integument sleep-walking1 somnambulism hide1 epidermis bird1 ornithology fleshly1 carnal bird1 aviary hearer1 auditor bee1 apiary snake1 serpent bending1 flexible heap1 aggregation wrinkle1 corrugation laugh1 cachinnation slow1 dilatory laughable1 risible lime1 calcimine fear1 trepidation coal1 lignite live1 exist man1 anthropology bridal1 nuptial winter1 hibernate wed1 marry gap1 hiatus husband_/wife1 spouse right1 ethical shore1 littoral showy1 ostentatious forswear1 perjure spelling1 orthography steal1 peculate time1 chronology steal1 embezzle handbook1 manual lockjaw1 tetanus hole1 cavity mistake1 error dig1 excavate mistake1 erratum boil1 tumor wink1 nictation tickle1 titillate blessing1 benediction dry1 desiccated wet1 humid warm1 tepid flirt1 coquet forgetfulness1 oblivion fiddle1 violin sky1 firmament sky1 empyrean flatter1 compliment flee1 abscond flight1 fugitive forbid1 prohibit hinder1 impede hold1 contain ,,list ,n ,for each of the following pairs frame a sentence which shall contain one of the members4 ,can the other member be substituted without affecting the meaning of the sentence8 ,read the discrimination of ,height-altitude in ,,exercise - ,parallels4 ,ask yourself similar questions to bring out the distinction between the two words you are considering4 threat1 menace call1 summon talk1 commune cleanse1 purify short1 terse short1 concise better1 ameliorate lie1 recline new1 novel straight1 parallel lawful1 legitimate law1 litigation law1 jurisprudence flash1 coruscate late1 tardy watch1 chronometer foretell1 prognosticate king1 emperor winding1 sinuous hint1 insinuate burn1 incinerate fire1 incendiarism bind1 constrict crab1 crustacean fowls1 poultry lean1 incline flat1 level flat1 vapid sharpness1 acerbity sharpness1 acrimony shepherd1 pastor word1 vocable choke1 suffocate stifle1 suffocate clothes1 raiment witness1 spectator beat1 pulsate mournful1 melancholy beginning1 incipient drink1 imbibe light1 illuminate hall1 corridor stair1 escalator anger1 indignation fight1 combat sleight-of-hand1 prestidigitation build1 construct tree1 arbor ask1 interrogate wench1 virgin frisk1 caper fill1 replenish water1 irrigate silly1 foolish coming1 advent feeling1 sentiment old1 antiquated forerunner1 precursor sew1 embroider unload1 exonerate grave1 sepulcher readable1 legible tell1 narrate kiss1 osculate nose1 proboscis striking1 percussion green1 verdant stroke1 concussion grass1 verdure bowman1 archer drive1 propel greed1 avarice book1 volume stingy1 parsimonious warrior1 belligerent bath1 ablution owner1 proprietor wrong1 incorrect bow1 obeisance top1 summit kneel1 genuflection food1 nutrition work1 occupation seize1 apprehend shut1 close field1 agrarian ,turn back to ,lists ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f4 ,discriminate between the members of each pair contained in these lists4 ,frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of the words4 ,,vii ,,synonyms ,,in ,,larger ,,groups 7#a7 ,in considering pairs we have1 without using the word1 been studying synonyms4 ,for most pairs are synonyms 7or in some instances antonyms7 that hunt in couples4 ,we must now deal with synonyms1 and incidentally antonyms1 as they associate themselves in larger groups4 ,a vocabulary is impoverished4 ,why8 ,nine times in ten1 because of a disregard of synonyms4 ,listen to the talk of the average person4 ,whatever is pleasing is fine or nice or all to the good2 whatever is displeasing is bum or awful or a fright4 ,life is reflected1 not as noble and complex1 but as mean and meager4 ,out of such stereotyped utterance only the general idea emerges4 ,the precise meaning is lazily or incompetently left to the hearer to imagine4 ,the precise meaning8 ,there is none4 ,a person who does not take the trouble to speak clearly has not taken the trouble to think clearly4 ,but the master of synonyms expresses1 instead of general1 hazy1 commonplace conceptions1 the subtlest shadings of thought and feeling4 ,he has so trained himself that he selects1 it may be unconsciously1 from a throng of possible words4 ,one word may be strong1 another weak4 ,one may be broad1 another narrow4 ,one may present an alternative in meanings1 another permit no liberty of choice4 ,one may be suggestive1 another literal or colorless4 ,one may penetrate to the core of the idea1 another strike only in the environs4 ,with these possibilities the master of synonyms reckons4 ,he must have the right word4 ,he chooses it1 not at haphazard1 but in conformity with a definite purpose4 ,for synonyms are not words that have the same meaning4 ,they are words that have similar meanings4 ,they may be compared to circles that overlap but do not coincide4 ,each embraces a common area1 but each embraces also an area peculiar to itself4 ,though many words cluster about a given idea1 rarely if ever are even two of these words entirely equivalent to each other4 ,in scope1 in suggestion1 in emotional nuance1 in special usage1 or what not1 is sure to lurk some denial of perfect correspondence4 ,and of synonyms1 so of antonyms4 ,antonyms are words opposite in meaning2 but the opposition1 for the same reasons as the likeness1 is seldom or never absolute4 ,in your study of synonyms you will find most of the dictionaries previously named of great help4 ,you may also profitably consult the following books of synonyms 7heavy1 scholastic works not suited for ordinary use are omitted73 ,books of ,plain ,synonyms and ,antonyms ,edith ,b4 ,ordway3 ,synonyms and ,antonyms4 ,a compact1 practical volume1 with antonyms 7in italics for contrast7 immediately following synonyms4 ,louis ,a4 ,flemming3 ,putnam's ,word ,book4 ,a book of the ordinarily used synonyms of words1 with antonyms after some of them1 and with lists of associated words wherever these are likely to be useful4 ,samuel ,fallows3 #ajj1jjj ,synonyms and ,antonyms4 ,a handy little volume1 with useful lists of various kinds in appendices4 ,richard ,soule3 ,dictionary of ,english ,synonyms revised and enlarged by ,george ,h4 ,howison4 ,a much larger and more expensive book than the others1 and less practical for ordinary use1 but fuller in treatment of material1 with words of more than one meaning carefully divided into their various senses4 ,synonyms with ,word ,discriminations ,george ,crabb3 ,english ,synonyms4 ,a standard volume for over #ajj years4 ,has close distinctions1 but is somewhat scholarly for ordinary use4 ,revised edition of #aiag1 omitting illustrative quotations from literature1 not so good as editions before that date4 ,james ,c4 ,fernald3 ,english ,synonyms1 ,antonyms1 and ,prepositions4 ,a pleasing book to read1 with much information about the use of words and their shades of meaning 7with exercises71 also with proper prepositions to follow words4 ,material taken from the ,standard ,dictionary4 ,peter ,mark ,roget3 ,thesaurus of ,english ,words and ,phrases4 ,issued in many editions and revisions4 ,words grouped under general ideas4 ,an excellent book for serious and laborious study1 but not for quick use4 ,how to ,acquire ,synonyms ,the best principle for the extension of one's mastery of synonyms is the principle already used over and over in this book--that of proceeding from the known to the unknown4 ,it is the fundamental principle1 indeed1 of any kind of successful learning4 ,we should build on what we have1 fit each new piece of material into the structure already erected4 ,but normally it is our ill fortune to learn through chance rather than through system4 ,we perceive elucidation here1 draw an inference there4 ,these isolated fragments of knowledge may mislead rather than inform us4 ,the principle of proceeding from the known to the unknown may be applied to synonyms in various ways4 ,two of these--the two of most importance--we must consider here4 ,first1 you should reckon with your personal1 demonstrated needs4 ,just as you have already analyzed your working vocabulary for its general limits and shortcomings1 so should you analyze it with particular reference to your poverty in synonyms4 ,watch your actual speech2 make a list of the words--nouns1 verbs1 and adjectives particularly--that you employ again and again4 ,make each of these words the starting-point for a linguistic exploring expedition4 ,first1 write the word down4 ,then under it write all the synonyms that come forthwith to your mind4 ,these constitute your present available stock2 in speaking or writing you could1 if you kept yourself mentally alert1 summon them on the moment4 ,but the list1 as you know1 is not exhaustive4 ,draw a line under it and subjoin such synonyms as come to you after reflection4 ,these constitute a second stock1 not instantaneously available1 yet to be tagged as among your resources4 ,next add a list of the synonyms you find through research1 through a ransacking of dictionaries and books of synonyms4 ,this third stock1 but dimly familiar if familiar at all1 is in no practical sense yours4 ,and indeed some of the words are too abstruse1 learned1 or technical for you to burden your memory with them4 ,but many--most--are worth acquiring4 ,by writing down the words of these three classes you have done something to stamp them upon your memory as associates4 ,you must now make it your business to bring them into use4 ,never call upon them for volunteers1 but like a wise commander summon the individual that can rightly perform a particular service4 ,thus will your speech1 perhaps vague and indolent now1 become exact1 discriminating1 competent1 vital4 ,in the second place1 you should obtain specific and detailed command of general ideas4 ,not of out-of-the-way ideas4 ,but of the great basic ideas that are the common possession of all mankind4 ,for through these basic ideas is the most natural and profitable approach to the study of synonyms4 ,each of them is represented by a generic word4 ,so elementary are idea and word alike that a person cannot have the one in mind without having the other ready and a-quiver on his tongue4 ,every person is master of both4 ,but it is unsafe to predicate the person's acquaintance with the shades and phases of the idea1 or with the corresponding discriminations in language4 ,he may not know them at all1 he may know them partially1 he may know them through and through4 ,let us suppose him ignorant of them but determined to learn4 ,his progress1 both in the thought and in the language1 will be from the general to the specific4 ,his acquaintance with the idea in the large he will gradually extend to an acquaintance with it in detail1 and his command of the broad term for it he will little by little supplement with definite terms for its phases4 ,an illustration will make this clear4 ,we are aware that the world is made up of various classes and conditions of men4 ,how did we learn this8 ,let us go back to the time when our minds were a blank1 when we were babes and sucklings1 when we had not perceived that men exist1 much less that mankind is infinitely complex4 ,a baby comes slowly to understand that all objects in the universe are divisible into two classes1 human and non-human1 and that a member of the former may be separated from the others and regarded as an individual4 ,it has reached the initial stage of its knowledge on the subject2 it has the basic idea1 that of the individual human being4 ,as soon as it can speak1 it acquires a designating term--not of course the sophisticated human being1 but the simpler man4 ,it uses this word in the generic sense1 to indicate any member of the human race2 for as yet it knows nothing and cares nothing about differences in species4 ,with increasing enlightenment1 however1 it discerns five species1 and distinguishes among them by swelling this branch of its vocabulary to five words3 man 7in the sense of adult male71 woman1 boy1 girl1 baby4 7,to be sure1 it may chance to have acquired a specific term1 as boy or baby1 before the generic term man2 but if so1 it has attached this term to some particular individual1 as the grocer's boy or itself1 rather than to the individuals of a species4 ,its understanding of the species as a species comes after its understanding of the genus47 ,as time passes1 it divides mankind into yet further species by sundry other methods3 according to occupation1 for example1 as doctors1 chauffeurs1 gardeners2 to race or color1 as white men2 negroes1 ,malays1 ,chinese2 to disposition1 as heroes1 gift-givers1 teasers1 talkers2 and so on4 ,it perceives moreover that species are made up of sub-species4 ,thus instead of lumping all boys together it begins to distinguish them as big boys1 little boys1 middle-sized boys1 boys in long trousers1 boys in short trousers1 barefoot boys1 schoolboys1 poor boys1 rich boys1 sick boys1 well boys1 friends1 enemies1 bullies1 and what not4 ,it even divides the sub-species4 ,thus it classifies schoolboys as bright boys1 dullards1 workers1 shirkers1 teachers' favorites1 scapegoats1 athletes1 note-throwers1 truant-players1 and the like4 ,and of these classes it may make yet further sub-divisions1 or at least it may separate them into the individuals that compose them4 ,in fine1 with its growing powers and experience1 it abandons its old conception that all persons are practically alike1 and follows human nature through the countless ramifications of man's status1 temperament1 activities1 or fate4 ,and it augments its vocabulary to keep pace1 roughly at least1 with its expanding ideas4 ,in thought and terminology alike its growth is from genus to species4 ,so it is with all our ideas and with all our words to cap them4 ,we radiate from an ascertained center into new areas of knowledge2 we proceed from the broad1 fundamental1 generic to the precise1 discriminatory1 specific4 ,upon this natural law are based the exercises in this chapter and the two to follow4 ,the starting-point is always a word representative of an elementary idea--a word and an idea which everybody knows2 the advance is into the unknown or the unused1 at any rate into the particular4 ,now fundamental ideas are not very numerous1 and these exercises include the commoner ones4 ,such a method of studying synonyms must therefore yield large and tangible results4 ,one matter1 however1 should be explained4 ,most books of synonyms start with a word and list all the terms in any way related to it4 ,the idea of the compilers is that the more they give the student the more they help him4 ,but oftentimes by giving more than is strictly pertinent they actually hinder and confuse him4 ,they may do this in various ways1 of which two must be mentioned4 ,first1 they follow an idea too far afield4 ,thus in listing the synonyms of love they include such terms as kindness and lenity1 words only through stretched usage connected with love4 ,secondly1 they trace1 not one meaning of a word1 but two or more unrelated meanings when the word chances to possess them4 ,thus in listing the synonyms of cry they include both the idea of weeping and the idea of calling or screaming4 ,what are the results of these methods8 ,the student finds a clutter where he expects rationalized order2 he finds he must exclude many words which lie in the borders and fringes of the meaning4 ,moreover he finds mere chance associations mingled with marked kinships4 ,in both cases he finds dulled distinctions4 ,this book offers synonyms that are apropos and definite rather than comprehensive4 ,starting with a basic idea1 it finds the generic term2 it then disregards dim and distant relationships1 confines itself rigorously to one of perhaps two or three legitimate senses1 and refuses to consider the peculiar twists and devious ways of subsidiary words when they wander from the idea it is tracing4 ,it thus deliberately blinds itself to much that is interesting4 ,but this partial blindness enables it to concentrate attention upon the matter actually under study1 to give sharper distinctions and surer guidance4 ,,exercise ,a ,after three introductory groups 7dealing with thoroughly concrete ideas and words7 the synonyms in this exercise are arranged alphabetically according to the first word in each group4 ,this first word is generic4 ,it is immediately followed by a list of its synonyms4 ,these are then informally discriminated or else 7in a few instances7 questions are asked about them4 ,perhaps a few less closely related synonyms are then listed for you to discriminate in a similar way4 ,finally1 illustrative sentences are given4 ,each blank in these you are to fill with the word that conveys the meaning exactly4 7,to prevent monotony and inattention1 the number of illustrative sentences varies4 ,you may have to use a particular word more than once1 and another word not at all47 ,walk1 plod1 trudge1 tread1 stride1 stalk1 strut1 tramp1 march1 pace1 toddle1 waddle1 shuffle1 mince1 stroll1 saunter1 ramble1 meander1 promenade1 prowl1 hobble1 limp1 perambulate4 ,any one may be said to walk who moves along on foot with moderate speed4 ,he plods if he walks slowly and heavily1 and perhaps monotonously or spiritlessly as well4 ,he trudges if he walks toilsomely and wearily1 as though his feet were heavy4 ,he treads if his walk is suggestive of a certain lightness and caution--if1 for instance1 he seems half-uncertain whether to proceed and sets one foot down carefully before the other4 ,he strides if he takes long steps1 especially in a firm1 pompous1 or lofty manner4 ,he stalks if there is a certain stiffness or haughtiness in his walking4 ,he struts if he walks with a proud or affectedly dignified gait1 especially if he also raises his feet high4 ,he tramps if he goes for a long walk1 as for pleasure or enjoyment out-of-doors4 ,he marches if he walks in a measured1 ordered way1 especially in company with others4 ,he paces if he engages in a measured1 continuous walk1 as from nervousness1 impatience1 or anger4 ,he toddles if his steps are short1 uneven1 and unsteady1 like those of a child4 ,he waddles if his movement is ungainly1 with a duck-like swaying from side to side4 ,he shuffles if he drags his feet with a scraping noise4 ,he minces if he takes short steps in a prim1 precise1 or affectedly nice manner4 ,he strolls or saunters if he goes along in an easy1 aimless1 or idle fashion4 ,he rambles if he wanders about1 with no definite aim or toward no definite goal4 ,he meanders if he proceeds slowly and perhaps listlessly in an ever-changing course1 as if he were following the windings of the crooked ,phrygian river1 ,meander4 ,he promenades if he walks in a public place1 as for pleasure or display4 ,he prowls if he moves about softly and stealthily1 as in search of prey or booty4 ,he hobbles if he jerks along unevenly1 as from a stiff or crippled condition of body4 ,he limps if he walks lamely4 ,he perambulates when he walks through1 perhaps for observation or inspection4 7,perambulates is of course a learned word47 ,assignment for further discrimination3 sneak1 shamble1 amble1 wander1 stamp1 slouch1 gad1 gallivant1 glide1 hike4 ,sentences3 ,they down the lane in the moonlight4 ,rip ,van ,winkle loved to about the mountains4 ,the plowman homeward his weary way4 ,the old man down the street with his cane4 ,the excavators about the ruins in search of relics4 ,he about the room1 almost bursting with importance4 ,the nervous man up and down the station platform4 ,they along the beach at the sea resort4 ,the baby learned to when it was eleven months old4 ,the two of them about the field all day hunting rabbits4 ,a ghost1 so they tell me1 about the haunted house at midnight4 ,he carefully the plank that spans the abyss4 ,the baby toward us with outstretched arms4 ,the ,chinaman out of the back room of the laundry in his carpet slippers4 ,they caught glimpses of gaunt wolves about their campfire4 ,he was terrified when the giant into the room4 ,the fat lady down the aisle of the street car4 ,the sick man will a few steps each day until he is stronger4 ,a turkey cock about the barnyard4 ,a boy with a rag tied around his toe painfully down the street4 ,they reported to the police that a man had been about the place4 ,she held her skirts daintily and along as if she were walking on eggs4 ,the lovers along the banks of the stream4 ,he through the hall like a conqueror4 ,the children wore themselves out by through the snow to school4 ,we through the meadows1 often stooping to pick flowers as we went4 ,the soldiers into camp at nightfall4 ,laugh1 giggle1 snicker1 titter1 chuckle1 guffaw1 cachinnate4 ,what differences in human nature1 conditions1 and disposition are revealed by laughter6 ,if a person gives audible expression to mirth1 gayety1 or good-humor1 the simplest word to apply to what he does is laugh4 ,but suppose a girl1 with slight or insufficient provocation1 engages in silly or foolish though perhaps involuntary laughter4 ,we should say she giggles4 ,suppose a youngster is amused at an inappropriate moment and but partly suppresses his laughter2 or suppose he wilfully permits the breaking forth of just enough laughter to indicate disrespect4 ,he snickers4 ,suppose a person gives a little1 light laugh2 or more especially1 suppose a crowd gives such an one as the result of slight1 simultaneous amusement4 ,our word now is titters4 ,suppose we laugh low or gently or to ourselves4 ,we chuckle4 ,suppose some one laughs loudly1 boisterously1 even coarsely1 in a manner befitting a lumber camp rather than a drawing room4 ,that person guffaws4 ,suppose a man engages in explosive and immoderate laughter4 ,he cachinnates4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 chortle1 roar4 ,second assignment3 ,name all the words you can that designate inaudible laughter 7for example1 smile1 smirk1 grin74 ,sentences3 ,the rough fellow in the lecturer's face4 ,if you prick us1 do we not bleed8 if you tickle us1 do we not 8 ,he kept at the thought of the surprise he would give them4 ,the swain mistrustless of his smutted face1 ,while secret laughter round the place4 ,the ill-bred fellow was with strident1 violent1 irritating sounds4 ,the little dog to see such sport4 ,the audience when the speaker's glasses began to slip from his nose4 ,the girl kept in a way that embarrassed us both4 ,the small boy when the preacher's notes fluttered out of the ,bible to the floor4 ,the rude fellows at this evidence of my discomfiture4 ,he very kindly and told me not to feel any regrets4 ,the little maids tried to be polite1 but irrepressibly4 ,look1 glance1 gaze1 stare1 peer1 scan1 scrutinize1 gloat1 glare1 glower1 lower1 peek1 peep1 gape1 con1 pore1 ogle4 ,a person simply directs his eyes to see4 ,he looks4 ,but eyes may speak1 we are told1 and since this person undergoes many changes of mood and purpose1 we shall let his eyes tell us all they will about his different manners of looking4 ,at first he but looks momentarily 7as from lack of time7 or casually 7as from lack of interest74 ,he glances4 ,soon he makes a business of looking1 and fastens his eyes for a long time on something he admires or wonders at4 ,he gazes4 ,presently he looks with a blank1 perhaps a rude1 expression and with eyes opened widely2 he may be for the moment overcome with incomprehension1 surprise1 or fright1 or perhaps he wishes to be insolent4 ,he stares4 ,now he is looking narrowly or closely at something that he sees with difficulty4 ,he peers4 ,the next moment he looks over something with care or with an encompassing sweep of vision4 ,he scans it4 ,his interest thoroughly enlisted1 he looks at it carefully point by point to see that it is right in each detail4 ,he scrutinizes it4 ,he then alters his mood1 and looks with scornful or malignant satisfaction upon something he has conquered or has power over4 ,he gloats4 ,anger1 perhaps fierceness1 takes possession of him1 and he looks with piercing eyes4 ,he glares4 ,threat mingles with anger1 and in all likelihood he looks scowlingly or frowningly4 ,he glowers4 ,an added expression of sullenness or gloom comes into his look4 ,he lowers4 ,he throws off his dark spirit and looks slyly and playfully1 let us say through a small opening4 ,he peeks4 ,playfulness gives place to curiosity2 he looks quickly and furtively1 perhaps through some tiny aperture1 and probably at something he has no business to see4 ,he peeps4 ,the while he looks his mouth falls open1 as from stupidity or wonder4 ,he gapes4 ,he looks at something a long time to study it4 ,he cons or pores4 ,his study is not of the thing itself2 it is meditation or reverie4 ,he pores4 ,a member of the opposite sex is present2 he looks at her with the effort of a flirt to attract attention to himself1 or less scrupulous1 he directs toward her amorous or inviting glances4 ,he ogles4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 leer1 view1 survey1 inspect1 regard1 watch1 contemplate4 ,sentences3 ,the inspecting officer the men's equipment4 ,the student his lessons carefully4 ,at this unexpected proposal ,dobbett merely 4 ,jimmie at the fellow who had kicked the pup4 ,the inquisitive maid into all the the closets4 ,he over his fallen adversary4 ,the bookkeeper over his ledger4 ,in the darkened hallway he at the notices on the bulletin board4 ,the poet's eye1 in a fine frenzy rolling1 ,doth from heaven to earth1 from earth to heaven4 ,from the way her father the foolish1 young man should have known it was time to go4 ,he long and lovingly upon the scenes he was leaving4 ,the newcomer insolently at his host and the young ladies4 ,abandon1 desert1 forsake4 ,abandon denotes absolute giving up1 as from force of circumstances or shirking of responsibility4 ,desert refers to leaving or quitting in violation of obligation1 duty1 or oath4 ,forsake1 which may involve no culpability1 usually implies a breaking off of intimate association or attachment4 ,sentences3 ,the sailor his ship4 ,necessity compelled him to his friends in a time of sore trouble4 ,they hated to their old haunts4 ,a brave man never hope4 ,an unscrupulous man will his principles when it is to his advantage4 ,when my father and my mother me1 then the ,lord will take me up4 ,we our attempt to save the ship4 ,abase1 debase1 degrade1 humble1 humiliate1 disgrace4 ,to abase is to bring down so that the victim feels himself lowered in estate or external condition4 ,to debase is to produce a marked decline in actual worth or in moral quality4 ,to degrade is to lower in rank or status4 ,to humble is to lower in dignity or self-esteem1 or as used reflexively1 to restrain one's own pride2 the word often implies that the person has been over-proud or arrogant4 ,to humiliate is to deprive of self-esteem or to bring into ignominy4 ,to disgrace is to bring actual shame upon4 ,sentences3 ,they the guilty officer from captain to lieutenant4 ,a man should himself before ,god4 ,he had so himself that ,i no longer expected good of him4 ,his detection at cheating had him before the students4 ,by successive overlords they had been into a condition of serfdom4 ,the aristocratic old lady was by her loss of social position4 ,the conversion of so much bullion into money had the coinage4 ,answer1 reply1 response1 rejoinder1 retort1 repartee4 ,an interesting thing about the answer group is that the generic term has a somewhat strong rival in reply1 itself fairly inclusive4 ,we must therefore discriminate rather fully between answer and reply4 ,the former is a return in words to a question1 a communication1 or an argument4 ,the latter suggests a more or less formal answer1 as one carefully prepared or intelligently thought out4 ,we might give an answer offhand1 but are less likely to give a reply so4 ,we may give any kind of answer to a question1 but if we give a reply1 the implication is that we have answered it definitely1 perhaps satisfactorily4 ,on the other hand1 in controversial matters we may1 though we by no means always do1 imply a more conclusive meeting of objections through answer than through reply4 ,a response is an expected answer1 one in harmony with the question or assertion1 or in some way carrying the thought farther4 ,a rejoinder is a quick reply to something controversial or calling forth opposition4 ,a retort is a short1 sharp reply1 such as turns back censure or derision1 or as springs from anger4 ,a repartee is an immediate and witty reply1 perhaps to a remark of similar character which it is intended to surpass in cleverness4 ,sentences3 ,the detailed to our letter should reach us within a week4 ,the plays of ,oscar ,wilde abound in brilliant 4 ,the speaker's to the heckler was incisive and scathing4 ,my to that third question in the examination in history was incorrect4 ,the congregation read the in unison4 ,you have enumerated objections to my course2 here is their 4 ,this is no 1 thou unfeeling man1 to excuse the current of thy cruelty4 ,there was silence throughout the chamber as the old statesman rose to make his 4 ,to the tenderfoot's remark the guide mumbled an indifferent 4 ,our appeal for the sufferers elicited but a poor 4 ,ask1 inquire1 question1 interrogate1 interpellate1 query1 quiz1 catechize1 request1 beg1 solicit1 entreat1 beseech1 crave1 implore1 supplicate1 importune1 petition4 ,from the general tree of asking grow many branches1 different in size1 in the direction they take1 in the shades of meaning they cast4 ,what can we learn from a rapid scrutiny of each8 ,that to inquire is to ask for specific information4 ,that to question is to keep asking in order to obtain detailed or reluctantly given information4 ,that to interrogate is to question formally1 systematically1 or thoroughly4 ,that to interpellate is to question as of unchallenged right1 as in a deliberative body4 ,that to query is to bring a thing into question because of doubt as to its correctness or truth4 ,that to quiz is to question closely and persistently1 as from meddlesomeness1 opposition1 or curiosity4 ,that to catechize is to question in a minute1 perhaps impertinent1 manner in order to ascertain one's secrets or the amount of his knowledge or information4 ,that to request is to ask formally and politely4 ,that to beg is to ask for deferentially or humbly1 especially on the ground of pity4 ,that to solicit is to ask with urgency4 ,that to entreat is to ask with strong desire and moving appeal4 ,that to beseech is to ask earnestly as a boon or favor4 ,that to crave is to ask humbly and abjectly1 as though unworthy of receiving4 ,that to implore is to ask with fervor and intense earnestness4 ,that to supplicate is to ask with urgent or even desperate appeal4 7,both implore and supplicate imply humility1 as of a prayer to a superior being47 ,that to importune is to ask for persistently1 even wearyingly4 ,that to petition is to ask a superior1 usually in writing1 for some favor1 grant1 or right4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 plead1 pray4 ,sentences3 ,the leader of the minority the upholders of the measure sharply as to a secret understanding4 ,i you to keep your promise4 ,i shall that solution for the present4 ,the colonists ,great ,britain for a redress of grievances4 ,she the governor to grant her husband a pardon4 ,a child is naturally inquisitive and many questions4 ,i you to show mercy4 ,on bended knees he ,god's forgiveness4 ,i'm stopp'd by all the fools ,i meet ,and in every street4 ,the policeman the suspect closely4 ,the prosecuting attorney the witness4 ,we are funds to aid the famine-stricken people of ,india4 ,he me about your health4 ,you should at the office about the lost package4 ,she your presence at the party4 ,every one resents being 4 ,i you to care for the child after ,i am gone4 ,a fool can questions a wise man can't answer4 ,she annoyed them by constantly them for favors4 ,the reporter into the causes of the riot4 and it shall be given you4 ,i your pardon1 though ,i well know ,i do not deserve it4 ,the man me to give him some money for food4 ,burn1 scorch1 singe1 sear1 parch1 char1 incinerate1 cremate1 cauterize4 ,if you consume or injure something by bringing it in contact with fire or heat1 you burn it4 ,if you do not consume it but burn it superficially so as to change the texture or color of its surface1 you scorch it4 ,if you burn off ends or projections of it1 you singe it4 ,if you burn its surface to dryness or hardness1 you sear it4 ,if you dry or shrivel it with heat1 you parch it4 ,if through heat you reduce it to a state of charcoal1 or cinders1 you char it4 ,if you burn it to ashes1 you incinerate it4 7,this word is learned and but little used in ordinary discourse47 ,if you burn a dead body to ashes1 you cremate it4 ,if you burn or sear anything with a hot iron or a corrosive substance1 you cauterize it4 ,sentences3 ,the hired girl the cloth in ironing it4 ,by getting too close to the fire he the nap of his flannels4 ,the doctor at once the wound4 ,the cook had picked the chicken and now its down over the coals4 ,i used to grains of field corn on the cookstove1 while my mother prepared dinner4 ,shelley's body was on a funeral pyre4 ,the lecturer spoke of the time when the whole earth might be 4 ,the earth was and all growing things were by the intense summer heat4 ,busy1 industrious1 diligent1 assiduous1 sedulous4 ,from much of the talk that we hear nowadays it might be supposed that the earnest devotion of one's self to a task is a thing that has disappeared from the earth4 ,but a good many people are exhibiting this very devotion4 ,let us see in what different degrees4 ,the man who actively applies himself to something1 whether temporarily or habitually1 is busy4 ,the man who makes continued application to work a principle or habit of life1 is industrious4 ,the man who applies himself aggressively to the accomplishment of some specific undertaking or pursuit1 is diligent4 ,the man who quietly and determinedly sticks to a task until it is accomplished1 no matter what its difficulties or length1 is assiduous4 ,the man who makes steady and painstaking application to whatever he is about1 is sedulous4 ,sentences3 ,early in life he acquired habits4 ,by patient and study you may overcome those defects of your early education4 ,how doth the little bee improve each shining hour4 ,the manager gave such attention to details that he made few mistakes4 ,he is at present4 ,oh1 yes1 he is always 4 ,nowher so a man has he ther has1 ,and yet he seemed than he was4 ,concise1 terse1 succinct1 compendious1 compact1 sententious1 pithy1 laconic1 curt4 ,words descriptive of brief utterance are1 in nearly every instance1 in their origin figurative4 ,the brevity is brought out by comparison with something that is noticeably short or small4 ,let us examine the words of our list for their figurative qualities4 ,a concise statement is one that is cut down until a great deal is said in a few words4 ,a terse statement is rubbed off1 rid of unessentials4 ,a succinct statement has its important thoughts bound into small compass1 as by a girdle4 ,a compendious statement weighs together the various thoughts and aspects of a subject2 it shows by means of a few effective words just what these amount to1 gives a summary of them4 ,a compact statement has its units of thought fastened together into firmness of structure2 its brevity is well-knit4 ,a sententious statement gives feelings or opinions in a strikingly pointed or axiomatic way1 so that they can be easily grasped and remembered2 if sententious is unfavorably used1 the statement may be filled with paraded platitudes4 ,a pithy statement gives the very pith1 the heart of a matter2 it is sometimes slightly quaint1 always effective and arresting4 ,a laconic statement is made in the manner of the ,spartans1 who hated talk and used as few words as possible4 ,a curt statement is made short2 its abruptness is oftentimes more or less rude4 ,sentences3 ,a tale should be judicious1 clear1 1 the language plain1 and incidents well link'd4 ,charles ,lamb made the most criticism of ,spenser when he called him the poet's poet4 ,with a 1 disdainful answer she turned away4 ,the sermon was filled with sayings4 ,by omitting all irrelevant details1 he made his statement of the case 4 ,it requires great skill to give a statement of what such a treatise contains4 ,a proverb is a statement of a truth4 ,death1 decease1 demise4 ,men are as mindful of rank and pretension in their terms for the cessation of life as in their choice of tombstones for the departed4 ,death is the great1 democratic1 unspoilable word4 ,it is not too good for a clown or too poor for an emperor4 ,decease is a more formal word4 ,its employment is often legal--the death proves to be of sufficient importance for the law 7and the lawyers7 to take notice4 ,demise1 however1 is outwardly the most resplendent term of all4 ,it implies that the victim cut a wide swath even in death4 ,it is used of an illustrious person1 as a king1 who transmits his title to an heir4 ,ordinary people cannot afford a demise4 ,if the term is applied to their shuffling off of this mortal coil1 the use is euphemistic and likely to be stilted4 ,sentences3 ,the crown at the moment of must descend to the next heir4 is a fearful thing4 ,in their they were not divided4 ,at the of his father he inherited the estate4 ,each shall take ,his chamber in the silent halls of 4 ,many a time ,i have been half in love with easeful 4 ,early1 primitive1 primeval1 primordial1 primal1 pristine4 ,early is the simple word for that which was in1 or toward1 the beginning4 ,that is primitive which has the old-fashioned or simple qualities characteristic of the beginning4 ,that is primeval which is of the first or earliest ages4 ,that is primordial which is first in origin1 formation1 or development4 ,that is primal which is first or original4 7,the word is poetic47 ,that is pristine which has not been corrupted from its original state4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 aboriginal1 prehistoric4 ,sentences3 ,it was a hardy mountain folk that preserved the virtues4 ,the history of mankind is shrouded in uncertainty4 ,this is the forest 4 ,it hath the eldest curse upon 't1 ,a brother's murder4 ,a leaf is that which is immediately developed from the cotyledon4 ,as the explorers penetrated farther into the country1 they beheld all the beauties of nature4 ,some countries still use the method of plowing with a stick4 ,face1 countenance1 features1 visage1 physiognomy4 ,we hear some one say that he reads faces4 ,how8 ,through long study of them and what they indicate4 ,the human race as a whole has been reading faces through the centuries4 ,it has felt such need to label certain recurring aspects of them that it has invented the designating terms4 ,of these terms the simple1 inclusive one is of course face itself4 ,if1 however1 we are thinking of the face as its look or expression reveals thoughts1 emotions1 or state of mind1 our term is countenance4 ,if we are thinking of it as distinguished or individualized by the contour1 lines1 etc41 we speak of the features4 ,if we are thinking of its external appearance or aspect1 we call it the visage4 ,if1 finally1 we are thinking of it as indicative of mind1 disposition1 or fundamental character1 we say physiognomy4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 lineaments4 ,sentences3 ,his grotesque reminded one of a gargoyle4 ,it is said that the of persons living constantly together tend to become alike4 ,behind a frowning providence ,he hides a smiling 4 ,the teacher told the students to wash their every morning4 ,a more in sorrow than in anger4 ,the firm but kind of the old statesman shone happily at this ovation4 ,for now we see through a glass1 darkly2 but then to 4 ,she turned an eager up to me as she spoke4 ,one's is moulded by one's thoughts4 ,cosmetics injure the 4 ,his clear-cut impressed his employer4 ,financial1 monetary1 pecuniary1 fiscal4 ,financial is usually applied to money matters of considerable size or moment4 ,monetary applies to money1 coin1 or currency as such4 ,pecuniary refers to practical matters in which money is involved1 though not usually in large amounts4 ,fiscal refers especially to the time when money1 receipts1 and accounts are balanced or reckoned4 ,sentences3 ,a reward has been offered4 ,we gave the unfortunate man assistance4 ,the system of the country was sound4 ,it was ,hamilton who more than any one else shaped the policies of the new government4 ,experts audit the company's accounts at the end of the year4 ,the interests of the country were behind the bill4 ,flee1 abscond1 decamp4 ,to flee is to run away from what one would avoid1 as danger1 arrest1 or the like4 ,to abscond is to steal off secretly and hide one's self1 as from some disgraceful reason or to avoid arrest4 ,to decamp is to leave suddenly in great haste to get away2 the word is often used humorously4 ,sentences3 ,they went to have their money refunded1 but the swindler had 4 ,the bank teller after having squandered most of the deposits4 ,yes1 we were in proximity to a polecat1 and without further parley we 4 ,resist the devil1 and he will from you4 ,william ,wallace1 when pursued by the ,english1 into the ,highlands4 ,foretell1 predict1 prophesy1 forecast1 presage1 forebode1 portend1 augur1 prognosticate4 ,foretell is the general word for stating or perceiving beforehand that which will happen4 ,predict implies foretelling based on well-founded or precise knowledge4 ,prophesy often implies supernatural inspiration to foretell correctly4 ,the word is especially so used in connection with the ,scriptures2 but in the ,scriptures themselves it frequently expresses insight and admonition without the element of foretelling4 ,forecast involves a marked degree of conjecture4 ,presage usually means to give as a presentiment or warning4 ,forebode expresses an uncertain foreknowledge of vague impending evil4 ,portend indicates the likelihood that something will befall which is threatening or evil in its consequences4 ,augur means foretelling from omens4 ,prognosticate means foretelling through the study of signs or symptoms4 ,sentences3 ,for we know in part1 and we in part4 7,insert in the blank1 successively1 the terms just distinguished4 ,in each instance how is the meaning affected8 ,do any of the terms fail to make sense at all8 ,which term do you think the right one8 ,bearing in mind the distinctions we have made1 frame sentences of your own to embody the terms47 ,get1 acquire1 obtain1 procure1 attain1 gain1 win1 earn4 ,get1 the general term1 may be used of whatever one comes by whatsoever means to possess1 experience1 or realize4 ,to acquire is to get into more or less permanent possession1 either by some gradual process or by one's determined efforts4 ,to obtain is to get something desired by means of deliberate effort or request4 ,to procure is to get by definitely planned effort something which1 in most instances1 is of a temporary nature or the possession of which is temporary4 ,to attain is to get through striving that which one has set as a goal or end of his desire or ambition4 ,to gain is to get that which is advantageous4 ,to win is to get as the result of successful competition or the overcoming of opposition4 ,to earn is to get as a deserved reward for one's efforts or exertions4 ,sentences3 ,with such wages as those1 he can barely a living4 ,he a pardon by appealing to the governor4 ,the speaker his point by forcing his opponent to admit that the figures were misleading4 ,by buying in ,june ,i can a good overcoat at half price4 ,did you only seven thousand dollars for your house8 ,walpole believed in one's ends in the surest and easiest way possible4 ,it is illegal to money through false pretences4 ,a junior the prize in the oratorical contest4 ,kirk his advancement by taking a personal interest in the firm's welfare4 ,the painter a foreign accent while he was studying in ,paris4 ,he their gratitude by loyally serving them4 ,it was through sacrifices that he an education4 ,give1 bestow1 grant1 confer1 present4 ,we give that which we transfer from our own to another's possession or ownership1 usually without compensation4 ,we bestow that which we give gratuitously1 or of which the recipient stands in especial need4 ,we grant that which has been requested by one dependent upon us or inferior to us1 and which we give with some formality4 ,from a position of superiority we confer as a favor or honor that which we might withhold or deny4 ,we present that which is of importance or value and which we give ceremoniously4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 furnish1 supply1 impart4 ,sentences3 ,william the ,conqueror ,english estates upon his followers4 ,the rich man his wonderful art collection to the museum4 ,my application for a leave of absence has been 4 ,the ticket agent us complete information4 ,every year he alms upon the poor in that neighborhood4 ,the school board may an increase in the salaries of teachers4 ,many merchants premiums with the articles they sell4 ,the college an honorary degree upon the distinguished visitor4 ,the ,pilgrims thanks to ,god for their preservation4 ,not what we 1 but what we share4 ,haste1 celerity1 speed1 hurry1 expedition1 despatch4 ,what did ,john ,wesley mean by saying1 ,though ,i am always in haste1 ,i am never in a hurry8 ,does ,lord ,chesterfield's saying ,whoever is in a hurry shows that the thing he is about is too big for him help explain the distinction8 ,explain the distinction 7taking speed in the modern sense7 in the saying ,the more haste1 ever the worse speed4 ,the tidings were borne with the usual celerity of evil news4 ,give the well-known saying in four simple words that express the same idea4 ,which of the two statements is the more forceful8 ,which is the more literary8 ,why did ,prescott use the former in his ,ferdinand and ,isabella8 ,despatch1 says ,lord ,chesterfield1 is the soul of business4 ,what does despatch suggest about getting work done that haste or speed does not8 ,in which way would you prefer for your employee to go about his task--with haste1 with speed1 or with despatch8 ,with wingd expedition1 ,swift as the lightning glance1 he executes ,his errand on the wicked4 ,why is it that this use of expedition in ,milton's lines is apt8 ,would despatch have served as well8 ,if not1 why not8 ,hate1 detest1 abhor1 loathe1 abominate1 despise4 ,to hate involves deep or passionate dislike1 sometimes bred of ill-will4 ,to detest involves an intense1 vehement1 or deep-seated antipathy4 ,to abhor involves utter repugnance or aversion1 with an impulse to recoil4 ,to loathe involves disgust because of physical or moral offensiveness4 ,to abominate involves strong moral aversion1 as of that which is odious or wicked4 ,to despise is to dislike and look down upon as inferior4 ,sentences3 ,when he had explained his fell purpose1 ,i could only him4 ,who would not a slimy creature like ,uriah ,heep8 ,it is natural for us to our enemies4 ,she greasy food4 ,there suddenly in my pathway was the venomous reptile1 darting out its tongue2 oh1 ,i snakes6 ,a wholesome nature must such principles as these4 ,a child to kiss and make up4 ,the pampered young millionaire those who are simply honest and kind4 ,these daily practices of her associates she 4 ,healthful1 wholesome1 salutary1 salubrious1 sanitary1 hygienic4 7,with this group contrast the ,disease group below47 ,the words of this group are assuredly blessed4 ,every one of them has to do with the giving1 promotion1 or preservation of health4 ,but health is of various kinds1 and therefore the words apply differently4 ,healthful is the most inclusive of them2 it means that the thing it refers to is full of health for us4 ,wholesome also is a very broad term2 what is wholesome is good for us physically1 mentally1 or morally4 ,salutary is confined to that which affects for good our moral 7including civic and social7 welfare1 especially if it counteracts evil influences or propensities4 ,salubrious is confined to the physical2 it is used almost solely of healthful air or climate4 ,sanitary and hygienic apply to physical well-being as promoted by the eradication of the causes for sickness1 disease1 or the like2 sanitary1 however1 is used of measures and conditions affecting people in general1 whereas hygienic connects itself with personal habits4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 ,the word healthy is often confused with healthful4 ,you have already discriminated between these two terms1 but you should renew your knowledge of the distinction between them4 ,sentences3 ,colorado is noted for its air4 ,he offered the young people some advice4 ,a person should brush his teeth every day for reasons4 ,in spite of its horrors1 the ,french ,revolution has had a effect upon civilization4 ,damp1 low places do not have a climate4 ,cities in the middle ages were not 4 ,his is a very way of life4 ,my doctor recommends buttermilk as 4 ,heavy1 weighty1 burdensome1 onerous4 ,he knew that it was a responsibility4 7,insert the four words in the blank space in turn1 and analyze the differences in meaning thus produced47 ,liberal1 generous1 bountiful1 munificent4 ,he made a donation to the endowment fund4 7,insert the four words in the blank space in turn1 and analyze the differences in meaning47 ,masculine1 male1 manly1 manlike1 manful1 mannish1 virile4 ,a man's a man for a' that1 sang the poet4 ,so he is1 but not all the adjectives allusive to his state are equally complimentary4 ,masculine betokens the qualities and characteristics belonging to men4 ,male designates sex and is used of animals as well as human beings4 ,manly 7used of boys as well as men7 implies the possession of qualities worthy of a man1 as strength1 courage1 sincerity1 honesty1 independence1 or even tenderness4 ,manlike refers to qualities1 attributes1 or foibles characteristically masculine4 ,manful suggests the valor1 prowess1 or resolution properly belonging to men4 ,mannish 7a derogatory word7 indicates superficial or affected qualities of manhood1 especially when inappropriately possessed by a woman4 ,virile applies to the sturdy and intrepid qualities of mature manhood4 ,sentences3 ,the ,chinese especially prize children4 ,he was a little fellow4 ,she walked with a stride4 ,with courage he faced the crisis4 ,it was a defense of an unpopular cause4 strength is the complement of female grace4 ,the old sailor still retained the rugged and strength of a man much younger4 ,with bluntness he told her what he thought4 ,such gentleness is not weak2 it is 4 ,he made a struggle against odds4 ,his brow ,consents to death1 but conquers agony4 ,now isn't that assumption of omniscience 8 ,name1 appellation1 designation1 denomination1 title1 alias4 ,a name is the word or words by which a person or thing is called or known4 ,if the name be descriptive or characterizing1 even though in a fanciful way1 it is an appellation4 ,if it particularizes an individual through reference to distinctive quality or nature1 perhaps without employing any word the individual is usually known by1 it is a designation4 ,if it specifies a class1 especially a religious sect or a kind of coin1 it is a denomination4 ,if it is an official or honorary description of rank1 office1 place within a profession1 or the like1 it is a title4 ,if it is assumed1 as to conceal identity1 it is an alias4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 cognomen1 patronymic1 nom de plume1 pseudonym4 ,sentences3 ,yes1 it is a five-dollar gold piece1 though one doesn't often see a coin of that nowadays4 ,the ,little ,corporal is the applied to ,napoleon by his soldiers4 ,the eldest son of the king of ,england bears the of the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the government issues stamps in various 4 ,that loafer was his contemptuous of the man who could not find work4 ,duke is the highest of nobility in ,england4 ,the crook was known to the police under many 4 ,at the battle of ,bull ,run ,jackson received the ,stonewall4 ,what's in an 8 that which we call a rose ,by any other would smell as sweet4 ,the head of the ,american government bears the of ,president4 ,the ,mist of ,spring was the little ,indian maiden's 4 ,his was ,thornberg4 ,old1 ancient1 olden1 antique1 antiquated1 archaic1 obsolete1 venerable1 immemorial1 elderly1 aged1 hoary1 decrepit1 senile1 superannuated4 ,we reserve the right to judge for ourselves when told that something-- especially a joke--is the very latest4 ,so may we likewise discriminate among degrees of age4 ,old is applied to a person or thing that has existed for a long time or that existed in the distant past4 ,the word may suggest a familiarity or sentiment not found in ancient1 which is used of that which lived or happened in the remote past1 or has come down from it4 ,olden applies almost wholly to time long past4 ,antique is the term for that which has come down from ancient times or is made in imitation of the style of ancient times1 whereas antiquated is the term for that which has gone out of style or fashion4 ,archaic and obsolete refer to words1 customs1 or the like1 the former to such as savor of an earlier period though they are not yet completely out of use1 the latter to such as have passed out of use altogether4 ,immemorial implies that a thing is so old that it is beyond the time of memory or record4 ,elderly is applied to persons who are between middle age and old age4 ,aged is used of one who has lived for an unusually long time4 ,hoary refers to age as revealed by white hair4 ,venerable suggests the reverence to be paid to the dignity1 goodness1 or wisdom of old age4 ,decrepit conveys a sense of the physical infirmities and weakness which attend old age2 senile of the lessening powers of both body and mind that result from old age4 ,superannuated is applied to a person who on account of old age has been declared incapable of continuing his activities4 ,sentences3 ,he liked to read romances of the days4 ,dana records that he once saw a man so that he had to raise his eyelids with his fingers4 ,many writers use words to give quaintness to their work4 ,he liked to sit around in his clothes4 ,the moping owl does to the moon complain ,of such as1 wandering near her secret bower1 ,molest her solitary reign4 ,some of these sequoia trees were old before the white man discovered this continent4 ,they are building the church in the ,roman style of architecture4 ,be not 444 the last to lay the aside4 ,many of ,chaucer's words1 being 1 cannot possibly be understood without a glossary4 ,most churches now have funds for ministers4 ,a man is as as he feels2 a woman is as as she looks4 ,the old man could scarcely hobble across the room4 ,what better proof that he is do you ask than that he babbles constantly about what happened when he was young8 ,i am a very foolish fond man1 ,fourscore and upward4 ,they revered the locks of the old hero4 ,at sixty a man is considered an person4 ,that the earth is flat is an idea4 ,the young warriors listened respectfully to the chief's advice4 ,they unearthed an vase4 wood best to burn1 wine to drink1 friends to trust1 and authors to read4 ,his favorite study was history4 ,grow along with me4 ,the most heavens1 through thee1 are fresh and strong4 ,pay1 compensate1 recompense1 remunerate1 requite1 reimburse1 indemnify4 ,most men are willing to receive what is due them4 ,they might even be persuaded to receive a bit more4 ,why should they not be as scrupulous to receive what they are entitled to in the medium of language as of money8 ,sometimes they are4 ,offering to pay some people instead of to compensate them is like offering a tip to the wrong person4 ,why8 ,because there is a social implication in compensate which is not contained in pay4 ,to pay is simply to give what is due1 as in wages 7or even salary71 price1 or the like4 ,to compensate is to make suitable return for service rendered4 ,does compensate not sound the more soothing8 ,but save in exceptional circumstances the downrightness of pay has no hint of vulgarity4 ,to recompense is to make a return1 especially if it is not monetary1 for work1 pains1 trouble1 losses1 or suffering2 or some quality or blessing 7as affection or happiness7 may be said to recompense one4 ,to remunerate is to disburse a large amount to a person1 or to give it to him as a reward1 or otherwise to make him a return in a matter of importance4 ,to requite is to put a just value upon one's work1 deeds1 or merit and to make payment strictly in accordance with his deserts4 ,to reimburse is to make good what some one has spent for you4 ,to indemnify is to secure some one against loss or to make restitution for damages he has sustained4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 disburse1 reward4 ,sentences3 ,let us him for his efforts in our behalf4 ,let us their kindness with kindness1 their cruelty with cruelty4 ,to them adequately for such patriotic sacrifices is of course impossible4 ,the government demanded that it be for the injury to its citizens4 ,i shall you for all sums expended4 ,he the bill by a check4 ,the success of her children a mother for her sacrifices for them4 ,wages are to laborers2 salaries are to judges4 ,proud1 arrogant1 presumptuous1 haughty1 supercilious1 insolent1 insulting4 ,most persons feel in their hearts that their claims and merits are superior to those of other people4 ,but they do not like for you1 in describing them1 to imply that their self-appraisal is too high4 ,comparisons are odious1 and therefore in comparing their fancied with their real selves you must choose your terms carefully4 ,of the words that suggest an exaggerated estimate of one's merits or privileges the broadest1 as well as the least offensive1 is proud4 ,in fact this word need not carry the idea of exaggeration4 ,a proud man may but hold himself in justifiable esteem1 or wish to measure up to the demands of his station or to the expectations of others4 ,on the other hand1 he may overvalue his attainments1 possessions1 connections1 etc4 ,to say that the man is arrogant means that he combines with pride a contempt for others1 that he claims for himself greater attention1 consideration1 or respect than he is entitled to4 ,to say that he is presumptuous makes him an inferior 7or at least not a superior7 who claims privileges or takes liberties improperly4 ,to say that he is haughty means that he assumes a disdainful superiority to others1 especially through fancied or actual advantage over them in birth or social position4 ,to say that he is supercilious means that he maintains toward others an attitude of lofty indifference or sneering contempt4 ,to say that he is insolent means that he is purposely and perhaps coarsely disrespectful toward others1 especially toward his superiors4 ,to say that he is insulting means that he gives or offers personal affront1 probably in scornful or disdainful speech4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 scornful1 imperious1 contumelious1 impudent1 impertinent4 ,sentences3 ,he was in replying to the questions4 ,she paid no attention to his words1 but kept looking at him with an smile4 ,he was in acting as if he were their equal4 ,the hot-tempered fellow answered this remark with a blow4 ,she resented his presuming to speak to her1 and turned away in an manner4 ,the servant was to her mistress4 ,are you not very of your family connections8 ,the old man was so that he expected people to raise their hats to him and not to sit down till he gave permission4 ,punish1 chastise1 chasten4 ,to punish a person is to inflict pain or penalty upon him as a retribution for wrong-doing4 ,there may be1 usually is1 no intention to improve the offender4 ,to chastise him is to inflict deserved corporal punishment upon him for corrective purposes4 ,to chasten him is to afflict him with trouble for his reformation or spiritual betterment4 ,the word is normally employed in connection with such affliction from ,god4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 castigate1 scourge4 ,sentences3 ,hearing oftentimes ,the still1 sad music of humanity1 ,nor harsh nor grating1 though of ample power ,to and subdue4 ,ichabod ,crane freely used his ferule in his pupils4 ,whom the ,lord loveth he 4 ,a naughty child should be 4 ,rich1 wealthy1 affluent1 opulent4 ,it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle1 than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of ,god4 ,substitute wealthy for rich4 ,is the meaning exactly the same8 ,is ,goldsmith's description of the village preacher--passing rich with forty pounds a year--as effective if wealthy is substituted8 ,what is the difference between riches and wealth8 ,which implies the greater degree of possession1 which the more permanence and stability8 ,which word suggests the more personal relationship with money8 ,which word the more definitely denotes money or its immediate equivalent8 ,why do we say get-rich-quick schemes rather than get-wealthy-quick schemes8 ,what besides the possession of wealth does affluent suggest8 ,could we say that a rich miser lives in affluence8 ,if not1 why not8 ,a poor clerk who has ten dollars to spend as he pleases may feel affluent4 ,a rich banker may be a man of affluence in his town4 ,what power does this suggest that he has besides the possession of a great deal of money8 ,explain all that ,swift implies by the word opulence in the quotation ,there in full opulence a banker dwelt1 ,who all the joys and pangs of riches felt4 ,if you substitute affluence1 what different impression do you get8 ,rural1 rustic1 pastoral1 bucolic4 ,the rural inhabitants of a country4 ,are the people being spoken of favorably1 unfavorably1 or neutrally8 ,how would the meaning be affected if they were called rustic inhabitants8 ,would you ordinarily speak of the rural or the rustic population to distinguish it from the urban8 ,would you speak of rural or rustic activities8 rural or rustic manners8 ,when the two adjectives may be employed1 is one of them unflattering8 ,is a rustic bridge something to be ashamed of8 a rustic chair8 a rustic gate8 ,what1 then1 is the degree of reproach that attaches to each of the two adjectives8 the degree of commendation8 ,wherein do pastoral scenes differ from rural8 pastoral amusements from rustic8 ,can you trace a connection between the pastor of a church and a pastoral life8 ,do you often hear the word bucolic8 ,in what mood is it oftenest uttered8 ,which of the four adjectives best fits into ,goldsmith's dignified lament3 ,and mirth and manners are no more8 ,silent1 reserved1 uncommunicative1 reticent1 taciturn4 7,this group may be contrasted with the ,talkative group1 below47 ,we pass through a crowded room and notice that some of its occupants are not adding their voices to the chatter4 ,we resolve to study these unspeaking persons4 ,some of them merely have nothing to say1 or are timid or preoccupied2 or it may be they deliberately have set themselves not to talk4 ,these are silent4 ,some plainly desire not to talk1 it may be in general or it may be upon some particular topic2 they may 7but need not7 regard themselves as superior to their associates1 or for some other reason let aloofness or coldness creep into their manner4 ,these are reserved4 ,others withhold information that persons about them are1 or would be1 interested in4 ,these are uncommunicative4 ,others maintain their own counsel2 they neglect opportunities to reveal their thoughts1 plans1 and the like4 ,these are reticent4 ,others are disinclined--and habitually1 we perceive--to talking4 ,these are taciturn4 ,sentences3 ,the prisoner evaded all questions4 ,he was as as nature itself2 he never gave his views upon any subject4 ,he was about the firm's affairs1 especially toward persons who seemed inquisitive4 ,we knew there had been a love affair in his life1 but he was on the subject4 ,she sat throughout the discussion4 ,if to be is golden1 ,lucas should have been a billionaire4 ,sing1 chant1 carol1 warble1 troll1 yodel1 croon1 hum1 chirp1 chirrup4 ,you hear a concord of sweet sounds1 not instrumental but vocal1 and wish to tell me so4 ,you say that some person sings4 ,then you recall that ,i am something of an expert in music1 and you cast about for the word that shall state specifically the kind of singing that is being done4 ,does the person sing solemnly in a more or less uniform tone8 ,you tell me that he chants4 ,does he sing gladly1 spontaneously1 high-spiritedly1 as if his heart were pouring over with joy8 ,you say that he carols4 ,does he sing with vibratory notes and little runs1 as in bird-music8 ,you say that he warbles4 ,does he sing loudly and freely8 ,you say that he trolls4 ,does he sing with peculiar modulations from the regular into a falsetto voice8 ,you say that he yodels4 ,does he sing a simple1 perhaps tender1 song in a low tone 7as a lullaby to an infant78 ,you say that he croons4 ,does he sing with his lips closed8 ,you say that he hums4 ,does he utter the short1 perhaps sharp1 notes of certain birds and insects8 ,you say that he chirps or chirrups4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 trill1 pipe1 quaver1 peep1 cheep1 twitter4 ,sentences3 ,a cricket in the grass outside the door4 ,he abstractedly gazed out of the window and a few strains of an old song4 ,listen1 they are the ,te ,deum4 ,and still dost soar1 and soaring ever 4 ,a strange1 uncanny blending of false and true notes it is when the ,swiss mountaineers are 4 ,negroes1 as a race1 love to 4 ,as she soothes the child to sleep she a rock-a-bye-baby4 ,suave1 bland1 unctuous1 fulsome1 smug4 ,suave implies agreeable persuasiveness or smooth urbanity4 ,bland suggests a soothing or coaxing kindness of manner1 one that is sometimes lacking in sincerity4 ,unctuous implies excessive smoothness1 as though one's manner were oiled4 ,the word carries a decided suggestion of hypocrisy4 ,fulsome suggests such gross flattery as to be annoying or cloying4 ,smug suggests an effeminate self-satisfaction1 usually not justified by merit or achievement4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 complaisant1 elegant1 trim1 dapper1 spruce1 genteel1 urbane1 well-bred1 gracious1 affable1 benign4 ,sentences3 ,he thought his answer exceedingly brilliant and settled back into his chair with complacency4 the smile that like a wrinkling wind ,on glassy water drove his cheek in lines4 ,they were irritated by his praise4 ,although he disliked them1 he greeted them with cordiality4 ,a bankrupt1 a prodigal1 444 that used to come so upon the mart2 let him look to his bond4 as a diplomat4 ,talkative1 loquacious1 garrulous1 fluent1 voluble1 glib4 7,this group may be contrasted with the ,silent group1 above47 ,a little while ago you were in a crowded room and made a study of the persons disposed to silence4 ,but your study was carried on under difficulties1 for many of those about you showed a tendency to copious or excessive speech4 ,one woman entered readily into conversation with you and convinced you that her natural disposition was to converse a great deal4 ,she was talkative4 ,from her you escaped to a man who soon proved that he talked too much and could run on with an incessant flow of words1 perhaps employing many of them where a few would have sufficed4 ,he was loquacious4 ,the two of you were joined by an old gentleman who forthwith began to talk wordily1 tediously1 continuously1 with needless repetitions and in tiresome detail2 you suspected that he had suffered a mental decline from age1 and that he might be excessively fond1 in season and out of season1 of talking about himself and his opinions4 ,he was garrulous4 ,you broke away from these two and fell into the hands of a much more agreeable interlocutor4 ,he talked with a ready1 easy command of words1 so that his discourse flowed smoothly4 ,he was fluent4 ,he introduced you to a lady whose speech possessed smoothness and ease in too great degree2 it fairly rolled along1 as a hoop does downhill4 ,the lady was voluble4 ,into your triangular group broke a newcomer whose speech had in it a flippant1 or at least a superficially clever1 fluency4 ,he was glib4 ,leaving these three to fight 7or talk7 it out as best they might1 you grabbed your hat and hurried outside for a fresh whiff of air4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 chattering1 long-winded1 prolix1 wordy1 verbose4 ,sentences3 ,the insurance agent was so a talker that ,i was soothed into sleepiness by his voice4 ,the old man could talk forever about the happenings of his boyhood4 ,through descriptions of life in the city the dapper summer boarder entranced the simple country girl4 ,i met a fellow on the train1 and we had a long conversation4 ,she was so that ,i spent half the afternoon with her and learned nothing4 ,weak1 debilitated1 feeble1 infirm1 decrepit1 impotent4 ,weak is the general word for that which is deficient in strength4 ,debilitated is used of physical weakness1 in most instances brought on by excesses and abuses4 ,feeble denotes decided or extreme weakness1 which may excite pity or contempt4 ,infirm is applied to a person whose weakness or feebleness is due to age4 ,decrepit is used in reference to a person broken down or worn out by infirmities1 age1 or sickness4 ,impotent implies such loss or lack of strength or vitality as to render ineffective or helpless4 ,assignment for further discrimination3 enervated1 languid1 frail4 ,sentences3 ,here ,i stand1 your slave1 ,a poor1 1 weak1 and despis'd old man4 ,an old man shuffled along with the aid of a cane4 ,though still in his youth1 he was from intemperance and fast living4 ,a fellow who does that has an mind4 ,he staggered about trying to strike his opponent1 but rage and his wound rendered him for the time 4 ,the grasp of the old man was so that the cup trembled in his hand4 ,like rich hangings in a homely house1 ,so was his will in his old body4 ,after his long illness he was as as a child4 ,he made but an attempt to defend himself4 ,wise1 learned1 erudite1 sagacious1 sapient1 sage1 judicious1 prudent1 provident1 discreet4 7,compare the distinction between knowledge and wisdom under ,words ,often ,confused above47 ,wise implies sound and discriminating judgment1 resulting from either learning or experience4 ,learned denotes the past acquisition of much information through study4 ,erudite means characterized by extensive or profound knowledge4 ,sagacious implies far-sighted judgment and intuitive discernment1 especially in practical matters4 ,sapient is now of infrequent use except as applied ironically or playfully to one having or professing wisdom4 ,sage implies deep wisdom that comes from age or experience4 ,judicious denotes sound judgment or careful discretion in weighing a matter with reference to its merits or its consequences4 ,prudent conveys a sense of cautious foresight in judging the future and planning for it upon the basis of the circumstances at hand4 ,provident suggests practical foresight and careful economy in preparing for future needs4 ,discreet denotes care or painstakingness in doing or saying the right thing at the right time1 and the avoidance thereby of errors or unpleasant results4 ,sentences3 ,against the time when his children would be going to college he had been 4 ,most judge6 ,the old warrior could not be deceived by any such ruse4 ,be ye therefore as as serpents1 and harmless as doves4 ,the advice of his elders was wasted on him4 ,the course was 1 not rash4 ,he was in avoiding all reference to the subject4 ,type of the 1 who soar but never roam1 ,true to the kindred points of heaven and home4 ,even by those scholars1 those specialists1 he was deemed 4 ,how the young man is6 ,where ignorance is bliss1 ',tis folly to be 4 ,is it to spend money thus lavishly8 ,he considered the matter well and gave a most answer4 ,to spend every cent of one's income is surely not to be 4 ,work1 labor1 toil1 drudgery4 ,all of us1 at times anyhow1 get out of as much work as we can4 ,we even use the word work and its synonyms loosely and indolently4 ,perhaps this is a literary aspect of the labor problem4 ,if1 however1 we can shake off our sluggishness and exert ourselves in discriminating our terms1 we shall use work as a general word for effort1 physical or mental1 to some purposive end2 labor for hard1 physical work2 toil for wearying or exhaustive work2 and drudgery for tedious1 monotonous1 or distasteful work1 especially of a low or menial kind4 ,sentences3 ,it required the of thousands of men to complete the tunnel4 ,to be condemned to the galleys meant a life of unending 4 ,the man who enjoys his will succeed4 ,twenty years of incessant had extinguished in him every spark of ambition4 ,he was weary after the of the day4 ,all and no play makes ,jack a dull boy4 ,through the heart-breaking of thousands the pyramids were built to commemorate a few4 ,he was sentenced to hard 4 ,,viii ,,synonyms ,,in ,,larger ,,groups 7#b7 ,you have now seen enough of the method of discriminating synonyms to take more of the responsibility for such work upon yourself4 ,in this chapter1 therefore1 the plan followed in ,exercise ,a is abandoned and no discriminations are supplied you4 ,,exercise ,b ,for some of the generic words in ,exercise ,a you will find antonyms in ,exercise ,c4 ,here is a list3 ,in ,exercise ,a3 walk1 laugh1 busy1 hate1 masculine1 old ,in ,exercise ,c3 run1 cry1 idle1 love1 feminine1 young4 ,now each of the generic terms in ,c is followed by a list of its synonyms4 ,but for the six generic terms just given let us see how many synonyms you can find for yourself4 ,simply study each word in turn1 think of all the synonyms for it you can summon1 strike out those you consider far-fetched4 ,then compare your list with the list under the antonym in ,exercise ,a2 if possible1 improve your list by means of this comparison4 ,finally1 compare your revised list with the list in ,exercise ,c4 ,in ,exercise ,c are two generic terms that carry the same idea 7but not in the same part of speech7 as generic terms in ,exercise ,a4 ,they are as follows3 ,in ,exercise ,a3 sing1 death ,in ,exercise ,c3 song1 die4 ,take song and die4 ,first1 find all the satisfactory synonyms you can for yourself4 ,then if possible improve your list by studying the list under the corresponding word in ,exercise ,a4 ,finally1 compare your revised list with the one in ,exercise ,c4 ,,exercise ,c ,after three introductory groups 7dealing with thoroughly concrete ideas and words7 the synonyms in this exercise are arranged alphabetically according to the first word in each group4 ,discriminate the words in each group1 and fill each blank in the illustrative sentences with the word that conveys the meaning exactly4 ,see1 perceive1 descry1 distinguish1 espy1 discern1 note1 notice1 watch1 observe1 witness1 behold1 view4 ,sentences3 ,the intruder he in the early dawn-light might have been man or beast2 he could not have one from the other4 ,after a long search ,i on the map the name of the town4 ,the teacher the throwing of the paper wad1 but thought best not to it4 ,he that hath eyes to 1 let him 4 ,i the encounter4 ,i hope to my ,pilot face to face ,when ,i have crossed the bar4 ,when my eyes turn to for the last time the sun in heaven4 ,i sat by the flower and the bee plunder it4 ,the scrawl on the paper was meaningless1 but at length by close attention he secret writing4 ,your young men shall visions1 and your old men shall dream dreams4 ,he had human nature manifesting itself under various conditions4 ,kill1 slay1 slaughter1 massacre1 butcher1 murder1 assassinate1 execute1 hang1 electrocute1 guillotine1 lynch1 despatch1 decimate1 crucify4 ,sentences3 ,with the jawbone of an ass ,samson a thousand of his enemies4 ,it was his duty as sheriff to the criminal1 and the method decreed by the state was that he should him4 ,previously the method of carrying out a sentence of death had been to the criminal4 ,on our left wing we lost one man in ten3 thus our lines were literally ,on our right wing1 where we advanced to the attack in the open1 our men were simply 4 ,after the garrison had laid down its arms the ,indians men1 women1 and children4 ,i would not thy soul4 ,during the ,french ,revolution many of the nobility were 4 ,in the country late fall is the time to hogs4 ,thinking that his accomplice was no longer of use1 he quietly him4 ,the anarchist who had the governor was taken by a mob and 4 ,sleep1 slumber1 repose1 nap1 doze1 drowze1 lethargy1 dormancy1 coma1 trance1 siesta4 ,sentences3 ,since he had not exerted himself beforehand1 his state was one of rather than one of 4 ,the sultry heat of the day put him into a 4 ,not poppy1 nor mandragora1 ,nor all the syrops of the world1 ,shall ever medicine thee to that sweet ,which thou ownedst yesterday4 ,light and pleasant be thy 4 ,and still she slept an azure-lidded 4 ,from the induced by his injury the physicians were unable to arouse him4 ,oh 6 it is a gentle thing1 ,beloved from pole to pole6 ,the poppied warmth of oppress'd ,her soothd limbs1 and soul fatigued away4 ,in ,spanish-speaking ,south ,american countries every one expects to take his 4 ,he lay down under the tree for a short and had just fallen into a preliminary when the picnic party arrived4 ,macbeth does murder 1 the innocent 1 that knits up the ravel'd sleave of care4 ,abolish1 repeal1 rescind1 revoke1 abrogate1 annul1 nullify1 cancel1 reverse4 ,sentences3 ,a declaration of war would of course the treaty4 ,the legislature has the right to old laws as well as to enact new ones4 ,because they left his grounds littered with paper1 he their privilege of holding picnics there4 ,the king the decree that the conspirators should be exiled4 ,slavery was by the ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,the emperor many of the ancient rights of the people4 ,they the mortgage when he paid the money4 ,the violation of these provisions has the contract4 ,it was an ill day for ,france when the ,edict of ,nantes was by ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the ,supreme ,court the decision of the lower tribunal4 ,the ,mormons have officially polygamy4 ,the codicil some of the earlier provisions in his will4 ,acquit1 exculpate1 exonerate1 absolve4 ,sentences3 ,he himself from all blame4 ,the king them from their allegiance4 ,the teacher the student who had been suspected of theft4 ,the father confessor the penitent4 ,the jury the man on the first ballot4 ,afraid1 fearful1 frightened1 alarmed1 scared1 aghast1 terrified1 timid1 timorous4 7,this group may be compared with the ,fear group1 below47 ,sentences3 ,one child was too to speak to the strangers2 the other too to do anything but squall4 ,if ,caesar hide himself1 shall they not whisper ',lo1 ,caesar is '8 ,any one might have been by this noise in a room said to be haunted2 and for my part1 ,i stood 4 ,allay1 alleviate1 mitigate1 assuage1 mollify1 relieve4 ,sentences3 ,the judge the severity of the punishment4 ,they collected funds to the sufferings of the poor4 ,he could not the wrath of the angry man4 ,shall we try to their fears by telling them the accident may have been less calamitous than they have heard8 ,a mustard plaster the pain4 ,the grief of the mother was by the presence of her child4 ,this experience had by no means his temper4 ,allow1 permit1 suffer1 tolerate4 ,sentences3 ,visitors are not to see the king4 ,the over-running of my yard by the neighbors' chickens is a nuisance ,i shall not 4 little children to come unto me4 ,the use of bicycles and velocipedes on the pavement1 though not by the city1 is good-naturedly by most of the citizens4 ,she her children to play in the street4 ,ascribe1 attribute1 impute4 ,sentences3 ,i my failure to poor judgment4 ,he sinister motives for their actions4 ,so many ideal characteristics have been to ,washington that it is difficult to think of him as a man4 ,awkward1 clumsy1 ungainly1 gawky1 lanky4 ,sentences3 ,an elephant is in its movements4 ,some countrymen hung around the circus entrance4 ,he was tall and 2 he seemed to be a mere prop on which clothes were hung4 ,isn't that man in his carriage8 ,the fingers of the ball-players might as well have been thumbs1 so were they from the cold4 ,girls throw a ball in an manner4 ,bite1 nibble1 gnaw1 chew1 masticate1 champ4 ,sentences3 ,fletcher taught people to their food well4 ,the mouse the cheese1 but the trap did not spring4 ,a horse his bits4 ,when ,i into the apple1 ,i found that it was sour4 ,the rat a hole through the board4 ,break1 crack1 fracture1 sever1 rend1 burst1 smash1 shatter1 shiver1 splinter1 sunder1 rive1 crush1 batter1 demolish1 rupture4 7,after discriminating these terms for yourself1 see the treatment of break1 fracture under ,break1 fracture above under ,parallels47 ,sentences3 my timbers6 the old salt exclaimed4 ,the anaconda is an immense serpent that wraps itself about its victim and it4 ,the child blew the soap bubble wider and wider till it 4 ,you may 1 you may the vase if you will4 ,looking closely at the eggs1 she perceived that one of them was 4 ,with a board the thoughtless child the anthill4 ,during a violent fit of coughing he a blood vessel4 ,the thick cloud was and the sunshine streamed through4 ,careful1 cautious1 wary1 circumspect1 canny4 ,sentences3 ,a mouse must be lest it be caught in a trap4 ,he had learned to be in advancing his radical opinions4 ,the man was a ,scot and therefore 4 ,with a movement ,i opened the door to investigate the strange noise4 ,he was in checking up the accounts4 ,be extremely in your behavior1 for they are watching to criticize you4 ,condescend1 deign1 vouchsafe4 ,sentences3 ,the king them safe conduct through the country4 ,he would not to touch the money that had been gained dishonestly4 ,his manner irritated them4 ,the master to hear the complaints of the servants4 ,confirm1 corroborate1 substantiate1 verify4 ,sentences3 ,he the charge with positive proof4 ,the finding of ,desdemona's handkerchief ,othello's belief that she was guilty4 ,the other witnesses his testimony4 ,the doctor the appointment his assistant had made for him4 ,he his results by repeating the experiment a number of times4 ,courage1 bravery1 resolution1 dauntlessness1 gallantry1 boldness1 intrepidity1 daring1 valor1 prowess1 fortitude1 heroism4 7,with this group contrast the ,fear group1 below47 ,sentences3 ,it seemed they must be driven from their works but they held to them with the utmost 4 ,he had the to fight an aggressive battle1 but not the to stand for long days upon the defensive2 less still did he have the to disregard unjust criticism4 ,the silent of the women who bide at home surpasses the the warriors who engage in battle4 ,he had the dashing of a cavalry officer4 ,cruel1 brutal1 ferocious1 fierce1 savage1 barbarous1 truculent1 merciless1 unmerciful1 pitiless1 ruthless1 fell4 7,with this group contrast the ,kind group1 below47 ,sentences3 ,but with the whiff and wind of his sword ,the unnerved father falls4 ,poor naked wretches1 wheresoe'er you are1 ,that bide the pelting of this storm4 ,the fellow could cause suffering to a child without the least tinge of remorse4 ,such conduct is unheard of in civilized communities2 it is 1 it is 4 ,i must be only to be kind4 ,cry1 weep1 sob1 snivel1 whimper1 blubber1 bawl1 squall1 howl1 wail4 ,sentences3 no more1 woeful shepherds2 no more4 ,the woman covered her face with her hands and 1 while the children 4 ,he a forced regret at the death of his uncle1 and asked that the will be read1 ,rachel for her children4 ,rejoice with them that do rejoice1 and with them that 4 ,i could lie down like a tired child ,and away this life of care ,which ,i have borne and yet must bear4 ,an infant in the night4 ,what's ,hecuba to him or he to ,hecuba ,that he should for her8 ,i was disgusted at the sight of that overgrown boy standing in the corner 4 ,you think ,i'll 2 ,no1 ,i'll not 3 ,i have full cause of 1 but this heart ,shall break into a hundred thousand flaws ,or ere ,i'll 4 ,cut1 cleave1 hack1 haggle1 notch1 slash1 gash1 split1 chop1 hew1 lop1 prune1 reap1 mow1 clip1 shear1 trim1 dock1 crop1 shave1 whittle1 slice1 slit1 score1 lance1 carve1 bisect1 dissect1 amputate1 detruncate1 syncopate4 ,sentences3 ,i'll around your heart with my razor1 ,and shoot you with my shotgun too4 ,o ,hamlet6 thou hast my heart in twain4 ,by the pressure of his hands he could an apple4 ,with his new hatchet ,george began at the cherry tree4 ,he carelessly off a branch or two4 ,the horses were the rank grass4 ,an old form of punishment was to the nose of the offender4 ,the nobleman ordered the groom to the tails of the carriage horses4 ,you should your meadows in the summer and your grapevines in the late fall or early winter4 ,do you1 asked the barber1 wish your hair or 8 to the line4 ,it is painful to see ,dodwell trying to a turkey4 ,in geometry we learned to angles1 in biology to cats4 ,the bad man in the ,west his gunstock each time he shot a tenderfoot4 ,betty1 will you this cucumber8 ',mark's way1' said ,mark1 and him thro' the brain4 ,deadly1 mortal1 fatal1 lethal4 ,sentences3 ,he has a disease4 ,the spirit of ,virgil guided ,dante through the shades4 ,cyanide of potassium is a poison4 ,he struck a blow4 ,defeat1 subdue1 conquer1 overcome1 vanquish1 subjugate1 suppress4 ,sentences3 ,napoleon his enemies in many battles1 but he was not able to them4 ,the new governor general the uprising4 ,he was in the election4 ,caesar many countries and made them swear allegiance to ,rome4 ,who by force ,hath but half his foe4 ,the militia the rioters4 ,deny1 contravene1 controvert1 refute1 confute4 ,sentences3 ,he produced evidence to the charge4 ,they could not the facts we presented4 ,it is difficult to those who are spreading these rumors1 yet all right-minded people think the rumors false4 ,i put thee now to thy book-oath2 it if thou canst4 ,either admit or the truth of this allegation4 ,such a law the first principles of justice4 ,destroy1 demolish1 raze1 annihilate1 exterminate1 eradicate1 extirpate1 obliterate4 ,sentences3 ,all the ferocious wild animals are gradually being 4 ,as weeds from a field1 so is it difficult to all the faults from man's nature4 ,but how shall we the cause of this disease8 ,fire the bank4 ,the wrecking crew the building4 ,she tried to the terrible scene from her memory4 all that's made ,to a green thought in a green shade4 ,the cyclone the church4 ,the ,spanish ,inquisition tried to heresy4 out the written troubles of the brain4 ,the army was not only defeated2 it was 4 ,a bold peasantry1 their country's pride1 ,when once 1 can never be supplied4 ,die1 expire1 perish1 decease1 succumb4 ,sentences3 ,all men are mortal and must 4 ,as wax melteth before the fire1 so let the wicked at the presence of ,god4 ,i still had hopes1 my long vexations past1 ,here to return1 and at home at last4 ,the late ,mr4 ,brown left all his property to his family4 ,cowards many times before their deaths4 ,the poor beetle1 that we tread upon1 ,in corporal sufferance finds a pang as great ,as when a giant giant 4 ,government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not from the earth4 ,thus on ,maeander's flowery margin lies ,th' swan1 and as he sings he dies4 ,over a thousand people in the fire at the theater4 ,to 1 to sleep2 to sleep3 perchance to dream4 ,he to a lingering disease4 ,aye1 but to 1 and go we know not where2 ,to lie in cold obstruction and to rot4 ,wind my thread of life up higher1 ,up1 through angels' hands of fire6 ,i aspire while ,i 4 ,dip1 douse1 duck1 plunge1 immerge1 immerse1 submerge1 sink1 dive4 ,sentences3 ,he his head under the hydrant4 ,the ,baptists at baptism4 ,she the cloth into the dye4 ,the sophomores the freshmen into the icy water of the lake4 ,paul ,jones could not the enemy's ship2 he therefore resolved to board it4 ,the wreck lay in forty fathoms of water4 ,uncle ,tom overboard to rescue the child4 ,when the gun is discharged1 the loon does not rise from the water2 it 4 ,lewis became badly strangled when the other boys him4 ,disease1 sickness1 illness1 indisposition1 ailment1 affection1 complaint1 disorder1 distemper1 infirmity1 malady4 7,with this group contrast the healthful group47 ,sentences3 ,he was suffering the of age4 ,cancer is still in many instances an incurable ,the of the lady ended as soon as the maid told her the callers had gone away4 ,it was an old of the tonsils1 but this time the child's was slight4 ,to help me through this long 1 my life4 ,disloyal1 false1 unfaithful1 faithless1 traitorous1 treasonable1 treacherous1 perfidious4 ,sentences3 ,the king discovered many schemes among those who pretended to be his loyal supporters4 ,england's enemies have long called her ,albion4 ,they were afraid the ,indian guide would betray them by some action4 ,o you beast6 ,o coward6 ,o dishonest wretch6 ,he was to his adopted country4 ,bloody1 bawdy villain6 ,remorseless1 1 lecherous1 kindless villain6 ,o6 vengeance6 ,do1 perform1 execute1 accomplish1 achieve1 effect4 ,sentences3 ,an officer the orders with despatch4 ,he a mighty name for himself4 ,if it were when 'tis then 'twere well ,it were quickly4 ,constant efforts will miracles4 ,the student the problems quickly4 ,the doctor hopes his new treatment will a cure4 ,god moves in a mysterious way ,his wonders to 4 ,he persevered till he his purpose4 ,he always more than was expected of him4 ,dress1 clothes1 clothing1 garments1 apparel1 raiment1 habiliments1 vestments1 attire1 garb1 habit1 costume1 uniform4 ,sentences3 ,the spy concealed his identity by wearing the of a monk4 ,the soldiers wore blue 4 ,she was an excellent horsewoman1 and rode in a fashionable 4 ,no man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old 4 ,millions of men left farms and factories and shops to don the of war4 ,the invitation specified that the men should wear evening 4 ,the store specialized in women's wearing 4 ,a person should wear warm in winter4 ,the king appeared in his royal 4 ,he always wore expensive 4 ,the bishop entered in his clerical 4 ,the oft proclaims the man4 ,the theatrical was full of spangles4 ,one's should never be conspicuous4 ,drink1 imbibe1 sip1 sup1 swallow1 quaff1 tipple1 tope1 guzzle1 swig4 ,sentences3 ,she who1 as they voyaged1 ,with ,tristram that spiced magic draught4 ,plants moisture through their roots4 ,a little learning is a dang'rous thing2 deep1 or taste not the ,pierian spring4 ,he down the liquor in a couple of huge draughts4 ,on the fan was a picture of ,japanese maidens daintily tea4 to me only with thine eyes4 ,his red nose betrayed the fact that he constantly 4 ,elicit1 extract1 exact1 extort4 ,sentences3 ,they payment to the last cent4 ,the police a confession from the prisoner by intimidating him4 ,this terrible suffering our sympathy4 ,his resolve to begin again after his failure their admiration4 ,but lend it rather to thine enemy2 ,who if he break1 thou mayst with better face the penalty4 ,they all the information they could by questioning the child4 ,embarrass1 disconcert1 discompose1 discomfit1 confuse1 confound1 agitate1 abash1 mortify1 chagrin1 humiliate4 ,sentences3 ,the annoying little raids the enemy4 ,such conclusive proof of his lies completely him4 ,his sudden proposal her4 ,he stood in the presence of the king4 ,the traveler was by the many turns in the road4 ,she was by the delay in having dinner ready4 ,she was by her husband's ill manners4 ,the possibility that her daughter might have been in the accident her4 ,i was at being so cleverly outwitted4 ,excuse1 pardon1 forgive1 condone4 ,sentences3 ,we should even those who do us wrong4 ,father1 them2 for they know not what they do4 ,i trust you will my being late4 ,ignorance no one before the law4 ,the governor the convict4 ,he thought it better to the offense than to try to punish it4 ,explain1 expound1 interpret1 elucidate4 ,sentences3 ,the minister the doctrine of predestination4 ,the tribesman his chief's words for us4 ,he his meaning by giving clear examples4 ,joseph was called upon to ,pharaoh's dream4 ,can you the reason for your absence8 ,various scholars have the passage differently4 ,fat1 fleshy1 stout1 plump1 buxom1 corpulent1 obese1 portly1 pursy1 burly1 pudgy1 chubby4 ,sentences3 ,there live not three good men unhanged in ,england1 and one of them is and grows old4 ,an rosy-faced child walking beside a girl just pleasantly came past the garden4 ,the lady was talking with an 1 ill-conditioned man4 ,so 1 blithe1 and debonair4 ,he's and scant of breath4 ,the ruffian was an fellow4 ,they were in varying degrees3 one was 1 one 1 and one downright 4 ,fear1 dread1 fright1 apprehension1 affright1 alarm1 dismay1 timidity1 consternation1 panic1 terror1 horror1 misgiving1 anxiety1 scare1 tremor1 trepidation4 7,with this group compare the ,afraid group1 above1 and contrast the ,courage group1 also above47 ,sentences3 ,like one1 that on a lonesome road ,doth walk in and 4 ,his scepter shows the force of temporal power1 ,the attribute to awe and majesty1 ,wherein doth sit the and of kings4 changed to when we perceived the corpse4 ,washington felt some as to the loyalty of ,charles ,lee1 but was amazed to find his force retreating in 1 indeed almost in an 4 ,feminine1 female1 womanly1 womanlike1 womanish1 effeminate1 ladylike4 ,sentences3 ,she possessed every charm4 ,he gave an start of curiosity4 ,the pistil is considered the organ of a flower4 ,it was once not thought for a woman to ride astride a horse4 ,he inherited the throne through the line4 ,patience is one of the greatest of virtues4 ,the hired girl in her finery minced along with an step4 ,some people consider it to wear a wrist watch4 ,her heart was touched at the sight4 ,it is to jump at the sight of a mouse4 ,fight1 combat1 struggle1 scuffle1 fray1 affray1 attack1 engagement1 assault1 onslaught1 brawl1 melee1 tournament1 battle1 conflict1 strife1 clash1 collision1 contest1 skirmish1 encounter1 brush1 bout1 set-to4 ,sentences3 ,a darkling plain ,swept with confused alarms of and flight4 ,the upon ,fort ,sumter was the direct cause of the ,civil ,war4 ,the between our forces and theirs was brief and trivial2 it was only a cavalry 4 ,there is an excellent account of a knightly in ,ivanhoe4 ,we repelled their general 2 then ourselves advanced2 the of our lines with theirs soon resulted in an inextricable 4 ,a chance of small forces at ,gettysburg brought on a terrible 4 ,there had long been between the two factions within the party4 ,angered by what had begun as a playful 1 one of the men challenged the other to 4 ,fleeting1 transient1 transitory1 ephemeral1 evanescent4 ,sentences3 ,it is the lot of every one to endure many sorrows in this life4 ,they saw for a short while an comet4 ,the glories of dawn had merged into the sordid realities of daytime4 ,the remark made but an impression upon him4 ,the moments sped away4 ,art is long1 and time is 4 ,joy is 4 ,much of the popular literature of the day is in character4 ,frank1 candid1 open1 artless1 guileless1 ingenuous1 unsophisticated1 naive4 ,sentences3 ,it was an excuse4 ,it was a pleasure to meet a person so simple and 4 ,he was to say that he did not like the arrangement4 ,who1 mindful of the unhonored dead1 ,dost in these lines their tale relate4 ,the ,moor is of a free and nature4 ,he gave them his opinion4 ,frustrate1 foil1 thwart1 counteract1 circumvent1 balk1 baffle1 outwit4 ,sentences3 ,the schemers were themselves 4 ,he was by the many contradictory clues4 ,circumstances all his plans to get rich4 ,the parents the attempt of the couple to elope4 ,the guard the prisoner's attempt to escape4 ,he was at every turn4 ,they put forth a statement to the influence of their opponents' propaganda4 ,by slipping away during the night1 ,washington the enemy4 ,the politician by his shrewdness the attempt to discredit him4 ,glad1 happy1 cheerful1 mirthful1 joyful1 joyous1 blithe1 gay1 frolicsome1 merry1 jolly1 sportive1 jovial1 jocular1 jocose1 jocund4 ,sentences3 ,the milkmaid singeth 4 ,and all went as a marriage bell4 ,how beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace1 and bring tidings of good things4 ,a ,lothario4 ,so buxom1 1 and debonair4 ,as as a fawn4 ,he kept smiling1 for he was in mood4 ,you are sad ,because you are not 2 and 'twere as easy ,for you to laugh and leap1 and say you are 1 ,because you are not sad4 ,he longed for the life of a ,english squire4 ,habit1 custom1 usage1 practice1 wont4 ,sentences3 makes perfect4 ,the immigrants kept up many of the of their native land4 ,god fulfils himself in many ways1 ,lest one good should corrupt the world4 ,it was his to walk among the ruins4 ,an old permits a man to kiss a girl who is standing under mistletoe4 establishes many peculiar idioms in a language4 ,he acquired the of smoking4 ,it is a more honor'd in the breach than the observance4 ,de ,quincey was a victim of the opium 4 ,age cannot wither her1 nor stale ,her infinite variety4 ',tis not his to be the hindmost man4 ,harass1 annoy1 irritate1 vex1 fret1 worry1 plague1 torment1 molest1 tease1 tantalize4 ,sentences3 ,the merchant about his financial losses4 ,life's but a walking shadow1 a poor player ,that struts and his hour upon the stage1 ,and then is heard no more4 ,the children never lost an opportunity to the teacher4 ,the other pupils him because he was the teacher's favorite4 ,the newcomer was by their frequent questions4 ,don't the child by holding the grapes beyond its reach4 ,he was met even now ,as mad as the sea4 ,ah1 but ,i am by doubts and fears4 ,the moping owl does to the moon complain ,of such as1 wand'ring near her secret bower1 her ancient1 solitary reign4 ,the child because the rain kept it indoors4 ,when the joke was discovered1 they almost the life out of him4 ,i was at their discovering my predicament4 ,you may as well forbid the mountain pines ,to wag their high tops1 and to make no noise ,when they are with the gusts of heaven4 ,hinder1 restrain1 obstruct1 impede1 hamper1 retard1 check1 curb1 clog1 encumber1 forestall1 suppress1 repress1 prevent4 ,sentences3 ,baggage the progress of an army4 ,it is the purpose of modern medicine to disease4 ,the accumulations of dust and grease the machine4 ,my tears must stop1 for every drop needle and thread4 ,by acknowledging his fault he hoped to criticism4 ,though before she had been unable to her tears1 she could now scarcely a yawn4 ,a fallen tree his further progress4 ,the horse was with a heavy burden1 and the unsure footing of the trail further the ascent4 ,his jealous colleagues his plans in every way they could4 ,hole1 cavity1 excavation1 pit1 cache1 cave1 cavern1 hollow1 depression1 perforation1 puncture1 rent1 slit1 crack1 chink1 crevice1 cranny1 breach1 cleft1 chasm1 fissure1 gap1 opening1 interstice1 burrow1 crater1 eyelet1 pore1 bore1 aperture1 orifice1 vent1 concavity1 dent1 indentation4 ,sentences3 ,the explorers1 having eaten all the provisions they had carried with them1 hurried back to their 4 ,the battering-ram at last made an in the walls4 ,the in the log had been caused by the intense heat4 ,he tore off the check along the line of the 4 ,the in the earth gradually deepened and narrowed into an 4 ,pyramus and ,thisbe made love to each other through an in a wall4 ,once more unto the 1 dear friends1 once more4 ,the in the mountain ranges of ,virginia influenced strategy during the ,civil ,war4 ,several in the toe of one of his shoes apprised me that he had a sore foot4 ,the supposed in the rock turned out to be an that led into a dark but spacious 4 ,he suffered an of one of his tires near the place where the laborers were making the 4 ,it was a gun of very large 4 ,the in the percolator was made by a flatiron aimed at ,mr4 ,wiggins' head4 ,idle1 inert1 lazy1 indolent1 sluggish1 slothful4 ,sentences3 ,he also that is in his work is brother to him that is a great waster4 ,the singer of an empty day4 ,mighty1 forces lie locked up in nature1 waiting for man to release them4 ,he was an 1 good-for-nothing fellow whose whole business in life was to keep out of work4 ,for ,satan finds some mischief still ,for hands to do4 ,he was too to do his work well4 ,the yawning drone4 ,his steps were so one would almost think he was not moving4 ,as as a painted ship ,upon a painted ocean4 ,i talk of dreams1 ,which are the children of an brain1 ,begot of nothing but vain fantasy4 ,ignorant1 illiterate1 uninformed1 uneducated1 untutored1 unlettered1 unenlightened4 ,sentences3 ,without public schools most children would be 2 without missionaries many barbarous tribes would remain 4 ,andrew ,jackson was that peace had been declared when he fought the battle of ,new ,orleans4 ,even the wisest men are upon some subjects4 ,lo1 the poor ,indian1 whose mind ,sees ,god in clouds or hears ,him in the wind6 ,the mountain whites1 though often totally 1 are nevertheless a shrewd folk4 ,their name1 their years1 spelt by th' muse1 ,the place of fame and elegy supply4 ,the percentage of persons is constantly decreasing in ,america4 ,incline1 tip1 lean1 cant1 slant1 slope1 tilt1 list1 careen1 dip4 ,sentences3 ,he the bucket of water over4 ,the vessel to the stern and began to sink4 ,the ship to larboard4 ,he the top of the picture away from the wall4 ,the sprinter forward and touched the tips of his fingers against the ground4 ,the gable sharply4 ,the hill gently4 ,the cowboy had his hat fetchingly4 ,journey1 voyage1 tour1 pilgrimage1 trip1 jaunt1 excursion1 junket1 outing1 expedition4 ,sentences3 ,the people protested the expenditure of money for a ,congressional to investigate the ,philippine ,islands4 ,each ,sunday there is an at half fare between the two cities4 ,he conducted a party on a summer through ,europe4 ,last summer ,i took an to the ,yellowstone ,national ,park4 ,it was a long from ,philadelphia to ,boston by stage coach4 ,they hurriedly arranged for an to the woods4 ,magellan was the first man to make an around the globe4 ,the scientific body organized an to explore the polar regions4 ,thousands of ,mohammedans make an annual to ,mecca4 ,kind1 compassionate1 merciful1 lenient1 benignant1 benign1 clement1 benevolent1 charitable1 gracious1 humane1 sympathetic4 7,with this group compare the ,cruel group1 above47 ,sentences3 ,the weather was 4 ,she was as as a queen4 ,thou dost wear ,the ,godhead's most grace4 ,cowper was too to tread upon a worm needlessly4 ,a judge in sentencing a convicted man may be as as circumstances and the law allow4 neutrality4 ,blessed are the 4 ,she was so and so pitous ,she wolde wepe if that she sawe a mous ,caught in a trappe4 hearts are more than coronets4 ,love1 affection1 attachment1 fondness1 infatuation1 devotion1 predilection1 liking4 ,sentences3 ,between the two young people had grown an which now ripened into 4 ,the course of true never did run smooth4 ,the mad of ,mark ,antony for ,cleopatra was the cause of his downfall4 ,she had only an for him1 but he an unqualified for her4 ,man's is of his life a thing apart2 ',tis woman's whole existence4 ,he shows a marked for the companionship of women4 ,my for the tart was enhanced by my for the girl who baked it4 ,that boy shows an for horses1 and a positive for dogs4 ,margin1 edge1 limit1 border1 boundary1 bound1 bourn1 brim1 rim1 brink1 verge1 skirt1 confine4 ,sentences3 ,he had reached the of endurance4 ,in writing1 leave a wide on the left side of the page4 ,borrowing dulls the of husbandry4 ,the extravagant and erring spirit hies ,to his 4 ,within the of reason4 ,he stood on the of ruin4 ,the rock at the of the caon is called the rock4 ,i was on the of doing a very indiscreet thing4 ,the undiscover'd country from whose ,no traveler returns4 ,fill your glasses to the 4 ,matrimonial1 conjugal1 connubial1 nuptial1 marital4 ,sentences3 ,however old a union1 it still garners some sweetness4 ,a court of relations4 ,contented toil1 and hospitable care1 ,and kind tenderness are there4 ,to the bower ,i led her1 blushing like the morn4 ,she finally decided that he had no intentions4 ,and hears the unexpressive song ,in the blest kingdoms meek of joy and love4 ,occupation1 employment1 calling1 pursuit1 vocation1 avocation1 profession1 business1 trade1 craft4 ,sentences3 ,he gave his life to literary 4 ,my brother found as a tutor in a rich family4 ,colleges are trying to direct their students into the they are best fitted for4 ,andrew ,johnson was a tailor by 4 ,medicine is a very ancient 4 ,the shoemaker was very skilled at his 4 ,after losing his hand he could no longer engage in his as telegrapher4 ,the grocer carries on only a wholesale 4 ,he considered his to the ministry a sacred duty4 ,sir1 'tis my to be plain4 ,do you find collecting coins a pleasant 8 ,pacify1 appease1 placate1 propitiate1 conciliate1 mollify4 ,sentences3 ,we our hunger when we reached the inn4 ,in olden times men tried to the offended gods by offering human sacrifices4 ,they the angry man by promising to hear his grievances immediately4 ,the premier thought he could this particular faction by offering its leader a seat in the cabinet4 ,chiron his cruel mind ,with art1 and taught his warlike hands to wind ,the silver strings of his melodious lyre4 ,a friendly word will usually one's enemies4 ,part1 piece1 portion1 section1 subdivision1 fraction1 instalment element1 component1 constituent1 ingredient1 share1 lot1 allotment4 ,sentences3 ,one in his success was his courage4 ,she was studying the of the pie2 he the chances of getting another 4 ,is it and alike8 ,i live not in myself1 but ,i become of that around me4 ,act well your 2 there all the honor lies4 ,he owned an of land near the city limits2 a speculator bought an of this and divided it into city lots4 ,i am an of all that ,i have met4 ,the purchaser1 having only an of this sum in ready money1 offered to pay in 4 ,pay1 hire1 salary1 wages1 fee1 stipend1 honorarium4 ,sentences3 ,give the manager his 1 the workmen their 4 ,the laborer is worthy of his 4 ,he received his weekly from the parsimonious old man4 ,the for enrolment is ten dollars4 ,this is and 1 not revenge4 ,polite1 civil1 obliging1 courteous1 courtly1 urbane1 affable1 complaisant1 gracious4 ,sentences3 ,he was enough1 but not definitely 4 ,so that he ne'er 4 ,though he had never lived in a city1 much less in the circle of royalty1 his manners were 1 even 4 ,your desire to please is shown in your greeting4 ,damn with faint praise1 assent with leer1 ,and without sneering teach the rest to sneer4 ,quarrel1 altercation1 disagreement1 contention1 controversy1 breach1 rupture1 dispute1 dissension1 bickering1 wrangle1 broil1 squabble1 row1 rumpus1 ruction1 spat1 tiff1 fuss1 jar1 feud4 ,sentences3 ,it was only a little between lovers4 ,the between the partners was over the right of the senior to make contracts for the firm2 it grew into an angry 4 ,it was a long-drawn political 4 ,at the meeting of our committee the chairman and one of the members had a sharp over a point of order4 ,an in some minor matters led to an in their friendship4 ,thrice is he armed that hath his just4 ,those chattering1 choleric fellows are always engaged in 2 last night they on meeting had an which brought on a long-drawn 1 and when their friends joined in1 there was a noisy 4 ,i have seen all sorts of 1 from a trivial childish to a grim of mountaineers4 ,raise1 lift1 heave1 hoist1 erect1 rear1 elevate1 exalt1 enhance4 ,sentences3 ,let the ,lord be 4 ,as some tall cliff that its awful form4 ,because of this success his reputation was 4 ,the horse when the machine began to the huge block of stone by means of a crane4 ,i will up mine eyes unto the hills1 from whence cometh my help4 ,the load was too heavy for him to carry2 in fact he just managed to it into the wagon4 ,relinquish1 waive1 renounce1 surrender1 forego1 resign1 abdicate4 ,sentences3 ,the defense objection to the first of these points4 ,the refugee was willing to his right to resist extradition4 ,the teacher her position at the end of the year4 ,the king when the people rose in revolt4 ,he his command of the army4 ,do you your claim in this mine8 ,the bankrupt his property to the receiver to help pay his debts4 ,renounce1 abjure1 forswear1 recant1 retract1 repudiate4 ,sentences3 ,he the statement4 ,thereupon ,henry ,esmond his allegiance to the ,house of ,stuart4 ,it is a serious matter for a government to its debts4 ,did the heretic 8 ,do you the devil and all his works8 ,the wounded gladiator all fighting1 but soon forgetting his former wounds resumes his arms4 ,he had broken his solemn oath2 he was 4 ,reprove1 rebuke1 reprimand1 admonish1 chide1 upbraid1 reproach1 scold1 rate1 berate4 ,sentences3 ,he their wanderings but relieved their pain4 ,many a time and oft ,in the ,rialto you have me ,about my moneys and my usances4 ,they the man who had taken the savings of the poor1 and him against such schemes thereafter4 ,the general his subordinate4 ,robber1 bandit1 brigand1 ladrone1 desperado1 buccaneer1 freebooter1 pirate1 corsair1 raider1 burglar1 footpad1 highwayman1 depredator1 spoiler1 despoiler1 forager1 pillager1 plunderer1 marauder1 myrmidon4 7,with this group compare the ,steal group1 below47 ,sentences3 ,every boy has his period of wanting to be a 4 ,treasure ,island is one of the best stories ever written4 ,the lurks in dark passageways and steals upon his victim4 ,the fierce followers of ,achilles were called 4 ,the men sent out by the army as seemed to the people of the countryside more like 4 ,the fearless had soon gathered about him a band of 4 ,robin ,hood was no of poor folk4 ,the outcast became a among the mountaineers of northern ,italy4 ,every1 boy likes to read of the bold who sailed the ,spanish ,main4 ,union plans were often upset by daring ,confederate 1 such as ,stuart1 ,morgan1 and ,forrest4 ,run1 scamper1 scurry1 scuttle1 scud1 scour1 pace1 gallop1 trot1 lope1 sprint1 sweep4 ,sentences3 ,swift horsemen the country in search of the fugitive4 ,wherever they came1 the inhabitants for shelter4 ,the dish away with the spoon4 ,for his horse to made difficult riding1 to made comfortable riding1 to made exhilarating riding4 ,he may that readeth it4 ,the old sailing-boat before the wind4 ,haste me to know't1 that ,i1 with wings as swift ,as meditation or the thoughts of love1 ,may to my revenge4 ,the rats across the floor4 ,he who fights and away ,may live to fight another day4 ,say1 utter1 pronounce1 announce1 state1 declare1 affirm1 aver1 asseverate1 allege1 assert1 avouch1 avow1 maintain1 claim1 depose1 predicate1 swear1 suggest1 insinuate1 testify4 7,with this group compare the ,speak and ,talk groups1 below47 ,sentences3 ,it was something ,i merely in passing2 ,i would not to it4 ,i could not in court1 and therefore had to before a notary4 ,the scientist that a seismograph will infallibly record earthquakes4 ,he solemnly that he would not exemption from the draft4 ,shine1 beam1 gleam1 glisten1 glister1 glitter1 glare1 flare1 flash1 sparkle1 twinkle1 dazzle1 glimmer1 glow1 radiate1 scintillate1 coruscate4 ,sentences3 ,the gorgeous parade the boy4 1 1 little star4 ,he was witty that night2 he fairly 4 ,at this compliment the old lady 4 ,now fades the landscape on the sight4 ,a rocket in the darkness4 ,she her elderly wooer a look of defiance2 then her eyes softened and with amusement4 ,all that is not gold4 ,how far that little candle throws his beams6 ,so a good deed in a naughty world4 ,the old man into sudden anger4 ,slander1 defame1 asperse1 calumniate1 traduce1 vilify1 malign1 libel1 backbite4 ,sentences3 ,a newspaper must be careful not to any one4 ,too many supposedly religious people their fellow believers4 ,i do not your motives4 ,he the character of everybody who chances to possess one4 ,smell1 odor1 savor1 scent1 fragrance1 aroma1 perfume1 redolence1 tang1 stench4 ,sentences3 ,the of the flowers in the vase mingled with the of boiling cabbage in the kitchen4 ,the of spring is on the meadows4 ,so keen was the hound's sense of that he quickly picked up the again4 ,any smoker likes the of a good cigar4 ,the of the handkerchief was delicate4 ,though it was a disagreeable 1 ,i should hardly call it an 4 ,the of spices told him that his mother was baking his favorite cake1 and he also detected the of coffee4 ,the of the ocean was in the air4 ,he sniffed the of frying bacon4 ,song1 ballad1 ditty1 lullaby1 hymn1 anthem1 dirge1 chant1 paean1 lay1 carol1 lilt4 ,sentences3 ,they learn in suffering what they teach in 4 ,the mother crooned an to her babe4 ,the ,highland girl sang a moving old 4 ,the worshipers sang an of praise4 ,charles ,wesley wrote many 4 ,as ,i approached the cathedral1 ,i could hear the of larks outside and the of the choir within4 ,our sweetest are those that tell of saddest thought4 ,an for her the doubly dead in that she died so young4 ,speak1 discourse1 expatiate1 descant1 comment1 argue1 persuade1 plead1 lecture1 preach1 harangue1 rant1 roar1 spout1 thunder1 declaim1 harp4 7,with this group compare the ,say group1 above1 and the ,talk group1 below47 ,sentences3 ,his virtues ,will like angels trumpet-tongu'd against ,the deep damnation of his taking-off4 ,here1 under leave of ,brutus and the rest1 444 ,come ,i to in ,caesar's funeral4 ,ay me6 what act1 ,that so loud and in the index8 ,hadst thou thy wits and didst revenge1 ,it could not move thus4 ,thou canst not of that thou dost not feel4 ,nay1 if thou'lt mouth1 ,i'll as well as thou4 ,while the politician in the senate chamber upon theoretical ills1 the agitator outside the mob about actual ones4 ,for murder1 though it have no tongue1 will ,with most miraculous organ4 ,spend1 expend1 disburse1 squander1 waste1 lavish4 ,sentences3 ,large sums were in rebuilding the devastated regions of ,france4 your money1 but do not it4 ,one should not more than one earns4 ,the king great sums upon his favorites4 ,the political boss the money among his henchmen4 ,the younger son 444 his substance with riotous living4 ,spot1 blotch1 speckle1 fleck1 dapple1 smear1 smutch1 brand1 defacement1 blemish1 stain1 discoloration1 speck1 mark1 smudge1 flaw1 defect1 blot4 ,sentences3 ,a in the crystal4 ,the of ,cain4 ,a life free from 4 ,thou turn'st mine eyes into my very soul2 ,and there ,i see such black and grained ,as will not leave their tinct4 ,from the standpoint of theatrical effectiveness ,a in the ',scutcheon is one of the best of ,browning's plays4 ,an eruption of the skin made a yellow on his right hand4 ,dragging my sleeve across the fresh ink had made a upon the page4 ,the of foam by the roadside proved that his horse had been going fast4 ,the at the end of his fingers told me he was a cigarette-smoker4 ,on the left foreleg of the horse was a slight 4 ,stay1 tarry1 linger1 stop1 sojourn1 remain1 abide1 live1 reside1 dwell1 lodge4 ,sentences3 ,the ,israelites in ,egypt4 ,he to chat with us1 but could not overnight4 ,i in a wretched tavern4 ,i can 1 ,i can but a night4 ,i did love the ,moor to with him4 ,he that shall come will come1 and will not 4 ,i will in the house of the ,lord forever4 ,if ye in me1 and my words in you1 ye shall ask what ye will1 and it shall be done unto you4 ,i would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my ,god1 than to in the tents of wickedness4 ,the guests in the cheerful drawing-room4 ,steal1 abstract1 pilfer1 filch1 purloin1 peculate1 swindle1 plagiarize1 poach4 7,with this group1 which excludes the idea of violence1 compare the ,robber group1 above47 ,sentences3 ,i am afraid that our son the purse from the gentleman4 ,no one knows how long the cashier has been the funds of the bank4 ,to take our money on such unsound security is to us4 ,he slyly a handkerchief or two4 ,this paragraph is clearly 4 ,thou shalt not 4 ,many government employees seem to think that to is their privilege and prerogative4 ,the crown jewels have been 4 ,she a number of petty articles4 ,a well-known detective story by ,poe is called ,the ,letter4 ,who my purse trash4444 ,but he that from me my good name ,robs me of that which not enriches him1 ,and makes me poor indeed4 ,a cut-purse of the empire and the rule1 ,that from a shelf the precious diadem 1 ,and put it in his pocket6 ,strike1 hit1 smite1 thump1 beat1 cuff1 buffet1 knock1 whack1 belabor1 pommel1 pound1 cudgel1 slap1 rap1 tap1 box4 ,sentences3 him into the middle of next week4 ,he and the poor beast unmercifully4 ,as of some one gently 1 at my chamber door4 ,unto him that thee on the one cheek offer also the other4 ,bid them come forth and hear me1 ,or at their chamber door ,i'll the drum ,till it cry sleep to death4 ,one whom ,i will into clamorous whining4 for your altars and your fires6 ,by means of heavy stones the squaws the corn into meal4 ,sullen1 surly1 sulky1 crabbed1 cross1 gruff1 grum1 glum1 morose1 dour1 crusty1 cynical1 misanthropic1 saturnine1 splenetic4 ,sentences3 ,between us and our hame home1 ,where sits our 1 dame1 ,gathering her brows like gathering storm1 ,nursing her wrath to keep it warm4 ,a old bachelor4 ,a ,scotchman4 ,he hated all men2 he was truly 4 ,he sat and silent all day2 by nightfall he was truly 4 ,talk1 chat1 chatter1 prate1 prattle1 babble1 gabble1 jabber1 tattle1 twaddle1 blab1 gossip1 palaver1 parley1 converse1 mumble1 mutter1 stammer1 stutter4 7,with this group compare the ,say and ,speak groups1 above47 ,sentences3 ,it was a queer assembly1 and from it arose a queer medley of sounds3 the baby was 1 the old crone 1 the gossip 1 the embarrassed young man 1 the child the tale-bearer 1 the hostess with the most distinguished guest1 and the trickster with his intended victim4 ,blest with each talent and each art to please1 ,and born to write1 1 and live with ease4 ,i wonder that you will still be 1 ,signor ,benedick2 nobody marks you4 ,tear1 rend1 rip1 lacerate1 mangle4 ,sentences3 ,the explosion of the shell his flesh4 ,the tailor the garment along the seam4 ,i'll this paper into bits4 ,those savages would you limb from limb4 ,she her dress on a nail4 ,the cogs caught his hand and it4 ,how could such reproaches fail to my feelings8 ,throw1 pitch1 hurl1 dash1 fling1 cast1 toss1 flip1 chuck1 sling1 heave1 launch1 dart1 propel1 project4 ,sentences3 ,suddenly he the glittering coins away4 ,goliath learned to his cost that ,david could a stone4 ,the explosion of the gunpowder the bullet from the gun4 down your cups of ,samian wine6 ,the children amused themselves by the ball back and forth4 ,he himself dejectedly into a seat4 ,the thief a glance beside him4 ,the mischievous boy a stone through the window4 ,they some of the cargo overboard to lighten the boat4 ,the eager fisherman the fly for the trout4 ,the untidy fellow the towel in a corner4 ,whip1 chastise1 castigate1 flagellate1 scourge1 lash1 trounce1 thrash1 flog1 maul1 drub1 switch1 spank1 bastinado4 7,this group limits the field of the ,punish group in ,exercise ,a1 and extends the list of synonyms47 ,sentences3 ,the drunken driver the excited horses4 ,the zealot was accustomed to himself4 ,the ruler bade that the ,christians be 4 ,the teacher the small children gently1 but he unsparingly the big ones4 ,my father hath you with whips1 but ,i will you with scorpions4 ,the bully was always men smaller than himself till one of them turned on him and him thoroughly4 ,wicked1 sinful1 felonious1 illegal1 immoral1 heinous1 flagitious1 iniquitous1 criminal1 vicious1 vile4 ,sentences3 ,i am fled ,from this world1 with worms to dwell4 ,an assault4 ,the prize itself ,buys out the law4 ,it was1 though not an act1 a most one4 ,there the cease from troubling2 and there the weary be at rest4 ,young1 youthful1 boyish1 girlish1 juvenile1 puerile1 immature1 callow1 adolescent4 ,sentences3 ,the plan had all the faults of judgment4 ,many great authors have written books of fiction4 ,the bird1 which was still 1 was of course unable to fly4 ,such sights as poets dream ,on summer eves by haunted stream4 ,he was in that stage of development when one is neither a boy nor a man4 ,i was so 1 ,i loved him so1 ,i had ,no mother1 ,god forgot me1 and ,i fell4 ,he made an attempt to impress them with his importance4 ,bacchus ever fair1 and ever 4 ,a red necktie gave him a more appearance4 ,the self-satisfied air of an youth is often trying to his elders4 ,,exercise ,d ,in this exercise each group of synonyms is followed by quotations from authoritative writers in which the words are discriminatingly employed4 ,find the meaning of each italicized word in these quotations1 and differentiate the word accurately from the others in that group4 ,substitute for it other words from the group1 and observe precisely how the meaning is affected4 7,so many of the quotations are from poetry that these will be printed as verse rather than1 as in the preceding exercises1 in continuous lines like prose47 ,affront1 insult1 indignity4 ,a moral1 sensible1 and well-bred man ,will not affront me1--and no other can4 ,an old affront will stir the heart ,through years of rankling pain4 ,the way to procure insults is to submit to them4 ,a man meets with no more respect than he exacts4 ,it is often better not to see an insult than to avenge it4 ,even a hare1 the weakest of animals1 may insult a dead lion4 ,to a native of rank1 arrest was not merely a restraint1 but a foul personal indignity4 ,dishonor1 disgrace1 ignominy1 infamy1 obloquy1 opprobrium4 ,his honor rooted in dishonor stood1 ,and faith unfaithful kept him falsely true4 ,it is hard to say which of the two we ought most to lament1--the unhappy man who sinks under the sense of his dishonor1 or him who survives it4 ,could he with reason murmur at his case ,himself sole author of his own disgrace8 ,whatever disgrace we may have deserved1 it is almost always in our power to re-establish our character4 ,when in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes ,i all alone beweep my outcast state4 ,their generals have been received with honor after their defeat2 yours with ignominy after conquest4 ,wilful perpetuations of unworthy actions brand with most indelible characters of infamy the name and memory to posterity4 ,and when his long public life1 so singularly chequered with good and evil1 with glory and obloquy1 had at length closed forever1 it was to ,daylesford that he retired to die4 ,great opprobrium has been thrown on her name4 ,fame1 honor1 renown1 glory1 distinction1 reputation1 repute1 celebrity1 eminence1 notoriety4 ,let fame1 that all hunt after in their lives1 ,live register'd upon our brazen tombs4 ,men have a solicitude about fame2 and the greater share they have of it1 the more afraid they are of losing it4 ,fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,but lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes ,and perfect witness of all-judging ,jove2 ,as he pronounces lastly on each deed1 ,of so much fame in heaven expect thy meed4 ,when faith is lost1 when honor dies1 ,the man is dead4 ,act well your part2 there all the honor lies4 ,the ,athenians erected a large statue of ,aesop1 and placed him1 though a slave1 on a lasting pedestal1 to show that the way to honor lies open indifferently to all4 ,i could not love thee1 dear1 so much1 ,loved ,i not honor more4 ,that nation is worthless which does not joyfully stake everything on her honor4 ,by heaven methinks it were an easy leap ,to pluck bright honor from the pale-fac'd moon4 ,that merit which gives greatness and renown diffuses its influence to a wide compass1 but acts weakly on every single breast4 ,speak no more of his renown1 ,lay your earthly fancies down1 ,and in the vast cathedral leave him1 ,god accept him1 ,christ receive him4 ,the young warrior did not fly2 but met death as he went forward in his strength4 ,happy are they who dies in youth1 when their renown is heard6 ,the paths of glory lead but to the grave4 ,glory long has made the sages smile2 'tis something1 nothing1 words1 illusion1 wind4 ,not once or twice in our rough island-story ,the path of duty was the way to glory4 ,he was a charming fellow1 clever1 urbane1 free-handed1 with all that fortunate quality in his appearance which is known as distinction4 ,never get a reputation for a small perfection if you are trying for fame in a loftier area4 ,one may be better than his reputation or his conduct1 but never better than his principles4 ,i see my reputation is at stake ,my fame is shrewdly gor'd4 ,,cassio4 ,reputation1 reputation1 reputation6 ,o6 ,i have lost my reputation4 ,i have lost the immortal part of myself1 and what remains is bestial4 ,my reputation1 ,iago1 my reputation6 ,,iago4 ,as ,i am an honest man1 ,i thought you had received some bodily wound4 ,you have a good repute for gentleness and wisdom4 ,celebrity sells dearly what we think she gives4 ,kings climb to eminence ,over men's graves4 ,notoriety is short-lived2 fame is lasting4 ,hatred1 hate1 animosity1 ill-will1 enmity1 hostility1 bitterness1 malice1 malevolence1 malignity1 rancor1 resentment1 dudgeon1 grudge1 spite4 ,the hatred we bear our enemies injures their happiness less than our own4 ,hate is like fire2 it makes even light rubbish deadly4 ,he generously forgot all feeling of animosity1 and determined to go in person to his succor4 ,that thereby he may gather ,the ground of your ill-will1 and so remove it4 ,no place is so propitious to the formation either of close friendships or of deadly enmities as an ,indiaman4 ,there need be no hostility between evolutionist and theologian4 ,shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks1 ,his fits1 his frenzy1 and his bitterness8 ,speak of me as ,i am2 nothing extenuate1 ,nor set down aught in malice4 ,every obstacle which partisan malevolence could create he has had to encounter4 ,his flight is occasioned rather by the malignity of his countrymen than by the enmity of the ,egyptians4 ,where the soul sours1 and gradual rancor grows1 ,imbitter'd more from peevish day to day4 ,peace in their mouthes1 and all rancor and vengeance in their hartes hearts4 ,for them the gracious ,duncan have ,i murder'd2 ,put rancors in the vessel of my peace ,only for them4 ,her resentment against the king seems not to have abated4 ,mrs4 ,w4 was in high dudgeon2 her heels clattered on the red-tiled floor1 and she whisked about the house like a parched pea upon a drum-head4 ,if ,i can catch him once upon the hip1 ,i will feed fat the ancient grudge ,i bear him4 ,men of this character pursue a grudge unceasingly1 and never forget or forgive4 ,and since you ne'er provoked their spite1 ,depend upon't their judgment's right4 ,marriage1 matrimony1 wedlock4 7,with this group compare the matrimonial group in ,exercise ,c1 above47 ,marriages are made in heaven4 ,hasty marriage seldom proveth well4 ,a man finds himself seven years older the day after his marriage4 ,let me not to the marriage of true minds ,admit impediments4 ,marriage is the best state for man in general2 and every man is a worse man in proportion as he is unfit for the married state4 ,matrimony--the high sea for which no compass has yet been invented4 ,wedlock's a lane where there is no turning4 ,what is wedlock forced1 but a hell1 ,an age of discord and continual strife8 ,mercy1 clemency1 lenity1 leniency1 lenience1 forbearance4 ,teach me to feel another's woe1 ,to hide the fault ,i see2 ,that mercy ,i to others show1 ,that mercy show to me4 ,the quality of mercy is not strain'd1 ,it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ,upon the place beneath3 it is twice bless'd2 ,it blesseth him that gives and him that takes2 99 99 99 99 99 ,and earthly power doth then show likest ,god's ,when mercy seasons justice4 ,clemency is the surest proof of a true monarch4 ,lenity will operate with greater force1 in some instances1 than vigor4 ,all the fellows tried to persuade the ,master to greater leniency1 but in vain4 ,it will be necessary that this acceptance should be followed up by measures of the utmost lenience4 ,there is however a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue4 ,pity1 sympathy1 compassion1 commiseration1 condolence4 ,careless their merits or their faults to scan1 ,his pity gave ere charity began4 ,for pity melts the mind to love4 ,for pitee renneth runneth soon in gentle herte heart4 ,our sympathy is cold to the relation of distant misery4 ,man may dismiss compassion from his heart1 but ,god will never4 ,it is unworthy a religious man to view an irreligious one either with alarm or aversion2 or with any other feeling than regret1 and hope1 and brotherly commiseration4 ,their congratulations and their condolences are equally words of course4 ,poverty1 want1 need1 destitution1 indigence1 penury4 ,is there for honest poverty ,that hings hangs his head1 and a' that8 ,not to be able to bear poverty is a shameful thing1 but not to know how to chase it away by work is a more shameful thing yet4 ,stitch6 stitch6 stitch6 ,in poverty1 hunger1 and dirt1 ,and still with a voice of dolorous pitch1 ,would that its tone could reach the ,rich1 ,she sang this ,song of the ,shirt6 ,poverty is dishonorable1 not in itself1 but when it is a proof of laziness1 intemperance1 luxury1 and carelessness2 whereas in a person that is temperate1 industrious1 just and valiant1 and who uses all his virtues for the public good1 it shows a great and lofty mind4 ,want is a bitter and hateful good1 ,because its virtues are not understood2 ,yet many things1 impossible to thought1 ,have been by need to full perfection brought4 ,hundreds would never have known want if they had not first known waste4 ,o6 reason not the need2 our basest beggars ,are in the poorest thing superfluous3 ,allow not nature more than nature needs1 ,man's life is cheap as beast's4 ,the ,christian inhabitants of ,thessaly would be reduced to destitution4 ,it is the care of a very great part of mankind to conceal their indigence from the rest4 ,chill penury repress'd their noble rage1 ,and froze the genial current of the soul4 ,chill penury weighs down the heart itself2 and though it sometimes be endured with calmness1 it is but the calmness of despair4 ,where penury is felt the thought is chain'd1 ,and sweet colloquial pleasures are but few4 ,regret1 compunction1 remorse1 contrition1 penitence1 repentance4 ,regrets over the past should chasten the future4 ,he acknowledged his disloyalty to the king with expressions of great compunction4 ,through no disturbance of my soul1 ,or strong compunction in me wrought1 ,i supplicate for thy control4 ,god speaks to our hearts through the voice of remorse4 ,to err is human2 but contrition felt for the crime distinguishes the virtuous from the wicked4 ,christian penitence is something more than a thought or an emotion or a tear2 it is action4 ,repentance must be something more than mere remorse for sins2 it comprehends a change of nature befitting heaven4 ,stubborn1 obstinate1 pertinacious1 intractable1 refractory1 contumacious4 ,for fools are stubborn in their way1 ,as coins are harden'd by th' allay2 ,and obstinacy's ne'er so stiff ,as when 'tis in a wrong belief4 ,they may also laugh at their pertinacious and incurable obstinacy4 ,he who is intractable1 he whom nothing can persuade1 may boast himself invincible4 ,there is a law in each well-order'd nation ,to curb those raging appetites that are ,most disobedient and refractory4 ,he then dissolved ,parliament1 and sent its most refractory members to the ,tower4 ,if he were contumacious1 he might be excommunicated1 or1 in other words1 be deprived of all civil rights and imprisoned for life4 ,,exercise ,e ,the following list of synonyms is given for the convenience of those who wish additional material with which to work4 ,this is a selected list and makes no pretense to completeness4 ,it is suggested that you discriminate the words within each of the following groups1 and use each word accurately in a sentence of your own making4 ,abettor1 accessory1 accomplice1 confederate1 conspirator4 ,acknowledge1 admit1 confess1 own1 avow4 ,active1 agile1 nimble1 brisk1 sprightly1 spry1 bustling4 ,advise1 counsel1 admonish1 caution1 warn4 ,affecting1 moving1 touching1 pathetic4 ,agnostic1 skeptic1 infidel1 unbeliever1 disbeliever4 ,amuse1 entertain1 divert4 ,announce1 proclaim1 promulgate1 report1 advertise1 publish1 bruit1 blazon1 trumpet1 herald4 ,antipathy1 aversion1 repugnance1 disgust1 loathing4 ,artifice1 ruse1 trick1 dodge1 manoeuver1 wile1 stratagem1 subterfuge1 finesse4 ,ascend1 mount1 climb1 scale4 ,associate1 colleague1 partner1 helper1 collaborator1 coadjutor1 companion1 helpmate1 mate1 team-mate1 comrade1 chum1 crony1 consort1 accomplice1 confederate4 ,attach1 affix1 annex1 append1 subjoin4 ,attack1 assail1 assault1 invade1 beset1 besiege1 bombard1 cannonade1 storm4 ,begin1 commence1 inaugurate1 initiate1 institute1 originate1 start1 found4 ,belief1 faith1 persuasion1 conviction1 tenet1 creed4 ,belittle1 decry1 depreciate1 disparage4 ,bind1 secure1 fetter1 shackle1 gyve4 ,bit1 jot1 mite1 particle1 grain1 atom1 speck1 mote1 whit1 iota1 tittle1 scintilla4 ,bluff1 blunt1 outspoken1 downright1 brusk1 curt1 crusty4 ,boast1 brag1 vaunt1 vapor1 gasconade4 ,body1 corpse1 remains1 relics1 carcass1 cadaver1 corpus4 ,bombastic1 sophomoric1 turgid1 tumid1 grandiose1 grandiloquent1 magniloquent4 ,boorish1 churlish1 loutish1 clownish1 rustic1 ill-bred4 ,booty1 plunder1 loot1 spoil4 ,brittle1 frangible1 friable1 fragile1 crisp4 ,building1 edifice1 structure1 house4 ,call1 clamor1 roar1 scream1 shout1 shriek1 vociferate1 yell1 halloo1 whoop4 ,calm1 still1 motionless1 tranquil1 serene1 placid4 ,care1 concern1 solicitude1 anxiety4 ,celebrate1 commemorate1 observe4 ,charm1 amulet1 talisman4 ,charm1 enchant1 fascinate1 captivate1 enrapture1 bewitch1 infatuate1 enamor4 ,cheat1 defraud1 swindle1 dupe4 ,choke1 strangle1 suffocate1 stifle1 throttle4 ,choose1 pick1 select1 cull1 elect4 ,coax1 wheedle1 cajole1 tweedle1 persuade1 inveigle4 ,color1 hue1 shade1 tint1 tinge1 tincture4 ,combine1 unite1 consolidate1 merge1 amalgamate1 weld1 incorporate1 confederate4 ,comfort1 console1 solace4 ,complain1 grumble1 growl1 murmur1 repine1 whine1 croak4 ,confirmed1 habitual1 inveterate1 chronic4 ,connect1 join1 link1 couple1 attach1 unite4 ,continual1 continuous1 unceasing1 incessant1 endless1 uninterrupted1 unremitting1 constant1 perpetual1 perennial4 ,contract1 agreement1 bargain1 compact1 covenant1 stipulation4 ,copy1 duplicate1 counterpart1 likeness1 reproduction1 replica1 facsimile4 ,corrupt1 depraved1 perverted1 vitiated4 ,costly1 expensive1 dear4 ,coterie1 clique1 cabal1 circle1 set1 faction1 party4 ,critical1 judicial1 impartial1 carping1 caviling1 captious1 censorious4 ,crooked1 awry1 askew4 ,cross1 fretful1 peevish1 petulant1 pettish1 irritable1 irascible1 angry4 ,crowd1 throng1 horde1 host1 mass1 multitude1 press1 jam1 concourse4 ,curious1 inquisitive1 prying1 meddlesome4 ,dainty1 delicate1 exquisite1 choice1 rare4 ,danger1 peril1 jeopardy1 hazard1 risk4 ,darken1 obscure1 bedim1 obfuscate4 ,dead1 lifeless1 inanimate1 deceased1 defunct1 extinct4 ,decay1 decompose1 putrefy1 rot1 spoil4 ,deceit1 deception1 double-dealing1 duplicity1 chicanery1 guile1 treachery4 ,deceptive1 deceitful1 misleading1 fallacious1 fraudulent4 ,decorate1 adorn1 ornament1 embellish1 deck1 bedeck1 garnish1 bedizen1 beautify4 ,decorous1 demure1 sedate1 sober1 staid1 prim1 proper4 ,deface1 disfigure1 mar1 mutilate4 ,defect1 fault1 imperfection1 disfigurement1 blemish1 flaw4 ,delay1 defer1 postpone1 procrastinate4 ,demoralize1 deprave1 debase1 corrupt1 vitiate4 ,deportment1 demeanor1 bearing1 port1 mien4 ,deprive1 divest1 dispossess1 strip1 despoil4 ,despise1 contemn1 scorn1 disdain4 ,despondency1 despair1 desperation4 ,detach1 separate1 sunder1 sever1 disconnect1 disjoin1 disunite4 ,determined1 persistent1 dogged4 ,devout1 religious1 pious1 godly1 saintly4 ,difficulty1 hindrance1 obstacle1 impediment1 encumbrance1 handicap4 ,difficulty1 predicament1 perplexity1 plight1 quandary1 dilemma1 strait4 ,dirty1 filthy1 foul1 nasty1 squalid4 ,discernment1 perception1 penetration1 insight1 acumen4 ,disgraceful1 dishonorable1 shameful1 disreputable1 ignominious1 opprobrious1 scandalous1 infamous4 ,disgusting1 sickening1 repulsive1 revolting1 loathsome1 repugnant1 abhorrent1 noisome1 fulsome4 ,dispel1 disperse1 dissipate1 scatter4 ,dissatisfied1 discontented1 displeased1 malcontent1 disgruntled4 ,divide1 distribute1 apportion1 allot1 allocate1 partition4 ,doctrine1 dogma1 tenet1 precept4 ,dream1 reverie1 vision1 fantasy4 ,drip1 dribble1 trickle4 ,drunk1 drunken1 intoxicated1 inebriated4 ,dry1 arid1 parched1 desiccated4 ,eat1 bolt1 gulp1 gorge1 devour4 ,encroach1 infringe1 intrench1 trench1 intrude1 invade1 trespass4 ,end1 conclude1 terminate1 finish1 discontinue1 close4 ,enemy1 foe1 adversary1 opponent1 antagonist1 rival4 ,enough1 adequate1 sufficient4 ,entice1 inveigle1 allure1 lure1 decoy1 seduce4 ,erase1 expunge1 cancel1 efface1 obliterate4 ,error1 mistake1 blunder1 slip4 ,estimate1 value1 appreciate4 ,eternal1 everlasting1 endless1 deathless1 imperishable1 immortal4 ,examination1 inquiry1 inquisition1 investigation1 inspection1 scrutiny1 research1 review1 audit1 inquest1 autopsy4 ,example1 sample1 specimen1 instance4 ,exceed1 excel1 surpass1 transcend1 outdo4 ,expand1 dilate1 distend1 inflate4 ,expel1 banish1 exile1 proscribe1 ostracize4 ,experiment1 trial1 test4 ,explicit1 exact1 precise1 definite4 ,faculty1 gift1 endowment1 aptitude1 attribute1 talent1 predilection1 bent4 ,failing1 shortcoming1 defect1 fault1 foible1 infirmity4 ,famous1 renowned1 celebrated1 noted1 distinguished1 eminent1 illustrious4 ,fashion1 mode1 style1 vogue1 rage1 fad4 ,fast1 rapid1 swift1 quick1 fleet1 speedy1 hasty1 celeritous1 expeditious1 instantaneous4 ,fasten1 tie1 hitch1 moor1 tether4 ,fate1 destiny1 lot1 doom4 ,fawn1 truckle1 cringe1 crouch4 ,feign1 pretend1 dissemble1 simulate1 counterfeit1 affect1 assume4 ,fiendish1 devilish1 diabolical1 demoniacal1 demonic1 satanic4 ,fertile1 fecund1 fruitful1 prolific4 ,fit1 suitable1 appropriate1 proper4 ,flame1 blaze1 flare1 glare1 glow4 ,flat1 level1 even1 plane1 smooth1 horizontal4 ,flatter1 blandish1 beguile1 compliment1 praise4 ,flexible1 pliable1 pliant1 supple1 limber1 lithe1 lissom4 ,flit1 flutter1 flicker1 hover4 ,flock1 herd1 bevy1 covey1 drove1 pack1 brood1 litter1 school4 ,flow1 pour1 stream1 gush1 spout4 ,follow1 pursue1 chase4 ,follower1 adherent1 disciple1 partisan1 henchman4 ,fond1 loving1 doting1 devoted1 amorous1 enamored4 ,force1 strength1 power1 energy1 vigor1 might1 potency1 cogency1 efficacy4 ,force1 compulsion1 coercion1 constraint1 restraint4 ,free1 liberate1 emancipate1 manumit1 release1 disengage1 disentangle1 disembarrass1 disencumber1 extricate4 ,freshen1 refresh1 revive1 renovate1 renew4 ,friendly1 amicable1 companionable1 hearty1 cordial1 neighborly1 sociable1 genial1 complaisant1 affable4 ,frighten1 affright1 alarm1 terrify1 terrorize1 dismay1 appal1 daunt1 scare4 ,frown1 scowl1 glower1 lower4 ,frugal1 sparing1 saving1 economical1 chary1 thrifty1 provident1 prudent4 ,game1 play1 amusement1 pastime1 diversion1 fun1 sport1 entertainment4 ,gather1 accumulate1 amass1 collect1 levy1 muster1 hoard4 ,ghost1 spirit1 specter1 phantom1 apparition1 shade1 phantasm4 ,gift1 present1 donation1 grant1 gratuity1 bequest1 boon1 bounty1 largess1 fee1 bribe4 ,grand1 magnificent1 gorgeous1 splendid1 superb1 sublime4 ,greet1 hail1 salute1 address1 accost4 ,grief1 sorrow1 distress1 affliction1 trouble1 tribulation1 woe4 ,grieve1 lament1 mourn1 bemoan1 bewail1 deplore1 rue4 ,guard1 defend1 protect1 shield1 shelter1 screen1 preserve4 ,habitation1 abode1 dwelling1 residence1 domicile1 home4 ,harmful1 injurious1 detrimental1 pernicious1 deleterious1 baneful1 noxious4 ,have1 possess1 own1 hold4 ,headstrong1 wayward1 wilful1 perverse1 froward4 ,help 7noun71 aid1 assistance1 succor4 ,help 7verb71 assist1 aid1 succor1 abet1 second1 support1 befriend4 ,hesitate1 falter1 vacillate1 waver4 ,hide1 conceal1 secrete4 ,high1 tall1 lofty1 elevated1 towering4 ,hint1 intimate1 insinuate4 ,hopeful1 expectant1 sanguine1 optimistic1 confident4 ,hopeless1 despairing1 disconsolate1 desperate4 ,holy1 sacred1 hallowed1 sanctified1 consecrated1 godly1 pious1 saintly1 blessed4 ,impolite1 discourteous1 inurbane1 uncivil1 rude1 disrespectful1 pert1 saucy1 impertinent1 impudent1 insolent4 ,importance1 consequence1 moment4 ,impostor1 pretender1 charlatan1 masquerader1 mountebank1 deceiver1 humbug1 cheat1 quack1 shyster1 empiric4 ,imprison1 incarcerate1 immure4 ,improper1 indecent1 indecorous1 unseemly1 unbecoming1 indelicate4 ,impure1 tainted1 contaminated1 polluted1 defiled1 vitiated4 ,inborn1 innate1 inbred1 congenital4 ,incite1 instigate1 stimulate1 impel1 arouse1 goad1 spur1 promote4 ,inclose1 surround1 encircle1 circumscribe1 encompass4 ,increase1 grow1 enlarge1 magnify1 amplify1 swell1 augment4 ,indecent1 indelicate1 immodest1 shameless1 ribald1 lewd1 lustful1 lascivious1 libidinous1 obscene4 ,insane1 demented1 deranged1 crazy1 mad4 ,insanity1 dementia1 derangement1 craziness1 madness1 lunacy1 mania1 frenzy1 hallucination4 ,insipid1 tasteless1 flat1 vapid4 ,intention1 intent1 purpose1 plan1 design1 aim1 object1 end4 ,interpose1 intervene1 intercede1 interfere1 mediate4 ,irreligious1 ungodly1 impious1 godless1 sacrilegious1 blasphemous1 profane4 ,irritate1 exasperate1 nettle1 incense4 ,join1 connect1 unite1 couple1 combine1 link1 annex1 append4 ,kindle1 ignite1 inflame1 rouse4 ,lack1 want1 need1 deficiency1 dearth1 paucity1 scarcity1 deficit4 ,lame1 crippled1 halt1 deformed1 maimed1 disabled4 ,large1 great1 big1 huge1 immense1 colossal1 gigantic1 extensive1 vast1 massive1 unwieldy1 bulky4 ,laughable1 comical1 comic1 farcical1 ludicrous1 ridiculous1 funny1 droll4 ,lead1 guide1 conduct1 escort1 convoy4 ,lengthen1 prolong1 protract1 extend4 ,lessen1 decrease1 diminish1 reduce1 abate1 curtail1 moderate1 mitigate1 palliate4 ,lie 7noun71 untruth1 falsehood1 falsity1 fiction1 fabrication1 mendacity1 canard1 fib1 story4 ,lie 7verb71 prevaricate1 falsify1 equivocate1 quibble1 shuffle1 dodge1 fence1 fib4 ,likeness1 resemblance1 similitude1 similarity1 semblance1 analogy4 ,limp1 flaccid1 flabby1 flimsy4 ,list1 roll1 catalogue1 register1 roster1 schedule1 inventory4 ,loud1 resonant1 clarion1 stentorian1 sonorous4 ,low1 base1 abject1 servile1 slavish1 menial4 ,loyal1 faithful1 true1 constant1 staunch1 unwavering1 steadfast4 ,lurk1 skulk1 slink1 sneak1 prowl4 ,make1 create1 frame1 fashion1 mold1 shape1 form1 forge1 fabricate1 invent1 construct1 manufacture1 concoct4 ,manifest1 plain1 obvious1 clear1 apparent1 patent1 evident1 perceptible1 noticeable1 open1 overt1 palpable1 tangible1 indubitable1 unmistakable4 ,many1 various1 numerous1 divers1 manifold1 multitudinous1 myriad1 countless1 innumerable4 ,meaning1 significance1 signification1 import1 purport4 ,meet1 encounter1 collide1 confront1 converge4 ,meeting1 assembly1 assemblage1 congregation1 convention1 conference1 concourse1 gathering1 mustering4 ,melt1 thaw1 fuse1 dissolve1 liquefy4 ,memory1 remembrance1 recollection1 reminiscence1 retrospection4 ,misrepresent1 misinterpret1 falsify1 distort1 warp4 ,mix1 compound1 amalgamate1 weld1 combine1 blend1 concoct4 ,model1 pattern1 prototype1 criterion1 standard1 exemplar1 paragon1 archetype1 ideal4 ,motive1 incentive1 inducement1 desire1 purpose4 ,move1 actuate1 impel1 prompt1 incite4 ,near1 nigh1 close1 neighboring1 adjacent1 contiguous4 ,neat1 tidy1 orderly1 spruce1 trim1 prim4 ,needful1 necessary1 requisite1 essential1 indispensable4 ,negligence1 neglect1 inattention1 inattentiveness1 inadvertence1 remissness1 oversight4 ,new1 novel1 fresh1 recent1 modern1 late1 innovative1 unprecedented4 ,nice1 fastidious1 dainty1 finical1 squeamish4 ,noisy1 clamorous1 boisterous1 hilarious1 turbulent1 riotous1 obstreperous1 uproarious1 vociferous1 blatant1 brawling4 ,noticeable1 prominent1 conspicuous1 salient1 signal4 ,order 7noun71 command1 mandate1 behest1 injunction1 decree4 ,order 7verb71 command1 enjoin1 direct1 instruct4 ,oversight1 supervision1 direction1 superintendence1 surveillance4 ,pale1 pallid1 wan1 colorless1 blanched1 ghastly1 ashen1 cadaverous4 ,patience1 forbearance1 resignation1 longsuffering4 ,penetrate1 pierce1 perforate4 ,place1 office1 post1 position1 situation1 appointment4 ,plan1 design1 project1 scheme1 plot4 ,playful1 mischievous1 roguish1 prankish1 sportive1 arch4 ,plentiful1 plenteous1 abundant1 bounteous1 copious1 profuse1 exuberant1 luxuriant4 ,plunder1 rifle1 loot1 sack1 pillage1 devastate1 despoil4 ,pretty1 beautiful1 comely1 handsome1 fair4 ,profitable1 remunerative1 lucrative1 gainful4 ,prompt1 punctual1 ready1 expeditious4 ,pull1 draw1 drag1 haul1 tug1 tow4 ,push1 shove1 thrust4 ,puzzle1 perplex1 mystify1 bewilder4 ,queer1 odd1 curious1 quaint1 ridiculous1 singular1 unique1 bizarre1 fantastic1 grotesque4 ,rash1 incautious1 reckless1 foolhardy1 adventurous1 venturous1 venturesome4 ,rebellion1 insurrection1 revolt1 mutiny1 riot1 revolution1 sedition4 ,recover1 regain1 retrieve1 recoup1 rally1 recuperate4 ,reflect1 deliberate1 ponder1 muse1 meditate1 ruminate4 ,relate1 recount1 recite1 narrate1 tell4 ,replace1 supersede1 supplant1 succeed4 ,repulsive1 unsightly1 loathsome1 hideous1 grewsome4 ,requital1 retaliation1 reprisal1 revenge1 vengeance1 retribution4 ,responsible1 answerable1 accountable1 amenable1 liable4 ,reveal1 disclose1 divulge1 manifest1 show1 betray4 ,reverence1 veneration1 awe1 adoration1 worship4 ,ridicule1 deride1 mock1 taunt1 flout1 twit1 tease4 ,ripe1 mature1 mellow4 ,rise1 arise1 mount1 ascend4 ,rogue1 knave1 rascal1 miscreant1 scamp1 sharper1 villain4 ,round1 circular1 rotund1 spherical1 globular1 orbicular4 ,rub1 polish1 burnish1 furbish1 scour4 ,sad1 grave1 sober1 moody1 doleful1 downcast1 dreary1 woeful1 somber1 unhappy1 woebegone1 mournful1 depressed1 despondent1 gloomy1 melancholy1 heavy-spirited1 sorrowful1 dismal1 dejected1 disconsolate1 miserable1 lugubrious4 ,satiate1 sate1 surfeit1 cloy1 glut1 gorge4 ,scoff1 jeer1 gibe1 fleer1 sneer1 mock1 taunt4 ,secret1 covert1 surreptitious1 furtive1 clandestine1 underhand1 stealthy4 ,seep1 ooze1 infiltrate1 percolate1 transude1 exude4 ,sell1 barter1 vend1 trade4 ,shape1 form1 figure1 outline1 conformation1 configuration1 contour1 profile4 ,share1 partake1 participate1 divide4 ,sharp1 keen1 acute1 cutting1 trenchant1 incisive4 ,shore1 coast1 littoral1 beach1 strand1 bank4 ,shorten1 abridge1 abbreviate1 curtail1 truncate1 syncopate4 ,show 7noun71 display1 ostentation1 parade1 pomp1 splurge4 ,show1 exhibit1 display1 expose1 manifest1 evince4 ,shrink1 flinch1 wince1 blench1 quail4 ,shun1 avoid1 eschew4 ,shy1 bashful1 diffident1 modest1 coy1 timid1 shrinking4 ,sign1 omen1 auspice1 portent1 prognostic1 augury1 foretoken1 adumbration1 presage1 indication4 ,simple1 innocent1 artless1 unsophisticated1 naive4 ,skilful1 skilled1 expert1 adept1 apt1 proficient1 adroit1 dexterous1 deft1 clever1 ingenious4 ,skin1 hide1 pelt1 fell4 ,sleepy1 drowsy1 slumberous1 somnolent1 sluggish1 torpid1 dull1 lethargic4 ,slovenly1 slatternly1 dowdy1 frowsy1 blowzy4 ,sly1 crafty1 cunning1 subtle1 wily1 artful1 politic1 designing4 ,smile1 smirk1 grin4 ,solitary1 lonely1 lone1 lonesome1 desolate1 deserted1 uninhabited4 ,sour1 acid1 tart1 acrid1 acidulous1 acetose1 acerbitous1 astringent4 ,speech1 discourse1 oration1 address1 sermon1 declamation1 dissertation1 exhortation1 disquisition1 harangue1 diatribe1 tirade1 screed1 philippic1 invective1 rhapsody1 plea4 ,spruce1 natty1 dapper1 smart1 chic4 ,stale1 musty1 frowzy1 mildewed1 fetid1 rancid1 rank4 ,steep1 precipitous1 abrupt4 ,stingy1 close1 miserly1 niggardly1 parsimonious1 penurious1 sordid1 ,storm1 tempest1 whirlwind1 hurricane1 tornado1 cyclone1 typhoon ,straight1 perpendicular1 vertical1 plumb1 erect1 upright4 ,strange1 singular1 peculiar1 odd1 queer1 quaint1 outlandish4 ,strong1 stout1 robust1 sturdy1 stalwart1 powerful4 ,stupid1 dull1 obtuse1 stolid1 doltish1 sluggish1 brainless1 bovine4 ,succeed1 prosper1 thrive1 flourish1 triumph4 ,succession1 sequence1 series4 ,supernatural1 preternatural1 superhuman1 miraculous4 ,suppose1 surmise1 conjecture1 presume1 imagine1 fancy1 guess1 think1 believe4 ,surprise1 astonish1 amaze1 astound4 ,swearing1 cursing1 profanity1 blasphemy1 execration1 imprecation4 ,teach1 instruct1 educate1 train1 discipline1 drill1 inculcate1 instil1 indoctrinate4 ,thoughtful1 contemplative1 meditative1 reflective1 pensive1 wistful4 ,tire1 weary1 fatigue1 exhaust1 jade1 fag4 ,tool1 implement1 instrument1 utensil4 ,trifle1 dally1 dawdle1 potter4 ,try1 endeavor1 essay1 attempt4 ,trust1 confidence1 reliance1 assurance1 faith4 ,turn1 revolve1 rotate1 spin1 whirl1 gyrate4 ,ugly1 homely1 uncomely1 hideous4 ,unwilling1 reluctant1 disinclined1 loath1 averse4 ,watchful1 vigilant1 alert4 ,wave 7noun71 billow1 breaker1 swell1 ripple1 undulation4 ,wave 7verb71 brandish1 flourish1 flaunt1 wigwag4 ,weariness1 languor1 lassitude1 enervation1 exhaustion4 ,wearisome1 tiresome1 irksome1 tedious1 humdrum4 ,wet 7adjective71 humid1 moist1 damp1 dank1 sodden1 soggy4 ,wet 7verb71 moisten1 dampen1 soak1 imbrue1 saturate1 drench ,whim1 caprice1 vagary1 fancy1 freak1 whimsey1 crotchet4 ,wind1 breeze1 gust1 blast1 flaw1 gale1 squall1 flurry4 ,wind1 coil1 twist1 twine1 wreathe4 ,winding1 tortuous1 serpentine1 sinuous1 meandering4 ,wonderful1 marvelous1 phenomenal1 miraculous4 ,workman1 laborer1 artisan1 artificer1 mechanic1 craftsman4 ,write1 inscribe1 scribble1 scrawl1 scratch4 ,yearn1 long1 hanker1 pine1 crave4 ,,exercise ,f ,write three synonyms for each of the following words4 ,discriminate the three1 and embody each of them in a sentence4 ,accomplish ,conduct 7noun7 ,humble ,scream ,agree ,conspicuous ,indifferent ,shrewd ,anger ,cringe ,misfortune ,shudder ,attempt ,difficult ,obey ,skill ,big ,disconnect ,object 7noun7 ,soft ,brute ,erratic ,object 7verb7 ,splash ,business ,flash ,obligation ,success ,careless ,fragrant ,occupied ,sweet ,climb ,gain ,oppose ,trick ,collect ,generous ,persist ,wash ,commanding ,grim ,revise ,worship ,compel ,groan ,room ,,exercise ,g ,supply eight or ten intervening words between each of the following pairs4 ,arrange the intervening words in an ascending scale4 ,dark1 bright ,wet1 dry ,savage1 civilized ,beautiful1 ugly ,friend1 enemy ,hope1 despair ,wise1 foolish ,love1 hate ,enormous1 minute ,admirable1 abominable ,curse1 bless ,pride1 humility ,,ix ,,many-,,sided ,,words ,in ,chapter ,,vii you made a study of printed distinctions between synonyms4 ,in ,chapter ,,viii you were given lists of synonyms and made the distinctions yourself4 ,near the close of ,chapter ,,viii you were given words and discovered for yourself what their synonyms are4 ,this third stage might seem to reveal to you the full joys and benefits of your researches in this subject4 ,certainly to find a new word for an old one is an exhilarating sort of mental travel4 ,and to find a new word which expresses exactly what an old one expressed but approximately is a real acquisition in living4 ,but you are not yet a perfectly trained hunter of synonyms4 ,some miscellaneous tasks remain2 they will involve hard work and call your utmost powers into play4 ,of these tasks the most important is connected with the hint already given that many words1 especially if they be generic words1 have two or more entirely different meanings4 ,let us first establish this fact1 and afterwards see what bearing it has on our study of synonyms4 ,my friend says1 ,i hope you will have a good day4 ,does he mean an enjoyable one in general8 a profitable or lucrative one1 in case ,i have business in hand8 a successful one1 if ,i am selling stocks or buying a house8 ,possibly he means a sunshiny day if ,i intend to play golf1 a snowy day if ,i plan to go hunting1 a rainy day if my crops are drying up4 ,the ideas here are varied1 even contradictory1 enough2 yet good may be used of every one of them4 ,good is in truth so general a term that we must know the attendant circumstances if we are to attach to it a signification even approximately accurate4 ,this does not at all imply that good is a term we may brand as useless4 ,it implies merely that when our meaning is specific we must set good aside 7unless circumstances make its sense unmistakable7 in favor of a specific word4 ,things is another very general term4 ,in ,let us wash up the things it likely means dishes or clothes4 ,in ,hang your things in the closet it likely means clothes4 ,in ,put the things in the tool-box it likely means tools4 ,in ,put the things in the sewing-basket it likely means thread1 needles1 and scissors4 ,in ,the trenches are swarming with these things it likely means cooties4 ,a more accurate word is usually desirable4 ,yet we may see the value of the generality in the saying ,a place for everything1 and everything in its place4 ,good and things are not alone in having multitudinous meanings4 ,there are in the language numerous many-sided words4 ,these words should be studied carefully4 ,true1 they are not always employed in ambiguous ways4 ,for example1 right in the sense of correct is seldom likely to be mistaken for right in the sense of not-left1 but a reader or hearer may frequently mistake it for right in the sense of just or of honorable4 ,in the use of such words1 therefore1 we cannot become too discriminating4 ,,exercise ,h ,this exercise concerns itself with common words that have more than one meaning4 ,make your procedure as follows4 ,first1 look up the word itself4 ,under it you will find a number of defining words4 ,then look up each of these in turn1 until you have the requisite number and kind of synonyms4 7,the word is sure to have more synonyms than are called for47 ,you will have to use your dictionary tirelessly4 ,bare4 ,find three synonyms for bare as applied to the body2 three for it as applied to a room4 ,bear4 ,give three other words that might be used instead of bear in the sentence ,the pillar bears a heavy weight2 three in the sentence ,he bore a heavy load on his back2 three in the sentence ,he bore the punishment that was unjustly meted out to him2 three in the sentence ,he bore a grudge against his neighbor2 two in the sentence ,the field did not bear a crop last year4 ,bold4 ,give ten synonyms for bold as applied to a warrior2 ten as applied to a young girl4 ,observe that the synonyms in the first list are favorable in import and suggest the idea of bravery1 whereas those in the second list are unfavorable and suggest the idea of brazenness4 ,how do you account for this fact8 ,can you think of circumstances in which a young girl might be so placed that the favorable synonyms might be applied to her8 ,bright4 ,give as many words as you can1 at least twelve1 that can be used instead of bright as applied to a light1 a diamond1 a wet pavement1 or a live coal4 ,give three words for bright as applied to a child of unusual intelligence2 two as applied to an occasion that promises to turn out well2 two as applied to a career that has been signally successful4 ,clear4 ,give five synonyms for clear as applied to water2 ten as applied to a fact or a statement2 three as applied to the sky or atmosphere2 three as applied to the voice2 two as applied to a passageway or a view2 three as applied to one's judgment or thinking4 ,close4 ,give three words that could be substituted for close as applied to the atmosphere in a room2 four as applied to a person who is uninclined to talk about a matter2 three as applied to something not far off2 four as applied to a friend2 five as applied to a person who is reluctant to spend money2 five as applied to a translation2 five as applied to attention or endeavor4 ,discharge4 ,substitute in turn four words for discharge in the sentence ,the judge discharged the prisoner2 two in the sentence ,the foreman discharged the workman2 two in the sentence ,the hunter discharged the gun2 three in the sentence ,the sore discharged pus2 two in the sentence ,my neighbor discharged the debt2 two in the sentence ,he discharged his duty4 ,dull4 ,name three words besides dull that could be applied to a blade or a point2 five to a person with slow intellect2 three to indifference toward others2 two to a color2 three to a day that is not cheerful2 five to talk or discourse that is not interesting4 ,fair4 ,substitute five words for fair in the sentence ,he gave a fair judgment in the case2 three in the sentence ,the son made a fair showing in his studies2 four in the sentence ,she had a fair face2 two in the sentence ,her complexion was fair2 three in the sentence ,let no shame ever fall upon your fair name4 ,false4 ,find two words that you can substitute for false as applied to a signature1 to a report or a piece of news1 to jewels or money1 to a friend4 ,fast4 ,name two words ,i might substitute for fast in the sentence ,drive the stake until it is fast in the ground2 three in the sentence ,he made a fast trip for the doctor2 six in the sentence ,by leading a fast life he soon squandered his inheritance4 ,firm4 ,substitute four words for firm in the sentence ,i made the board firm by nailing it to the wall2 three in the sentence ,the water froze into a firm mass2 five in the sentence ,he was firm in his determination to proceed4 ,flat4 ,instead of flat use in turn four other words in the sentence ,this is a flat piece of ground2 five in the sentence ,it was as flat a story as ever wearied company2 three in the sentence ,the cook having forgotten the salt1 the soup was flat2 four in the sentence ,i am surprised by your flat refusal4 ,free4 ,free may be applied to a person not subject to a tax or a disease1 to a person who has been released from confinement or restraint1 to a person who is not reserved or formal in his relations to others1 to a person who is willing to give4 ,out of your own resources substitute as many words as you can for free in each of these sentences4 ,now look up free in a dictionary or book of synonyms4 ,what proportion of its synonyms were you able to think up unaided8 ,great4 ,give three synonyms for great as applied to size1 to number1 to a man widely known for notable achievement1 to an error or crime1 to price4 ,hard4 ,give six synonyms for hard as applied to a rock2 six as applied to a task or burden2 six as applied to a problem or situation2 ten as applied to one's treatment of others4 ,harsh4 ,give three words that can be applied instead of harsh to a sound2 three that can be applied instead of harsh to the voice2 five that can be applied to one's treatment of others2 five that can be applied to one's disposition or nature4 ,just4 ,substitute five words for just in the sentence ,you are just in your dealings with others2 three in the sentence ,a just punishment was meted out to him2 three in the sentence ,they made a just division of the property2 two in the sentence ,he had a just claim to the title4 ,plain4 ,give six words that can be substituted for plain1 as applied to a fact or statement2 four as applied to the decorations of a room2 two as applied to the countenance2 four as applied to a surface2 three as applied to a statement or reply4 ,poor4 ,give five words that can be used instead of poor as applied to a person who is without money or resources2 ten as applied to a person lacking in flesh2 three as applied to clothing that is worn out2 five as applied to land that will bear only small crops or no crops at all2 two as applied to an occasion that does not promise to turn out well4 ,quick4 ,give six words that could be used instead of quick as applied to a train or a horse in travel2 six as applied to the movements of a person about a room or to his actions in the performance of his work2 four to a disposition or temper that is easily irritated4 ,serious4 ,give five synonyms for serious as applied to one's countenance or expression2 three as applied to a problem or undertaking2 two as applied to a disease or to sickness4 ,sharp4 ,give two synonyms for sharp as applied to a blade or a point2 six as applied to a pain or to grief2 four as applied to a remark or reply2 ten as applied to one's mind or intellect2 three as applied to temper or disposition2 three as applied to an embankment2 three as applied to the seasoning of food2 three as applied to a cry or scream4 ,stiff4 ,give six synonyms for stiff as applied to an iron rod2 three as applied to an adversary2 six as applied to one's manner or bearing2 two as applied to one's style of writing or speaking4 ,strong4 ,give three synonyms for strong as applied to a person in regard to his health2 ten as applied to him in regard to his muscularity of physique2 four as applied to a fortress2 three as applied to a plea or assertion2 three as applied to an argument or reason2 three as applied to determination2 two as applied to liquor2 three as applied to a light2 two as applied to corrective measures2 two as applied to an odor4 ,vain4 ,give five synonyms for vain as applied to a man who overvalues himself or his accomplishments2 six as applied to an attempt that comes to nothing2 three as applied to hopes that have little chance of fulfilment4 ,weak4 ,substitute five synonyms for weak in the sentence ,i was very weak after my illness2 four in the sentence ,the fortress was especially weak on the side toward the plain2 three in the sentence ,he made a weak attempt to defend his actions2 three in the sentence ,many of these arguments are weak2 three in the sentence ,hamlet is usually interpreted as being weak of will2 three in the sentence ,the liquor was so weak it had no taste2 three in the sentence ,the lace was weak and soon tore4 ,wild4 ,give two words instead of wild as applied to animals2 two as applied to land2 three as applied to people who have not been civilized2 three as applied to a storm1 an uncontrolled temper1 or a mob2 three as applied to a scheme that has no basis in reason or practicality4 ,,exercise ,i ,in ,exercise ,h you started with ideas and objects1 and had to find words of a given meaning that could be applied to them4 ,in this exercise you start with the words1 and must find the ideas and objects4 ,base4 ,to what is base applied when inferior1 cheap1 worthless could be used as its synonyms8 ,to what is it applied when debased1 impure1 spurious1 alloyed1 counterfeit could be used8 ,when mean1 despicable1 contemptible1 shameful1 disgraceful1 dishonorable1 discreditable1 scandalous1 infamous1 villainous1 low-minded could be used8 ,when ignoble1 servile1 slavish1 groveling1 menial could be used8 ,when plebeian1 obscure1 untitled1 vulgar1 lowly1 nameless1 humble1 unknown could be used8 ,mortal4 ,can you properly contrast mortal with immortal existence8 mortal with porcine existence8 ,is porcine existence also mortal8 ,is mortal existence also porcine8 ,what adjective pertaining to mankind forms a true contrast to porcine8 ,what is a synonym for mortal in its broad sense8 in its narrow sense8 ,severe4 ,to what is severe applied when harsh1 stern1 rigorous1 drastic1 austere1 hard could be substituted for it8 ,when plain1 unembellished1 unadorned1 chaste could be substituted8 ,when acute1 violent1 extreme1 intense1 sharp1 distressing1 afflictive could be substituted8 ,when keen1 cutting1 biting1 stinging1 caustic1 critical1 trenchant could be substituted8 ,,exercise ,j ,reread the discussion of good and things in ,many-sided ,words4 ,then for each of the words listed below collect or compose twenty or more sentences in which the word is used4 ,as largely as possible1 take them from actual experience4 ,in doing this you must listen to the use of the word in everyday talk4 ,after you have made your list of sentences as varied and extensive as you can1 try to substitute synonyms that will express the idea more accurately4 ,note whether a knowledge of the attendant circumstances is necessary to an understanding of the original word1 to an understanding of the word substituted for it4 ,bad ,fine ,matter ,affair ,nice ,common ,case ,boost ,,exercise ,k ,analyze each of the words given below into its various uses or applications4 ,then for it in each of these applications assemble as many synonyms as you can unaided4 ,finally1 have recourse to a dictionary or book of synonyms for the further extension of your lists4 7,by way of illustration1 let us take the word quiet4 ,through meditation and analysis we discover that it may be applied 7a7 to water or any liquid not in motion1 7b7 to a place that is without sound1 7c7 to a place shut off from activity or bustle1 7d7 to a person who is not demonstrative or forward in manner4 ,we then think of all the words we can that can be substituted for it in each of these uses4 ,no matter how incompletely or unsatisfactorily we feel we are performing this task1 we must not give it over until we have found every word we can summon4 ,then we turn to a dictionary or book of synonyms4 ,thus for quiet we shall assemble such synonyms as 7a7 calm1 still1 motionless1 placid1 tranquil1 serene1 smooth1 unruffled1 undisturbed1 pacific1 stagnant2 7b7 silent1 still1 noiseless1 mute1 hushed1 voiceless2 7c7 secluded1 sequestered1 solitary1 isolated1 unfrequented1 unvisited1 peaceful1 untrodden1 retired2 7d7 demure1 sedate1 staid1 reserved1 meek1 gentle1 retiring1 unobtrusive1 modest1 unassuming1 timid1 shrinking1 shy47 ,barren ,keep ,pure ,solid ,certain ,liberal ,rare ,sorry ,cold ,light 7adjective7 ,rich ,spread ,cool ,light 7noun7 ,right ,straight ,deep ,long ,rude ,still ,dry ,low ,short ,sure ,easy ,mean ,simple ,thick ,foul ,narrow ,slow ,thin ,full ,new ,small ,tender ,gentle ,obscure ,smooth ,true ,grand ,odd ,sober ,warm ,heavy ,particular ,soft ,yield ,keen ,literal vs4 ,figurative ,applications ,one of the most interesting things to watch in the study of words is their development from a literal to a figurative application4 ,the first man who broke away from the confines of the literal meaning of a word and applied the word to something that only in a figurative sense had qualities analogous to the original meaning1 was creating poetry4 ,he was making an imaginative flight comparable in daring to the ,wright brothers' first aeronautic flight4 ,but as the word was used over and over in this figurative way the imaginative flight became more and more commonplace4 ,at last it ceased to be imaginative at all2 through frequent repetition it had settled into the matter of course4 ,a glance back at the ,concise group above will show you that with time the comparison which was once the basis and the life of the figurative use of words is dulled1 obscured1 even lost4 ,as a further enforcement of this fact1 let us analyze the word rough4 ,in its literal application1 it may designate any surface that has ridges1 projections1 or inequalities and is therefore uneven1 jagged1 rugged1 scraggy1 or scabrous4 ,now frequently a man's face or head is rough because unshaved or uncombed2 also the fur of an animal is rough4 ,hence the term could be used for unkempt1 disheveled1 shaggy1 hairy1 coarse1 bristly4 ,the child ran its hand over its father's rough cheek and ,the bear had a rough coat are sentences that even the most unimaginative mind can understand4 ,we speak of rough timber because its surface has not been planed or made smooth4 ,we speak of a rough diamond because it is unpolished1 uncut4 ,note that all these uses are literal1 that in each instance some unevenness of surface is referred to4 ,but man1 urged on by the desire to say what he means with more novelty1 strikingness1 or force1 applied the word to ideas that have no surfaces to be uneven4 ,he imagined what these ideas would be like if they had surfaces4 ,of course in putting these conceptions into language he was creating figures of speech1 some of them startlingly apt1 some of them merely far-fetched4 ,he said a man had a rough voice1 as though the voice were like a cactus in its prickly irregularities4 ,by rough he meant what his fellows meant when they spoke of the voice as harsh1 grating1 jarring1 discordant1 inharmonious1 strident1 raucous1 or unmusical4 ,going farther1 that early poet said the weather was rough4 ,he thought of clement weather as being smooth and even1 but of inclement1 severe1 stormy1 tempestuous1 or violent weather as being full of projections to rend and harass one4 ,thus an everyday use of the term today was once wrenched and immoderate speech4 ,possibly the first man who heard of rough weather was puzzled for a moment1 then amused or delighted as he caught the figure4 ,it did not require great originality to think of a crowd as rough in its movements4 ,but our poet applied the idea to an individual4 ,to him a rude1 uncivil1 impolite1 ungracious1 uncourteous1 unpolished1 uncouth1 boorish1 blunt1 bluff1 gruff1 brusk1 or burly person was as the unplaned lumber or the unpolished gem2 and we imitative moderns still call such a man rough4 ,but we do not think of the man as covered with projections that need to be taken off1 unless forsooth we receive rough treatment at his hands4 ,and note how far we have journeyed from the original idea of the word when we say ,i gave the report a rough glance1 meaning cursory1 hasty1 superficial1 or incomplete consideration4 ,many very simple words1 including several of those already treated in this chapter1 are two-sided in that they are both literal and figurative4 ,,exercise ,l ,trace each of the following words from its literal to its figurative applications1 giving synonyms for each of its uses4 ,open ,bright ,stiff ,hard ,low ,cool ,sharp ,flat ,keen ,strong ,dull ,raw ,small ,odd ,warm ,deep ,eccentric ,imperfectly ,understood ,facts and ,ideas ,thus far in this chapter we have been considering many-sided words4 ,we must now turn to a certain class of facts and ideas that deserve better understanding and closer analysis than we usually accord them4 ,these facts and ideas are supposed to be matters of common knowledge4 ,and in their broad scope and purport they are4 ,because acquaintance with them is taken for granted it behooves us to know them4 ,yet they are in reality complicated1 and when we attempt to deal with them in detail1 our assurance forsakes us4 ,all of us have our blind sides intellectually-- quake to have certain areas of discussion entered1 because we foresee that we must sit idly by without power to make sensible comment4 ,unto as many as possible of these blind sides of ourselves we should pronounce the blessed words1 ,let there be light4 ,we have therefore to consider certain matters and topics which are supposed to belong to the common currency of social information1 but with which our familiarity is less thoroughgoing than it should be4 ,what are these facts and topics8 ,take for illustration the subject of aeronautics4 ,suppose we have but the vaguest conception of the part played or likely to be played by aircraft in war1 commerce1 and pleasure4 ,suppose we are not aware that some craft are made to float and others to be driven by propellers4 ,suppose such terms as ,zeppelin1 blimp1 monoplane1 biplane1 hydroplane1 dirigible have no definite import for us4 ,does not our knowledge fall short of that expected of well-informed men in this present age8 ,or take military terms4 ,everybody uses them--clergymen1 pacifists1 clubmen1 social reformers1 novelists1 tramps1 brick-layers1 ,big-,stickers4 ,we cannot escape them if we would4 ,we ourselves use them4 ,but do we use them with precise and masterly understanding8 ,you call one civilian colonel and another major2 which have you paid the higher compliment8 ,you are uncertain whether a given officer is a colonel or a major1 and you wish to address him in such fashion as will least offend his sensitiveness as to rank and nomenclature2 which title--colonel or major--is the less perilous8 ,you are told that a major has command of a battalion2 does that tell you anything about him8 ,you are told that he has command of a squadron1 of a brigade1 of a platoon2 do these changes in circumstances have any import for you8 ,if not1 you have too faltering a grasp upon military facts and terminology4 ,the best remedy for such shortcomings is to be insatiably curious on all subjects4 ,this of course is the ideal2 nobody ever fully attains it4 ,nevertheless ,exercise ,m will set you to groping into certain broad matters relevant to ordinary needs4 ,thereafter1 if your purpose be strong enough1 you will carry the same methods there acquired into other fields of knowledge4 ,you may object that all this is as much mental as linguistic--that what is proposed will result in as large accessions of general information as of vocabulary4 ,let this be admitted4 ,deficiencies of language are often1 perhaps almost invariably1 linked with deficiencies of knowledge4 ,to repair the one we must at the same time repair the other4 ,this may seem a hard saying to those who seek1 or would impart1 mere glibness of phrase without regard for the substance--who worship words1 words1 words without thought of the matter4 ,there is such a thing as froth of utterance1 but who has respect therefor or is deceived thereby8 ,speech that is not informed is like a house without a foundation4 ,you should not desire to possess it4 ,abroad in this world of ours already are too many people who darken counsel by words without knowledge4 ,,exercise ,m ,a second lieutenant is the commissioned officer of lowest grade in the ,united ,states army4 ,name all the grades from second lieutenant to the grade that is highest4 ,an admiral is the officer of highest grade in the ,united ,states navy4 ,name all the grades down to that which is lowest4 ,name as many as possible of the different ranks of the clergy in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 in the ,church of ,england4 ,give ascendingly the five titles in the ,british nobility4 ,name the different kinds of vehicles4 ,name the different kinds of schools4 ,name all the different kinds of boats and ships 7both ancient and modern7 you can think of4 ,give the nautical term for the right side of a ship1 for the left side of a ship1 for the front1 for the rear1 for the forward portion1 for the rear portion4 ,name the various kinds of bodies of water 7oceans1 rivers1 lagoons1 etc47 ,give all the terms of relationship of persons1 both by blood and by marriage4 ,what relation to you is your grandfather's brother8 your cousin's daughter8 ,name all the bones of the human head4 ,give the names of the different parts of a typical flower4 ,name as many elements as you can4 ,what is the number usually given8 ,what was the last element discovered1 and by whom8 ,name the elements of which water is composed4 ,name the principal elements in the composition of the air4 ,make as long a list as possible 7up to thirty7 of words that appeal to the sense of sight 7especially color words and motion words71 to the sense of hearing1 of smell1 of taste1 of touch4 ,find words descriptive of various expressions in the human face4 ,name all the terms you can associated with law1 with medicine1 with geology4 ,name the planets1 the signs of the zodiac1 as many constellations as you can4 ,name the seven colors of the spectrum1 and for each name give all the synonyms you can4 ,what are the primary colors8 the secondary colors8 ,give the various races into which mankind has been divided1 and the color of each4 ,name every kind of tree you can think of1 every kind of flower1 every kind of animal1 every kind of bird4 ,x ,,supplementary ,,list ,,of ,,words ,you have already mastered many words1 but a glance at any page of the dictionary will convince you that you have not mastered all4 ,nor will you1 ever4 ,their number is too great1 and too many of them are abstrusely technical4 ,nevertheless there remain many words that you should bring into your vocabulary4 ,most of them are not extremely usual2 on the other hand they are not so unusual that you would encounter them but once in a lifetime4 ,the majority of them are familiar to you1 perhaps2 that is1 you will have a general feeling that you have seen them before4 ,but this is not enough4 ,do you know exactly what they mean8 ,can you1 when the occasion comes1 use them8-use them promptly and well8 ,this is the test4 ,many of the words are absolutely new so far as this book is concerned4 ,they have not been discussed or attached to any list4 ,many are not entirely new4 ,they have appeared1 but not received such emphasis that they are sure to stand fast in your memory4 ,or some cognate form of them may have been mastered1 yet they themselves may remain unknown4 ,thus you may know commendation but not commendatory1 credulous but not incredulity1 invalid but not invalidate or invalidity4 ,one of the best of all ways to extend your vocabulary is to make each word of your acquaintance introduce you to its immediate kinsmen1 those grouped with it on the same page of the dictionary4 ,this chapter puts you on your mettle4 ,hitherto you have been given instructions as to the way to proceed1 ,now you must shift for yourself4 ,the words1 to be sure1 are corraled for you4 ,but you must tame them and break them1 in order that on them you may ride the ranges of human intercourse4 ,if you have not yet learned how to subdue them to your will and use1 it would be futile to tell you how4 ,you have been put in the way of mastering words4 ,the task that henceforth confronts you is your own4 ,you must have at it unaided4 ,it is true that1 in the exercise that follows1 specific help is given you on a limited number of the words4 ,but this help is only toward discovering the words for yourself before you have seen them in a list4 ,and for most of the words not even this meager assistance is given4 ,,exercise - ,supplementary ,each of the following groups of words is preceded by sentences in which blanks should be filled by words from that group4 ,but do your best to fill these blanks properly before you consult the group at all4 ,you must learn to think of1 or think up1 the right word instead of having it pointed out to you4 ,these benefits were not inherent in the course he had taken2 they were purely 4 ,anything which existed before ,noah's flood is called 4 ,his left hand1 which had ceased to grow during his childhood1 was now withered from its long 4 ,certain books once belonging to the ,bible have been discarded by the ,protestants as 4 ,when ,shakespeare makes ,hector quote ,aristotle1 who lived long after the siege of ,troy1 he is guilty of an 4 ,whatever causes the lips to pucker1 as alum or a green persimmon1 is spoken of as 4 ,abash1 abbreviate1 abduct1 aberrant1 aberration1 abeyance1 abhorrent1 abject1 abjure1 aboriginal1 abortive1 abrade1 abrasion1 abrogate1 absolution1 abstemious1 abstention1 abstruse1 accelerate1 accentuate1 acceptation1 accessary1 accession1 accessory1 acclamation1 acclivity1 accolade1 accomplice1 accost1 acerbity1 acetic1 achromatic1 acidulous1 acme1 acolyte1 acoustics1 acquiescence1 acquisitive1 acrimonious1 acumen1 adage1 adamantine1 addict1 adduce1 adhesive1 adipose1 adjudicate1 adolescence1 adulation1 adulterate1 advent1 adventitious1 aerial1 affability1 affidavit1 affiliate1 affinity1 agglomerate1 agglutinate1 aggrandizement1 agnostic1 alignment1 aliment1 allegorical1 alleviate1 altercation1 altruistic1 amalgamate1 amatory1 ambiguity1 ambrosial1 ameliorate1 amenable1 amenity1 amity1 amnesty1 amulet1 anachronism1 analytical1 anathema1 anatomy1 animadversion1 annotate1 anomalous1 anonymous1 antediluvian1 anterior1 anthology1 anthropology1 antinomy1 antiquarianism1 antiseptic1 aphorism1 apocryphal1 aplomb1 apostasy1 apparatus1 apparition1 appellate1 appertain1 appetency1 apposite1 approbation1 appurtenance1 aquatic1 aqueous1 aquiline1 arbitrary1 archaic1 arduous1 aromatic1 arrear1 articulate1 ascetic1 asperity1 asphyxiate1 asseverate1 assiduity1 assimilate1 astringent1 astute1 atrophy1 attenuate1 auditory1 augury1 auscultation1 austerity1 authenticate1 authenticity1 auxiliary1 avidity4 ,the man wished to fight2 he was in mood4 ,there is only a handful of these things2 yes1 a mere 4 ,slight mishaps like these lead to quips and mutual 4 ,his conduct is odd1 grotesque1 4 ,baccalaureate1 badinage1 bagatelle1 baleful1 ballast1 banality1 baneful1 beatitude1 bellicose1 belligerent1 benefaction1 beneficent1 benison1 betide1 bibulous1 bigotry1 bizarre1 bombastic1 burlesque4 ,this effect was not obtained all at once2 it was 4 ,these subjects belong to the same general field of knowledge as those2 the two sets are 4 ,he is a skilled judge of art1 a 4 ,the ,southern states were unwilling to remain in the ,union2 they could be kept only by 4 ,monks take upon themselves the vow of 4 ,no1 this animal does not live on vegetation2 it is a animal4 ,cacophonous1 cadaverous1 cadence1 callow1 calumny1 capillary1 captious1 cardinal1 carnal1 carnivorous1 castigate1 cataclysm1 catastrophe1 category1 causality1 cavernous1 celebrity1 celibacy1 censorious1 ceramics1 cerebration1 certitude1 cessation1 charlatan1 chimerical1 chronology1 circuitous1 circumlocution1 citation1 clandestine1 clarify1 clemency1 coadjutor1 coagulate1 coalesce1 coercion1 cogency1 cognizant1 cohesion1 coincidence1 collusion1 colossal1 comatose1 combustible1 commendatory1 commensurate1 commiserate1 communal1 compatibility1 compendium1 complaisant1 comport1 composite1 compulsive1 compulsory1 computation1 concatenate1 concentric1 concessive1 concomitant1 condign1 condiment1 condolence1 confiscatory1 confute1 congeal1 congenital1 conglomerate1 congruity1 connivance1 connoisseur1 connubial1 consensus1 consistence1 consort1 constriction1 construe1 contentious1 context1 contiguity1 contiguous1 contingent1 contortion1 contravene1 contumacious1 contumacy1 contumelious1 convergent1 conversant1 convivial1 correlate1 corrigible1 corroborate1 corrosive1 cosmic1 covenant1 crass1 credence1 crescent1 criterion1 critique1 crucial1 crucible1 cryptic1 crystalline1 culmination1 culpable1 cumulative1 cupidity1 cursive1 cursory1 cutaneous1 cynosure4 ,his course was not prescribed for him by superiors2 his powers were 4 ,the suppression of these anarchistic tendencies has required measures4 ,she was just entering society1 and was proving herself a popular 4 ,yes1 this tree loses its leaves every year2 it is a tree4 ,he pretends that his are sound1 because he can read the stars4 ,debilitate1 debonair1 debutante1 decadence1 decapitate1 deciduous1 declivity1 decompose1 decorous1 dedicatory1 deduction1 deferential1 deficiency1 deglutition1 dehiscence1 delectable1 delete1 deleterious1 delineate1 deliquescent1 demarcation1 demimonde1 demoniac1 denizen1 denouement1 deprecate1 depreciate1 derelict1 derogatory1 despicable1 desuetude1 desultory1 deteriorate1 diacritical1 diagnosis1 diaphanous1 diatribe1 didactic1 diffusive1 dilatory1 dilettante1 dipsomania1 dirigible1 discommode1 discretionary1 discursive1 disintegrate1 disparity1 dispensable1 disseminate1 dissimulation1 dissonant1 distain1 divagation1 divination1 divulge1 dolor1 dorsal1 drastic1 dubiety1 duress1 dynamic4 ,these facts do not circulate except among a limited group of people2 they are therefore 4 ,the departure of the children of ,israel from ,egypt was a general 4 ,his philosophy1 instead of conforming to a single system1 was 4 ,lamb wrote admirable letters2 he has a delightful style4 ,the period at which our days and nights are of equal length is the period4 ,ebullient1 ecclesiastical1 echelon1 eclectic1 ecstatic1 edict1 eerie1 effervescent1 efficacious1 effrontery1 effulgence1 effusion1 egregious1 eleemosynary1 elicit1 elite1 elucidate1 embellish1 embryonic1 emendation1 emissary1 emission1 emollient1 empiric1 empyreal1 emulous1 encomium1 endue1 enervate1 enfilade1 enigmatic1 ennui1 enunciate1 environ1 epicure1 epigram1 episode1 epistolary1 epitome1 equestrian1 equilibrium1 equinoctial1 equity1 equivocate1 eradicate1 erosion1 erotic1 erudition1 eruptive1 eschew1 esoteric1 espousal1 estrange1 ethereal1 eulogistic1 euphonious1 evanescent1 evangelical1 evict1 exacerbate1 excerpt1 excommunicate1 excoriate1 excruciate1 execrable1 exegesis1 exemplary1 exhalation1 exhilarate1 exigency1 exodus1 exonerate1 exorbitant1 exotic1 expectorate1 expeditious1 explicable1 explicit1 expunge1 extant1 extemporaneous1 extrinsic4 ,he deceives himself by this argument1 for the argument is utterly 4 ,no complicated action can be planned in absolute detail2 much must depend on circumstance4 ,fabricate1 fabulous1 facetious1 factitious1 fallacious1 fallible1 fastidious1 fatuous1 feasible1 feculence1 fecundity1 felicitous1 felonious1 fetid1 feudal1 fiducial1 filament1 filtrate1 finesse1 flaccid1 flagitious1 floriculture1 florid1 fluctuate1 foible1 forfeiture1 fortuitous1 fractious1 franchise1 frangible1 frontal1 froward1 furtive4 ,the advice was both unasked and unwelcome2 it was purely 4 ,throughout the ,world ,war the of ,germany over the other ,central ,european powers was unquestioned4 ,buffaloes naturally go together in herds2 they are 4 ,galaxy1 galleon1 garrulity1 gesticulate1 gormand1 granivorous1 grandiloquent1 gravamen1 gratuitous1 gregarious1 habitue1 hallucination1 harbinger1 hardihood1 heckle1 hectic1 hedonist1 hegemony1 heinous1 herbivorous1 heretic1 hermaphrodite1 heterodox1 heterogeneous1 hibernate4 histrionic1 hoidenism1 homiletics1 homogeneous1 hydraulic1 hypothesis4 ,we cannot understand ,god's ways2 they are 4 ,nor need we expect to change them2 they are 4 ,if an animal has no backbone1 it is 4 ,a boy so confirmed in his faults that we cannot correct them is 4 ,idiosyncrasy1 illicit1 immaculate1 immanent1 imminent1 immobile1 immure1 immutable1 impalpable1 impeccable1 impecunious1 imperturbable1 impervious1 implacable1 implicit1 impolitic1 imponderable1 importunate1 imprecation1 impromptu1 improvise1 imputation1 inadvertent1 inamorata1 inanity1 incarcerate1 inchoate1 incidence1 incision1 incongruent1 inconsequential1 incontinent1 incorporeal1 incorrigible1 incredulity1 incumbent1 indecorous1 indigenous1 indigent1 indite1 indomitable1 ineluctable1 inexorable1 inexplicable1 inferential1 infinitesimal1 infinitude1 infraction1 infusion1 inhibit1 innocuous1 innuendo1 inopportune1 insatiable1 inscrutable1 insidious1 inspissated1 insulate1 intangible1 integral1 integument1 interdict1 internecine1 intractable1 intransigent1 intrinsic1 inure1 invalidate1 inveigh1 inveigle1 invertebrate1 invidious1 irrefragable1 irrefutable1 irrelevant1 irreparable1 irrevocable1 iterate4 ,he overpraised people2 he was always engaged in extravagant of somebody or other4 ,the small man who has written a book becomes pretentious at once and regards himself as one of the 4 ,thatcher is always engaged in lawsuits2 he is the most man ,i ever saw4 ,jocose1 jocund1 jurisprudence1 juxtaposition1 kaleidoscopic1 labyrinth1 lacerate1 lackadaisical1 lacrimal1 laity1 lambent1 lampoon1 largess1 lascivious1 laudable1 laudation1 lavation1 legionary1 lethargic1 licentious1 lineal1 lingual1 literati1 litigious1 loquacity1 lubricity1 lucent1 lucre1 lucubration1 lugubrious4 ,those soldiers are fighting1 not for principle1 but for pay2 they are 4 ,iron that is not heated cannot be hammered into shape2 it is not 4 ,machination1 macrocosm1 magisterial1 magniloquent1 maladroit1 malfeasance1 malignity1 malleable1 mandate1 matutinal1 medieval1 mephitic1 mercenary1 mercurial1 meretricious1 metamorphose1 meticulous1 microcosm1 misanthropic1 misogyny1 misprision1 mitigate1 monitor1 mortuary1 mundane1 mutable4 ,it is a government by the few2 therefore an 4 ,all the men of influence in the state give offices to their kinsmen2 the system is one of 4 ,yes1 grandfather is eighty years old today2 he has become an 4 ,nebulous1 nefarious1 negation1 neophyte1 nepotism1 neurotic1 noisome1 nomenclature1 nonchalant1 non sequitur1 nucleus1 nugatory1 obdurate1 objurgation1 obligatory1 obloquy1 obsequious1 obsession1 obsolete1 obstreperous1 obtrusive1 obtuse1 obverse1 obviate1 occult1 octogenarian1 officious1 olfactory1 oleaginous1 oligarchy1 ominous1 onomatopceia1 opacity1 opaque1 opprobrious1 oracular1 orthodox1 oscillate1 osculate1 ostensible1 ostentation1 ostracize1 outr1 ovation1 overture4 ,in ,england the eldest son inherits the title and the estate1 but ,americans do not take to a system of 4 ,you are always putting off until tomorrow what you could do today2 do you think it pays to thus8 ,an ambassador whose powers are unlimited is called an ambassador 4 ,beasts or men that are given to plundering are 4 ,pabulum1 pageantry1 paginate1 palatial1 palliate1 palpable1 panacea1 panegyric1 panorama1 paradoxical1 paramount1 parasite1 parochial1 paroxysm1 parsimonious1 parturition1 patois1 patriarchal1 patrician1 patrimony1 peccadillo1 pecuniary1 pedantic1 pellucid1 pendulous1 penultimate1 penurious1 peregrination1 perfunctory1 peripatetic1 periphery1 persiflage1 perspicacious1 perspicuity1 pertinacious1 pharmaceutic1 phenomenal1 phlegmatic1 phraseology1 pictorial1 piquant1 pique1 plagiarize1 platitudinous1 platonic1 plebeian1 plenipotentiary1 plethora1 pneumatic1 poignant1 polity1 poltroon1 polyglot1 pontifical1 portentous1 posterior1 posthumous1 potent1 potential1 pragmatic1 preamble1 precarious1 precocious1 precursor1 predatory1 predestination1 predicament1 preemptory1 prelate1 preliminary1 preposterous1 prerequisite1 prerogative1 presentiment1 primogeniture1 probation1 probity1 proclivity1 procrastinate1 prodigal1 prodigious1 prodigy1 profligate1 progenitor1 proletarian1 prolific1 prolix1 promiscuous1 promissory1 propaganda1 propensity1 prophylactic1 propinquity1 propitiatory1 propitious1 proprietary1 prorogue1 proselyte1 prototype1 protuberant1 provender1 proximity1 prurient1 psychical1 psychological1 puerile1 pugnacious1 puissant1 punctilious1 pungent1 punitive1 pusillanimous1 putrescent1 pyrotechnics4 ,the coil of wire1 being 1 instantly resumed its original shape4 ,some one must arrange these papers for publication2 will you be their 8 ,poe's mind had a bent toward 3 it could reason out a whole chain of circumstances from one or two known facts4 ,he showed a disposition not to comply with these instructions2 yes1 he was 4 ,rabbinical1 rancorous1 rapacious1 ratiocination1 rational1 raucous1 recalcitrant1 recant1 recapitulate1 recession1 reciprocal1 reciprocate1 recluse1 recondite1 recreant1 recrudescence1 rectilinear1 rectitude1 recumbent1 redactor1 redress1 redound1 refractory1 refulgent1 rejuvenate1 relevant1 rendezvous1 rendition1 reparation1 repercussion1 repertory1 replenish1 replete1 replevin1 reprehend1 reprobate1 repulsive1 requisite1 rescind1 residue1 residuum1 resilient1 resplendent1 resurgence1 resuscitate1 reticulate1 retribution1 retrograde1 retrospect1 rigorous1 risible1 rodomontade1 rudimentary1 ruminate4 ,his position carries no responsibility2 it is a 4 ,the moon revolves about the earth1 and is therefore the earth's 4 ,his work keeps him at his desk all day2 it is work4 ,your words incite men to disorder and rebellion2 they are 4 ,saccharine1 sacerdotal1 sacrament1 sacrilege1 salient1 salubrious1 sardonic1 satellite1 saturnine1 schism1 scurrilous1 sectarian1 secular1 sedative1 sedentary1 seditious1 sedulous1 segregate1 seismograph1 senescent1 sententious1 septuagenarian1 sequester1 sibilant1 similitude1 sinecure1 sinuous1 solicitous1 solstice1 somnolent1 sophisticated1 sophistry1 sorcery1 spasmodic1 specious1 spirituelle1 splenetic1 spontaneity1 sporadic1 spurious1 stipend1 stipulate1 stoical1 stricture1 stringency1 stultify1 stupendous1 sublimity1 suborn1 subpoena1 subsidiary1 subsidy1 substratum1 subtend1 subterfuge1 subterranean1 subvention1 subvert1 sudorific1 supercilious1 supernal1 supervene1 supine1 supposititious1 surreptitious1 surrogate1 surveillance1 susceptible1 sustenance1 sycophantic1 syllogism1 sylvan1 symmetrical1 symposium1 synchronize1 synonymous1 synopsis1 synthesis4 ,the small stream flows into the larger one and is its 4 ,the thick glass roof lets through sufficient light for us to see by2 it is 4 ,you will not find him hard to manage2 he has spirit enough1 yet is 4 ,tactile1 tangible1 tantamount1 temerity1 tenable1 tenacious1 tentative1 tenuous1 termagant1 terrestrial1 testimentary1 thaumaturgic1 therapeutic1 titular1 torso1 tortuous1 tractable1 traduce1 transcendent1 transfiguration1 transient1 transitory1 translucent1 transverse1 travesty1 tribulation1 tributary1 truculent1 truncate1 turbid1 turpitude1 tyro4 ,he is so extravagantly fond of his wife that ,i should call him 4 ,christ died for others2 it was a death4 ,the most notable quality in ,defoe's narrative is its likeness to actual facts1 or in a word1 its 4 ,ubiquity1 ulterior1 ululation1 umbrage1 unanimous1 undulate1 urbanity1 usurious1 uxorious1 vacillate1 vacuous1 vandalism1 variegate1 velocity1 venal1 venereal1 venial1 venous1 veracious1 verdant1 verisimilitude1 vernacular1 versatile1 vestal1 vibratory1 vicarious1 vicissitude1 virulence1 viscid1 viscous1 vitiate1 vitreous1 vituperate1 vivacious1 volatile1 volition1 voluminous1 voluptuary1 voluptuous1 voracious1 votive1 vulnerable1 whimsical1 zealot4 ,,xi ,,retrospect ,,do you never1 while occupying a dental chair and deploring the necessity that drives you to that uncomfortable seat1 admire the skill of the dentist in the use of his instruments8 ,a great many of these instruments lie at his hand4 ,to you they appear bewildering1 so slightly different are they from each other4 ,yet with unerring readiness the dentist lays hold of the one he needs4 ,now this facility of his is not a blessing with which a gracious heaven endowed him4 ,it is the consequence and reward of hard study1 and above all of work1 hard work4 ,you have been ambitious of like skill in the manipulation of words4 ,had you not been1 you would never have undertaken this study4 ,you have perceived that when you speak or write1 words are your instruments4 ,you have wished to learn how to use them4 ,now for every idea you shall ever have occasion to express await throngs of vocables1 each presenting its claims as a fit medium4 ,these you must pass in instantaneous review1 these you must expertly appraise1 out of these you must choose the words that will best serve your purpose4 ,with practice1 you will make your selections unconsciously4 ,you will never1 of course1 quite attain the infallibility of the dentist2 for linguistic instruments are more numerous than dental1 and far more complex4 ,but you will more and more nearly approximate the ideal1 will more and more nearly find that right expression has become second nature with you4 ,all this is conditioned upon labor faithful and steadfast4 ,without labor you will never be adept4 ,at the outset of our study together we warned you that1 though we should gather the material and point the way1 you yourself must do the work4 ,this book is not one to glance through4 ,it is one to dwell with1 to toil with4 ,it exacts much of you--makes you1 for each page you turn1 pay with the sweat of your brain4 ,but1 assuming that you have done your part1 what have you gained8 ,without answering this question at all fully1 we may at this juncture engage in a brief retrospect4 ,first of all1 you have rid yourself of the notion that words are dead things1 unrealities worthy of no more than wooden and mechanical employment4 ,as much as anything else in the world1 words are alive and responsive1 are fraught with unmeasured possibilities of good or ill4 ,you have taken due cognizance of the fact that words must be considered in the aggregate as well as individually1 and have reckoned with the pitfalls and dangers as well as with the advantages of their use in combination4 ,but the basis of everything is a keener knowledge of words severally4 ,you have therefore come to study words with the zest and insight you exhibit 7or should exhibit7 in studying men4 ,incidentally1 you have acquired the habit of looking up dictionary definitions1 not merely to satisfy a present need1 but also to add permanently to your linguistic resources4 ,you have carried the study of individuals farther4 ,you have come to know words inside and out4 ,such knowledge not only assists you in your dealings with your contemporaries2 it illuminates for you great literature of the past that otherwise would remain obscure4 ,how much keener1 for example1 is your understanding of ,shakespeare's passage on the ,seven ,ages of ,man because of your thorough acquaintance with the single word pantaloon6 ,how quickly does the awe for big words slip from you when you perceive that precocious is in origin the equivalent of half-baked6 ,what intimacy of insight into words you feel when you find that a companion is a sharer of one's bread6 ,what a linking of language with life you discover when you learn the original signification of presently1 of idiot1 of rival1 of sandwich1 of pocket handkerchief6 ,and what revelations as into a mystic fraternalism with words do you obtain when you confront such a phrase as the bank teller or cut to the quick6 ,not only have words become more like living beings to you2 you have learned to think of them in relations analogous to the human4 ,you can detect the blood kinship1 for example1 between prescribe and manuscript1 and know that the strain of fact or fie or fy in a word is pretty sure to betoken making or doing4 ,you know that there are elaborate intermarriages among words4 ,you recognize phonograph1 for example1 as a married couple2 you even have confidential word as to the dowry brought by each of the contracting parties to the new verbal household4 ,you have discovered1 further1 that the language actually swarms with pairs--words joined with each other not in blood or by marriage but through meaning4 ,you have so familiarized yourself with hundreds of these pairs that to think of one word is to call the other to mind4 ,finally1 and in many respects most important of all1 you have acquired a vast stock of synonyms4 ,you have had it brought to your attention that the number of basic ideas in the world is surprisingly small2 that for each of these ideas there is in our language one generic word2 that most people use this one word constantly instead of seeking the subsidiary term that expresses a particular phase of the idea2 and that you as a builder of your vocabulary must1 while holding fast to the basic idea with one hand1 reach out with the other for the fit1 sure material of specific words4 ,nor have you rested in the mere perception of theory4 ,you have had abundant practice1 have yourself covered the ground foot by foot4 ,you can therefore proceed with reasonable freedom from the commoner ideas of the human mind to that expression of definite aspects of them which is anything but common4 ,you have not1 of course1 achieved perfection4 ,there still is much for you to do4 ,there always will be4 ,nevertheless in the ways just reviewed1 and in various other ways not mentioned in this chapter1 you have made yourself verbally rich4 ,you are one of the millionaires of language4 ,when you speak1 it is not with stammering incompetence1 but with confident readiness4 ,when you write1 it is with energy and assurance in the very flow of the ink4 ,where you had long been a slave1 you have become a freeman and can look your fellows in the eye4 ,you have the best badge of culture a human being can possess4 ,you have power at your tongue's end4 ,you have the proud satisfaction of having wrought well1 and the inspiration of knowing that whatever verbal need may arise1 you are trained and equipped to grapple with it triumphantly4 ,,appendices ,appendix ,i ,,the ,,drift ,,of ,,our ,,rural ,,population ,,cityward 7,an editorial7 ,to an individual who from whatever motives of personal advantage or mere curiosity has made himself an observer of current tendencies1 the drift of our rural population cityward gives food for serious reflection4 ,this drift is one of the most pronounced of the social and economic phenomena of the day4 ,its consequences upon the life1 welfare1 and future of the great nation to which we are proud to acknowledge our whole-hearted allegiance are matters of such paramount importance to all concerned that we should turn aside more often than we do from the distracting exactions of our ordinary activities to give them prolonged and earnest consideration4 ,a generation or so ago human beings were content to spend the full term of their earthly existence amid rural surroundings1 or if in their declining days they longed for more of the comforts and associations which are among the cravings of mortality1 it was an easy proposition to move to the nearest village or1 if they were too high and mighty for this simple measure to satisfy them1 they could indulge in the more grandiose performance of residing in the county seat4 ,but nowadays our people want more4 ,rich or poor1 tall or dumpy1 tottering grandmothers or babies in swaddling-clothes1 they long for ampler pastures4 ,their brawny arms or hoary heads must bedeck nothing less than the metropolis itself1 and perchance put shoulders to the wheel in the incessant grind of the urban treadmill4 ,can you beat it8 ,unquestioned profit does not attend the migration4 ,it stands to reason that some of the very advantages sought have been sacrificed on the altar of the drift cityward4 ,let us say you have your individual domicile or the cramped and sunless apartment you dub your habitation within corporate limits4 ,does that mean that the privileges of the city are at your disposal1 so that you have merely to reach forth your hand and pluck them8 ,well1 hardly6 ,you certainly do not reside in the downtown section1 or if you do1 you wish to heaven you didn't4 ,and you can reach this section only with delay and inconvenience1 whether in the hours of business or in the subsequent period devoted to the glitter of nocturnal revelry and amusement4 ,but whatever the disadvantages of the city1 the people who endure them are convinced that to go back to the vines and figtrees of their native heath would be jumping out of the frying pan into the fire4 ,why8 ,well1 for one thing1 there is no such thing as leisure in the areas that lie beyond those vast aggregations of humanity which constitute our cities4 ,not only are there innumerable and seemingly interminable chores that must follow the regular occupations of the day1 but a thousand emergencies due to chance1 weather1 or the natural cussedness of things must be disposed of as they arise1 regardless of what plans the rustic swain cherishes for the use of his spare time4 ,urban laborers have contrived by one means or another to bring about a limitation of the number of hours per diem they are forced to toil4 ,to the farmers such an alleviation of their hardships is not within the realm of practicability4 ,they kick about it of course4 ,they say it's a blooming nuisance4 ,but neither their heartburnings nor their struggles can efface it as a fact4 ,again1 the means of entertainment are more limited1 and that by a big lot1 with the farmer than with those who dwell in the cities4 ,it is all very well to talk about the blessings of the rural telephone1 rural free delivery1 and the automobile4 ,these things do make communication easier than it used to be1 but after all they're only a drop in the bucket and do little to stop the drift cityward4 ,we may remark just here that if you live a thousand miles from nowhere and are willing to drive your ,tin ,lizzie into town for the advantages1 you aren't likely to get much even along the line of the movies1 and you'll get less still if what you're after is an ,a-#a school for your progeny4 ,finally1 the widespread impression that the farmer is a bloated and unscrupulous profiteer has done much to disgust him with his station and employment in life4 ,we don't say he's the one and only when it comes to the virtues4 ,maybe he hasn't sprouted any wings yet4 ,what if he hasn't8 ,the cities1 with their brothels1 their big business1 and their municipal governments--you wouldn't have the face to say that there's anything wrong with them1 now would you8 ,oh1 no6 ,of course not6 ,the farmer pays high for his machinery and goes clear to the bottom of his pocketbook when he has to buy shoes or a sack of flour1 but let him have a steer's hide or a wagon load of wheat to sell1 and it's somebody else's ox that's gored4 ,consumers pay big prices for farm products1 goodness knows1 but they don't pay them to the farmer4 ,not on your tintype4 ,the middleman gets his1 you needn't question that4 ,we beg pardon a thousand times4 ,we mean the middlemen4 ,there's no end to those human parasites4 ,and so farmer after farmer breaks up the old homestead and contributes his mite to the drift cityward4 ,what will be the result that comes out of it all8 ,the effect upon the farmer deserves an editorial all to itself4 ,here we must limit ourselves to the effects on the future of our beloved ,american nation4 ,and even these we can now do no more than mention2 we lack space to elaborate them4 ,one effect1 if the tendency continues1 will be such a reduction in home-produced foodstuffs that we shall have to import from other countries lying abroad a good portion of the means of our physical sustenance1 and shall face such an increase in the cost of the same that thousands and thousands of our people will find it increasingly harder as the years pass by to maintain their relative economic position4 ,another effect will be that our civilization1 which to this point has sprawled over broad acres1 will become an urban civilization1 penned in amid conditions1 restraints1 privations1 and perhaps also opportunities unprecedented in our past history and unknown to the experience we have had hitherto4 ,a final effect will be that our most conservative class1 the rural populace1 will no longer present resistance that is formidable to the innovations which those who hold extreme views are forever exhorting us to embrace2 and the result may well be that the disintegration of this staying and stabilizing element in our citizenship--one that retards and mollifies if it does not inhibit change--will produce consequences in its train which may be as dire as they are difficult to foretell4 ,appendix #b ,,causes ,,for ,,the ,,american ,,spirit ,,of ,,liberty 7,from the ,speech on ,conciliation with the ,colonies7 ,by ,,edmund ,,burke ,in this character of the ,americans1 a love of freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole2 and as an ardent is always a jealous affection1 your ,colonies become suspicious1 restive1 and untractable whenever they see the least attempt to wrest from them by force1 or shuffle from them by chicane1 what they think the only advantage worth living for4 ,this fierce spirit of liberty is stronger in the ,english ,colonies probably than in any other people of the earth1 and this from a great variety of powerful causes2 which1 to understand the true temper of their minds and the direction which this spirit takes1 it will not be amiss to lay open somewhat more largely4 ,first1 the people of the ,colonies are descendants of ,englishmen4 ,england1 ,sir1 is a nation which still1 ,i hope1 respects1 and formerly adored1 her freedom4 ,the ,colonists emigrated from you when this part of your character was most predominant2 and they took this bias and direction the moment they parted from your hands4 ,they are therefore not only devoted to liherty1 but to liberty according to ,english ideas1 and on ,english principles4 ,abstract liberty1 like other mere abstractions1 is not to be found4 ,liberty inheres in some sensible object2 and every nation has formed to itself some favorite point1 which by way of eminence becomes the criterion of their happiness4 ,it happened1 you know1 ,sir1 that the great contests for freedom in this country were from the earliest times chiefly upon the question of taxing4 ,most of the contests in the ancient commonwealths turned primarily on the right of election of magistrates2 or on the balance among the several orders of the state4 ,the question of money was not with them so immediate4 ,but in ,england it was otherwise4 ,on this point of taxes the ablest pens1 and most eloquent tongues1 have been exercised2 the greatest spirits have acted and suffered4 ,in order to give the fullest satisfaction concerning the importance of this point1 it was not only necessary for those who in argument defended the excellence of the ,english ,constitution to insist on this privilege of granting money as a dry point of fact1 and to prove that the right had been acknowledged in ancient parchments and blind usages to reside in a certain body called a ,house of ,commons4 ,they went much farther2 they attempted to prove1 and they succeeded1 that in theory it ought to be so1 from the particular nature of a ,house of ,commons as an immediate representative of the people1 whether the old records had delivered this oracle or not4 ,they took infinite pains to inculcate1 as a fundamental principle1 that in all monarchies the people must in effect themselves1 mediately or immediately1 possess the power of granting their own money1 or no shadow of liberty can subsist4 ,the ,colonies draw from you1 as with their life-blood1 these ideas and principles4 ,their love of liberty1 as with you1 fixed and attached on this specific point of taxing4 ,liberty might be safe1 or might be endangered1 in twenty other particulars1 without their being much pleased or alarmed4 ,here they felt its pulse2 and as they found that beat1 they thought themselves sick or sound4 ,i do not say whether they were right or wrong in applying your general arguments to their own case4 ,it is not easy1 indeed1 to make a monopoly of theorems and corollaries4 ,the fact is1 that they did thus apply those general arguments2 and your mode of governing them1 whether through lenity or indolence1 through wisdom or mistake1 confirmed them in the imagination that they1 as well as you1 had an interest in these common principles4 ,they were further confirmed in this pleasing error by the form of their provincial legislative assemblies4 ,their governments are popular in an high degree2 some are merely popular2 in all1 the popular representative is the most weighty2 and this share of the people in their ordinary government never fails to inspire them with lofty sentiments1 and with a strong aversion from whatever tends to deprive them of their chief importance4 ,if anything were wanting to this necessary operation of the form of government1 religion would have given it a complete effect4 ,religion1 always a principle of energy1 in this new people is no way worn out or impaired2 and their mode of professing it is also one main cause of this free spirit4 ,the people are ,protestants2 and of that kind which is the most adverse to all implicit submission of mind and opinion4 ,this is a persuasion not only favorable to liberty1 but built upon it4 ,i do not think1 ,sir1 that the reason of this averseness in the dissenting churches from all that looks like absolute government is so much to be sought in their religious tenets1 as in their history4 ,every one knows that the ,roman ,catholic religion is at least coeval with most of the governments where it prevails2 that it has generally gone hand in hand with them1 and received great favor and every kind of support from authority4 ,the ,church of ,england too was formed from her cradle under the nursing care of regular government4 ,but the dissenting interests have sprung up in direct opposition to all the ordinary powers of the world1 and could justify that opposition only on a strong claim to natural liberty4 ,their very existence depended on the powerful and unremitted assertion of that claim4 ,all ,protestantism1 even the most cold and passive1 is a sort of dissent4 ,but the religion most prevalent in our ,northern ,colonies is a refinement on the principle of resistance2 it is the dissidence of dissent1 and the protestantism of the ,protestant religion4 ,this religion1 under a variety of denominations agreeing in nothing but in the communion of the spirit of liberty1 is predominant in most of the ,northern ,provinces1 where the ,church of ,england1 notwithstanding its legal rights1 is in reality no more than a sort of private sect1 not composing most probably the tenth of the people4 ,the ,colonists left ,england when this spirit was high1 and in the emigrants was the highest of all2 and even that stream of foreigners which has been constantly flowing into these ,colonies has1 for the greatest part1 been composed of dissenters from the establishments of their several countries1 who have brought with them a temper and character far from alien to that of the people with whom they mixed4 ,sir1 ,i can perceive by their manner that some gentlemen object to the latitude of this description1 because in the ,southern ,colonies the ,church of ,england forms a large body1 and has a regular establishment4 ,it is certainly true4 ,there is1 however1 a circumstance attending these ,colonies which1 in my opinion1 fully counterbalances this difference1 and makes the spirit of liberty still more high and haughty than in those to the northward4 ,it is that in ,virginia and the ,carolinas they have a vast multitude of slaves4 ,where this is the case in any part of the world1 those who are free are by far the most proud and jealous of their freedom4 ,freedom is to them not only an enjoyment1 but a kind of rank and privilege4 ,not seeing there1 that freedom1 as in countries where it is a common blessing and as broad and general as the air1 may be united with much abject toil1 with great misery1 with all the exterior of servitude2 liberty looks1 amongst them1 like something that is more noble and liberal4 ,i do not mean1 ,sir1 to commend the superior morality of this sentiment1 which has at least as much pride as virtue in it2 but ,i cannot alter the nature of man4 ,the fact is so2 and these people of the ,southern ,colonies are much more strongly1 and with an higher and more stubborn spirit1 attached to liberty than those to the northward4 ,such were all the ancient commonwealths2 such were our ,gothic ancestors2 such in our days were the ,poles2 and such will be all masters of slaves1 who are not slaves themselves4 ,in such a people the haughtiness of domination combines with the spirit of freedom1 fortifies it1 and renders it invincible4 ,permit me1 ,sir1 to add another circumstance in our ,colonies which contributes no mean part towards the growth and effect of this untractable spirit4 ,i mean their education4 ,in no country perhaps in the world is the law so general a study4 ,the profession itself is numerous and powerful2 and in most provinces it takes the lead4 ,the greater number of the deputies sent to the ,congress were lawyers4 ,but all who read1 and most do read1 endeavor to obtain some smattering in that science4 ,i have been told by an eminent bookseller1 that in no branch of his business1 after tracts of popular devotion1 were so many books as those on the law exported to the ,plantations4 ,the ,colonists have now fallen into the way of printing them for their own use4 ,i hear that they have sold nearly as many of ,blackstone's ,commentaries in ,america as in ,england4 ,general ,gage marks out this disposition very particularly in a letter on your table4 ,he states that all the people in his government are lawyers1 or smatterers in law2 and that in ,boston they have been enabled1 by successful chicane1 wholly to evade many parts of one of your capital penal constitutions4 ,the smartness of debate will say that this knowledge ought to teach them more clearly the rights of legislature1 their obligations to obedience1 and the penalties of rebellion4 ,all this is mighty well4 ,but my honorable and learned friend on the floor1 who condescends to mark what ,i say for animadversion1 will disdain that ground4 ,he has heard1 as well as ,i1 that when great honors and great emoluments do not win over this knowledge to the service of the state1 it is a formidable adversary to government4 ,if the spirit be not tamed and broken by these happy methods1 it is stubborn and litigious4 ,abeunt studia in mores4 ,this study renders men acute1 inquisitive1 dexterous1 prompt in attack1 ready in defence1 full of resources4 ,in other countries1 the people1 more simple1 and of a less mercurial cast1 judge of an ill principle in government only by an actual grievance2 here they anticipate the evil1 and judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle4 ,they augur misgovernment at a distance1 and snuff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze4 ,the last cause of this disobedient spirit in the ,colonies is hardly less powerful than the rest1 as it is not merely moral1 but laid deep in the natural constitution of things4 ,three thousand miles of ocean lie between you and them4 ,no contrivance can prevent the effect of this distance in weakening government4 ,seas roll1 and months pass1 between the order and the execution2 and the want of a speedy explanation of a single point is enough to defeat a whole system4 ,you have1 indeed1 winged ministers of vengeance1 who carry your bolts in their pounces to the remotest verge of the sea4 ,but there a power steps in that limits the arrogance of raging passions and furious elements1 and says1 ,so far shalt thou go1 and no farther4 ,who are you1 that you should fret and rage1 and bite the chains of nature8 ,nothing worse happens to you than does to all nations who have extensive empire2 and it happens in all the forms into which empire can be thrown4 ,in large bodies the circulation of power must be less vigorous at the extremities4 ,nature has said it4 ,the ,turk cannot govern ,egypt and ,arabia and ,kurdistan as he governs ,thrace2 nor has he the same dominion in ,crimea and ,algiers which he has at ,brusa and ,smyrna4 ,despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster4 ,the ,sultan gets such obedience as he can4 ,he governs with a loose rein1 that he may govern at all2 and the whole of the force and vigor of his authority in his center is derived from a prudent relaxation in all his borders4 ,spain1 in her provinces1 is1 perhaps1 not so well obeyed as you are in yours4 ,she complies1 too2 she submits2 she watches times4 ,this is the immutable condition1 the eternal law of extensive and detached empire4 ,then1 ,sir1 from these six capital sources--of descent1 of form of government1 of religion in the ,northern ,provinces1 of manners in the ,southern1 of education1 of the remoteness of situation from the first mover of government-from all these causes a fierce spirit of liberty has grown up4 ,it has grown with the growth of the people in your ,colonies1 and increased with the increase of their wealth2 a spirit that unhappily meeting with an exercise of power in ,england which1 however lawful1 is not reconcilable to any ideas of liberty1 much less with theirs1 has kindled this flame that is ready to consume us4 ,appendix #c ,,parable ,,of ,,the ,,sower 7,matthew #ac3c1h and #ah-bc7 ,and he spake many things unto them in parables1 saying1 ,behold1 a sower went forth to sow2 ,and when he sowed1 some seeds fell by the way side1 and the fowls came and devoured them up3 ,some fell upon stony places1 where they had not much earth3 and forthwith they sprung up1 because they had no deepness of earth3 ,and when the sun was up1 they were scorched2 and because they had no root1 they withered away4 ,and some fell among thorns2 and the thorns sprung up1 and choked them3 ,but other fell into good ground1 and brought forth fruit1 some an hundredfold1 some sixtyfold1 some thirtyfold4 ,hear ye therefore the parable of the sower4 ,when any one heareth the word of the kingdom1 and understandeth it not1 then cometh the wicked one1 and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart4 ,this is he which received seed by the way side4 ,but he that received the seed into stony places1 the same is he that heareth the word1 and anon with joy receiveth it4 ,yet he hath not root in himself1 but dureth for a while3 for when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word1 by and by he is offended4 ,he also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word2 and the care of this world1 and the deceitfulness of riches1 choke the word1 and he becometh unfruitful4 ,but he that received seed into the good ground is he that heareth the word1 and understandeth it2 which also beareth fruit1 and bringeth forth1 some an hundredfold1 some sixty1 some thirty4 ,appendix #d ,,the ,,seven ,,ages ,,of ,,man 7,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,,ii1 vii1 #aci-aff7 ,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,all the world's a stage1 ,and all the men and women merely players3 ,they have their exits and their entrances2 ,and one man in his time plays many parts1 ,his acts being seven ages4 ,at first the infant1 ,mewling and puking in the nurse's arms4 ,and then the whining school-boy1 with his satchel1 ,and shining morning face1 creeping like snail ,unwillingly to school4 ,and then the lover1 ,sighing like furnace1 with a woful ballad ,made to his mistress' eyebrow4 ,then a soldier1 ,full of strange oaths1 and bearded like the pard ,jealous in honor1 sudden and quick in quarrel1 ,seeking the bubble reputation ,even in the cannon's mouth4 ,and then the justice1 ,in fair round belly with good capon lin'd1 ,with eyes severe1 and beard of formal cut1 ,full of wise saws and modern instances2 ,and so he plays his part4 ,the sixth age shifts ,into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon1 ,with spectacles on nose and pouch on side1 ,his youthful hose well say'd1 a world too wide ,for his shrunk shank2 and his big manly voice1 ,turning again toward childish treble1 pipes ,and whistles in his sound4 ,last scene of all1 ,that ends this strange eventful history1 ,is second childishness and mere oblivion1 ,sans teeth1 sans eyes1 sans taste1 sans everything4 ,appendix #e ,,the ,,castaway 7,from ,robinson ,crusoe7 ,by ,daniel ,defoe ,and now our case was very dismal indeed2 for we all saw plainly that the sea went so high that the boat could not escape1 and that we should be inevitably drowned4 ,as to making sail1 we had none1 nor1 if we had1 could we have done anything with it2 so we worked at the oar towards the land1 though with heavy hearts1 like men going to execution2 for we all knew that when the boat came near the shore1 she would be dashed in a thousand pieces by the beach of the sea4 ,however1 we committed our souls to ,god in the most earnest manner2 and the wind driving us towards the shore1 we hastened our destruction with our own hands1 pulling as well as we could towards land4 ,what the shore was1 whether rock or sand1 whether steep or shoal1 we knew not2 the only hope that could rationally give us the least shadow of expectation1 was if we might happen into some bay or gulf1 or the mouth of some river1 where by great chance we might have run our boat in1 or got under the lee of the land1 and perhaps made smooth water4 ,but there was nothing of this appeared2 but as we made nearer and nearer the shore1 the land looked more frightful than the sea4 ,after we had rowed1 or rather driven1 about a league and a half1 as we reckoned it1 a raging wave1 mountain-like1 came rolling astern of us1 and plainly bade us expect the coup de grce4 ,in a word1 it took us with such a fury that it overset the boat at once2 and separating us as well from the boat as from one another1 gave us not time hardly to say1 ,o ,god6 for we were all swallowed up in a moment4 ,nothing can describe the confusion of thought which ,i felt1 when ,i sank into the water2 for though ,i swam very well1 yet ,i could not deliver myself from the waves so as to draw breath1 till that wave having driven me1 or rather carried me1 a vast way on towards the shore1 and having spent itself1 went back1 and left me upon the land almost dry1 but half dead with the water ,i took in4 ,i had so much presence of mind1 as well as breath left1 that seeing myself nearer the mainland than ,i expected1 ,i got upon my feet1 and endeavored to make on towards the land as fast as ,i could1 before another wave should return and take me up again2 but ,i soon found it was impossible to avoid it2 for ,i saw the sea come after me as high as a great hill1 and as furious as an enemy1 which ,i had no means or strength to contend with3 my business was to hold my breath1 and raise myself upon the water1 if ,i could2 and so by swimming to preserve my breathing1 and pilot myself towards the shore if possible2 my greatest concern now being that the wave1 as it would carry me a great way toward the shore when it came on1 might not carry me back again with it when it gave back towards the sea4 ,the wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty feet deep in its own body1 and ,i could feel myself ,i carried with a mighty force and swiftness towards the shore a very great way2 but ,i held my breath1 and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my might4 ,i was ready to burst with holding my breath1 when as ,i felt myself rising up1 so1 to my immediate relief1 ,i found my head and hands shoot out above the surface of the water2 and though it was not two seconds of time that ,i could keep myself so1 yet it relieved me greatly1 gave me breath and new courage4 ,i was covered again with water a good while1 but not so long but ,i held it out2 and finding the water had spent itself1 and began to return1 ,i struck forward against the return of the waves1 and felt ground again with my feet4 ,i stood still a few moments to recover breath1 and till the waters went from me1 and then took to my heels1 and ran with what strength ,i had1 farther towards the shore4 ,but neither would this deliver me from the fury of the sea1 which came pouring in after me again2 and twice more ,i was lifted up by the waves and carried forwards as before1 the shore being very flat4 ,the last time of these two had well-nigh been fatal to me2 for the sea having hurried me along1 as before1 landed me1 or rather dashed me1 against a piece of a rock1 and that with such force as it left me senseless1 and indeed helpless1 as to my own deliverance2 for the blow1 taking my side and breast1 beat the breath as it were quite out of my body2 and had it returned again immediately1 ,i must have been strangled in the water2 but ,i recovered a little before the return of the waves1 and seeing ,i should be covered again with the water1 ,i resolved to hold fast by a piece of the rock1 and so to hold my breath1 if possible1 till the wave went back4 ,now1 as the waves were not so high as at first1 being nearer land1 ,i held my hold till the wave abated1 and then fetched another run1 which brought me so near the shore that the next wave1 though it went over me1 yet did not so swallow me up as to carry me away2 and the next run ,i took ,i got to the mainland2 where1 to my great comfort1 ,i clambered up the cliffs of the shore1 and sat me down upon the grass1 free from danger and quite out of the reach of the water4 ,i was now landed1 and safe on shore1 and began to look up and thank ,god that my life was saved1 in a case wherein there was some minutes before scarce any room to hope4 ,i believe it is impossible to express1 to the life1 what the ecstasies and transports of the soul are when it is so saved1 as ,i may say1 out of the very grave3 and ,i do not wonder now at that custom1 when a malefactor1 who has the halter about his neck1 is tied up1 and just going to be turned off1 and has a reprieve brought to him--,i say1 ,i do not wonder that they bring a surgeon with it1 to let him blood that very moment they tell him of it1 that the surprise may not drive the animal spirits from the heart1 and overwhelm him4 ,for sudden joys1 like griefs1 confound at first4 ,i walked about on the shore1 lifting up my hands1 and my whole being1 as ,i may say1 wrapt up in a contemplation of my deliverance2 making a thousand gestures and motions1 which ,i cannot describe2 reflecting upon all my comrades that were drowned1 and that there should not be one soul saved but myself2 for1 as for them1 ,i never saw them afterwards1 or any sign of them1 except three of their hats1 one cap1 and two shoes that were not fellows4 ,i cast my eyes to the stranded vessel1 when1 the breach and froth of the sea being so big1 ,i could hardly see it1 it lay so far off2 and considered1 ,lord6 how was it possible ,i could get on shore8 ,after ,i had solaced my mind with the comfortable part of my condition1 ,i began to look round me1 to see what kind of place ,i was in1 and what was next to be done3 and ,i soon found my comforts abate1 and that1 in a word1 ,i had a dreadful deliverance3 for ,i was wet1 had no clothes to shift me1 nor anything either to eat or drink1 to comfort me2 neither did ,i see any prospect before me but that of perishing with hunger1 or being devoured by wild beasts3 and that which was particularly afflicting to me was1 that ,i had no weapon1 either to hunt and kill any creature for my sustenance1 or to defend myself against any other creature that might desire to kill me for theirs4 ,in a word1 ,i had nothing about me but a knife1 a tobacco-pipe1 and a little tobacco in a box4 ,this was all my provision2 and this threw me into terrible agonies of mind1 that for awhile ,i ran about like a madman4 ,night coming upon me1 ,i began with a heavy heart1 to consider what would be my lot if there were any ravenous beasts in that country1 seeing at night they always come abroad for their prey4 ,all the remedy that offered to my thoughts1 at that time1 was to get up into a thick busby tree1 like a fir1 but thorny1 which grew near me1 and where ,i resolved to sit all night1 and consider the next day what death ,i should die1 for as yet ,i saw no prospect of life4 ,i walked about a furlong from the shore1 to see if ,i could find any fresh water to drink1 which ,i did to my great joy2 and having drunk1 and put a little tobacco in my mouth to prevent hunger1 ,i went to the tree1 and getting up into it1 endeavored to place myself so that if ,i should sleep ,i might not fall4 ,and having cut me a short stick1 like a truncheon1 for my defense1 ,i took up my lodging2 and being excessively fatigued1 ,i fell fast asleep1 and slept as comfortably as1 ,i believe1 few could have done in my condition1 and found myself more refreshed with it than ,i think ,i ever was on such an occasion4 ,when ,i waked it was broad day1 the weather clear1 and the storm abated1 so that the sea did not rage and swell as before2 but that which surprised me most was1 that the ship was lifted off in the night from the sand where she lay1 by the swelling of the tide1 and was driven up almost as far as the rock which ,i at first mentioned1 where ,i had been so bruised by the wave dashing me against it4 ,this being within about a mile from the shore where ,i was1 and the ship seeming to stand upright still1 ,i wished myself on board1 that at least ,i might save some necessary things for my use4 ,when ,i came down from my apartment in the tree1 ,i looked about me again1 and the first thing ,i found was the boat1 which lay1 as the wind and sea had tossed her up1 upon the land1 about two miles on my right hand4 ,i walked as far as ,i could upon the shore to have got to her2 but found a neck1 or inlet1 of water between me and the boat1 which was about half a mile broad2 so ,i came back for the present1 being more intent upon getting at the ship1 where ,i hoped to find something for my present subsistence4 ,a little after noon ,i found the sea very calm and the tide ebbed so far out1 that ,i could come within a quarter of a mile of the ship4 ,and here ,i found a fresh renewing of my grief2 for ,i saw evidently that if we had kept on board1 we had been all safe3 that is to say1 we had all got safe on shore1 and ,i had not been so miserable as to be left entirely destitute of all comfort and company1 as ,i now was4 ,this forced tears to my eyes again2 but as there was little relief in that1 ,i resolved1 if possible1 to get to the ship-1 so ,i pulled off my clothes1 for the weather was hot to extremity1 and took the water4 ,but when ,i came to the ship1 my difficulty was still greater to know how to get on board2 for1 as she lay aground1 and high out of the water1 there was nothing within my reach to lay hold of4 ,i swam round her twice1 and the second time ,i espied a small piece of rope1 which ,i wondered ,i did not see at first1 hanging down by the fore-chains so low that1 with great difficulty1 ,i got hold of it1 and by the help of that rope got up into the forecastle of the ship4 ,here ,i found that the ship was bulged1 and had a great deal of water in her hold2 but that she lay so on the side of a bank of hard sand1 or rather earth1 that her stern lay lifted up upon the bank1 and her head low1 almost to the water4 ,by this means all her quarter was free1 and all that was in that part was dry2 for you may be sure my first work was to search1 and to see what was spoiled and what was free4 ,and1 first1 ,i found that all the ship's provisions were dry and untouched by the water1 and being very well disposed to eat1 ,i went to the bread-room1 and filled my pockets with biscuit1 and ate it as ,i went about other things1 for ,i had no time to lose4 ,i also found some rum in the great cabin1 of which ,i took a large dram1 and which ,i had1 indeed1 need enough of to spirit me for what was before me4 ,now ,i wanted nothing but a boat1 to furnish myself with many things which ,i foresaw would be very necessary to me4 ,it was in vain to sit still and wish for what was not to be had2 and this extremity roused my application4 ,we had several spare yards1 and two or three large spars of wood1 and a spare topmast or two in the ship3 ,i resolved to fall tp work with these1 and ,i flung as many of them overboard as ,i could manage for their weight1 tying every one with a rope1 that they might not drive away4 ,when this was done ,i went down the ship's side1 and pulling them to me ,i tied four of them together at both ends1 as well as ,i could1 in the form of a raft1 and laying two or three short pieces of plank upon them1 crossways1 ,i found ,i could walk upon it very well1 but that it was not able to bear any great weight1 the pieces being too light4 ,so ,i went to work1 and with the carpenter's saw ,i cut a spare topmast into three lengths1 and added them to my raft1 with a great deal of labor and pains4 ,but the hope of furnishing myself with necessaries encouraged me to go beyond what ,i should have been able to have done upon another occasion4 ,my raft was now strong enough to bear any reasonable weight4 ,my next care was what to load it with1 and how to preserve what ,i laid upon it from the surf of the sea3 but ,i was not long considering this4 ,i first laid all the planks or boards upon it that ,i could get1 and having considered well what ,i most wanted1 ,i first got three of the seamen's chests1 which ,i had broken open and emptied1 and lowered them down upon my raft2 the first of these ,i filled with provisions--viz41 bread1 rice1 three ,dutch cheeses1 five pieces of dried goat's flesh 7which we lived much upon71 and a little remainder of ,european corn1 which had been laid by for some fowls which we brought to sea with us1 but the fowls were killed4 ,there had been some barley and wheat together2 but1 to my great disappointment1 ,i found afterwards that the rats had eaten or spoiled it all4 ,as for liquors1 ,i found several cases of bottles belonging to our skipper1 in which were some cordial waters2 and1 in all1 about five or six gallons of arrack4 ,these ,i stowed by themselves1 there being no need to put them into the chest1 nor any room for them4 ,while ,i was doing this1 ,i found the tide began to flow1 though very calm2 and ,i had the mortification to see my coat1 shirt1 and waistcoat1 which ,i had left on shore upon the sand1 swim away4 ,as for my breeches1 which were only linen1 and open-kneed1 ,i swam on board in them and my stockings4 ,however1 this put me upon rummaging for clothes1 of which ,i found enough1 but took no more than ,i wanted for present use1 for ,i had other things which my eye was more upon2 as1 first1 tools to work with on shore3 and it was after long searching that ,i found out the carpenter's chest1 which was indeed a very useful prize to me1 and much more valuable than a ship-lading of gold would have been at that time4 ,i got it down to my raft1 whole as it was1 without losing time to look into it1 for ,i knew in general what it contained4 ,my next care was for some ammunition and arms4 ,there were two very good fowling-pieces in the great cabin1 and two pistols4 ,these ,i secured first1 with some powder-horns1 a small bag of shot1 and two old rusty swords4 ,i knew there were three barrels of powder in the ship1 but knew not where our gunner had stowed them2 but with much search ,i found them1 two of them dry and good1 the third had taken water4 ,those two ,i got to my raft1 with the arms4 ,and now ,i thought myself pretty well freighted1 and began to think how ,i should get to shore with them1 having neither sail1 oar1 nor rudder2 and the least capful of wind would have overset all my navigation4 ,i had three encouragements3 first1 a smooth1 calm sea2 secondly1 the tide rising1 and setting in to the shore2 thirdly1 what little wind there was blew me towards the land4 ,and thus1 having found two or three broken oars1 belonging to the boat1 and besides the tools which were in the chest1 two saws1 an axe1 and a hammer1 with this cargo ,i put to sea4 ,for a mile1 or thereabouts1 my raft went very well1 only that ,i found it drive a little distant from the place where ,i had landed before3 by which ,i perceived that there was some indraught of the water1 and consequently1 ,i hoped to find some creek or river there1 which ,i might malze use of as a port to get to land with my cargo4 ,as ,i imagined1 so it was4 ,there appeared before me a little opening of the land4 ,i found a strong current of the tide set into it2 so ,i guided my raft as well as ,i could1 to keep in the middle of the stream4 ,but here ,i had like to have suffered a second shipwreck1 which1 if ,i had1 ,i think verily would have broken my heart2 for1 knowing nothing of the coast1 my raft ran aground at one end of it upon a shoal1 and not being aground at the other end1 it wanted but a little that all my cargo had slipped off towards the end that was afloat1 and so fallen into the water4 ,i did my utmost1 by setting my back against the chests1 to keep them in their places1 but could not thrust off the raft with all my strength2 neither durst ,i stir from the posture ,i was in2 but holding up the chests with all my might1 ,i stood in that manner near half an hour1 in which time the rising of the water brought me a little more upon a level2 and a little after1 the water still rising1 my raft floated again1 and ,i thrust her off with the oar ,i had into the channel1 and then driving up higher1 ,i at length found myself in the mouth of a little river1 with land on both sides1 and a strong current or tide running up4 ,i looked on both sides for a proper place to get to shore1 for ,i was not willing to be driven too high up the river2 hoping in time to see some ship at sea1 and therefore resolved to place myself as near the coast as ,i could4 ,at length ,i spied a little cove on the right shore of the creek1 to which1 with great pain and difficulty1 ,i guided my raft1 and at last got so near1 that reaching ground with my oar1 ,i could thrust her directly in4 ,but here ,i had like to have dipped all my cargo into the sea again2 for that shore lying pretty steep-that is to say1 sloping--there was no place to land but where one end of my float1 if it ran on shore1 would lie so high1 and the other sink lower1 as before1 that it would endanger my cargo again4 ,all that ,i could do was to wait till the tide was at the highest1 keeping the raft with my oar like an anchor1 to hold the side of it fast to the shore1 near a flat piece of ground1 which ,i expected the water would flow over2 and so it did4 ,as soon as ,i found water enough1 for my raft drew about a foot of water1 ,i thrust her upon that flat piece of ground1 and there fastened or moored her1 by sticking my two broken oars into the ground-one on one side1 near one end1 and one on the other side1 near the other end2 and thus ,i lay till the water ebbed away1 and left my raft and all my cargo safe on shore4 ,appendix #f ,,reading ,,lists ,one of the best ways to know words is through seeing them used by the masters4 ,for this reason1 as well as for many others1 you should read extensively in good literature4 ,the following lists of prose works may prove useful for your guidance4 ,they are not intended to be exclusive1 not intended to designate the hundred best books4 ,rather do they name some good books of fairly varied types4 ,these are not all of equal merit1 even in their use of words4 ,some use words with nice discrimination1 some with splendid vividness and force4 ,for each author only one or two books are named1 but in many instances you will wish to read further in the author1 perhaps indeed his entire works4 ,biography and ,autobiography ,boswell1 ,james3 ,life of ,samuel ,johnson ,bradford1 ,gamaliel3 ,lee the ,american2 ,american ,portraits1 #ahge-aijj ,franklin1 ,benjamin3 ,autobiography ,grant1 ,u4 ,s43 ,personal ,memoirs ,irving1 ,washington3 ,life of ,goldsmith ,paine1 ,a4 ,b43 ,life of ,mark ,twain ,walton1 ,izaak3 ,lives ,essays1 ,adventure1 etc4 ,addison1 ,joseph3 ,spectator ,papers ,bryce1 ,sir ,james3 ,the ,american ,commonwealth ,burke1 ,edmund3 ,speech on ,conciliation ,burroughs1 ,john3 ,wake ,robin ,chesterton1 ,g4 ,k43 ,heretics ,crothers1 ,s4 ,m43 ,the ,gentle ,reader ,dana1 ,r4 ,h41 ,jr43 ,two ,years ,before the ,mast ,darwin1 ,charles3 ,origin of ,species ,emerson1 ,r4 ,w43 ,essays ,irving1 ,washington3 ,sketch ,book ,lincoln1 ,abraham3 ,speeches and ,addresses ,lucas1 ,e4 ,v43 ,old ,lamps for ,new ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b43 ,essays ,muir1 ,john3 ,the ,mountains of ,california ,thoreau1 ,h4 ,d43 ,walden ,twain1 ,mark3 ,life on the ,mississippi ,fiction ,allen1 ,james ,lane3 ,the ,choir ,invisible ,austen1 ,jane3 ,pride and ,prejudice ,barrie1 ,sir ,james ,m43 ,sentimental ,tommie ,bennett1 ,arnold3 ,the ,old ,wives' ,tale ,blackmore1 ,r4 ,d43 ,lorna ,doone ,bunyan1 ,john3 ,pilgrim's ,progress ,cable1 ,g4 ,w43 ,old ,creole ,days ,conrad1 ,joseph3 ,the ,nigger of the ,narcissus ,defoe1 ,daniel3 ,robinson ,crusoe ,dickens1 ,charles3 ,david ,copperfield ,eliot1 ,george3 ,adam ,bede ,galsworthy1 ,john3 ,the ,patrician ,goldsmith1 ,oliver3 ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield ,hardy1 ,thomas3 ,the ,return of the ,native ,harte1 ,bret3 ,the ,luck of ,roaring ,camp 7short story7 ,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel3 ,the ,scarlet ,letter ,hergesheimer1 ,joseph3 ,java ,head ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h43 ,green ,mansions ,kingsley1 ,charles3 ,westward ,ho6 ,kipling1 ,rudyard3 ,plain ,tales from the ,hills 7short stories7 ,london1 ,jack3 ,the ,call of the ,wild ,merrick1 ,leonard3 ,the ,man ,who ,understood ,women 7volume of short stories72 ,the ,actor ,manager ,mitchell1 ,s4 ,weir3 ,hugh ,wynne1 ,free ,quaker ,norris1 ,frank3 ,the ,octopus ,poe1 ,edgar ,allan3 ,the ,fall of the ,house of ,usher 7short story7 ,poole1 ,ernest3 ,the ,harbor ,scott1 ,sir ,walter3 ,ivanhoe ,smith1 ,f4 ,hopkinson3 ,colonel ,carter of ,cartersville ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l43 ,treasure ,island ,tarkington1 ,booth3 ,monsieur ,beaucaire ,thackeray1 ,w4 ,m43 ,vanity ,fair ,twain1 ,mark3 ,huckleberry ,finn ,wells1 ,h4 ,g43 ,tono ,bungay ,wharton1 ,edith3 ,ethan ,frome ,wister1 ,owen3 ,the ,virginian ,,index4 ,the index comprises1 besides miscellaneous items1 four large classes of matter3 7#a7 topics1 including many minor ones not given separate textual captions2 7#b7 all individual words and members of pairs explained or commented on in the text2 7#c7 the key syllables1 but not the separate words1 of family groups2 7#d7 the first or generic term1 but not the other terms1 in all assemblies of synonyms2 hence1 this book can be used as a handbook of ordinarily used synonyms4 ,abandon1 ,synonyms of1 ,abase1 ,synonyms of1 ,abettor1 ,synonyms of1 ,abolish1 ,synonyms of1 ,abridge ,abstract vs4 concrete terms4 ,also see ,words ,absurd ,accumulate ,acknowledge1 ,synonyms of1 ,acquit1 ,synonyms of1 ,act family ,active1 ,synonyms of1 ,advise1 ,synonyms of1 ,aeronautics1 ,familiar terms in1 ,affair ,affect ,affecting1 ,synonyms of1 ,affront1 ,synonyms of1 ,afraid1 ,synonyms of1 ,ag family ,agnostic1 ,synonyms of1 ,allay1 ,synonyms of1 ,allopath ,allow1 ,synonyms of1 ,altitude ,amicable ,amuse1 ,synonyms of1 ,analysis4 ,see ,vocabulary and ,synonyms ,analysis1 ,rhetorical1 ,anglo-,saxon words in modern ,english4 ,see ,native words ,anim family ,anni1 annu family ,announce1 ,synonyms of1 ,answer1 ,synonyms of1 ,antipathy1 ,synonyms of1 ,antonyms ,appreciate ,apprehend ,apricot ,ardor ,argument ,artful ,artifice1 ,synonyms of1 ,ascend ,ascend1 ,synonyms of1 ,ascribe ,ascribe1 ,synonyms of1 ,ask1 ,synonyms of1 ,assail ,associate1 ,synonyms of1 ,attach1 ,synonyms of1 ,attack2 ,synonyms of1 ,attention ,audi1 auri family ,audience1 ,adapting discourse to1 ,auto family ,avert ,awkward1 ,synonyms of1 ,backhanded ,bald heads ,bare ,base ,bear ,bedlam ,beef ,begin1 ,synonyms of1 ,belief1 ,synonyms of1 ,belittle1 ,synonyms of1 ,bind1 ,synonyms of1 ,bit1 ,synonyms of1 ,bite1 ,synonyms of1 ,blood relationships between words4 ,small groups of words so related4 ,also see ,words ,bluff1 ,synonyms of1 ,boast1 ,synonyms of1 ,body1 ,synonyms of1 ,bold ,bombastic1 ,synonyms of1 ,books of synonyms1 ,list of1 ,boor ,boorish1 ,synonyms of1 ,booty1 ,synonyms of1 ,boys1 ,kinds of1 ,brand1 brun family ,break ,break1 ,synonyms of1 ,breakfast ,bridegroom ,bright ,brittle1 ,synonyms of1 ,brotherly ,building1 ,synonyms of1 ,burke1 ,edmund4 ,see ,causes for the ,american ,spirit of ,liberty ,burn family ,burn1 ,synonyms of1 ,burn with indignation ,busy1 ,synonyms of1 ,by and by ,cad family ,calf ,call1 ,synonyms of1 ,calm1 ,synonyms of1 ,cant family ,cap7t7 family ,capricious ,care1 ,synonyms of1 ,careful1 ,synonyms of1 ,cart before the horse1 ,cas family ,castaway1 ,the 7,defoe74 ,comments and assignments on1 ,causes for the ,american ,spirit of ,liberty 7,burke74 ,comments and assignments on1 ,cede1 ceed1 cess family ,ceive1 ceit1 cept family ,celebrate1 ,synonyms of1 ,celibates1 ,verbal1 ,censure ,cent family ,cent family ,charm 7noun71 ,synonyms of1 ,charm 7verb71 ,synonyms of1 ,chant family ,cheat1 ,synonyms of1 ,child4 ,see ,how a child becomes acquainted1 etc4 ,choke1 ,synonyms of1 ,choose1 ,synonyms of1 ,chron family ,church ,churl ,cid family ,cide family ,cigar ,cip family ,circumstances ,cis7e7 family ,classes of words1 in general1 7also see ,words72 in your own vocabulary1 ,classic words1 distinguished from native2 in modern ,english1 ,clear ,clodhopper ,close ,close the door to1 ,coax1 ,synonyms of1 ,cold ,coleridge1 ,s4 ,t41 ,quotation from1 ,color1 ,synonyms of1 ,combine1 ,synonyms of1 ,comfort1 ,synonyms of1 ,common ,companion ,complain1 ,synonyms of1 ,conchology ,concise1 ,synonyms of1 ,condescend1 ,synonyms of1 ,condition ,confirm1 ,synonyms of1 ,confirmed1 ,synonyms of1 ,confound ,congregate ,connect1 ,synonyms of1 ,connotation ,constable ,contagious ,continual1 ,synonyms of1 ,continuous1 continual ,contract1 ,synonyms of1 ,conversation ,copy1 ,synonyms 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