,,disc\rses3 ,,biological ,,geological ,,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley #ahid ,,preface ,! cont5ts ( ! pres5t volume1 ) ?ree exceptions1 are ei!r popul> lectures1 or addresses deliv]$ to sci5tific bodies ) :i* ,i h be5 (ficially connect$4 ,i am n sure :i* gave me ! m tr\ble4 ,= ,i h n be5 "o ( ^? =tunate p]sons :o are able to reg>d a popul> lecture z a m]e hors d'oeuvre1 unwor?y ( be+ rank$ among ! s]i\s ef=ts ( a philosoph]2 & :o keep _! fame z sci5tific hi]ophants unsulli$ by attempts--at lea/ ( ! successful sort--to be und]/&$ ( ! p4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i f\nd t ! task ( putt+ ! tru?s le>n$ 9 ! field1 ! laboratory & ! museum1 into language :i*1 )\t bat+ a jot ( sci5tific accuracy %all be g5]ally intelligible1 tax$ su* sci5tific & lit]>y faculty z ,i possess$ to ! utt]mo/2 inde$ my exp]i5ce has furni%$ me ) no bett] corrective ( ! t5d5cy to s*ola/ic p$antry :i* besets all ^? :o are absorb$ 9 pursuits remote f ! common ways ( m51 & become habituat$ to ?9k & speak 9 ! te*nical dialect ( _! own little _w1 z if !re 7 no o!r4 ,if ! popul> lecture ?us1 z ,i believe1 f9ds "o moiety ( its ju/ification 9 ! self-discipl9e ( ! lectur]1 x surely f9ds ! o!r half 9 its effect on ! auditory4 ,= ?\gh v>i\s sadly comical exp]i5ces ( ! results ( my own ef=ts h l$ me to ent]ta9 a v mod]ate e/imate ( ! purely intellectual value ( lectures2 ?\gh ,i v5ture to d\bt if m ?an "o 9 t5 ( an av]age audi5ce c>ries away an accurate notion ( :at ! speak] has be5 driv+ at2 yet is t n equally true ( ! oratory ( ! hu/+s1 ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ev5 ( ! pulpit8 ,yet ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are wise 9 _! g5]ation2 & bo? ! politician & ! prie/ are ju/ifi$ by results4 ,! liv+ voice has an influ5ce ov] human action altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! intellectual wor? ( t :i* x utt]s4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,i 0 a gue/ at a great ,city d9n]4 ,a fam\s orator1 end[$ ) a voice ( r>e flexibility & p[]2 a born actor1 rang+ ) ease ?r\gh e "p1 f ref9$ com$y to tragic unction1 0 call$ ^u to reply to a toa/4 ,! orator 0 a v busy man1 a *>m+ conv]sationali/ & by no means despis$ a good d9n]2 &1 ,i imag9e1 rose )\t hav+ giv5 a ?\ght to :at he 0 go+ to say4 ,! rhy?mic roll ( s\nd 0 admirable1 ! ge/ures p]fect1 ! e>ne/ness impressive2 no?+ 0 lack+ save s5se &1 occasionally1 gramm>4 ,:5 ! speak] sat d[n ! applause 0 t]rific & "o ( my neighb\rs 0 especially en?usia/ic4 ,s :5 he _h quiet$ d[n1 ,i ask$ him :at ! orator _h said4 ,& he c\ld n tell me4 ,t sagaci\s p]son ,john ,wesley1 is report$ to h repli$ to "s "o :o que/ion$ ! propriety ( 8 adaptation ( sacr$ words to extremely secul> airs1 t he did n see :y ! ,devil %\ld be left 9 possession ( all ! be/ tunes4 ,& ,i d n see :y sci5ce %\ld n turn to acc\nt ! peculi>ities ( human nature ?us exploit$ by o!r ag5cies3 all ! m because sci5ce1 by ! nature ( its be+1 _c desire to /ir ! passions1 or pr(it by ! weaknesses1 ( human nature4 ,! mo/ zeal\s ( popul> lectur]s c aim at no?+ m ?an ! awak5+ ( a sympa?y = ab/ract tru?1 9 ^? :o d n really foll[ 8 argum5ts2 & ( a desire to "k m & bett] 9 ! few :o d4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! popul>ization ( sci5ce1 :e!r by lecture or essay1 has its drawbacks4 ,success 9 ?is dep>tm5t has its p]ils = ^? :o succe$4 ,! p :o fail take _! rev5ge1 z we h rec5tly _h occasion to obs]ve1 by ignor+ all ! re/ ( a man's "w & glibly labell+ him a m popul>iz]4 ,if ! falsehood 7 n too gl>+1 !y w\ld say ! same ( ,f>aday & ,helmholtz & ,kelv94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( ! affliction caus$ by p]sons :o ?9k t :at !y h pick$ up f popul> exposition qualifies !m = discuss+ ! great problems ( sci5ce1 x may be said1 z ! ,radical toa/ said ( ! p[] ( ! ,cr[n 9 bygone days1 t x has increas$1 is increas+1 & ought to be dim9i%$4 ,! oddities ( ,engli% z %e is spoke might be abundantly p>allel$ by ^? ( ,sci5ce z %e is misund]/ood 9 ! s]mon1 ! novel1 & ! lead+ article2 & a collection ( ! grotesque trave/ies ( sci5tific conceptions1 9 ! %ape ( essays on su* trifles z ! ,nature ( ,life & ! ,orig9 ( ,all ,?+s1 :i* rea* me1 f "t to "t1 might well be b\nd up ) !m4 ,! t5? essay 9 ?is volume un=tunately br\ght me1 ,i w n say into collision1 b into a position ( critical remon/rance ) reg>d to "s *>ges ( physical het]odoxy1 br\ght by my di/+ui%$ fri5d ,"l ,kelv91 aga9/ ,briti% ,geology4 ,z ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london at t "t 7#ahfi71 ,i ?\ght ,i might v5ture to plead t we 7 n su* h]etics z we seem$ to be2 & t1 ev5 if we 71 recantation w\ld n affect ! "q ( evolution4 ,i am glad to see t ,"l ,kelv9 has j repr9t$ 8 reply to my plea1#a & ,i ref] ! read] to x4 ,i %all n presume to "q any?+1 t on su* ripe consid]ation1 ,"l ,kelv9 has to say ^u ! physical problems involv$4 ,b ,i may rem>k t no "o c h ass]t$ m /rongly ?an ,i h done1 ! necessity ( look+ to physics & ma!matics1 = help 9 reg>d to ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! globe4 7,see pp4 #ajh & #aji ( ?is volume47 ,footnote #a3 ,popul> ,lectures & ,addresses4 ,,ii4 ,macmillan & ,co4 #ahid4 ,& ,i take ! opportunity ( repeat+ ! op9ion1 t1 :e!r :at we call geological "t has ! l[] limit assign$ to x by ,"l ,kelv91 or ! high] assum$ by o!r philosoph]s2 :e!r ! g]ms ( all liv+ ?+s h orig9at$ 9 ! globe itself1 or :e!r !y h be5 import$ on1 or 91 meteorites f )\t1 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ^? successive ,faunae & ,florae ( ! e>?1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is fully demon/rat$ by paleontology rema9s exactly :]e x 04 ,= ,i ?9k x w be admitt$1 t ! g]ms br\ght to u by meteorites1 if any1 7 n ova ( elephants1 nor ( crocodiles2 n cocoa-nuts nor acorns2 n ev5 eggs ( %ell-fi% & corals2 b only ^? ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is prov$ t1 f a v remote epo* ( geological "t1 ! e>? has be5 peopl$ by a cont9ual succession ( ! high] =ms ( animals & plants1 ^! ei!r mu/ h be5 creat$1 or !y h aris5 by evolution4 ,& 9 respect ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( animals1 ! well- e/abli%$ facts ( paleontology leave no rational d\bt t !y arose by ! latt] me?od4 ,9 ! second place1 !re are no data :atev]1 :i* ju/ify ! biologi/ 9 assign+ any1 ev5 approximately def9ite1 p]iod ( "t1 ei!r long or %ort1 to ! evolution ( "o species f ano!r by ! process ( v>iation & selection4 ,9 ! n9? ( ! foll[+ essays1 ,i h tak5 pa9s to prove t ! *ange ( animals has gone on at v diff]5t rates 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( liv+ be+s2 t "s types h p]si/$ ) little *ange f ! paleozoic epo* till n[1 :ile o!rs h *ang$ rapidly )9 ! limits ( an epo*4 ,9 #ahfb 7see bel[ p4 #cjc1 #cjd7 9 #ahfc 7vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dfa7 & aga9 9 #ahfd 7ibid41 p4 #hi-ia7 ,i argu$1 n z a matt] ( speculation1 b1 f paleontological facts1 ! be>+ ( :i* ,i believe1 up to t "t1 _h n be5 %[n1 t any adequate hypo!sis ( ! causes ( evolution mu/ be consi/5t ) progression1 /ation>9ess & retrogression1 ( ! same type at diff]5t epo*s2 ( diff]5t types 9 ! same epo*2 & t ,d>w9's hypo!sis fulfill$ ^! conditions4 ,accord+ to t hypo!sis1 two factors are at "w1 v>iation & selection4 ,next to no?+ is kn[n ( ! causes ( ! =m] process2 no?+ :atev] ( ! "t requir$ = ! production ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( deviation f ! exi/+ type4 ,&1 z respects selection1 :i* op]ates by ext+ui%+ all b a small m9ority ( v>iations1 we h n ! slighte/ means ( e/imat+ ! rapidity ) :i* x does its "w4 ,all t we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ is t ! rate at :i* x takes place may v>y almo/ indef9itely4 ,if ! fam\s pa9t- root ( ,florida1 :i* kills :ite pigs b n black ones1 7 abundant & c]ta9 9 its action1 black pigs might be sub/itut$ = :ite 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 r>e & unc]ta9 9 action1 ! :ite pigs might l+] on = c5turies4 ,t4,h4 ,,huxley4 ,,hodeslea1 ,,ea/b\rne1 ,april1 #ahid4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,,on ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,*alk #ahfh 7,a ,lecture deliv]$ to ! work+ m5 ( ,norwi* dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association47 ,,ii ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,deep ,,sea #ahgh ,,iii ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,*all5g] #ahge ,,iv ,,yea/ #ahga ,v ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,coal #ahgj 7,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,philosophical ,in/itute1 ,brad=d47 ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,bord] ,,t]ritory ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+doms #ahgf 7,a ,friday ev5+ ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution47 ,,vii ,a ,,lob/]2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,zoology #ahfa 7,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum47 ,,viii ,,biog5esis ,,& ,,abiog5esis #ahgj 7,! ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,liv]pool47 ,,ix ,,geological ,,contemporaneity ,,& ,,p]si/5t ,,types ,,( ,,life #ahfb 7,address to ! ,geological ,society on behalf ( ! ,presid5t by "o ( ! ,secret>ies47 ,x ,,geological ,,re=m #ahfi 7,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society47 ,,xi ,,palaeontology ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,evolution #ahgj 7,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society47 ,i ,,on ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,*alk #ahfh ,if a well 7 sunk at our feet 9 ! mid/ ( ! city ( ,norwi*1 ! digg]s w\ld v soon f9d !mselves at "w 9 t :ite sub/ance almo/ too s(t to be call$ rock1 ) :i* we are all famili> z *alk4 ,n only "h1 b ov] ! :ole c\nty ( ,norfolk1 ! well-s9k] might c>ry 8 %aft d[n _m hundr$ feet )\t com+ to ! end ( ! *alk2 &1 on ! sea-coa/1 :]e ! waves h p>$ away ! face ( ! l& :i* brea/s !m1 ! sc>p$ faces ( ! high cliffs are (t5 :olly =m$ ( ! same mat]ial4 ,nor?w>d1 ! *alk may be foll[$ z f> z ,york%ire2 on ! s\? coa/ x appe>s abruptly 9 ! picturesque we/]n bays ( ,dorset1 & breaks into ! ,ne$les ( ! ,isle ( ,wight2 :ile on ! %ores ( ,k5t x supplies t long l9e ( :ite cliffs to :i* ,engl& owes h] "n ( ,albion4 ,7 ! ?9 soil :i* cov]s x all wa%$ away1 a curv$ b& ( :ite *alk1 "h broad]1 & !re n>r[]1 might be foll[$ diagonally across ,engl& f ,lulwor? 9 ,dorset1 to ,flambor\gh ,head 9 ,york%ire--a di/ance ( ov] #bhj miles z ! cr[ flies4 ,f ?is b& to ! ,nor? ,sea1 on ! ea/1 & ! ,*annel1 on ! s\?1 ! *alk is l>gely hidd5 by o!r deposits2 b1 except 9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 x ent]s into ! v f\ndation ( all ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties4 ,atta9+1 z x does 9 "s places1 a ?ickness ( m ?an a ?\s& feet1 ! ,engli% *alk mu/ be admitt$ to be a mass ( consid]able magnitude4 ,nev]!less1 x cov]s b an insignificant portion ( ! :ole area occupi$ by ! *alk =mation ( ! globe1 mu* ( :i* has ! same g5]al *>act]s z ours1 & is f\nd 9 deta*$ pat*es1 "s less1 & o!rs m ext5sive1 ?an ! ,engli%4 ,*alk occurs 9 nor?-we/ ,irel&2 x /ret*es ov] a l>ge "p ( ,france1-- ! *alk :i* und]lies ,p>is be+1 9 fact1 a cont9uation ( t ( ! ,london bas92 x runs ?r\gh ,d5m>k & ,c5tral ,europe1 & ext5ds s\?w>d to ,nor? ,africa2 :ile ea/w>d1 x appe>s 9 ! ,crimea & 9 ,syria1 & may be trac$ z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,aral1 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,if all ! po9ts at :i* true *alk occurs 7 circumscrib$1 !y w\ld lie )9 an irregul> oval ab\t #c1jjj miles 9 long diamet]--! area ( :i* w\ld be z great z t ( ,europe1 & w\ld _m times exce$ t ( ! l>ge/ exi/+ inl& sea--! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?us ! *alk is no unimportant elem5t 9 ! masonry ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & x impresses a peculi> /amp1 v>y+ ) ! conditions to :i* x is expos$1 on ! sc5]y ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* x occurs4 ,! undulat+ d[ns & r\nd$ coombs1 cov]$ ) sweet-grass$ turf1 ( our inl& *alk c\ntry1 h a peacefully dome/ic & mutton- sugge/+ prett9ess1 b c h>dly be call$ ei!r gr& or beautiful4 ,b on our s\!rn coa/s1 ! wall-sid$ cliffs1 _m hundr$ feet high1 ) va/ ne$les & p9nacles /&+ out 9 ! sea1 %>p & solit>y en\gh to s]ve z p]*es = ! w>y cormorant1 conf] a wond]ful beauty & gr&eur ^u ! *alk headl&s4 ,&1 9 ! ,ea/1 *alk has its %>e 9 ! =mation ( "s ( ! mo/ v5]able ( m\nta9 ranges1 su* z ! ,lebanon4 ,:at is ?is wide-spread compon5t ( ! surface ( ! e>?8 & :5ce did x come8 ,y may ?9k ?is no v hopeful inquiry4 ,y may n unnaturally suppose t ! attempt to solve su* problems z ^! c lead to no result1 save t ( entangl+ ! inquir] 9 vague speculations1 incapable ( refutation & ( v]ification4 ,if su* 7 really ! case1 ,i %\ld h select$ "s o!r subject ?an a piece ( *alk = my disc\rse4 ,b1 9 tru?1 aft] mu* delib]ation1 ,i h be5 unable to ?9k ( any topic :i* w\ld s well enable me to lead y to see h[ solid is ! f\ndation ^u :i* "s ( ! mo/ />tl+ conclusions ( physical sci5ce re/4 ,a great *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w is writt5 9 ! *alk4 ,few passages 9 ! hi/ory ( man c be support$ by su* an ov]:elm+ mass ( direct & indirect evid5ce z t :i* te/ifies to ! tru? ( ! fragm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! globe1 :i* ,i hope to enable y to read1 ) y\r own eyes1 to-night4 ,let me add1 t few *apt]s ( human hi/ory h a m pr(\nd significance = ourselves4 ,i weigh my words well :5 ,i ass]t1 t ! man :o %\ld "k ! true hi/ory ( ! bit ( *alk :i* e c>p5t] c>ries ab\t 9 8 bree*es- pocket1 ?\gh ignorant ( all o!r hi/ory1 is likely1 if he w ?9k 8 k out to its ultimate results1 to h a tru]1 & !re=e a bett]1 conception ( ?is wond]ful univ]se1 & ( man's relation to x1 ?an ! mo/ le>n$ /ud5t :o is deep-read 9 ! records ( humanity & ignorant ( ^? ( ,nature4 ,! language ( ! *alk is n h>d to le>n1 n ne>ly s h>d z ,lat91 if y only want to get at ! broad features ( ! /ory x has to tell2 & ,i propose t we n[ set to "w to spell t /ory out toge!r4 ,we all "k t if we burn *alk ! result is quicklime4 ,*alk1 9 fact1 is a comp\nd ( c>bonic acid gas1 & lime1 & :5 y make x v hot ! c>bonic acid flies away & ! lime is left4 ,by ?is me?od ( proc$ure we see ! lime1 b we d n see ! c>bonic acid4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y 7 to p[d] a little *alk & drop x into a good deal ( /rong v9eg>1 !re w\ld be a great bubbl+ & fizz+1 &1 f9ally1 a cle> liquid1 9 :i* no sign ( *alk w\ld appe>4 ,"h y see ! c>bonic acid 9 ! bubbles2 ! lime1 dissolv$ 9 ! v9eg>1 vani%es f sight4 ,!re are a great _m o!r ways ( %[+ t *alk is ess5tially no?+ b c>bonic acid & quicklime4 ,*emi/s enunciate ! result ( all ! exp]im5ts :i* prove ?is1 by /at+ t *alk is almo/ :olly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is desirable = u to />t f ! k ( ?is fact1 ?\gh x may n seem to help u v f> t[>ds :at we seek4 ,= c>bonate ( lime is a widely-spread sub/ance1 & is met ) "u v v>i\s conditions4 ,all sorts ( lime/ones are compos$ ( m or less pure c>bonate ( lime4 ,! cru/ :i* is (t5 deposit$ by wat]s :i* h dra9$ ?r\gh lime/one rocks1 9 ! =m ( :at are call$ /alagmites & /alactites1 is c>bonate ( lime4 ,or1 to take a m famili> example1 ! fur on ! inside ( a tea-kettle is c>bonate ( lime2 &1 = any?+ *emi/ry tells u to ! contr>y1 ! *alk might be a k9d ( gigantic fur ^u ! bottom ( ! e>?-kettle1 :i* is kept pretty hot bel[4 ,let u try ano!r me?od ( mak+ ! *alk tell u its own hi/ory4 ,to ! unassi/$ eye *alk looks simply l a v loose & op5 k9d ( /one4 ,b x is possible to gr9d a slice ( *alk d[n s ?9 t y c see ?r\gh x--until x is ?9 en\gh1 9 fact1 to be exam9$ ) any magnify+ p[] t may be ?\ght desirable4 ,a ?9 slice ( ! fur ( a kettle might be made 9 ! same way4 ,if x 7 exam9$ microscopically1 x w\ld %[ itself to be a m or less di/9ctly lam9at$ m9]al sub/ance1 & no?+ m4 ,b ! slice ( *alk pres5ts a totally diff]5t appe>ance :5 plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,! g5]al mass ( x is made up ( v m9ute granules2 b1 imb$d$ 9 ?is matrix1 are innum]able bodies1 "s small] & "s l>g]1 b1 on a r\gh av]age1 n m ?an a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 hav+ a well-def9$ %ape & /ructure4 ,a cubic in* ( "s specim5s ( *alk may conta9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ^! bodies1 compact$ toge!r ) incalculable millions ( ! granules4 ,! exam9ation ( a transp>5t slice gives a good notion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! compon5ts ( ! *alk are arrang$1 & ( _! relative proportions4 ,b1 by rubb+ up "s *alk ) a bru% 9 wat] & !n p\r+ (f ! milky fluid1 s z to obta9 s$im5ts ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 ! granules & ! m9ute r\nd$ bodies may be pretty well sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & submitt$ to microscopic exam9ation1 ei!r z opaque or z transp>5t objects4 ,by comb9+ ! views obta9$ 9 ^! v>i\s me?ods1 ea* ( ! r\nd$ bodies may be prov$ to be a beautifully-con/ruct$ calc>e\s fabric1 made up ( a numb] ( *amb]s1 communicat+ freely ) "o ano!r4 ,! *amb]$ bodies are ( v>i\s =ms4 ,"o ( ! commone/ is some?+ l a badly-gr[n raspb]ry1 be+ =m$ ( a numb] ( ne>ly globul> *amb]s ( diff]5t sizes congregat$ toge!r4 ,x is call$ ,globig]9a1 & "s specim5s ( *alk consi/ ( little else ?an ,globig]9oe & granules4 ,let u fix our att5tion ^u ! ,globig]9a4 ,x is ! spoor ( ! game we are track+4 ,if we c le>n :at x is & :at are ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 we %all see our way to ! orig9 & pa/ hi/ory ( ! *alk4 ,a sugge/ion :i* may naturally en\gh pres5t itself is1 t ^! curi\s bodies are ! result ( "s process ( aggregation :i* has tak5 place 9 ! c>bonate ( lime2 t1 j z 9 w9t]1 ! rime on our w9d[s simulates ! mo/ delicate & elegantly arboresc5t foliage--prov+ t ! m]e m9]al wat] may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 assume ! outw>d =m ( organic bodies--s ?is m9]al sub/ance1 c>bonate ( lime1 hidd5 away 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 has tak5 ! %ape ( ^! *amb]$ bodies4 ,i am n rais+ a m]ely fanciful & unreal objection4 ,v le>n$ m51 9 =m] days1 h ev5 ent]ta9$ ! notion t all ! =m$ ?+s f\nd 9 rocks are ( ?is nature2 & if no su* conception is at pres5t held to be admissible1 x is because long & v>i$ exp]i5ce has n[ %[n t m9]al matt] nev] does assume ! =m & /ructure we f9d 9 fossils4 ,if any "o 7 to try to p]suade y t an oy/]-%ell 7:i* is also *iefly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime7 _h cry/alliz$ out ( sea-wat]1 ,i suppose y w\ld laugh at ! absurdity4 ,y\r laught] w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! fact t all exp]i5ce t5ds to %[ t oy/]-%ells are =m$ by ! ag5cy ( oy/]s1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,& if !re 7 no bett] reasons1 we %\ld be ju/ifi$1 on l gr\nds1 9 believ+ t ,globig]9a is n ! product ( any?+ b vital activity4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 bett] evid5ce 9 pro( ( ! organic nature ( ! ,globig]9oe ?an t ( analogy is =?com+4 ,x s happ5s t calc>e\s skeletons1 exactly simil> to ! ,globig]9oe ( ! *alk1 are be+ =m$1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 by m9ute liv+ creatures1 :i* fl\ri% 9 multitudes1 lit]ally m num]\s ?an ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( t "p ( ! e>?'s surface :i* is cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ^! liv+ ,globig]9oe1 & ( ! "p :i* !y play 9 rock build+1 is s+ul> en\gh4 ,x is a discov]y :i*1 l o!rs ( no less sci5tific importance1 has aris51 incid5tally1 out ( "w devot$ to v diff]5t & exce$+ly practical int]e/s4 ,:5 m5 fir/ took to ! sea1 !y spe$ily le>n$ to look out = %oals & rocks2 & ! m ! bur!n ( _! %ips increas$1 ! m imp]atively necess>y x became = sailors to asc]ta9 ) precision ! dep? ( ! wat]s !y trav]s$4 ,out ( ?is necessity grew ! use ( ! lead & s\nd+ l9e2 &1 ultimately1 m>9e-survey+1 :i* is ! record+ ( ! =m ( coa/s & ( ! dep? ( ! sea1 z asc]ta9$ by ! s\nd+-lead1 ^u *>ts4 ,at ! same "t1 x became desirable to asc]ta9 & to indicate ! nature ( ! sea-bottom1 s9ce ?is circum/ance greatly affects its goodness z hold+ gr\nd = an*ors4 ,"s +5i\s t>1 ^: "n des]ves a bett] fate ?an ! oblivion into :i* x has fall51 atta9$ ?is object by arm+ ! bottom ( ! lead ) a lump ( grease1 to :i* m or less ( ! s& or mud1 or brok5 %ells1 z ! case might be1 adh]$1 & 0 br\ght to ! surface4 ,b1 h[ev] well adapt$ su* an app>atus might be = r\gh nautical purposes1 sci5tific accuracy c\ld n be expect$ f ! arm$ lead1 & to rem$y its defects 7especially :5 appli$ to s\nd+ 9 great dep?s7 ,lieut4 ,brooke1 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 "s ye>s ago inv5t$ a mo/ +5i\s ma*9e1 by :i* a consid]able portion ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sea-bottom c be scoop$ out & br\ght up f any dep? to :i* ! lead desc5ds4 ,9 #ahec1 ,lieut4 ,brooke obta9$ mud f ! bottom ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ! ,azores1 at a dep? ( m ?an #aj1jjj feet1 or two miles1 by ! help ( ?is s\nd+ app>atus4 ,! specim5s 7 s5t = exam9ation to ,ehr5b]g ( ,b]l91 & to ,bailey ( ,we/ ,po9t1 & ^? able microscopi/s f\nd t ?is deep-sea mud 0 almo/ entirely compos$ ( ! skeletons ( liv+ organisms--! great] proportion ( ^! be+ j l ! ,globig]9oe already kn[n to occur 9 ! *alk4 ,?us f>1 ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ on simply 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 b ,lieut4 ,brooke's me?od ( s\nd+ acquir$ a high comm]cial value1 :5 ! ent]prise ( lay+ d[n ! telegraph-cable betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 und]tak54 ,= x became a matt] ( imm5se importance to "k1 n only ! dep? ( ! sea ov] ! :ole l9e along :i* ! cable 0 to be laid1 b ! exact nature ( ! bottom1 s z to gu>d aga9/ *ances ( cutt+ or fray+ ! /r&s ( t co/ly rope4 ,! ,admiralty consequ5tly ord]$ ,capta9 ,dayman1 an old fri5d & %ipmate ( m9e1 to asc]ta9 ! dep? ov] ! :ole l9e ( ! cable1 & to br+ back specim5s ( ! bottom4 ,9 =m] days1 su* a comm& z ?is might h s\nd$ v mu* l "o ( ! impossible ?+s :i* ! "y ,pr9ce 9 ! ,fairy ,tales is ord]$ to d be=e he c obta9 ! h& ( ! ,pr9cess4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 #aheg1 my fri5d p]=m$ ! task assign$ to him ) great exp$ition & precision1 )\t1 s f> z ,i "k1 hav+ met ) any rew>d ( t k9d4 ,! specim5s or ,atlantic mud :i* he procur$ 7 s5t to me to be exam9$ & report$ ^u4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,app5dix to ,capta9 ,dayman's ,deep-sea ,s\nd+s 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl&1 made 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,cyclops4 ,publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 #aheh4 ,!y h s9ce =m$ ! subject ( an elaborate ,memoir by ,messrs4 ,p>k] & ,jones1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahfe4 ,! result ( all ^! op]ations is1 t we "k ! cont\rs & ! nature ( ! surface-soil cov]$ by ! ,nor? ,atlantic = a di/ance ( #a1gjj miles f ea/ to we/1 z well z we "k t ( any "p ( ! dry l&4 ,x is a prodigi\s pla9--"o ( ! wide/ & mo/ ev5 pla9s 9 ! _w4 ,if ! sea 7 dra9$ (f1 y might drive a waggon all ! way f ,val5tia1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 to ,tr9ity ,bay1 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,&1 except ^u "o %>p incl9e ab\t #bjj miles f ,val5tia1 ,i am n q sure t x w\ld ev5 be necess>y to put ! skid on1 s g5tle are ! asc5ts & desc5ts ^u t long r\te4 ,f ,val5tia ! road w\ld lie d[n-hill = ab\t #bjj miles to ! po9t at :i* ! bottom is n[ cov]$ by #a1gjj fa?oms ( sea-wat]4 ,!n w\ld come ! c5tral pla91 m ?an a ?\s& miles wide1 ! inequalities ( ! surface ( :i* w\ld be h>dly p]ceptible1 ?\gh ! dep? ( wat] ^u x n[ v>ies f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj feet2 & !re are places 9 :i* ,mont ,blanc might be sunk )\t %[+ its peak above wat]4 ,beyond ?is1 ! asc5t on ! ,am]ican side comm5ces1 & gradually leads1 = ab\t #cjj miles1 to ! ,newf\ndl& %ore4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! bottom ( ?is c5tral pla9 7:i* ext5ds = _m hundr$ miles 9 a nor? & s\? direction7 is cov]$ by a f9e mud1 :i*1 :5 br\ght to ! surface1 dries into a greyi% :ite friable sub/ance4 ,y c write ) ?is on a blackbo>d1 if y are s incl9$2 &1 to ! eye1 x is q l v s(t1 grayi% *alk4 ,exam9$ *emically1 x proves to be compos$ almo/ :olly ( c>bonate ( lime2 & if y make a section ( x1 9 ! same way z t ( ! piece ( *alk 0 made1 & view x ) ! microscope1 x pres5ts innum]able ,globig]9oe emb$d$ 9 a granul> matrix4 ,?us ?is deep- sea mud is sub/antially *alk4 ,i say sub/antially1 because !re are a good _m m9or diff]5ces2 b z ^! h no be>+ on ! "q imm$iately be=e u1--:i* is ! nature ( ! ,globig]9oe ( ! *alk1--x is unnecess>y to speak ( !m4 ,globig]9oe ( e size1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1 are associat$ toge!r 9 ! ,atlantic mud1 & ! *amb]s ( _m are fill$ by a s(t animal matt]4 ,?is s(t sub/ance is1 9 fact1 ! rema9s ( ! creature to :i* ! ,globig]9oe %ell1 or r skeleton1 owes its exi/5ce--& :i* is an animal ( ! simple/ imag9able description4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m]e p>ticle ( liv+ jelly1 )\t def9$ p>ts ( any k9d--)\t a m\?1 n]ves1 muscles1 or di/9ct organs1 & only manife/+ its vitality to ord9>y obs]vation by ?ru/+ out & retract+ f all p>ts ( its surface1 long filam5t\s processes1 :i* s]ve = arms & legs4 ,yet ?is amorph\s p>ticle1 devoid ( ev]y?+ :i*1 9 ! high] animals1 we call organs1 is capable ( fe$+1 gr[+1 & multiply+2 ( sep>at+ f ! ocean ! small proportion ( c>bonate ( lime :i* is dissolv$ 9 sea-wat]2 & ( build+ up t sub/ance into a skeleton = itself1 accord+ to a patt]n :i* c be imitat$ by no o!r kn[n ag5cy4 ,! notion t animals c live & fl\ri% 9 ! sea1 at ! va/ dep?s f :i* app>5tly liv+ ,globig]9oe2 h be5 br\ght up1 does n agree v well ) our usual conceptions respect+ ! conditions ( animal life2 & x is n s absolutely impossible z x might at fir/ sight appe> to be1 t ! ,globigcr9oe ( ! ,atlantic sea-bottom d n live & die :]e !y are f\nd4 ,z ,i h m5tion$1 ! s\nd+s f ! great ,atlantic pla9 are almo/ entirely made up ( ,globig]9oe1 ) ! granules :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & "s few o!r calc>e\s %ells2 b a small p]c5tage ( ! *alky mud--p]haps at mo/ "s five p] c5t4 ( x-- is ( a diff]5t nature1 & consi/s ( %ells & skeletons compos$ ( silex1 or pure fl9t4 ,^! silici\s bodies belong p>tly to ! l[ly vegetable organisms :i* are call$ ,diatomaceoe1 & p>tly to ! m9ute1 & extremely simple1 animals1 t]m$ ,radiol>ia4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ^! creatures d n live at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 b at its surface--:]e !y may be obta9$ 9 prodigi\s numb]s by ! use ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ net4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ^! silici\s organisms1 ?\gh !y are n heavi] ?an ! lighte/ du/1 mu/ h fall51 9 "s cases1 ?r\gh fifte5 ?\s& feet ( wat]1 be=e !y rea*$ _! f9al re/+-place on ! ocean floor4 ,& consid]+ h[ l>ge a surface ^! bodies expose 9 proportion to _! weight1 x is probable t !y occupy a great l5g? ( "t 9 mak+ _! burial j\rney f ! surface ( ! ,atlantic to ! bottom4 ,b if ! ,radiol>ia & ,diatoms are ?us ra9$ ^u ! bottom ( ! sea1 f ! sup]ficial lay] ( its wat]s 9 :i* !y pass _! lives1 x is obvi\sly possible t ! ,globig]9oe may be simil>ly d]iv$2 & if !y 7 s1 x w\ld be mu* m easy to und]/& h[ !y obta9 _! supply ( food ?an x is at pres5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! positive & negative evid5ce all po9ts ! o!r way4 ,! skeletons ( ! full-gr[n1 deep-sea ,globig]9oe are s rem>kably solid & heavy 9 proportion to _! surface z to seem little fitt$ = float+2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are n to be f\nd along ) ! ,diatoms & ,radiol>ia 9 ! upp]mo/ /ratum ( ! op5 ocean4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 aga91 t ! abundance ( ,globig]9oe1 9 proportion to o!r organisms1 ( l k9d1 increases ) ! dep? ( ! sea2 & t deep-wat] ,globig]9oe are l>g] ?an ^? :i* live 9 %all[] p>ts ( ! sea2 & su* facts negative ! supposition t ^! organisms h be5 swept by curr5ts f ! %all[s into ! deeps ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x !re=e seems to be h>dly d\btful t ^! wond]ful creatures live & die at ! dep?s 9 :i* !y are f\nd4#b ,footnote #b3 ,dur+ ! cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,bulldog1 comm&$ by ,sir ,leopold ,m',cl9tock1 9 #ahfj1 liv+ />-fi% 7 br\ght up1 cl++ to ! l[e/ "p ( ! s\nd+-l9e1 f a dep? ( #a1bfj fa?oms1 midway betwe5 ,cape ,f>ewell1 9 ,gre5l&1 & ! ,rockall banks4 ,dr4 ,walli* asc]ta9$ t ! sea-bottom at ?is po9t consi/$ ( ! ord9>y ,globig]9a ooze1 & t ! /oma*s ( ! />-fi%es 7 full ( ,globig]9oe4 ,?is discov]y removes all objections to ! exi/5ce ( liv+ ,globig]9oe at great dep?s1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! suppos$ difficulty ( ma9ta9+ animal life "u su* conditions2 & x ?r[s ! burd5 ( pro( ^u ^? :o object to ! supposition t ! ,globig]9oe live & die :]e !y are f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! important po9ts = u are1 t ! liv+ ,globig]9oe are exclusively m>9e animals1 ! skeletons ( :i* ab\nd at ! bottom ( deep seas2 & t !re is n a %ad[ ( reason = believ+ t ! habits ( ! ,globig]9oe ( ! *alk diff]$ f ^? ( ! exi/+ species4 ,b if ?is be true1 !re is no escap+ ! conclusion t ! *alk itself is ! dri$ mud ( an anci5t deep sea4 ,9 work+ ov] ! s\nd+s collect$ by ,capta9 ,dayman1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t _m ( :at ,i h call$ ! granules ( t mud 7 n1 z "o might h be5 tempt$ to ?9k at fir/1 ! m p[d] & wa/e ( ,globig]9oe1 b t !y _h a def9ite =m & size4 ,i t]m$ ^! bodies coccoli?s1 & d\bt$ _! organic nature4 ,dr4 ,walli* v]ifi$ my obs]vation1 & add$ ! int]e/+ discov]y t1 n unfrequ5tly1 bodies simil> to ^! coccoli?s 7 aggregat$ toge!r into sph]oids1 :i* lie t]m$ coccosph]es4 ,s f> z we knew1 ^! bodies1 ! nature ( :i* is extremely puzzl+ & problematical1 7 peculi> to ! ,atlantic s\nd+s4 ,b1 a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,sorby1 9 mak+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! *alk by means ( ?9 sections & o!rwise1 obs]v$1 z ,ehr5b]g _h done be=e him1 t mu* ( its granul> basis possesses a def9ite =m4 ,comp>+ ^! =m$ p>ticles ) ^? 9 ! ,atlantic s\nd+s1 he f\nd ! two to be id5tical2 & ?us prov$ t ! *alk1 l ! surr\nd+s1 conta9s ^! my/]i\s coccoli?s & coccosph]es4 ,"h 0 a fur!r & mo/ int]e/+ confirmation1 f int]nal evid5ce1 ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! *alk ) mod]n deep-sea mud4 ,globig]9oe1 coccoli?s1 & coccosph]es are f\nd z ! *ief con/itu5ts ( bo?1 & te/ify to ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! conditions "u :i* bo? h be5 =m$4#c ,footnote #c3 ,i h rec5tly trac$ out ! developm5t ( ! coccoli?s f a diamet] ( #a_/gjjj? ( an in* up to _! l>ge/ size 7:i* is ab\t #a_/ajjj?71 & no long] d\bt t !y are produc$ by indep5d5t organisms1 :i*1 l ! ,globig]9oe1 live & die at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ! hew+1 fac+1 & sup]position ( ! /ones ( ! ,pyramids1 t ^! /ructures 7 built by m51 has no great] weight ?an ! evid5ce t ! *alk 0 built by ,globig]9oe2 & ! belief t ^? anci5t pyramid-build]s 7 t]re/rial & air-brea?+ creatures l ourselves1 is n bett] bas$ ?an ! conviction t ! *alk-mak]s liv$ 9 ! sea4 ,b z our belief 9 ! build+ ( ! ,pyramids by m5 is n only gr\nd$ on ! int]nal evid5ce af=d$ by ^! /ructures1 b ga!rs /r5g? f multitud9\s collat]al pro(s1 & is cl9*$ by ! total abs5ce ( any reason = a contr>y belief2 s ! evid5ce drawn f ! ,globig]9oe t ! *alk is an anci5t sea-bottom1 is =tifi$ by innum]able indep5d5t l9es ( evid5ce2 & our belief 9 ! tru? ( ! conclusion to :i* all positive te/imony t5ds1 receives ! l negative ju/ification f ! fact t no o!r hypo!sis has a %ad[ ( f\ndation4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to consid] a few ( ^! collat]al pro(s t ! *alk 0 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! great mass ( ! *alk is compos$1 z we h se51 ( ! skeletons ( ,globig]9oe1 & o!r simple organisms1 imb$d$ 9 granul> matt]4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 ?is h>d5$ mud ( ! anci5t sea reveals ! rema9s ( high] animals :i* h liv$ & di$1 & left _! h>d p>ts 9 ! mud1 j z ! oy/]s die & leave _! %ells beh9d !m1 9 ! mud ( ! pres5t seas4 ,!re are1 at ! pres5t day1 c]ta9 gr\ps ( animals :i* are nev] f\nd 9 fre% wat]s1 be+ unable to live any:]e b 9 ! sea4 ,su* are ! corals2 ^? corall9es :i* are call$ ,polyzoa2 ^? creatures :i* fabricate ! lamp-%ells1 & are call$ ,bra*iopoda2 ! pe>ly ,nautilus1 & all animals alli$ to x2 & all ! =ms ( sea-ur*9s & />-fi%es4 ,n only are all ^! creatures conf9$ to salt wat] at ! pres5t day2 b1 s f> z our records ( ! pa/ g1 ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce h be5 ! same3 h5ce1 _! occurr5ce 9 any deposit is z /rong evid5ce z c be obta9$1 t t deposit 0 =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,n[ ! rema9s ( animals ( all ! k9ds :i* h be5 enum]at$1 occur 9 ! *alk1 9 great] or less abundance2 :ile n "o ( ^? =ms ( %ell-fi% :i* are *>act]i/ic ( fre% wat] has yet be5 obs]v$ 9 x4 ,:5 we consid] t ! rema9s ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& di/9ct species ( aquatic animals h be5 discov]$ among ! fossils ( ! *alk1 t ! great majority ( !m are ( su* =ms z are n[ met ) only 9 ! sea1 & t !re is no reason to believe t any "o ( !m inhabit$ fre% wat]--! collat]al evid5ce t ! *alk repres5ts an anci5t sea-bottom acquires z great =ce z ! pro( d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! *alk itself4 ,i ?9k y w n[ all[ t ,i did n ov]/ate my case :5 ,i ass]t$ t we h z /rong gr\nds = believ+ t all ! va/ area ( dry l&1 at pres5t occupi$ by ! *alk1 0 once at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z we h = any matt] ( hi/ory :atev]2 :ile !re is no ju/ification = any o!r belief4 ,no less c]ta9 x is t ! "t dur+ :i* ! c\ntries we n[ call s\?-ea/ ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,russia1 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,syria1 7 m or less completely cov]$ by a deep sea1 0 ( consid]able duration4 ,we h already se5 t ! *alk is1 9 places1 m ?an a ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me1 t x mu/ h tak5 "s "t = ! skeletons ( animalcules ( a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet] to heap up su* a mass z t4 ,i h said t ?r\gh\t ! ?ickness ( ! *alk ! rema9s ( o!r animals are scatt]$4 ,^! rema9s are (t5 9 ! mo/ exquisite /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! valves ( ! %ell-fi%es are commonly adh]5t2 ! long sp9es ( "s ( ! sea-ur*9s1 :i* w\ld be deta*$ by ! smalle/ j>1 (t5 rema9 9 _! places4 ,9 a ^w1 x is c]ta9 t ^! animals h liv$ & di$ :5 ! place :i* !y n[ occupy 0 ! surface ( z mu* ( ! *alk z _h !n be5 deposit$2 & t ea* has be5 cov]$ up by ! lay] ( ,globig]9a mud1 ^u :i* ! creatures imb$d$ a little high] up h1 9 l mann]1 liv$ & di$4 ,b "s ( ^! rema9s prove ! exi/5ce ( reptiles ( va/ size 9 ! *alk sea4 ,^! liv$ _! "t1 & _h _! ance/ors & desc5dants1 :i* assur$ly implies "t1 reptiles be+ ( sl[ gr[?4 ,!re is m curi\s evid5ce1 aga91 t ! process ( cov]+ up1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! deposit ( ,globig]9a skeletons1 did n g on v fa/4 ,x is demon/rable t an animal ( ! cretace\s sea might die1 t its skeleton might lie uncov]$ ^u ! sea-bottom long en\gh to lose all its outw>d cov]+s & app5dages by putrefaction2 & t1 aft] ?is _h happ5$1 ano!r animal might atta* itself to ! dead & nak$ skeleton1 might gr[ to maturity1 & might itself die be=e ! calc>e\s mud _h buri$ ! :ole4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are admirably describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,he speaks ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* geologi/s f9d 9 ! *alk a fossiliz$ sea-ur*91 to :i* is atta*$ ! l[] valve ( a ,crania4 ,?is is a k9d ( %ell-fi%1 ) a %ell compos$ ( two pieces1 ( :i*1 z 9 ! oy/]1 "o is fix$ & ! o!r free4 ,! upp] valve is almo/ inv>iably want+1 ?\gh occasionally f\nd 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation 9 ! :ite *alk at "s di/ance4 ,9 ?is case1 we see cle>ly t ! sea-ur*9 fir/ liv$ f y\? to age1 !n di$ & lo/ its sp9es1 :i* 7 c>ri$ away4 ,!n ! "y ,crania adh]$ to ! b>$ %ell1 grew & p]i%$ 9 its turn2 aft] :i*1 ! upp] valve 0 sep>at$ f ! l[]1 be=e ! ,e*9us became envelop$ 9 *alky mud4#d ,a specim5 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 9 ,london1 /ill fur!r prolongs ! p]iod :i* mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ! sea- ur*91 & its burial by ! ,globig]9oe4 ,= ! outw>d face ( ! valve ( a ,crania1 :i* is atta*$ to a sea-ur*91 7,micra/]71 is itself ov]run by an incru/+ corall9e1 :i* spreads !nce ov] m or less ( ! surface ( ! sea-ur*94 ,x foll[s t1 aft] ! upp] valve ( ! ,crania fell (f1 ! surface ( ! atta*$ valve mu/ h rema9$ expos$ long en\gh to all[ ( ! gr[? ( ! :ole corall9e1 s9ce corall9es d n live emb$d$ 9 mud4#d ,footnote #d3 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,b>t4 ,f4,b4,s41 p4 #bc4 ,! progress ( k may1 "o day1 enable u to d$uce f su* facts z ^! ! maximum rate at :i* ! *alk c h accumulat$1 & ?us to arrive at ! m9imum duration ( ! *alk p]iod4 ,suppose t ! valve ( ! ,cronia ^u :i* a corall9e has fix$ itself 9 ! way j describ$1 is s atta*$ to ! sea-ur*9 t no "p ( x is m ?an an in* above ! face ^u :i* ! sea-ur*9 re/s4 ,!n1 z ! corall9e c\ld n h fix$ itself1 if ! ,crania _h be5 cov]$ up ) *alk mud1 & c\ld n h liv$ _h itself be5 s cov]$1 x foll[s1 t an in* ( *alk mud c\ld n h accumulat$ )9 ! "t betwe5 ! dea? & decay ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! sea-ur*9 & ! gr[? ( ! corall9e to ! full size :i* x has atta9$4 ,if ! decay ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! sea-ur*92 ! atta*m5t1 gr[? to maturity1 & decay ( ! ,crania2 & ! subsequ5t atta*m5t & gr[? ( ! corall9e1 took a ye> 7:i* is a l[ e/imate en\gh71 ! accumulation ( ! in* ( *alk mu/ h tak5 m ?an a ye>3 & ! deposit ( a ?\s& feet ( *alk mu/1 consequ5tly1 h tak5 m ?an twelve ?\s& ye>s4 ,! f\ndation ( all ?is calculation is1 ( c\rse1 a k ( ! l5g? ( "t ! ,crania & ! corall9e ne$$ to atta9 _! full size2 &1 on ?is head1 precise k is at pres5t want+4 ,b !re are circum/ances :i* t5d to %[1 t no?+ l an in* ( *alk has accumulat$ dur+ ! life ( a ,crania2 &1 on any probable e/imate ( ! l5g? ( t life1 ! *alk p]iod mu/ h _h a mu* long] duration ?an t ?us r\ghly assign$ to x4 ,?us1 n only is x c]ta9 t ! *alk is ! mud ( an anci5t sea- bottom2 b x is no less c]ta91 t ! *alk sea exi/$ dur+ an extremely long p]iod1 ?\gh we may n be prep>$ to give a precise e/imate ( ! l5g? ( t p]iod 9 ye>s4 ,! relative duration is cle>1 ?\gh ! absolute duration may n be def9able4 ,! attempt to affix any precise date to ! p]iod at :i* ! *alk sea began1 or end$1 its exi/5ce1 is baffl$ by difficulties ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! relative age ( ! cretace\s epo* may be det]m9$ ) z great ease & c]ta9ty z ! long duration ( t epo*4 ,y w h he>d ( ! int]e/+ discov]ies rec5tly made1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ( fl9t implem5ts1 obvi\sly work$ into %ape by human h&s1 "u circum/ances :i* %[ conclusively t man is a v anci5t d5iz5 ( ^! regions4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! :ole populations ( ,europe1 ^: exi/5ce has be5 reveal$ to u 9 ?is way1 consi/$ ( savages1 su* z ! ,esquimaux are n[2 t1 9 ! c\ntry :i* is n[ ,france1 !y hunt$ ! re9de]1 & 7 famili> ) ! ways ( ! mammo? & ! bison4 ,! physical geography ( ,france 0 9 ^? days diff]5t f :at x is n[--! riv] ,somme1 = in/ance1 hav+ cut its b$ a hundr$ feet deep] betwe5 t "t & ?is2 &1 x is probable1 t ! climate 0 m l t ( ,canada or ,sib]ia1 ?an t ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! p is =gott5 ev5 9 ! traditions ( ! olde/ hi/orical nations4 ,! "n & fame ( !m _h utt]ly vani%$ until a few ye>s back2 & ! am\nt ( physical *ange :i* has be5 effect$ s9ce _! day r5d]s x m ?an probable t1 v5]able z are "s ( ! hi/orical nations1 ! work]s ( ! *ipp$ fl9ts ( ,hoxne or ( ,ami5s are to !m1 z !y are to u1 9 po9t ( antiquity4 ,b1 if we assign to ^! ho> relics ( long-vani%$ g5]ations ( m5 ! greate/ age t c possibly be claim$ = !m1 !y are n old] ?an ! drift1 or b\ld] clay1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! *alk1 is b a v juv5ile deposit4 ,y ne$ g no fur!r ?an y\r own sea-bo>d = evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,at "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ spots on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 ,crom]1 y w see ! b\ld] clay =m+ a va/ mass1 :i* lies ^u ! *alk1 & mu/ consequ5tly h come into exi/5ce aft] x4 ,huge b\ld]s ( *alk are1 9 fact1 includ$ 9 ! clay1 & h evid5tly be5 br\ght to ! position !y n[ occupy by ! same ag5cy z t :i* has plant$ blocks ( sy5ite f ,norway side by side ) !m4 ,! *alk1 !n1 is c]ta9ly old] ?an ! b\ld] clay4 ,if y ask h[ mu*1 ,i w aga9 take y no fur!r ?an ! same spot ^u y\r own coa/s = evid5ce4 ,i h spok5 ( ! b\ld] clay & drift z re/+ ^u ! *alk4 ,t is n /rictly true4 ,int]pos$ betwe5 ! *alk & ! drift is a comp>atively insignificant lay]1 conta9+ vegetable matt]4 ,b t lay] tells a wond]ful hi/ory4 ,x is full ( /umps ( trees /&+ z !y grew4 ,fir-trees are !re ) _! cones1 & hazel-bu%es ) _! nuts2 !re /& ! /ools ( oak & yew trees1 bee*es & ald]s4 ,h5ce ?is /ratum is appropriately call$ ! =e/-b$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! *alk mu/ h be5 upheav$ & conv]t$ into dry l&1 be=e ! timb] trees c\ld gr[ ^u x4 ,z ! bolls ( "s ( ^! trees are f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 x is no less cle> t ! dry l& ?us =m$ rema9$ 9 ! same condition = long ages4 ,& n only d ! rema9s ( /ately oaks & well-gr[n firs te/ify to ! duration ( ?is condition ( ?+s1 b additional evid5ce to ! same effect is af=d$ by ! abundant rema9s ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotamuses1 & o!r great wild bea/s1 :i* x has yield$ to ! zeal\s se>* ( su* m5 z ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gunn4 ,:5 y look at su* a collection z he has =m$1 & be?9k y t ^! elephant9e bones did v]itably c>ry _! own]s ab\t1 & ^! great gr9d]s crun*1 9 ! d>k woods ( :i* ! =e/- b$ is n[ ! only trace1 x is impossible n to feel t !y are z good evid5ce ( ! lapse ( "t z ! annual r+s ( ! tree /umps4 ,?us !re is a writ+ ^u ! wall ( cliffs at ,crom]1 & :oso runs may read x4 ,x tells u1 ) an au?ority :i* _c be impea*$1 t ! anci5t sea-b$ ( ! *alk sea 0 rais$ up1 & rema9$ dry l&1 until x 0 cov]$ ) =e/1 /ock$ ) ! great game ! spoils ( :i* h rejoic$ y\r geologi/s4 ,h[ long x rema9$ 9 t condition _c be said2 b ! :irligig ( "t br\ght its rev5ges 9 ^? days z 9 ^!4 ,t dry l&1 ) ! bones & tee? ( g5]ations ( long-liv$ elephants1 hidd5 away among ! gn>l$ roots & dry leaves ( its anci5t trees1 sank gradually to ! bottom ( ! icy sea1 :i* cov]$ x ) huge masses ( drift & b\ld] clay4 ,sea-bea/s1 su* z ! walrus1 n[ re/rict$ to ! extreme nor?1 paddl$ ab\t :]e birds _h twitt]$ among ! topmo/ twigs ( ! fir-trees4 ,h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s endur$ we "k n1 b at l5g? x came to an end4 ,! upheav$ glacial mud h>d5$ into ! soil ( mod]n ,norfolk4 ,=e/s grew once m1 ! wolf & ! beav] replac$ ! re9de] & ! elephant2 & at l5g? :at we call ! hi/ory ( ,engl& dawn$4 ,?us y h1 )9 ! limits ( y\r own c\nty1 pro( t ! *alk c ju/ly claim a v mu* great] antiquity ?an ev5 ! olde/ physical traces ( mank9d4 ,b we may g fur!r & demon/rate1 by evid5ce ( ! same au?ority z t :i* te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! fa!r ( m51 t ! *alk is va/ly old] ?an ,adam himself4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis in=ms u t ,adam1 imm$iately ^u 8 creation1 & be=e ! appe>ance ( ,eve1 0 plac$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,! problem ( ! geographical position ( ,ed5 has greatly vex$ ! spirits ( ! le>n$ 9 su* matt]s1 b !re is "o po9t respect+ :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 no comm5tator has ev] rais$ a d\bt4 ,?is is1 t ( ! f\r riv]s :i* are said to run out ( x1 ,euphrates & ,hiddekel are id5tical ) ! riv]s n[ kn[n by ! names ( ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,b ! :ole c\ntry 9 :i* ^! mighty riv]s take _! orig91 & ?r\gh :i* !y run1 is compos$ ( rocks :i* are ei!r ( ! same age z ! *alk1 or ( lat] date4 ,s t ! *alk mu/ n only h be5 =m$1 b1 aft] its =mation1 ! "t requir$ = ! deposit ( ^! lat] rocks1 & = _! upheaval into dry l&1 mu/ h elaps$1 be=e ! smalle/ brook :i* fe$s ! swift /ream ( ! great riv]1 ! riv] ( ,babylon1 began to fl[4 ,?us1 evid5ce :i* _c be rebutt$1 & :i* ne$ n be /r5g!n$1 ?\gh if "t p]mitt$ ,i might indef9itely increase its quantity1 compels y to believe t ! e>?1 f ! "t ( ! *alk to ! pres5t day1 has be5 ! !atre ( a s]ies ( *anges z va/ 9 _! am\nt1 z !y 7 sl[ 9 _! progress4 ,! area on :i* we /& has be5 fir/ sea & !n l&1 = at lea/ f\r alt]nations2 & has rema9$ 9 ea* ( ^! conditions = a p]iod ( great l5g?4 ,nor h ^! wond]ful metamorphoses ( sea into l&1 & ( l& into sea1 be5 conf9$ to "o corn] ( ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! *alk p]iod1 or cretace\s epo*1 n "o ( ! pres5t great physical features ( ! globe 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,our great m\nta9 ranges1 ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 ,himalayas1 ,&es1 h all be5 upheav$ s9ce ! *alk 0 deposit$1 & ! cretace\s sea fl[$ ov] ! sites ( ,s9ai & ,ar>at4 ,all ?is is c]ta91 because rocks ( cretace\s1 or /ill lat]1 date h %>$ 9 ! elevatory movem5ts :i* gave rise to ^! m\nta9 *a9s2 & may be f\nd p]*$ up1 9 "s cases1 _m ?\s& feet high ^u _! flanks4 ,& evid5ce ( equal cog5cy demon/rates t1 ?\gh1 9 ,norfolk1 ! =e/-b$ re/s directly ^u ! *alk1 yet x does s1 n because ! p]iod at :i* ! =e/ grew imm$iately foll[$ t at :i* ! *alk 0 =m$1 b because an imm5se lapse ( "t1 repres5t$ else:]e by ?\s&s ( feet ( rock1 is n indicat$ at ,crom]4 ,i mu/ ask y to believe t !re is no less conclusive pro( t a /ill m prolong$ succession ( simil> *anges occurr$1 be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$4 ,nor h we any reason to ?9k t ! fir/ t]m 9 ! s]ies ( ^! *anges is kn[n4 ,! olde/ sea-b$s pres]v$ to u are s&s1 & mud1 & pebbles1 ! we> & te> ( rocks :i* 7 =m$ 9 /ill old] oceans4 ,b1 great z is ! magnitude ( ^! physical *anges ( ! _w1 !y h be5 accompani$ by a no less /rik+ s]ies ( modifications 9 its liv+ inhabitants4 ,all ! great classes ( animals1 bea/s ( ! field1 f[ls ( ! air1 creep+ ?+s1 & ?+s :i* dwell 9 ! wat]s1 fl\ri%$ ^u ! globe long ages be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 if any1 ( ^! anci5t =ms ( animal life 7 id5tical ) ^? :i* n[ live4 ,c]ta9ly n "o ( ! high] animals 0 ( ! same species z any ( ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! bea/s ( ! field1 9 ! days be=e ! *alk1 7 n our bea/s ( ! field1 nor ! f[ls ( ! air su* z ^? :i* ! eye ( m5 has se5 fly+1 unless 8 antiquity dates inf9itely fur!r back ?an we at pres5t surmise4 ,if we c\ld be c>ri$ back into ^? times1 we %\ld be z "o sudd5ly set d[n 9 ,au/ralia be=e x 0 coloniz$4 ,we %\ld see mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 insects1 snails1 & ! l1 cle>ly recognizable z su*1 & yet n "o ( !m w\ld be j ! same z ^? ) :i* we are famili>1 & _m w\ld be extremely diff]5t4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! population ( ! _w has und]gone sl[ & gradual1 b incessant1 *anges4 ,!re has be5 no gr& cata/rophe--no de/roy] has swept away ! =ms ( life ( "o p]iod1 & replac$ !m by a totally new creation3 b "o species has vani%$ & ano!r has tak5 its place2 creatures ( "o type ( /ructure h dim9i%$1 ^? ( ano!r h increas$1 z "t has pass$ on4 ,& ?us1 :ile ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! liv+ creatures ( ! "t be=e ! *alk & ^? ( ! pres5t day appe> />tl+1 if plac$ side by side1 we are l$ f "o to ! o!r by ! mo/ gradual progress1 if we foll[ ! c\rse ( ,nature ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( ^? relics ( h] op]ations :i* %e has left beh9d4 ,x is by ! population ( ! *alk sea t ! anci5t & ! mod]n inhabitants ( ! _w are mo/ completely connect$4 ,! gr\ps :i* are dy+ out fl\ri%1 side by side1 ) ! gr\ps :i* are n[ ! dom9ant =ms ( life4 ,?us ! *alk conta9s rema9s ( ^? /range fly+ & swimm+ reptiles1 ! pt]odactyl1 ! i*?yosaurus1 & ! plesiosaurus1 :i* are f\nd 9 no lat] deposits1 b ab\nd$ 9 prec$+ ages4 ,! *amb]$ %ells call$ ammonites & belemnites1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod prec$+ ! cretace\s1 9 l mann] die ) x4 ,b1 among/ ^! fad+ rema9d]s ( a previ\s /ate ( ?+s1 are "s v mod]n =ms ( life1 look+ l ,yankee p$l>s among a tribe ( ,r$ ,indians4 ,crocodiles ( mod]n type appe>2 bony fi%es1 _m ( !m v simil> to exi/+ species1 almo/ supplant ! =ms ( fi% :i* pr$om9ate 9 m anci5t seas2 & _m k9ds ( liv+ %ell- fi% fir/ become kn[n to u 9 ! *alk4 ,! vegetation acquires a mod]n aspect4 ,a few liv+ animals are n ev5 di/+ui%able z species1 f ^? :i* exi/$ at t remote epo*4 ,! ,globig]9a ( ! pres5t day1 = example1 is n diff]5t specifically f t ( ! *alk2 & ! same maybe said ( _m o!r ,=am9if]a4 ,i ?9k x probable t critical & unprejudic$ exam9ation w %[ t m ?an "o species ( mu* high] animals h _h a simil> longevity2 b ! only example :i* ,i c at pres5t give confid5tly is ! snake's-head lamp%ell 7,t]ebratul9a caput s]p5tis71 :i* lives 9 our ,engli% seas & ab\nd$ 7z ,t]ebratul9a /riata ( au?ors7 9 ! *alk4 ,! longe/ l9e ( human ance/ry mu/ hide its dim9i%$ head be=e ! p$igree ( ?is insignificant %ell-fi%4 ,we ,engli%m5 are pr\d to h an ance/or :o 0 pres5t at ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,! ance/ors ( ,t]ebratul9a caput s]p5tis may h be5 pres5t at a battle ( ,i*?yosauria 9 t "p ( ! sea :i*1 :5 ! *alk 0 =m+1 fl[$ ov] ! site ( ,ha/+s4 ,:ile all ar\nd has *ang$1 ?is ,t]ebratul9a has peacefully propagat$ its species f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & /&s to ?is day1 z a liv+ te/imony to ! cont9uity ( ! pres5t ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,up to ?is mom5t ,i h /at$1 s f> z ,i "k1 no?+ b well- au!nticat$ facts1 & ! imm$iate conclusions :i* !y =ce ^u ! m9d4 ,b ! m9d is s con/itut$ t x does n will+ly re/ 9 facts & imm$iate causes1 b seeks always aft] a k ( ! remot] l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( causation4 ,tak+ ! _m *anges ( any giv5 spot ( ! e>?'s surface1 f sea to l& & f l& to sea1 z an e/abli%$ fact1 we _c refra9 f ask+ ourselves h[ ^! *anges h occurr$4 ,& :5 we h expla9$ !m--z !y mu/ be expla9$--by ! alt]nate sl[ movem5ts ( elevation & depression :i* h affect$ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 we g /ill fur!r back1 & ask1 ,:y ^! movem5ts8 ,i am n c]ta9 t any "o c give y a satisfactory answ] to t "q4 ,assur$ly ,i _c4 ,all t c be said1 = c]ta91 is1 t su* movem5ts are "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 inasmu* z !y are go+ on at ! pres5t "t4 ,direct pro( may be giv51 t "s p>ts ( ! l& ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e are at ?is mom5t ins5sibly ris+ & o!rs ins5sibly s9k+2 & !re is indirect1 b p]fectly satisfactory1 pro(1 t an enorm\s area n[ cov]$ by ! ,pacific has be5 deep5$ ?\s&s ( feet1 s9ce ! pres5t inhabitants ( t sea came into exi/5ce4 ,?us !re is n a %ad[ ( a reason = believ+ t ! physical *anges ( ! globe1 9 pa/ times1 h be5 effect$ by o!r ?an natural causes4 ,is !re any m reason = believ+ t ! concomitant modifications 9 ! =ms ( ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! globe h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 o!r ways8 ,be=e attempt+ to answ] ?is "q1 let u try to =m a di/9ct m5tal picture ( :at has happ5$ 9 "s special case4 ,! crocodiles are animals :i*1 z a gr\p1 h a v va/ antiquity4 ,!y ab\nd$ ages be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$2 !y ?rong ! riv]s 9 w>m climates1 at ! pres5t day4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! jo9ts ( ! back-bone1 & 9 "s m9or p>ticul>s1 betwe5 ! crocodiles ( ! pres5t epo* & ^? :i* liv$ be=e ! *alk2 b1 9 ! cretace\s epo*1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! crocodiles _h assum$ ! mod]n type ( /ructure4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! crocodiles ( ! *alk are n id5tically ! same z ^? :i* liv$ 9 ! times call$ old] t]ti>y1 :i* succe$$ ! cretace\s epo*2 & ! crocodiles ( ! old] t]ti>ies are n id5tical ) ^? ( ! new] t]ti>ies1 nor are ^! id5tical ) exi/+ =ms4 ,i leave op5 ! "q :e!r p>ticul> species may h liv$ on f epo* to epo*4 ,b ea* epo* has _h its peculi> crocodiles2 ?\gh all1 s9ce ! *alk1 h belong$ to ! mod]n type1 & diff] simply 9 _! proportions1 & 9 su* /ructural p>ticul>s z are disc]nible only to tra9$ eyes4 ,h[ is ! exi/5ce ( ?is long succession ( diff]5t species ( crocodiles to be acc\nt$ =8 ,only two suppositions seem to be op5 to u--,ei!r ea* species ( crocodile has be5 specially creat$1 or x has aris5 out ( "s pre-exi/+ =m by ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,*oose y\r hypo!sis2 ,i h *os5 m9e4 ,i c f9d no w>ranty = believ+ 9 ! di/9ct creation ( a score ( successive species ( crocodiles 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages ( "t4 ,sci5ce gives no c\nt5ance to su* a wild fancy2 nor c ev5 ! p]v]se +5uity ( a comm5tator pret5d to discov] ?is s5se1 9 ! simple words 9 :i* ! writ] ( ,g5esis records ! proce$+s ( ! fif? & six days ( ! ,creation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i see no good reason = d\bt+ ! necess>y alt]native1 t all ^! v>i$ species h be5 evolv$ f pre- exi/+ crocodilian =ms1 by ! op]ation ( causes z completely a "p ( ! common ord] ( nature z ^? :i* h effect$ ! *anges ( ! inorganic _w4 ,few w v5ture to affirm t ! reason+ :i* applies to crocodiles loses its =ce among o!r animals1 or among plants4 ,if "o s]ies ( species has come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( natural causes1 x seems folly to d5y t all may h aris5 9 ! same way4 ,a small beg9n+ has l$ u to a great end+4 ,if ,i 7 to put ! bit ( *alk ) :i* we />t$ into ! hot b obscure flame ( burn+ hydrog51 x w\ld pres5tly %9e l ! sun4 ,x seems to me t ?is physical metamorphosis is no false image ( :at has be5 ! result ( our subject+ x to a jet ( f]v5t1 ?\gh n[ise brilliant1 ?\ght to-night4 ,x has become lum9\s1 & its cle> rays1 p5etrat+ ! abyss ( ! remote pa/1 h br\ght )9 our k5 "s /ages ( ! evolution ( ! e>?4 ,& 9 ! %ift+ )\t ha/e1 b )\t re/ ( ! l& & sea1 z 9 ! endless v>iation ( ! =ms assum$ by liv+ be+s1 we h obs]v$ no?+ b ! natural product ( ! =ces orig9ally possess$ by ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se4 ,,ii ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,deep ,,sea #ahgc ,on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]1 an eighte5 gun corvette1 ( #b1jjj tons burd51 sail$ f ,portsm\? h>b\r = a ?ree1 or p]haps f\r1 ye>s' cruise4 ,no man-(-w> ev] left t fam\s port be=e ) s s+ul> an equipm5t4 ,two ( ! eighte5 sixty-eight p\nd]s ( ! ,*all5g]'s armam5t rema9$ to enable h] to speak ) effect to sea-rov]s1 haply devoid ( any respect = sci5ce1 9 ! remote seas = :i* %e is b\nd2 b ! ma9-deck 01 = ! mo/ "p1 /ripp$ ( its w>-l ge>1 & fitt$ up ) physical1 *emical1 & biological laboratories2 ,photography _h its d>k cab92 :ile app>atus = dr$g+1 trawl+1 & s\nd+2 = photomet]s & = !rmomet]s1 fill$ ! space =m]ly occupi$ by guns & gun-tackle1 pi/ols & cutlasses4 ,! crew ( ! ,*all5g] mat* h] fitt+s4 ,capta9 ,n>es1 8 (fic]s & m51 are ready to look aft] ! int]e/s ( hydrography1 "w ! %ip1 &1 if ne$ be1 fight h] z seam5 %\ld2 :ile !re is a /aff ( sci5tific civilians1 "u ! g5]al direction ( ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity by rights1 b at pres5t deta*$ = duty 9 p>tibus71 ^: bus9ess x is to turn all ! wond]fully pack$ /ores ( appliances to acc\nt1 & to accumulate1 be=e ! %ip returns to ,engl&1 su* additions to natural k z %all ju/ify ! lab\r & co/ involv$ 9 ! fitt+ out & ma9t5ance ( ! exp$ition4 ,"u ! able & zeal\s sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,hydrograph]1 ,admiral ,ri*>ds1 e precaution :i* exp]i5ce & =e?\ght c\ld devise has be5 tak5 to provide ! exp$ition ) ! mat]ial conditions ( success2 & x w\ld seem z if no?+ %ort ( wreck or pe/il5ce1 bo? mo/ improbable cont+5cies1 c\ld prev5t ! ,*all5g] f do+ spl5did "w1 & op5+ up a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific voyages4 ,! dispat* ( ?is exp$ition is ! culm9ation ( a s]ies ( su* ent]prises1 gradually increas+ 9 magnitude & importance1 :i* ! ,admiralty1 greatly to its cr$it1 has c>ri$ out = "s ye>s pa/2 & ! hi/ory ( :i* is giv5 by ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson 9 ! beautifully illu/rat$ volume entitl$ ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 publi%$ s9ce 8 dep>ture4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #ahfh1 my fri5d ,dr4 ,w4,b4 ,c>p5t]1 at t "t "o ( ! ,vice-,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,society1 0 ) me 9 ,irel&1 :]e we 7 work+ out toge!r ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! ,cr9oids4 ,i _h long previ\sly _h a pr(\nd conviction t ! l& ( promise = ! naturali/1 ! only rema9+ region :]e !re 7 endless novelties ( extraord9>y int]e/ ready to ! h& :i* _h ! means ( ga!r+ !m1 0 ! bottom ( ! deep sea4 ,i _h ev5 _h a glimpse ( "s ( ^! treasures1 = ,i _h se51 ! ye> be=e1 ) ,pr(4 ,s>s1 ! =ms :i* ,i h already m5tion$ dr$g$ by 8 son at a dep? ( #cjj to #djj fa?oms (f ! ,l(fot5 ,isl&s4 ,i prop\nd$ my views to my fell[-lab\r]1 & we discuss$ ! subject _m times ov] our microscopes4 ,i /rongly urg$ ,dr4 ,c>p5t] to use 8 influ5ce at head-qu>t]s to induce ! ,admiralty1 probably ?r\gh ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 to give u ! use ( a vessel prop]ly fitt$ ) dr$g+ ge> & all necess>y sci5tific app>atus1 t _m heavy que/ions z to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :i* 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty1 might be def9itely settl$4 ,aft] full consid]ation1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] promis$ 8 he>ty co- op]ation1 & we agre$ t ,i %\ld write to him on 8 return to ,london1 indicat+ g5]ally ! results :i* ,i anticipat$1 & sket*+ out :at ,i conceiv$ to be a promis+ l9e ( inquiry4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society w>mly support$ ! proposal2 & ,i give "h 9 *ronological ord] ! %ort & em95tly satisfactory correspond5ce :i* l$ to ! ,admiralty plac+ at ! disposal ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & myself ! gunboat ,lightn9q1 "u ! comm& ( ,/aff- ,comm&] ,may1 ,r4,n41 9 ! summ] ( #ahfh1 = a trial cruise to ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 & aft]w>ds to ! mu* wid] surveys 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,porcup9e1 ,capta9 ,calv]1 ,r4,n41 :i* 7 made ) ! additional association ( ,mr4 ,gwyn ,jeffreys1 9 ! summ]s ( ! ye>s #ahfi & #ahgj4a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 pp4 #di-ej4 ,pla9 m5 may be puzzl$ to und]/& :y ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson1 n be+ a cynic1 %\ld relegate ! ,l& ( ,promise to ! bottom ( ! deep sea1 !y may /ill m wond] :at mann] ( milk & honey ! ,*all5g] expects to f9d2 & _! p]plexity may well rise to its maximum1 :5 !y seek to div9e ! mann] 9 :i* t milk & honey are to be got out ( s inaccessible a ,canaan4 ,i w1 !re=e1 endeav\r to give "s answ] to ^! que/ions 9 an ord] ! rev]se ( t 9 :i* ,i h /at$ !m4 ,ap>t f hooks1 & l9es1 & ord9>y nets1 fi%]m5 h1 f "t immemorial1 made use ( two k9ds ( implem5ts = gett+ at sea- creatures :i* live beyond tide-m>ks--^! are ! dr$ge & ! trawl4 ,! dr$ge is us$ by oy/]-fi%]m54 ,imag9e a l>ge bag1 ! m\? ( :i* has ! %ape ( an elongat$ p>allelogram1 & is fa/5$ to an iron frame ( ! same %ape1 ! two long sides ( ?is rim be+ fa%ion$ into scrap]s4 ,*a9s atta* ! ends ( ! frame to a /\t rope1 s t :5 ! bag is dragg$ along by ! rope ! edge ( "o ( ! scrap]s re/s on ! gr\nd1 & scrapes :atev] x t\*es into ! bag4 ,! oy/]-dr$g] takes "o ( ^! ma*9es 9 8 boat1 & :5 he has rea*$ ! oy/]-b$ ! dr$ge is toss$ ov]bo>d2 z soon z x has sunk to ! bottom ! rope is paid out suffici5tly to prev5t x f pull+ ! dr$ge directly upw>ds1 & is !n made fa/ :ile ! boat goes ahead4 ,! dr$ge is ?us dragg$ along & scrapes oy/]s & o!r sea-animals & plants1 /ones1 & mud into ! bag4 ,:5 ! dr$g] judges x to be full he hauls x up1 picks out ! oy/]s1 ?r[s ! re/ ov]bo>d1 & beg9s aga94 ,dr$g+ 9 %all[ wat]1 say t5 to tw5ty fa?oms1 is an easy op]ation en\gh2 b ! deep] ! dr$g] goes1 ! heavi] mu/ be 8 vessel1 & ! /\t] 8 tackle1 :ile ! op]ation ( haul+ up becomes m & m labori\s4 ,dr$g+ 9 #aej fa?oms is v h>d "w1 if x has to be c>ri$ on by manual lab\r2 b by ! use ( ! donkey-eng9e to supply p[]1#b & ( ! contrivances kn[n z accumulators1 to dim9i% ! risk ( snapp+ ! dr$ge rope by ! roll+ & pit*+ ( ! vessel1 ! dr$ge has be5 work$ deep] & deep]1 until at la/1 on ! #bbnd ( ,july1 #ahfi1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,porcup9e be+ 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 ,capta9 ,calv]1 h] comm&]1 p]=m$ ! unprec$5t$ feat ( dr$g+ 9 #b1dce fa?oms1 or #ad1faj feet1 a dep? ne>ly equal to ! height ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,! dr$ge 0 rapidly haul$ on deck at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bcrd1 aft] an abs5ce ( #g-a_/d h\rs1 & a j\rney ( upw>ds ( eight /atute miles1 ) a hundr$ weight & a half ( solid cont5ts4 ,footnote #b3 ,! emotional side ( ! sci5tific nature has its s+ul>ities4 ,_m p]sons w call to m9d a c]ta9 philosoph]'s t5d]ness ov] 8 wat*--! little creature--:i* 0 s s+ul>ly lo/ & f\nd aga94 ,b ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson surpasses ! own] ( ! wat* 9 8 lov+-k9dness t[>ds a donkey-eng9e4 ,?is little eng9e 0 ! com=t ( our lives4 ,once or twice x 0 ov]/ra9$1 & !n we piti$ ! will+ little ?+1 pant+ l an ov]tax$ horse4 ,! trawl is a sort ( net = cat*+ ^? fi% :i* habitually live at ! bottom ( ! sea1 su* z soles1 plaice1 turbot1 & gurnett4 ,! m\? ( ! net may be ?irty or =ty feet wide1 & "o edge ( its m\? is fa/5$ to a beam ( wood ( ! same l5g?4 ,! two ends ( ! beam are support$ by curv$ pieces ( iron1 :i* raise ! beam & ! edge ( ! net :i* is fa/5$ to x1 = a %ort di/ance1 :ile ! o!r edge ( ! m\? ( ! net trails ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! clos$ end ( ! net has ! =m ( a great p\*2 &1 z ! beam is dragg$ along1 ! fi%1 r\s$ f ! bottom by ! sweep+ ( ! net1 readily pass into its m\? & accumulate 9 ! p\* at its end4 ,aft] drift+ ) ! tide = six or sev5 h\rs ! trawl is haul$ up1 ! m>ketable fi% are pick$ out1 ! o!rs ?r[n away1 & ! trawl s5t ov]bo>d = ano!r op]ation4 ,m ?an a ?\s& sail ( well-f\nd trawl]s are con/antly engag$ 9 sweep+ ! seas ar\nd our coa/ 9 ?is way1 & x is to !m t we owe a v l>ge proportion ( our supply ( fi%4 ,! difficulty ( trawl+1 l t ( dr$g+1 rapidly increases ) ! dep? at :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$2 &1 until ! o!r day1 x is probable t trawl+ at s great a dep? z #ajj fa?oms 0 some?+ unhe>d (4 ,b ! fir/ news f ! ,*all5g] op5s up new possibilities = ! trawl4 ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson writes 7,nature1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahgc73-- ,= ! fir/ two or ?ree hauls 9 v deep wat] (f ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 ! dr$ge came up fill$ ) ! usual ',atlantic ooze1' t5aci\s & uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & ! "w ( h\rs1 9 sift+1 gave ! v smalle/ possible result4 ,we 7 extremely anxi\s to get "s idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ! ,fauna1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! di/ribution ( ! high] gr\ps2 & aft] v>i\s sugge/ions = modification ( ! dr$ge1 x 0 propos$ to try ! ord9>y trawl4 ,we _h a compact trawl1 ) a #ae-;feet beam1 on bo>d1 & we s5t x d[n (f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t at a dep? ( #fjj fa?oms4 ,! exp]im5t look$ haz>d\s1 b1 to our great satisfaction1 ! trawl came up all "r & conta9$1 ) _m ( ! l>g] inv]tebrate1 sev]al fi%es4444 ,aft] ! fir/ attempt we tri$ ! trawl sev]al times at dep?s ( #ajij1 #aebe1 &1 f9ally1 #babe fa?oms1 & always ) success4 ,to ! coral-fi%]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o seek ! preci\s r$ coral1 :i* gr[s firmly fix$ to rocks at a dep? ( sixty to eighty fa?oms1 bo? ! dr$ge & ! trawl w\ld be useless4 ,!y1 !re=e1 h rec\rse to a sort ( frame1 to :i* are fa/5$ long bundles ( loosely nett$ hemp5 cord1 & :i* is l[]$ by a rope to ! dep? at :i* ! hemp5 cords c sweep ov] ! surface ( ! rocks & break (f ! coral1 :i* is br\ght up entangl$ 9 ! cords4 ,a simil> contrivance has aris5 out ( ! necessities ( deep-sea exploration4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dr$g+ ( ! ,porcup9e1 x 0 frequ5tly f\nd t1 :ile few objects ( int]e/ 7 br\ght up )9 ! dr$ge1 _m liv+ creatures came up /ick+ to ! outside ( ! dr$ge-bag1 & ev5 to ! fir/ few fa?oms ( ! dr$ge-rope4 ,! m\? ( ! dr$ge d\btless rapidly fill$ ) mud1 & ?us ! ?+s x %\ld h br\ght up 7 %ut out4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce ,capta9 ,calv] devis$ an arrangem5t n unlike t employ$ by ! coral- fi%]s4 ,he fa/5$ half a doz5 swabs1 su* z are us$ = dry+ decks1 to ! dr$ge4 ,a swab is some?+ l :at a bir*-broom w\ld be if its twigs 7 made ( long1 co>se1 hemp5 y>ns4 ,^! dragg$ along aft] ! dr$ge ov] ! surface ( ! mud1 & entangl$ ! creatures liv+ !re--multitudes ( :i*1 twi/$ up 9 ! /r&s ( ! swabs1 7 br\ght to ! surface ) ! dr$ge4 ,a fur!r improvem5t 0 made by atta*+ a long iron b> to ! bottom ( ! dr$ge bag1 & fa/5+ l>ge bun*es ( teas$-out hemp to ! end ( ?is b>4 ,^! tangles br+ up imm5se quantities ( su* animals z h long arms1 or sp9es1 or prom95ces :i* readily become caught 9 ! hemp1 b !y are v de/ructive to ! fragile organisms :i* !y imprison2 &1 n[ t ! trawl c be successfully work$ at ! greate/ dep?s1 x may be expect$ to sup]s$e !m2 at lea/1 :]ev] ! gr\nd is s(t en\gh to p]mit ( trawl+4 ,x is obvi\s t betwe5 ! dr$ge1 ! trawl1 & ! tangles1 !re is little *ance = any organism1 except su* z are able to burr[ rapidly1 to rema9 safely at ! bottom ( any "p ( ! sea :i* ! ,*all5g] und]takes to explore4 ,&1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific exploration1 we h a fair *ance ( le>n+ :at ! population ( ! dep?s ( ! sea is l 9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,& n[ arises ! next "q4 ,! means ( exploration be+ fairly adequate1 :at =ms ( life may be look$ = at ^! va/ dep?s8 ,! sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,di/ribution ( liv+ be+s is ! mo/ mod]n bran* ( ,biological ,sci5ce1 & came into exi/5ce long aft] ,morphology & ,physiology _h atta9$ a consid]able developm5t4 ,?is naturally does n imply t1 f ! "t m5 began to obs]ve natural ph5om5a1 !y 7 ignorant ( ! fact t ! animals & plants ( "o "p ( ! _w are diff]5t f ^? 9 o!r regions2 or t ^? ( ! hills are diff]5t f ^? ( ! pla9s 9 ! same region2 or f9ally t "s m>9e creatures are f\nd only 9 ! %all[s1 :ile o!rs inhabit ! deeps4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 only aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica t ! att5tion ( naturali/s 0 p[]fully drawn to ! wond]ful diff]5ces betwe5 ! animal population ( ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts ( ! new _w & t ( ^? p>ts ( ! old _w :i* lie "u ! same p>allels ( latitude4 ,s f> back z #affg ,abraham ,mylius1 9 8 treatise ,de ,animalium orig9e et migratione1 populorum1 argues t1 s9ce !re are innum]able species ( animals 9 ,am]ica :i* d n exi/ else:]e1 !y mu/ h be5 made & plac$ !re by ! ,deity3 ,buffon no less =cibly insi/s ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,faunae ( ! old & new _w4 ,b ! fir/ attempt to ga!r facts ( ?is ord] into a :ole1 & to coord9ate !m into a s]ies ( g5]alizations1 or laws ( ,geographical ,di/ribution1 is n a c5tury old1 & is conta9$ 9 ! ,specim5 ,zoologiae ,geographicae ,quadrup$um ,domicilia et ,migrationes si/5s1 publi%$1 9 #aggg1 by ! le>n$ ,brunswick ,pr(essor1 ,eb]h>d ,zimm]mann1 :o illu/rates 8 "w by :at he calls a ,tabula ,zoographica1 :i* is ! olde/ di/ributional map kn[n to me4 ,9 reg>d to matt]s ( fact1 ,zimm]mann's *ief aim is to %[ t among t]re/rial mammals1 "s occur all ov] ! _w1 :ile o!rs are re/rict$ to p>ticul> areas ( great] or small] ext5t2 & t ! abundance ( species foll[s temp]ature1 be+ greate/ 9 w>m & lea/ 9 cold climates4 ,b m>9e animals1 he ?9ks1 obey no su* law4 ,! ,arctic & ,atlantic seas1 he says1 are z full ( fi%es & o!r animals z ^? ( ! tropics4 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t cold does n affect ! dwell]s 9 ! sea z x does l& animals1 & t ?is mu/ be ! case foll[s f ! fact t sea wat]1 propt] v>ias quas cont9et bitum9is spiritusque p>ticulas1 freezes ) mu* m difficulty ?an fre% wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! heat ( ! ,equatorial sun p5etrates b a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,zimm]mann1 ! incessant di/urbance ( ! mass ( ! sea by w9ds & tides1 s mixes up ! w>m & ! cold t life is ev5ly diffus$ & abundant ?r\gh\t ! ocean4 ,9 #ahaj1 ,risso1 9 8 "w on ! ,i*?yology ( ,nice1 laid ! f\ndation ( :at has s9ce be5 t]m$ ba?ymetrical di/ribution1 or di/ribution 9 dep?1 by %[+ t regions ( ! sea bottom ( diff]5t dep?s c\ld be di/+ui%$ by ! fi%es :i* inhabit !m4 ,!re 0 ! littoral region betwe5 tide m>ks ) its s&-eels1 pipe fi%es1 & bl5nies3 ! seawe$ region1 ext5d+ f l[- wat]-m>k to a dep? ( #dej feet1 ) its wrasses1 rays1 & flat fi%2 & ! deep-sea region1 f #dej feet to #aejj feet or m1 ) its file-fi%1 %>ks1 gurn>ds1 cod1 & sword-fi%4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,m4,m4 ,aud\9 & ,milne ,edw>ds c>ri$ out ! pr9ciple ( di/+ui%+ ! ,faunae ( diff]5t zones ( dep? mu* m m9utely1 9 _! ,re*]*es p\r s]vir l',hi/oire ,naturelle du ,littoral de la ,france1 publi%$ 9 #ahcb4 ,!y divide ! area includ$ betwe5 highwat]-m>k & l[wat]-m>k ( spr+ tides 7:i* is v ext5sive1 on acc\nt ( ! great rise & fall ( ! tide on ! ,norm&y coa/ ab\t ,/4 ,malo1 :]e _! obs]vations 7 made7 into f\r zones1 ea* *>act]iz$ by its peculi> inv]tebrate inhabitants4 ,beyond ! f\r? region !y di/+ui% a fif?1 :i* is nev] uncov]$1 & is inhabit$ by oy/]s1 scallops1 & l>ge />fi%es & o!r animals4 ,beyond ?is !y seem to ?9k t animal life is abs5t4#c ,footnote #c3 ,enf9 plus has encore1 c'e/--dire alors lo9 des ctes1 le fond des eaux ne p>at plus tre habit1 du moms dans nos m]s1 p> aucun de ces animaux 7#a4 c4 tom4 i4 p4 #bcg74 ,! ces animaux leaves ! mean+ ( ! au?ors d\btful4 ,aud\9 & ,milne ,edw>ds 7 ! fir/ to see ! importance ( ! be>+ ( a k ( ! mann] 9 :i* m>9e animals are di/ribut$ 9 dep?1 on geology4 ,!y sugge/ t1 by ?is means1 x w be possible to judge :e!r a fossilif]\s /ratum 0 =m$ ^u ! %ore ( an anci5t sea1 & ev5 to det]m9e :e!r x 0 deposit$ 9 %all[] or deep] wat] on t %ore2 ! association ( %ells ( animals :i* live 9 diff]5t zones ( dep? w prove t ! %ells h be5 transport$ into ! position 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( %ells 9 a deposit w n ju/ify ! conclusion t ! wat]s 9 :i* x 0 =m$ 7 devoid ( animal inhabitants1 inasmu* z !y might h be5 only too deep = habitation4 ,! new l9e ( inve/igation ?us op5$ by ! ,fr5* naturali/s 0 foll[$ up by ! ,norwegian1 ,s>s1 9 #ahce1 by ,edw>d ,=bes1 9 our own c\ntry1 9 #ahdj1d & by ,o]/$1 9 ,d5m>k1 a few ye>s lat]4 ,! g5ius ( ,=bes1 comb9$ ) 8 ext5sive k ( botany1 inv]tebrate zoology1 & geology1 enabl$ him to d m ?an any ( 8 compe]s1 9 br++ ! importance ( di/ribution 9 dep? into notice2 & 8 rese>*es 9 ! ,aegean ,sea1 & /ill m 8 rem>kable pap] ,on ! ,geological ,relations ( ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 attract$ univ]sal att5tion4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! pap] 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,survey cit$ fur!r on1 ,=bes writes3-- ,9 an essay ',on ! ,association ( ,mollusca on ! ,briti% ,coa/s1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,plei/oc5e ,geology1' pr9t$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,academic ,annual = #ahdj1 ,i describ$ ! mollusca1 z di/ribut$ on our %ores & seas1 9 f\r great zones or regions1 usually d5om9at$ ',! ,littoral zone1' ',! region ( ,lam9>iae1' ',! region ( ,coral-l9es1' & ',! region ( ,corals4' ,an ext5sive s]ies ( rese>*es1 *iefly conduct$ by ! memb]s ( ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,association to inve/igate ! m>9e geology ( ,brita9 by means ( ! dr$ge1 h n invalidat$ ?is classification1 & ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,lovn1 9 ! ,norwegian & ,lapl& seas1 h borne out _! correctness ,! fir/ two ( ! regions above m5tion$ _h be5 previ\sly notic$ by ,lam\reux1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! di/ribution 7v]tically7 ( sea-we$s1 by ,aud\9 & ,milne ,edw>ds 9 _! ,obs]vations on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! coa/ ( ,france1 & by ,s>s 9 ! preface to 8 ,beskrivels] og ,jagttayels]4 ,on ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,=bes di/+ui%es f\r zones or regions1 ! ,littoral 7betwe5 tide m>ks71 ! ,lam9>ian 7betwe5 l[wat]-m>k & #ae fa?oms71 ! ,corall9e 7f #ae to #ej fa?oms71 & ! ,deep sea or ,coral region 7f #ej fa?oms to beyond #ajj fa?oms74 ,b1 9 ! deep] wat]s ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 betwe5 ! %ore & a dep? ( #cjj fa?oms1 ,=bes 0 able to make out no few] ?an eight zones ( life1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! numb] & v>iety ( =ms gradually dim9i%$ until1 beyond #cjj fa?oms1 life disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,h5ce x appe>$ z if desc5t 9 ! sea _h mu* ! same effect on life1 z asc5t on l&4 ,rec5t inve/igations appe> to %[ t ,=bes 0 "r en\gh 9 8 classification ( ! facts ( di/ribution 9 dep? z !y are to be obs]v$ 9 ! ,aegean2 & ?\gh1 at ! "t he wrote1 "o or two obs]vations 7 extant :i* might h w>n$ him n to g5]alize too ext5sively f 8 ,aegean exp]i5ce1 8 own dr$g+ "w 0 s mu* m ext5sive & sy/ematic ?an t ( any o!r naturali/1 t x is n wond]ful he %\ld h felt ju/ifi$ 9 build+ ^u x4 ,nev]!less1 s f> z ! limit ( ! range ( life 9 dep? goes1 ,=bes' conclusion has be5 completely negativ$1 & ! greate/ dep?s yet atta9$ %[ n ev5 an approa* to a z]o ( life3-- ,dur+ ! sev]al cruises ( ,h4,m4 %ips ,lightn+ & ,porcup9e 9 ! ye>s #ahfh1 #ahfi1 & #ahgj1 says ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson1 fifty-sev5 hauls ( ! dr$ge 7 tak5 9 ! ,atlantic at dep?s beyond #ejj fa?oms1 & sixte5 at dep?s beyond #a1jjj fa?oms1 &1 9 all cases1 life 0 abundant4 ,9 #ahfi1 we took two ca/s 9 dep?s great] ?an #b1jjj fa?oms4 ,9 bo? ( ^! life 0 abundant2 & ) ! deepe/ ca/1 #b1dce fa?oms1 (f ! mon? ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 we took liv+1 well-m>k$ & *>act]i/ic examples ( all ! five inv]tebrate sub- k+doms4 ,& ?us ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( abundant animal life at ! bottom ( ! sea has be5 f9ally settl$ & = all dep?s1 = !re is no reason to suppose t ! dep? any:]e exce$s betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& fa?oms2 & if !re be no?+ 9 ! conditions ( a dep? ( #b1ejj fa?oms to prev5t ! full developm5t ( a v>i$ ,fauna1 x is impossible to suppose t ev5 an additional ?\s& fa?oms w\ld make any great diff]5ce4#e ,footnote #e3 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 p4 #cj4 ,results ( a simil> k9d1 obta9$ by previ\s obs]v]s1 are /at$ at l5g? 9 ! six? *apt]1 pp4 #bfg-bhj4 ,! dr$g+s c>ri$ out by ,c\nt ,p\rtales1 "u ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,peirce1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 9 ! ye>s #ahfg1 #ahfh1 & #ahfi1 are p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 & x is probably n too mu* to say1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 t we owe to ! coa/ survey ! fir/ broad & compreh5sive basis = an exploration ( ! sea bottom on a l>ge scale1 op5+ a new era 9 zoological & geological rese>*4 ,z ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson's rec5t lett]1 cit$ above1 %[s1 ! use ( ! trawl1 at great dep?s1 has br\ght to light a /ill great] div]sity ( life4 ,fi%es came up f a dep? ( #fjj to m ?an #a1jjj fa?oms1 all 9 a peculi> condition f ! expansion ( ! air conta9$ 9 _! bodies4 ,on _! relief f ! extreme pressure1 _! eyes1 especially1 _h a s+ul> appe>ance1 protrud+ l great globes f _! heads4 ,bivalve & univalve mollusca seem to be r>e at ! greate/ dep?s2 b />fi%es1 sea ur*9s & o!r e*9od]ms1 zoophytes1 sponges1 & protozoa ab\nd4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ,*all5g] has ! privilege ( op5+ a new *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! liv+ _w4 ,%e _c s5d d[n h] dr$ges & h] trawls into ^! virg9 dep?s ( ! great ocean )\t br++ up a discov]y4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ itself may be nei!r ri* nor r>e1 ! fact t x came f t dep?1 9 t p>ticul> latitude & longitude1 w be a new fact 9 di/ribution1 &1 z su*1 h a c]ta9 importance4 ,b x may be confid5tly assum$ t ! ?+s br\ght up w v frequ5tly be zoological novelties2 or1 bett] /ill1 zoological antiquities1 :i*1 9 ! tranquil & little-*ang$ dep?s ( ! ocean1 h escap$ ! causes ( de/ruction at "w 9 ! %all[s1 & repres5t ! pr$om9ant population ( a pa/ age4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,aud\9 & ,milne ,edw>ds =esaw ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! /udy ( di/ribution 9 dep? ^u ! int]pretation ( geological ph5om5a4 ,=bes connect$ ! two ord]s ( inquiry /ill m closely2 & 9 ! ?\ghtful essay ,on ! connection betwe5 ! di/ribution ( ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! geological *anges :i* h affect$ _! area1 especially dur+ ! epo* ( ! ,nor!rn drift1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 he put =? a mo/ pregnant sugge/ion4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sea bottom 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 z 9 ! ,clyde di/rict1 among ! ,hebrides1 9 ! ,moray ,fir?1 & 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 !re are depress$ areas1 =m+ a k9d ( subm>9e valleys1 ! c5tres ( :i* are f #hj to #ajj fa?oms1 or m1 deep4 ,^! depressions are inhabit$ by assemblages ( m>9e animals1 :i* diff] f ^? f\nd ov] ! adjac5t & %all[] region1 & resemble ^? :i* are met ) mu* f>!r nor?1 on ! ,norwegian coa/4 ,=bes call$ ^! ,sc&9avian deta*m5ts ,nor!rn outli]s4 ,h[ did ^! isolat$ pat*es ( a nor!rn population get into ^! deep places8 ,to expla9 ! my/]y1 ,=bes call$ to m9d ! fact t1 9 ! epo* :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! pres5t1 ! climate 0 mu* cold] 7:5ce ! "n ( glacial epo* appli$ to x72 & t ! %ells :i* are f\nd fossil1 or sub-fossil1 9 deposits ( t age are precisely su* z are n[ to be met ) only 9 ! ,sc&9avian1 or /ill m ,arctic1 regions4 ,und\bt$ly1 dur+ ! glacial epo*1 ! g5]al population ( our seas _h1 univ]sally1 ! nor!rn aspect :i* is n[ pres5t$ only by ! nor!rn outli]s2 j z ! vegetation ( ! l&1 d[n to ! sea-level1 _h ! nor!rn "* :i* is1 at pres5t1 exhibit$ only by ! plants :i* live on ! tops ( our m\nta9s4 ,b1 z ! glacial epo* pass$ away1 & ! pres5t climatal conditions 7 develop$1 ! nor!rn plants 7 able to ma9ta9 !mselves only on ! bleak heights1 on :i* s\!rn =ms c\ld n compete ) !m4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ,=bes sugge/$ t1 aft] ! glacial epo*1 ! nor!rn animals !n inhabit+ ! sea became re/rict$ to ! deeps 9 :i* !y c\ld hold _! own aga9/ invad]s f ! s\?1 bett] fitt$ ?an !y to fl\ri% 9 ! w>m] wat]s ( ! %all[s4 ,?us dep? 9 ! sea correspond$ 9 its effect ^u di/ribution to height on ! l&4 ,! same idea is appli$ to ! explanation ( a simil> anomaly 9 ! ,fauna ( ! ,aegean3-- ,9 ! deepe/ ( ! regions ( dep? ( ! ,aegean1 ! repres5tation ( a ,nor!rn ,fauna is ma9ta9$1 p>tly by id5tical & p>tly by repres5tative =ms4444 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt] is ess5tially due to ! law 7( repres5tation ( p>allels ( latitude by zones ( dep?71 :il/ t ( ! =m] species dep5d$ on _! transmission f _! p>5t seas dur+ a =m] epo*1 & subsequ5t isolation4 ,t epo* 0 d\btless ! new] ,plioc5e or ,glacial ,era1 :5 ! ,mya truncata & o!r nor!rn =ms n[ ext9ct 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f\nd fossil 9 ! ,sicilian t]ti>ies1 rang$ into t sea4 ,! *anges :i* !re de/roy$ ! %all[ wat] glacial =ms1 did n affect ^? liv+ 9 ! dep?s1 & :i* /ill survive4#f ,footnote #f3 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cij4 ,! conception t ! inhabitants ( local depressions ( ! sea bottom might be a remnant ( ! anci5t population ( ! area1 :i* _h held _! own 9 ^! deep fa/nesses aga9/ an invad+ ,fauna1 z ,britons & ,gaels h held out 9 ,wales & 9 ,scotl& aga9/ encroa*+ ,teutons1 ?us broa*$ by ,=bes1 receiv$ a wid] application ?an ,=bes _h dream$ ( :5 ! s\nd+ ma*9e fir/ br\ght up specim5s ( ! mud ( ! deep sea4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out else:]e1#g x at once became obvi\s t ! calc>e\s /icky mud ( ! ,atlantic 0 made up1 9 ! ma91 ( %ells ( ,globig]9a & o!r ,=am9if]a1 id5tical ) ^? ( :i* ! true *alk is compos$1 & ! id5tity ext5d$ ev5 to ! pres5ce ( ^? s+ul> bodies1 ! ,coccoli?s & ,coccosph]es1 ! true nature ( :i* is n yet made out4 ,"h !n 7 organisms1 z old z ! cretace\s epo*1 /ill alive1 & do+ _! "w ( rock-mak+ at ! bottom ( exi/+ seas4 ,:at if ,globig]9a & ! ,coccoli?s %\ld n be ! only survivors ( a _w pass$ away1 :i* are hidd5 b5ea? ?ree miles ( salt wat]8 ,! lett] :i* ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson wrote to ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 9 ,may1 #ahfh1 out ( :i* all ^! exp$itions h gr[n1 %[s t ?is qu]y _h become a practical problem 9 ,dr4 ,?omson's m9d at t "t2 & ! desirabl5ess ( solv+ ! problem is put 9 ! =egr\nd ( 8 reasons = urg+ ! ,gov]nm5t to und]take ! "w ( exploration3-- ,footnote #g3 ,see above1 ,on a ,piece ( ,*alk1 p4 #ac4 ,two ye>s ago1 ,m4 ,s>s1 ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t ,inspector ( ,fi%]ies1 _h an opportunity1 9 8 (ficial capacity1 ( dr$g+ (f ! ,l(fot5 ,isl&s at a dep? ( #cjj fa?oms4 ,i visit$ ,norway %ortly aft] 8 return1 & _h an opportunity ( /udy+ ) 8 fa!r1 ,pr(essor ,s>s1 "s ( 8 results4 ,animal =ms 7 abundant2 _m ( !m 7 new to sci5ce2 & among !m 0 "o ( surpass+ int]e/1 ! small cr9oid1 ( :i* y h a specim51 & :i* we at once recognis$ z a degrad$ type ( ! ,apiocr9idoe1 an ord] hi!rto reg>d$ z ext9ct1 :i* atta9$ its maximum 9 ! ,pe> ,encr9ites ( ! ,jurassic p]iod1 & ^: late/ repres5tative hi!rto kn[n 0 ! ,b\rguettocr9us ( ! *alk4 ,"s ye>s previ\sly1 ,mr4 ,absjorns51 dr$g+ 9 #bjj fa?oms 9 ! ,h>dang]fjord1 procur$ sev]al examples ( a ,/>fi% 7,bris+a71 :i* seems to f9d its ne>e/ ally 9 ! fossil g5us ,prota/]4 ,^! obs]vations place x beyond a d\bt t animal life is abundant 9 ! ocean at dep?s v>y+ f #bjj to #cjj fa?oms1 t ! =ms at ^! great dep?s diff] greatly f ^? met ) 9 ord9>y dr$g+s1 & t1 at all ev5ts 9 "s cases1 ^! animals are closely alli$ to1 & w\ld seem to be directly desc5d$ f1 ! ,fauna ( ! e>ly t]ti>ies4 ,i ?9k ! latt] result might almo/ h be5 anticipat$2 &1 probably1 fur!r inve/igation w l>gely add to ?is class ( data1 & w give u an opportunity ( te/+ our det]m9ations ( ! zoological position ( "s fossil types by an exam9ation ( ! s(t p>ts ( _! rec5t repres5tatives4 ,! ma9 cause ( ! de/ruction1 ! migration1 & ! extreme modification ( animal types1 appe> to be *ange ( climate1 *iefly dep5d+ ^u oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,^! oscillations d n appe> to h rang$1 9 ! ,nor!rn portion ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 mu* beyond #a1jjj feet s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y ,epo*4 ,! temp]ature ( deep wat]s seems to be con/ant = all latitudes at #ci2 s t an imm5se area ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic mu/ h _h its conditions unaffect$ by t]ti>y or po/-t]ti>y oscillations4#h ,footnote #h3 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 pp4 #ea-eb4 ,z we %all see1 ! assumption t ! temp]ature ( ! deep sea is ev]y:]e #ci ,f4 7#d ,c5t47 is an error1 :i* ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson adopt$ f em95t physical writ]s2 b ! g5]al ju/ice ( ! reason+ is n affect$ by ?is circum/ance1 & ,dr4 ,?omson's expectation has be51 to "s ext5t1 already v]ifi$4 ,?us besides ,globig]9a1 !re are eighte5 species ( deep-sea ,=am9if]a id5tical ) species f\nd 9 ! *alk4 ,imb$d$ 9 ! *alky mud ( ! deep sea1 9 _m localities1 are innum]able cup- %ap$ sponges1 provid$ ) six-ray$ silici\s spicula1 s dispos$ t ! wall ( ! cup is =m$ ( a lacework ( fl9ty ?read4 ,n less abundant1 9 "s p>ts ( ! *alk =mation1 are ! fossils kn[n z ,v5triculites1 well describ$ by ,dr4 ,?omson z elegant vases or cups1 ) bran*+ root-l bases1 or gr\ps ( regul>ly or irregul>ly spread+ tubes delicately frett$ on ! surface ) an impress$ network l ! f9e/ lace2 & he adds1 ,:5 we comp>e su* rec5t =ms z ,aphrocalli/es1 ,iphiteon1 ,holt5ia1 & ,askonema1 ) c]ta9 s]ies ( ! *alk ,v5triculites1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t !y belong to ! same family--9 "s cases to v ne>ly alli$ g5]a4#i ,footnote #i3 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 p4 #dhd4 ,pr(essor ,duncan f9ds sev]al corals f ! coa/ ( ,portugal m ne>ly alli$ to *alk =ms ?an to any o!rs4 ,! ,/alk$ ,cr9oids or ,fea!r ,/>s1 s abundant 9 anci5t times1 are n[ exclusively conf9$ to ! deep sea1 & ! late explorations h yield$ =ms ( old aff9ity1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* has hi!rto be5 unsuspect$4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! gr\p ( /> fi%es imb$d$ 9 ! :ite *alk is almo/ ! same z 9 ! mod]n ,fauna ( ! deep ,atlantic4 ,! sea ur*9s ( ! deep sea1 :ile none ( !m are specifically id5tical ) any *alk =m1 belong to ! same g5]al gr\ps1 & "s closely approa* ext9ct cretace\s g5]a4 ,tak+ ^! facts 9 conjunction ) ! positive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 dur+ ! ,cretace\s epo*1 ( a deep ocean :]e n[ lies ! dry l& ( c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 & we/]n & s\!rn ,asia2 & ( ! gradual dim9ution ( ?is ocean dur+ ! old] t]ti>y epo*1 until x is repres5t$ at ! pres5t day by su* teacupfuls z ! ,caspian1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! supposition ( ,dr4 ,?omson & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] t :at is n[ ! deep ,atlantic1 0 ! deep ,atlantic 7?\gh m]g$ 9 a va/ ea/]ly ext5sion7 9 ! ,cretace\s epo*1 & t ! ,globig]9a mud has be5 accumulat+ !re f t "t to ?is1 seems to me to h a great degree ( probability4 ,& ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson aga9/ ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 7x takes two ( u to h any *ance aga9/ 8 au?ority7 9 demurr+ to ! ass]tion t to talk ( *alk hav+ be5 un9t]rupt$ly =m$ 9 ! ,atlantic is z inadmissible 9 a geographical z 9 a geological s5se4 ,if ! ^w *alk is to be us$ z a /ratigraphical t]m & re/rict$ to ,globig]9a mud deposit$ dur+ ! ,cretace\s epo*1 ( c\rse x is improp] to call ! precisely simil> mud ( m rec5t date1 *alk4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is to be us$ z a m9]alogical t]m1 ,i d n see h[ ! mod]n & ! anci5t *alks are to be sep>at$--&1 look+ at ! matt] geographically1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t a bor+ rod driv5 f ! surface ( ! mud :i* =ms ! floor ( ! mid-,atlantic w\ld pass ?r\gh "o cont9u\s mass ( ,globig]9a mud1 fir/ ( mod]n1 !n ( t]ti>y1 & !n ( mesozoic date2 ! *alks ( diff]5t dep?s & ages be+ di/+ui%$ m]ely by ! diff]5t =ms ( o!r organisms associat$ ) ! ,globig]9oe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t a belief 9 ! cont9uity ( ! mod]n ) ! anci5t *alk has no?+ to d ) ! proposition t we c1 9 any s5se :atev]1 be said to be /ill liv+ 9 ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,:5 ! ,*all5g]'s trawl br+s up an ,i*?yosaurus1 along ) a few liv+ specim5s ( ,belemnites & ,turrilites1 x may be admitt$ t %e has come ^u a cretace\s outli]4 ,a geological p]iod is *>act]iz$ n only by ! pres5ce ( ^? creatures :i* liv$ 9 x1 b by ! abs5ce ( ^? :i* h only come into exi/5ce lat]2 &1 h[ev] l>ge a proportion ( true cretace\s =ms may be discov]$ 9 ! deep sea1 ! mod]n types associat$ ) !m mu/ be aboli%$ be=e ! ,fauna1 z a :ole1 c\ld1 ) any propriety1 be t]m$ ,cretace\s4 ,i h n[ indicat$ "s ( ! *ief l9es ( ,biological inquiry1 9 :i* ! ,*all5g] has special opportunities = do+ good s]vice1 & 9 foll[+ :i* %e w be c>ry+ out ! "w already comm5c$ by ! ,lightn+ & ,porcup9e 9 _! cruises ( #ahfh & subsequ5t ye>s4 ,b biology1 9 ! long run1 re/s ^u physics1 & ! fir/ condition = arriv+ at a s\nd !ory ( di/ribution 9 ! deep sea1 is ! precise asc]ta9m5t ( ! conditions ( life2 or1 9 o!r words1 a full k ( all ^? ph5om5a :i* are embrac$ "u ! head ( ! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,ocean4 ,excell5t "w has already be5 done 9 ?is direction1 *iefly "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 by ! ,lightn+ & ! ,porcup9e1#aj & "s data ( fundam5tal importance to ! physical geography ( ! sea h be5 fix$ beyond a d\bt4 ,footnote #aj3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahgj & #ahgb ,?us1 ?\gh x is true t sea-wat] /eadily contracts z x cools d[n to its freez+ po9t1 in/ead ( exp&+ be=e x rea*es its freez+ po9t z fre% wat] does1 ! tru? has be5 /eadily ignor$ by ev5 ! highe/ au?orities 9 physical geography1 & ! errone\s conclusions d$uc$ f _! errone\s premises h be5 widely accept$ z if !y 7 asc]ta9$ facts4 ,( c\rse1 if sea-wat]1 l fre% wat]1 7 heavie/ at a temp]ature ( #ci ,f4 & got light] z x approa*$ #cb ,f41 ! wat] ( ! bottom ( ! deep sea c\ld n be cold] ?an #ci4 ,b "o ( ! fir/ results ( ! c>eful asc]ta9m5t ( ! temp]ature at diff]5t dep?s1 by means ( !rmomet]s specially contriv$ = ! avoidance ( ! errors produc$ by pressure1 0 ! pro( t1 bel[ #ajjj fa?oms 9 ! ,atlantic1 d[n to ! greate/ dep?s yet s\nd$1 ! wat] has a temp]ature always l[] ?an #ch ,fahr41 :atev] be ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! surface4 ,& t ?is l[ temp]ature ( ! deepe/ wat] is probably ! univ]sal rule = ! dep?s ( ! op5 ocean is %[n1 among o!rs1 by ,capta9 ,*immo's rec5t obs]vations 9 ! ,indian ocean1 betwe5 ,ceylon & ,sumatra1 :]e1 ! surface wat] rang+ f #he-ha ,fahr41 ! temp]ature at ! bottom1 at a dep? ( #bbgj to #bfef fa?oms1 0 only f #cd to #cb ,fahr4 ,z ! mean temp]ature ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? may be tak5 at ab\t #ej ,fahr41 x foll[s t ! bottom lay] ( ! deep sea 9 temp]ate & hot latitudes1 is1 on ! av]age1 mu* cold] ?an ei!r ( ! bodies ) :i* x is 9 contact2 = ! temp]ature ( ! e>? is con/ant1 :ile t ( ! air r>ely falls s l[ z t ( ! bottom wat] 9 ! latitudes 9 "q2 & ev5 :5 x does1 has "t to affect only a comp>atively ?9 /ratum ( ! surface wat] be=e ! return ( w>m wea!r4 ,h[ does ?is app>5tly anomal\s /ate ( ?+s come ab\t8 ,if we suppose ! globe to be cov]$ ) a univ]sal ocean1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! cold ( ! regions t[>ds ! poles mu/ t5d to cause ! sup]ficial wat] ( ^? regions to contract & become specifically heavi]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x w\ld h no alt]native b to desc5d & spread ov] ! sea bottom1 :ile its place w\ld be tak5 by w>m] wat] drawn f ! adjac5t regions4 ,?us1 deep1 cold1 pol>-equatorial curr5ts1 & sup]ficial1 w>m]1 equatorial-pol> curr5ts1 w\ld be set up2 & z ! =m] w\ld h a less velocity ( rotation f we/ to ea/ ?an ! regions t[>ds :i* !y travel1 !y w\ld n be due s\!rly or nor!rly curr5ts1 b s\?-we/]ly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & nor?-we/]ly 9 ! s\!rn2 :ile1 by a p>ity ( reason+1 ! equatorial-pol> w>m curr5ts w\ld be nor?-ea/]ly 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & s\?- ea/]ly 9 ! s\!rn4 ,h5ce1 z a nor?-ea/]ly curr5t has ! same direction z a s\?-we/]ly w9d1 ! direction ( ! nor!rn equatorial-pol> curr5t 9 ! extra-tropical "p ( its c\rse w\ld pretty ne>ly co9cide ) t ( ! anti-trade w9ds4 ,! freez+ ( ! surface ( ! pol> sea w\ld n int]f]e ) ! movem5t ?us set up4 ,=1 h[ev] bad a conductor ( heat ice may be1 ! unfroz5 sea-wat] imm$iately 9 contact ) ! und]surface ( ! ice mu/ ne$s be cold] ?an t fur!r (f2 & h5ce w con/antly t5d to desc5d ?r\gh ! subjac5t w>m] wat]4 ,9 ?is way1 x w\ld seem inevitable t ! surface wat]s ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn frigid zones mu/1 soon] or lat]1 f9d _! way to ! bottom ( ! re/ ( ! ocean2 & !re accumulate to a ?ickness dep5d5t on ! rate at :i* !y absorb heat f ! cru/ ( ! e>? bel[1 & f ! surface wat] above4 ,if ?is hypo!sis be correct1 x foll[s t1 if any "p ( ! ocean 9 w>m latitudes is %ut (f f ! influ5ce ( ! cold pol> und]fl[1 ! temp]ature ( its deeps %\ld be less cold ?an ! temp]ature ( correspond+ dep?s 9 ! op5 sea4 ,n[1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,nature (f]s a rem>kable exp]im5tal pro( ( j ! k9d ne$$4 ,x is a l&lock$ sea :i* runs ne>ly ea/ & we/1 betwe5 ! tw5ty-n9? & =ty-fif? p>allels ( nor? latitude4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! av]age temp]ature ( ! air ov] x is #ge ,fahr4 9 ,july & #dh 9 ,janu>y4 ,?is great expanse ( wat] is divid$ by ! p59sula ( ,italy 7includ+ ,sicily71 cont9u\s ) :i* is a subm>9e elevation c>ry+ less ?an #a1bjj feet ( wat]1 :i* ext5ds f ,sicily to ,cape ,bon 9 ,africa1 into two great pools--an ea/]n & a we/]n4 ,! ea/]n pool rapidly deep5s to m ?an #ab1jjj feet1 & s5ds (f to ! nor? its comp>atively %all[ bran*es1 ! ,adriatic & ! ,aegean ,seas4 ,! we/]n pool is less deep1 ?\gh x rea*es "s #aj1jjj feet4 ,&1 j z ! we/]n end ( ! ea/]n pool communicates by a %all[ passage1 n a six? ( its greate/ dep?1 ) ! we/]n pool1 s ! we/]n pool is sep>at$ f ! ,atlantic by a ridge :i* runs betwe5 ,capes ,trafalg> & ,sp>tel1 on :i* !re is h>dly #a1jjj feet ( wat]4 ,all ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean :i* lies deep] ?an ab\t #aej fa?oms1 !re=e1 is %ut (f f t ( ! ,atlantic1 & !re is no communication betwe5 ! cold lay] ( ! ,atlantic 7bel[ #a1jjj fa?oms7 & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 :at is ! temp]ature ( ! ,m$it]ranean8 ,ev]y:]e bel[ #fjj feet x is ab\t #ee ,fahr42 & consequ5tly1 at its greate/ dep?s1 x is "s #bj w>m] ?an ! correspond+ dep?s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x seems extremely difficult to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce 9 any o!r way1 ?an by adopt+ ! views s /rongly & ably advocat$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 t1 9 ! exi/+ di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 su* a circulation ( ! wat] ( ! ocean does actually occur1 z !oretically mu/ occur1 9 ! univ]sal ocean1 ) :i* we />t$4 ,x is q ano!r "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is !oretic circulation1 true cause z x may be1 is compet5t to give rise to su* movem5ts ( sea-wat]1 9 mass1 z ^? curr5ts1 :i* h commonly be5 reg>d$ z nor!rn ext5sions ( ! ,gulf-/ream4 ,i %all n v5ture to t\* ^u ?is complicat$ problem2 b ,i may take occasion to rem>k t ! cause ( a mu* simpl] ph5om5on--! /ream ( ,atlantic wat] :i* sets ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ea/w>d1 at ! rate ( two or ?ree miles an h\r or m1 does n seem to be s cle>ly made out z is desirable4 ,! facts appe> to be t ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean is v slightly d5s] ?an t ( ! ,atlantic 7#a4jbgh to #a4jbfe71 & t ! deep wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean is slightly d5s] ?an t ( ! surface2 :ile ! deep wat] ( ! ,atlantic is1 if any?+1 light] ?an t ( ! surface4 ,moreov]1 :ile a rapid sup]ficial curr5t is sett+ 9 7always1 save 9 exceptionally viol5t ea/]ly w9ds7 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,m$it]ranean1 a deep und]curr5t 7toge!r ) v>iable side curr5ts7 is sett+ out ?r\gh ! ,/raits1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,atlantic4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] adopts1 )\t hesitation1 ! view t ! cause ( ?is indraught ( ,atlantic wat] is to be s\ght 9 ! mu* m rapid evaporation :i* takes place f ! surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean ?an f t ( ! ,atlantic2 & ?us1 by l[]+ ! level ( ! =m]1 gives rise to an indraught f ! latt]4 ,b is !re any s\nd f\ndation = ! ?ree assumptions involv$ "h8 ,fir/ly1 t ! evaporation f ! ,m$it]ranean1 z a :ole1 is mu* great] ?an t f ! ,atlantic "u correspond+ p>allels2 secondly1 t ! ra9fall ov] ! ,m$it]ranean makes up = evaporation less ?an x does ov] ! ,atlantic2 & ?irdly1 suppos+ ^! two que/ions answ]$ affirmatively3 ,are n ^! s\rces ( loss 9 ! ,m$it]ranean fully cov]$ by ! prodigi\s quantity ( fre% wat] :i* is p\r$ into x by great riv]s & subm>9e spr+s8 ,consid] t ! wat] ( ! ,ebro1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,po1 ! ,danube1 ! ,don1 ! ,dniep]1 & ! ,nile1 all fl[ directly or indirectly into ! ,m$it]ranean2 t ! volume ( fre% wat] :i* !y p\r into x is s enorm\s t fre% wat] may sometimes be bal$ up f ! surface ( ! sea (f ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 :ile ! l& is n yet 9 sight2 t ! wat] ( ! ,black ,sea is half fre%1 & t a curr5t ( ?ree or f\r miles an h\r con/antly /reams f x ,m$it]raneanw>ds ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus2--consid]1 9 addition1 t no few] ?an t5 subm>9e spr+s ( fre% wat] are kn[n to bur/ up 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 "s ( !m s l>ge t ,admiral ,smy? calls !m subt]ranean riv]s ( amaz+ volume & =ce2 & x w\ld seem1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 t ! sun mu/ h en\gh to d to keep ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean d[n2 & t1 possibly1 we may h to seek = ! cause ( ! small sup]iority 9 sal9e cont5ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean wat] 9 "s condition o!r ?an sol> evaporation4 ,aga91 if ! ,gibralt> indraught is ! effect ( evaporation1 :y does x g on 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]8 ,all ^! are que/ions m easily ask$ ?an answ]$2 b !y mu/ be answ]$ be=e we c accept ! ,gibralt> /ream z an example ( a curr5t produc$ by indraught ) any com=t4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is n includ$ 9 ! ,*all5g]'s r\te1 b %e w visit "o ( ! mo/ promis+ & little explor$ ( hydrographical regions--! ,nor? ,pacific1 betwe5 ,polynesia & ! ,asiatic & ,am]ican %ores2 & d\btless ! /ore ( obs]vations ^u ! curr5ts ( ?is region1 :i* %e w accumulate1 :5 comp>$ ) :at we "k ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 w ?r[ a p[]ful light ^u ! pres5t obscurity ( ! ,gulf-/ream problem4 ,,iii ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,*alll5g] #ahge ,9 ,may1 #ahgc1 ,i drew att5tion#a to ! important problems connect$ ) ! physics & natural hi/ory ( ! sea1 to ! solution ( :i* !re 0 e reason to hope ! cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g] w\ld furni% important contributions4 ,! expectation !n express$ has n be5 disappo9t$4 ,reports to ! ,admiralty1 pap]s communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 & l>ge collections :i* h already be5 s5t home1 h %[n t ! ,*all5g]'s /aff h made admirable use ( _! great opportunities2 & t1 on ! return ( ! exp$ition 9 #ahgd1 _! p]=mance w be fully up to ! level ( _! promise4 ,inde$1 ,i am dispos$ to g s f> z to say1 t if no?+ m came ( ! ,*all5g]s exp$ition ?an has hi!rto be5 yield$ by h] exploration ( ! nature ( ! sea bottom at great dep?s1 a full sci5tific equival5t ( ! tr\ble & exp5se ( h] equipm5t w\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! prec$+ ,essay4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ?is ass]tion1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 n to claim m = ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson & 8 colleagues ?an is _! due1 ,i mu/ give a brief hi/ory ( ! obs]vations :i* h prec$$ _! exploration ( ?is recondite field ( rese>*1 & endeav\r to make cle> :at 0 ! /ate ( k 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 & :at new facts h be5 add$ by ! sci5tific /aff ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 ! fir/ successful attempt to br+ up f great dep?s m ( ! sea bottom ?an w\ld adh]e to a s\nd+-lead1 0 made by ,sir ,john ,ross1 9 ! voyage to ! ,arctic regions :i* he und]took 9 #ahah4 ,9 ! ,app5dix to ! n>rative ( t voyage1 !re w be f\nd an acc\nt ( a v +5i\s app>atus call$ clams--a sort ( d\ble scoop--( 8 own contrivance1 :i* ,sir ,john ,ross _h made by ! %ip's arm\r]2 & by :i*1 be+ 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 9 #gb #cj' ,n4 & #gg #ae' ,w41 he succe$$ 9 br++ up f #a1jej fa?oms 7or #f1cjj feet71 sev]al p\nds ( a f9e gre5 mud1 :i* =m$ ! bottom ( ! sea 9 ?is region4 ,capta9 7n[ ,sir ,edw>d7 ,sab9e1 :o accompani$ ,sir ,john ,ross on ?is cruise1 says ( ?is mud t x 0 s(t & gre5i%1 & t ! lead sunk sev]al feet into x4 ,a simil> f9e gre5 mud 0 f\nd to compose ! sea bottom 9 ,davis ,/raits by ,goodsir 9 #ahde4 ,no?+ is c]ta9ly kn[n ( ! exact nature ( ! mud ?us obta9$1 b we %all see t ! mud ( ! bottom ( ! ,ant>ctic seas is describ$ 9 curi\sly simil> t]ms by ,dr4 ,hook]1 & !re is no d\bt z to ! composition ( ?is deposit4 ,9 #ahej1 ,capta9 ,p5ny collect$ 9 ,assi/ance ,bay1 9 ,k+/on ,bay1 & 9 ,melville ,bay1 :i* lie betwe5 #gc #de' & #gd #dj' ,n41 specim5s ( ! residuum left by melt$ surface ice1 & ( ! sea bottom 9 ^! localities4 ,dr4 ,dickie1 ( ,ab]de51 s5t ^! mat]ials to ,ehr5b]g1 :o made out#b t ! residuum ( ! melt$ ice consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( ! silici\s cases ( diatomace\s plants1 & ( ! silici\s spicula ( sponges2 :ile1 mix$ ) ^!1 7 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! equally silici\s skeletons ( ^? l[ animal organisms1 :i* 7 t]m$ ,polyci/9eoe by ,ehr5b]g1 b are n[ kn[n z ,radiol>ia4 ,footnote #b3 ,ueb] neue ,ans*auung5 des kle9/5 nrdli*5 ,pol>leb5s4--,monatsb]i*te d4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,b]l91 #ahec4 ,9 #ahef1 a v rem>kable addition to our k ( ! nature ( ! sea bottom 9 high nor!rn latitudes 0 made by ,pr(essor ,bailey ( ,we/ ,po9t4 ,lieut5ant ,brooke1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 :o 0 employ$ 9 survey+ ! ,sea ( ,kams*atka1 _h succe$$ 9 obta9+ specim5s ( ! sea bottom f great] dep?s ?an any hi!rto rea*$1 namely f #b1gjj fa?oms 7#af1bjj feet7 9 #ef #df' ,n41 & #afh #ah' ,e42 & f #a1gjj fa?oms 7#aj1bjj feet7 9 #fj #ae' ,n4 & #agj #ec' ,e4 ,on exam9+ ^! microscopically1 ,pr(essor ,bailey f\nd1 z ,ehr5b]g _h done 9 ! case ( mud obta9$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,arctic region1 t ! f9e mud 0 made up ( %ells ( ,diatomacoe1 ( spicula ( sponges1 & ( ,radiol>ia1 ) a small admixture ( m9]al matt]s1 b )\t a trace ( any calc>e\s organisms4 ,/ill m complete in=mation has be5 obta9$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! sea bottom 9 ! cold zone ar\nd ! s\? pole4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahci & #ahdc1 ,sir ,james ,cl>k ,ross execut$ 8 fam\s ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he p5etrat$1 at two widely di/ant po9ts ( ! ,ant>ctic zone1 into ! high latitudes ( ! %ores ( ,victoria ,l& & ( ,graham's ,l&1 & rea*$ ! p>allel ( #hj ,s4 ,sir ,james ,ross 0 himself a naturali/ ( no mean acquirem5ts1 & ,dr4 ,hook]1#c ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 accompani$ him z naturali/ to ! exp$ition1 s t ! obs]vations ^u ! fauna & flora ( ! ,ant>ctic regions made dur+ ?is cruise 7 sure to h a peculi> value & importance1 ev5 _h n ! att5tion ( ! voyag]s be5 p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! importance ( not+ ! occurr5ce ( ! m9ute/ =ms ( animal & vegetable life 9 ! ocean4 ,footnote #c3 ,n[ ,sir ,joseph ,hook]4 #ahid4 ,among ! sci5tific in/ructions = ! voyage drawn up by a committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 h[ev]1 !re is a rem>kable lett] f ,von ,humboldt to ,"l ,m9to1 !n ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 he dwells ^u ! significance ( ! rese>*es into ! microscopic composition ( rocks1 & ! discov]y ( ! great %>e :i* microscopic organisms take 9 ! =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? at ! pres5t day1 made by ,ehr5b]g 9 ! ye>s #ahcf-ci4 ,ehr5b]g1 9 fact1 _h %[n t ! ext5sive b$s ( rott5-/one or ,tripoli :i* occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & notably at ,bil9 9 ,bohemia1 consi/$ ( accumulations ( ! silici\s cases & skeletons ( ,diatomaceoe1 sponges1 & ,radiol>ia2 he _h prov$ t simil> deposits 7 be+ =m$ by ,diatomaceoe1 9 ! pools ( ! ,?i]g>t5 9 ,b]l9 & else:]e1 & _h po9t$ out t1 if x 7 comm]cially wor? :ile1 rott5-/one might be manufactur$ by a process ( diatom-culture4 ,obs]vations conduct$ at ,cuxhav5 9 #ahci1 _h reveal$ ! exi/5ce1 at ! surface ( ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic1 ( liv+ ,diatoms & ,radiol>ia ( ! same species z ^? :i*1 9 a fossil /ate1 con/itute ext5sive rocks ( t]ti>y age at ,caltanisetta1 ,zante1 & ,oran1 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,moreov]1 9 ! fre%-wat] rott5-/one b$s ( ,bil91 ,ehr5b]g _h trac$ out ! metamorphosis1 effect$ app>5tly by ! action ( p]colat+ wat]1 ( ! primitively loose & friable deposit ( organiz$ p>ticles1 9 :i* ! silex exi/s 9 ! hydrat$ or soluble condition4 ,! silex1 9 fact1 und]goes solution & sl[ r$eposition1 until1 9 ultimate result1 ! excessively f9e-gra9$ s&1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* is a skeleton1 becomes conv]t$ into a d5se opal9e /one1 ) only "h & !re an indication ( an organism4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ^! facts1 ,ehr5b]g1 z e>ly z ! ye> #ahci1 _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t rocks1 altoge!r simil> to ^? :i* con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 mu/ be =m+1 at ! pres5t day1 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & he ?rew out ! sugge/ion t ev5 :]e no trace ( organic /ructure is to be f\nd 9 ! old] rocks1 x may h be5 lo/ by metamorphosis4#d ,footnote #d3 ,ueb] die no* jetzt zahlrei* leb5de ,?i]>t5 d] ,kreidebildung und d5 ,organismus d] ,poly?alami54 ,abh&lung5 d] ,kn4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5*aft54 #ahci4 ,b]l94 #ahda4 ,i am afraid t ?is rem>kable pap] has be5 some:at ov]look$ 9 ! rec5t discussions ( ! relation ( anci5t rocks to mod]n deposits4 ,! results ( ! ,ant>ctic exploration1 z /at$ by ,dr4 ,hook] 9 ! ,botany ( ! ,ant>ctic ,voyage1 & 9 a pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdg1 are ( ! greate/ importance 9 connection ) ^! views1 & !y are s cle>ly /at$ 9 ! =m] "w1 :i* is some:at inaccessible1 t ,i make no apology = quot+ !m at l5g?-- ,! wat]s & ! ice ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean 7 alike f\nd to ab\nd ) microscopic vegetables belong+ to ! ord] ,diatomaceoe4 ,?\gh mu* too small to be disc]nible by ! nak$ eye1 !y occurr$ 9 su* c\ntless myriads z to /a9 ! b]g & ! pack ice :]ev] !y 7 wa%$ by ! swell ( ! sea2 &1 :5 enclos$ 9 ! congeal+ surface ( ! wat]1 !y imp>t$ to ! bra% & pancake ice a pale o*re\s col\r4 ,9 ! op5 ocean1 nor?w>d ( ! froz5 zone1 ?is ord]1 ?\gh no d\bt almo/ univ]sally pres5t1 g5]ally eludes ! se>* ( ! naturali/2 except :5 its species are congregat$ among/ t muc\s scum :i* is sometimes se5 float+ on ! waves1 & ( ^: real nature we are ignorant2 or :5 ! col\r$ cont5ts ( ! m>9e animals :o fe$ on ^! ,algae are exam9$4 ,to ! s\?1 h[ev]1 ( ! belt ( ice :i* encircles ! globe1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ej & #gj ,s41 & 9 ! wat]s compris$ betwe5 t belt & ! highe/ latitude ev] atta9$ by man1 ?is vegetation is v conspicu\s1 f ! contra/ betwe5 its col\r & ! :ite sn[ & ice 9 :i* x is imb$d$4 ,insomu*1 t 9 ! eightie? degree1 all ! surface ice c>ri$ along by ! curr5ts1 ! sides ( e b]g & ! base ( ! great ,victoria ,b>ri] itself1 )9 rea* ( ! swell1 7 t+$ br[n1 z if ! pol> wat]s 7 *>g$ ) oxide ( iron4 ,z ! majority ( ^! plants consi/ ( v simple vegetable cells1 enclos$ 9 inde/ructible silex 7z o!r ,algae are 9 c>bonate ( lime71 x is obvi\s t ! dea? & decomposition ( su* multitudes mu/ =m s$im5t>y deposits1 proportionate 9 _! ext5t to ! l5g? & exposure ( ! coa/ aga9/ :i* !y are wa%$1 9 ?ickness to ! p[] ( su* ag5ts z ! w9ds1 curr5ts1 & sea1 :i* sweep !m m en]getically to c]ta9 positions1 & 9 purity1 to ! dep? ( ! wat] & nature ( ! bottom4 ,h5ce we detect$ _! rema9s along e iceb\nd %ore1 9 ! dep?s ( ! adjac5t ocean1 betwe5 #hj & #djj fa?oms4 ,(f ,victoria ,b>ri] 7a p]p5dicul> wall ( ice betwe5 "o & two hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea7 ! bottom ( ! ocean 0 cov]$ ) a /ratum ( pure :ite or gre5 mud1 compos$ pr9cipally ( ! silici\s %ells ( ! ,diatomaceoe4 ,^!1 on be+ put into wat]1 r5d]$ x cl\dy l milk1 & took _m h\rs to subside4 ,9 ! v deep wat] (f ,victoria & ,graham's ,l&1 ?is mud 0 p>ticul>ly pure & f9e2 b t[>ds ! %all[ %ores !re exi/$ a great] or less admixture ( dis9tegrat$ rock & s&2 s t ! organic comp\nds ( ! bottom frequ5tly bore b a small proportion to ! inorganic4 444 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce ( su* an invisible vegetation z t ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 is a truly wond]ful fact1 & ! m f its n be+ accompani$ by plants ( a high ord]4 ,dur+ ! ye>s we sp5t !re1 ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! ph5om5a ( life z diff]+ totally f :at obta9s ?r\gh\t all o!r latitudes1 = ev]y?+ liv+ appe>$ to be ( animal orig94 ,! ocean sw>m$ ) ,mollusca1 & p>ticul>ly entomo/rac\s ,cru/acea1 small :ales1 & porpoises2 ! sea ab\nd$ ) p5gu9s & seals1 & ! air ) birds2 ! animal k+dom 0 ev] pres5t1 ! l>g] creatures prey+ on ! small]1 & ^! aga9 on small] /ill2 all seem$ c>nivor\s4 ,! h]bivor\s 7 n recognis$1 because fe$+ on a microscopic h]bage1 ( ^: true nature ,i _h =m$ an errone\s impression4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) no little satisfaction t ,i n[ class ! ,diatomaceoe ) plants1 probably ma9ta9+ 9 ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean t balance betwe5 ! vegetable & ! animal k+doms :i* prevails ov] ! surface ( our globe4 ,nor is ! su/5ance & nutrition ( ! animal k+dom ! only function ^! m9ute productions may p]=m2 !y may also be ! purifi]s ( ! vitiat$ atmosph]e1 & ?us execute 9 ! ,ant>ctic latitudes ! (fice ( our trees & grass turf 9 ! temp]ate regions1 & ! broad leaves ( ! palm1 c41 9 ! tropics4 444 ,) respect to ! di/ribution ( ! ,diatomaceoe1 ,dr4 ,hook] rem>ks3-- ,!re is probably no latitude betwe5 t ( ,spitzb]g5 & ,victoria ,l&1 :]e "s ( ! species ( ei!r c\ntry d n exi/3 ,icel&1 ,brita91 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 all possess ,ant>ctic ,diatomaceoe4 ,! silici\s coats ( species only kn[n liv+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean1 h1 dur+ pa/ ages1 contribut$ to ! =mation ( rocks2 & ?us !y outlive sev]al successive creations ( organiz$ be+s4 ,! phonolite /ones ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,tripoli /one1 conta9 species id5tical ) :at are n[ contribut+ to =m a s$im5t>y deposit 7& p]haps1 at "s future p]iod1 a b$ ( rock7 ext5d+ 9 "o cont9u\s /ratum = #djj measur$ miles4 ,i allude to ! %ores ( ! ,victoria ,b>ri]1 along ^: coa/ ! s\nd+s exam9$ 7 inv>iably *>g$ ) diatomace\s rema9s1 con/itut+ a bank :i* /ret*es #bjj miles nor? f ! base ( ,victoria ,b>ri]1 :ile ! av]age dep? ( wat] above x is #cjj fa?oms1 or #a1hjj feet4 ,aga91 "s ( ! ,ant>ctic species h be5 detect$ float+ 9 ! atmosph]e :i* ov]hangs ! wide ocean betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! k ( ?is m>vell\s fact we owe to ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o1 :5 he 0 at sea (f ! ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s1 collect$ an impalpable p[d] :i* fell on ,capta9 ,fitzroy's %ip4 ,he transmitt$ ?is du/ to ,ehr5b]g1 :o asc]ta9$ x to consi/ ( ! silici\s coats1 *iefly ( ,am]ican ,diatomaceoe1 :i* 7 be+ waft$ ?r\gh ! upp] region ( ! air1 :5 "s meteorological ph5om5a *eck$ !m 9 _! c\rse & deposit$ !m on ! %ip & surface ( ! ocean4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! rema9s ( _m species ( ?is ord] 7& among/ !m "s ,ant>ctic ones7 9 ! volcanic a%es1 pumice1 & scoriae ( active & ext9ct volcanoes 7^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ,asc5sion ,isl&1 = in/ance7 is a fact be>+ imm$iately ^u ! pres5t subject4 ,m\nt ,erebus1 a volcano #ab1djj feet high1 ( ! fir/ class 9 dim5sions & en]getic action1 rises at once f ! ocean 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? degree ( s\? latitude1 & abrea/ ( ! ,diatomaceoe bank1 :i* reposes 9 "p on its base4 ,h5ce x may n appe> prepo/]\s to conclude t1 z ,vesuvius receives ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) its fi%1 to eject !m by its crat]1 s ! subt]ranean & subaque\s =ces :i* ma9ta9 ,m\nt ,erebus 9 activity may occasionally receive organic matt] f ! bank1 & disgorge x1 toge!r ) ^? volcanic products1 a%es & pumice4 ,along ! %ores ( ,graham's ,l& & ! ,s\? ,%etl& ,isl&s1 we h a p>allel comb9ation ( igne\s & aque\s action1 accompani$ ) an equally copi\s supply ( ,diatomaceoe4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,erebus & ,t]ror1 fifte5 degrees nor? ( ,victoria ,l&1 & plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! globe1 ! s\nd+s 7 ( a simil> nature ) ^? ( ! ,victoria ,l& & ,b>ri]1 & ! sea & ice z full ( ,diatomaceoe4 ,?is 0 n only prov$ by ! deep sea lead1 b by ! exam9ation ( b]gs :i*1 once /r&$1 _h float$ (f & become rev]s$1 expos+ an accumulation ( :ite friable mud froz5 to _! bases1 :i* ab\nd$ ) ^! vegetable rema9s4 ,! ,*all5g] has explor$ ! ,ant>ctic seas 9 a region int]m$iate betwe5 ^? exam9$ by ,sir ,james ,ross's exp$ition2 & ! obs]vations made by ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson & 8 colleagues 9 e respect confirm ^? ( ,dr4 ,hook]3-- ,on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y1 lat4 #fj #eb' ,s41 long4 #hj #bj' ,e41 & ,m>* #c1 lat4 #ec #ee' ,s41 long4 #ajh #ce' ,e41 ! s\nd+ in/rum5t came up fill$ ) a v f9e cream-col\r$ pa/e1 :i* sc>cely eff]vesc$ ) acid1 & dri$ into a v light1 impalpable1 :ite p[d]4 ,?is1 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 0 f\nd to consi/ almo/ entirely ( ! fru/ules ( ,diatoms1 "s ( !m wond]fully p]fect 9 all ! details ( _! ornam5t1 & _m ( !m brok5 up4 ,! species ( ,diatoms ent]+ into ?is deposit h n yet be5 work$ up1 b !y appe> to be ref]able *iefly to ! g5]a ,fragill>ia1 ,cosc9odiscus1 ,*oetoc]os1 ,a/]omphalus1 & ,dictyo*a1 ) fragm5ts ( ! sep>at$ rods ( a s+ul> silici\s organism1 ) :i* we 7 unacqua9t$1 & :i* made up a l>ge proportion ( ! f9] matt] ( ?is deposit4 ,mix$ ) ! ,diatoms !re 7 a few small ,globig]9oe1 "s ( ! te/s & spicules ( ,radiol>ians1 & "s s& p>ticles2 b ^! =eign bodies 7 9 too small proportion to affect ! =mation z consi/+ practically ( ,diatoms alone4 ,on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 9 lat4 #eb1 #bi' ,s41 long41 #ga #cf ,e41 a little to ! nor? ( ! ,he>d ,isl&s1 ! t[-net1 dragg+ a few fa?oms bel[ ! surface1 came up ne>ly fill$ ) a pale yell[ gelat9\s mass4 ,?is 0 f\nd to consi/ entirely ( ,diatoms ( ! same species z ^? f\nd at ! bottom4 ,by f> ! mo/ abundant 0 ! little bundle ( silici\s rods1 fa/5$ toge!r loosely at "o end1 sep>at+ f "o ano!r at ! o!r end1 & ! :ole bundle loosely twi/$ into a sp9dle4 ,! rods are holl[1 & conta9 ! *>act]i/ic endo*rome ( ! ,diatomaceoe4 ,l ! ,globig]9a ooze1 !n1 :i* x succe$s to ! s\?w>d 9 a b& app>5tly ( no great wid?1 ! mat]ials ( ?is silici\s deposit are d]iv$ entirely f ! surface & int]m$iate dep?s4 ,x is some:at s+ul> t ,diatoms did n appe> to be 9 su* l>ge numb]s on ! surface ov] ! ,diatom ooze z !y 7 a little fur!r nor?4 ,?is may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by our n hav+ /ruck _! belt ( dep? ) ! t[-net2 or x is possible t :5 we f\nd x on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y ! bottom deposit 0 really %ift$ a little to ! s\? by ! w>m curr5t1 ! excessively f9e floccul5t dbris ( ! ,diatoms tak+ a c]ta9 "t to s9k4 ,! belt ( ,diatom ooze is c]ta9ly a little fur!r to ! s\?w>d 9 long4 #hc ,e41 9 ! pa? ( ! reflux ( ! ,agulhas curr5t1 ?an 9 long4 #ajh ,e4 ,all along ! edge ( ! ice-pack--ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 to ! s\? ( ! two /ations--on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y on our s\?w>d voyage1 & on ! #crd ( ,m>* on our return1 we br\ght up f9e s& & grayi% mud1 ) small pebbles ( qu>tz & felsp>1 & small fragm5ts ( mica- slate1 *lorite-slate1 clay-slate1 gneiss1 & granite4 ,?is deposit1 ,i h no d\bt1 0 d]iv$ f ! surface l ! o!rs1 b 9 ?is case by ! melt+ ( iceb]gs & ! precipitation ( =eign matt] conta9$ 9 ! ice4 ,we nev] saw any trace ( gravel or s&1 or any mat]ial necess>ily d]iv$ f l&1 on an iceb]g4 ,sev]al %[$ v]tical or irregul> fissures fill$ ) discol\r$ ice or sn[2 b1 :5 look$ at closely1 ! discoloration prov$ usually to be v slight1 & ! effect at a di/ance 0 usually due to ! =eign mat]ial fill+ ! fissure reflect+ light less p]fectly ?an ! g5]al surface ( ! b]g4 ,i conceive t ! upp] surface ( "o ( ^! great tabul> s\!rn iceb]gs1 includ+ by f> ! great] "p ( its bulk1 & culm9at+ 9 ! portion expos$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 0 =m$ by ! pil+ up ( successive lay]s ( sn[ dur+ ! p]iod1 am\nt+ p]haps to sev]al c5turies1 dur+ :i* ! ice-cap 0 sl[ly =c+ itself ov] ! l[ l& & out to sea ov] a long ext5t ( g5tle slope1 until x rea*$ a dep? consid]ably above #bjj fa?oms1 :5 ! l[] specific weight ( ! ice caus$ an upw>d /ra9 :i* at l5g? ov]came ! cohesion ( ! mass1 & portions 7 r5t (f & float$ away4 ,if ?is be ! true hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ^! iceb]gs1 ! abs5ce ( all l& dbris 9 ! portion expos$ above ! surface ( ! sea is readily und]/ood4 ,if any su* exi/1 x mu/ be conf9$ to ! l[] "p ( ! b]g1 to t "p :i* has at "o "t or o!r mov$ on ! floor ( ! ice-cap4 ,! iceb]gs1 :5 !y are fir/ disp]s$1 float 9 f #bjj to #bej fa?oms4 ,:51 !re=e1 !y h be5 drift$ to latitudes ( #fe or #fd ,s41 ! bottom ( ! b]g j rea*es ! lay] at :i* ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is di/9ctly ris+1 & x is rapidly melt$1 & ! mud & pebbles ) :i* x is m or less *>g$ are precipitat$4 ,t ?is precipitation takes place all ov] ! area :]e ! iceb]gs are break+ up1 con/antly1 & to a consid]able ext5t1 is evid5t f ! fact ( ! s\nd+s be+ entirely compos$ ( su* deposits2 = ! ,diatoms1 ,globig]9oe1 & radiol>ians are pres5t on ! surface 9 l>ge numb]s2 & unless ! deposit f ! ice 7 abundant x w\ld soon be cov]$ & mask$ by a lay] ( ! exuvia ( surface organisms4 ,! obs]vations :i* h be5 detail$ leave no d\bt t ! ,ant>ctic sea bottom1 f a little to ! s\? ( ! fiftie? p>allel1 z f> z #hj ,s41 is be+ cov]$ by a f9e deposit ( silici\s mud1 m or less mix$1 9 "s p>ts1 ) ! ice-borne dbris ( pol> l&s & ) ! ejections ( volcanoes4 ,! silici\s p>ticles :i* con/itute ?is mud1 are d]iv$1 9 "p1 f ! diatomace\s plants & radiol>ian animals :i* ?rong ! surface1 &1 9 "p1 f ! spicula ( sponges :i* live at ! bottom4 ,! evid5ce respect+ ! correspond+ ,arctic area is less complete1 b x is suffici5t to ju/ify ! conclusion t an ess5tially simil> silici\s cap is be+ =m$ ar\nd ! nor!rn pole4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( ?is mud may agglom]ate into a d5se rock1 su* z t =m$ at ,oran on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* is made up ( simil> mat]ials4 ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( fre%wat] deposits ( ?is k9d x is c]ta9 t ! action ( p]colat+ wat] may conv]t ! orig9ally s(t & friable1 f9e-gra9$ s&/one into a d5se1 semi-transp>5t opal9e /one1 ! silici\s organiz$ skeletons be+ dissolv$1 & ! silex re-deposit$ 9 an amorph\s /ate4 ,:e!r su* a metamorphosis z ?is occurs 9 subm>9e deposits1 z well z 9 ^? =m$ 9 fre% wat]1 does n appe>2 b !re seems no reason to d\bt t x may4 ,& h5ce x may n be haz>d\s to conclude t v ord9>y metamorphic ag5cies may conv]t ^! pol> caps into a =m ( qu>tzite4 ,9 ! great int]m$iate zone1 occupy+ "s #aaj ( latitude1 :i* sep>ates ! circumpol> ,arctic & ,ant>ctic areas ( silici\s deposit1 ! ,diatoms & ,radiol>ia ( ! surface wat] & ! sponges ( ! bottom d n die out1 &1 s f> z "s =ms are conc]n$1 d n ev5 appe> to dim9i% 9 total numb]2 ?\gh1 on a r\gh e/imate1 x w\ld appe> t ! proportion ( ,radiol>ia to ,diatoms is mu* great] ?an 9 ! cold] seas4 ,nev]!less ! composition ( ! deep-sea mud ( ?is int]m$iate zone is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! circumpol> regions4 ,! fir/ exact in=mation respect+ ! nature ( ?is mud at dep?s great] ?an #a1jjj fa?oms 0 giv5 by ,ehr5b]g1 9 ! acc\nt :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,monatsb]i*te ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy = ! ye> #ahec1 ( ! s\nd+s obta9$ by ,lieut4 ,b]ryman1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ! ,azores4 ,obs]vations :i* confirm ^? ( ,ehr5b]g 9 all ess5tial respects h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,bailey1 myself1 ,dr4 ,walli*1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 & ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson1 9 _! e>li] cruises2 & ! cont9uation ( ! ,globig]9a ooze ov] ! ,s\? ,pacific has be5 prov$ by ! rec5t "w ( ! ,*all5g]1 by :i* x is also %[n1 = ! fir/ "t1 t1 9 pass+ f ! equator to high s\!rn latitudes1 ! numb] & v>iety ( ! ,=am9if]a dim9i%es1 & ev5 ! ,globig]9oe become dw>f$4 ,& ?is result1 x w be obs]v$1 is 9 entire accordance ) ! fact already m5tion$ t1 9 ! sea ( ,kams*atka1 ! deep-sea mud 0 f\nd by ,bailey to conta9 no calc>e\s organisms4 ,?us1 9 ! :ole ( ! int]m$iate zone1 ! silici\s deposit :i* is be+ =m$ !re1 z else:]e1 by ! accumulation ( sponge- spicula1 ,radiol>ia1 & ,diatoms1 is obscur$ & ov]p[]$ by ! imm5sely great] am\nt ( calc>e\s s$im5t1 :i* arises f ! aggregation ( ! skeletons ( dead ,=am9if]a4 ,! simil>ity ( ! deposit1 ?us compos$ ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime1 & a small p]c5tage ( silex1 to *alk1 reg>d$ m]ely z a k9d ( rock1 :i* 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,ehr5b]g1#e is n[ admitt$ on all h&s2 nor c x be reasonably d\bt$1 t ord9>y metamorphic ag5cies are compet5t to conv]t ! mod]n *alk into h>d lime/one or ev5 into cry/all9e m>ble4 ,footnote #e3 ,! foll[+ passages 9 ,ehr5b]g's memoir on ,! ,organisms 9 ! ,*alk :i* are /ill liv+ 7#ahci71 are conclusive3-- #g4 ,! dawn+ p]iod ( ! exi/+ liv+ organic creation1 if su* a p]iod is di/+ui%able 7:i* is d\btful71 c only be suppos$ to h exi/$ on ! o!r side (1 & bel[1 ! *alk =mation2 & ?us1 ei!r ! *alk1 ) its widespread & ?ick b$s1 mu/ ent] into ! s]ies ( new] =mations2 or "s ( ! accept$ f\r great geological p]iods1 ! quat]n>y1 t]ti>y1 & second>y =mations1 conta9 organisms :i* /ill live4 ,x is m probable1 9 ! proportion ( #c to #a1 t ! transition or prim>y p]iod is n diff]5t1 b t x is only m difficult to exam9e & und]/&1 by reason ( ! gradual & prolong$ *emical decomposition & metamorphosis ( _m ( its organic con/itu5ts4 #aj4 ,by ! mass-=m+ ,infasoria & ,poly?alamia1 second>y are n di/+ui%able f t]ti>y =mations2 &1 f :at has be5 said1 x is possible t1 at ?is v day1 rock masses are =m+ 9 ! sea1 & be+ rais$ by volcanic ag5cies1 ! con/itution ( :i*1 on ! :ole1 is altoge!r simil> to t ( ! *alk4 ,! *alk rema9s di/+ui%able by its organic rema9s z a =mation1 b n z a k9d ( rock4 ,ehr5b]g appe>s to h tak5 x = grant$ t ! ,globig]9oe & o!r ,=am9if]a :i* are f\nd 9 ! deep-sea mud1 live at ! great dep?s 9 :i* _! rema9s are f\nd2 & he supports ?is op9ion by produc+ evid5ce t ! s(t p>ts ( ^! organisms are pres]v$1 & may be demon/rat$ by remov+ ! calc>e\s matt] ) dilute acids4 ,9 #aheg1 ! evid5ce = & aga9/ ?is conclusion appe>$ to me to be insuffici5t to w>rant a positive conclusion "o way or ! o!r1 & ,i express$ myself 9 my report to ! ,admiralty on ,capta9 ,dayman's s\nd+s 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,:5 we consid] ! imm5se area ov] :i* ?is deposit is spread1 ! dep? at :i* its =mation is go+ on1 & its simil>ity to *alk1 & /ill m to su* rocks z ! m>ls ( ,caltanisetta1 ! "q1 :5ce are all ^! organisms d]iv$8 becomes "o ( high sci5tific int]e/4 ,?ree answ]s h sugge/$ !mselves3-- ,9 accordance ) ! preval5t view ( ! limitation ( life to comp>atively small dep?s1 x is imag9$ ei!r3 #a1 t ^! organisms h drift$ into _! pres5t position f %all[] wat]s2 or #b1 t !y habitually live at ! surface ( ! ocean1 & only fall d[n into _! pres5t position4 #a4 ,i conceive t ! fir/ supposition is negativ$ by ! extremely m>k$ zoological peculi>ity ( ! deep-sea fauna4 ,_h ! ,globig]9oe be5 drift$ into _! pres5t position f %all[ wat]1 we %\ld f9d a v l>ge proportion ( ! *>act]i/ic inhabitants ( %all[ wat]s mix$ ) !m1 & ?is w\ld ! m c]ta9ly be ! case1 z ! l>ge ,globig]9oe1 s abundant 9 ! deep-sea s\nd+s1 are1 9 proportion to _! size1 m solid & massive ?an almo/ any o!r ,=am9if]a4 ,b ! fact is t ! proportion ( o!r ,=am9if]a is exce$+ly small1 nor h ,i f\nd z yet1 9 ! deep-sea deposits1 any su* matt]s z fragm5ts ( mollusc\s %ells1 ( ,e*9i1 c41 :i* ab\nd 9 %all[ wat]s1 & are q z likely to be drift$ z ! heavy ,globig]9oe4 ,aga91 ! relative proportions ( "y & fully =m$ ,globig]9oe seem inconsi/5t ) ! notion t !y h travell$ f>4 ,& x seems difficult to imag9e :y1 _h ! deposit be5 accumulat$ 9 ?is way1 ,cosc9odisci %\ld s almo/ entirely repres5t ! ,diatomaceoe4 #b4 ,! second hypo!sis is f> m feasible1 & is /rongly support$ by ! fact t _m ,polyci/9eoe ,radiol>ia & ,cosc9odisci are well kn[n to live at ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,mr4 ,macdonald1 ,assi/ant- ,surgeon ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]ald1 n[ 9 ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,pacific1 has lately s5t home "s v valuable obs]vations on liv+ =ms ( ?is k9d1 met ) 9 ! /oma*s ( oceanic mollusks1 & !re=e c]ta9ly inhabitants ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! ocean4 ,b x is a s+ul> circum/ance t only "o ( ! =ms figur$ by ,mr4 ,macdonald is at all l a ,globig]9a1 & !re are "s peculi>ities ab\t ev5 ?is :i* make me greatly d\bt its aff9ity ) t g5us4 ,! =m1 inde$1 is n unlike t ( a ,globig]9a1 b x is provid$ ) long radiat+ processes1 ( :i* ,i h nev] se5 any trace 9 ,globig]9a4 ,did !y exi/1 !y might expla9 :at o!rwise is a great objection to ?is view1 viz41 h[ is x conceivable t ! heavy ,globig]9a %\ld ma9ta9 itself at ! surface ( ! wat]8 ,if ! organic bodies 9 ! deep-sea s\nd+s h nei!r be5 drift$1 nor h fall5 f above1 !re rema9s b "o alt]native-- !y mu/ h liv$ & di$ :]e !y are4 ,important objections1 h[ev]1 at once sugge/ !mselves to ?is view4 ,h[ c animal life be conceiv$ to exi/ "u su* conditions ( light1 temp]ature1 pressure1 & a]ation z mu/ obta9 at ^! va/ dep?s8 ,to ?is "o c only reply t we "k = a c]ta9ty t ev5 v highly-organiz$ animals d cont9ue to live at a dep? ( #cjj & #djj fa?oms1 inasmu* z !y h be5 dr$g$ up !nce2 & t ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( light & heat at #djj & at #b1jjj fa?oms is probably1 s to speak1 v f> less ?an ! diff]5ce 9 complexity ( organisation betwe5 ^! animals & ! humbl] ,protozoa & ,protophyta ( ! deep-sea s\nd+s4 ,i confess1 ?\gh z yet f> f reg>d+ x prov$ t ! ,globig]9oe live at ^! dep?s1 ! balance ( probabilities seems to me to incl9e 9 t direction4 ,& !re is "o circum/ance :i* weighs /rongly 9 my m9d4 ,x may be tak5 z a law t any g5us ( animals :i* is f\nd f> back 9 "t is capable ( liv+ "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances z reg>ds light1 temp]ature1 & pressure4 ,n[1 ! g5us ,globig]9a is abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! cretace\s epo*1 & p]haps e>li]4 ,i ab/a91 h[ev]1 at pres5t f draw+ any positive conclusions1 pref]r+ r to await ! result ( m ext5d$ obs]vations4#f ,footnote #f3 ,app5dix to ,report on ,deep-sea ,s\nd+s 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 by ,lieut4-,comm&] ,joseph ,dayman4 #aheg4 ,dr4 ,walli*1 ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson1 & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] conclud$ t ! ,globig]9oe live at ! bottom4 ,dr4 ,walli* writes 9 #ahfb--;,by s9k+ v f9e gauze nets to consid]able dep?s1 ,i h repeat$ly satisfi$ myself t ,globig]9a does n occur 9 ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! ocean4#g ,moreov]1 hav+ obta9$ c]ta9 liv+ />- fi% f a dep? ( #a1bfj fa?oms1 & f\nd _! /oma*s full ( fre%-look+ ,globig]9oe & _! dbris--he adduces ?is fact 9 support ( 8 belief t ! ,globig]9oe live at ! bottom4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ,nor? ,atlantic ,sea-b$1 p4 #acg4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mll]1 ,haeckel1 ,major ,ow51 ,mr4 ,gwyn ,jeffries1 & o!r obs]v]s1 f\nd t ,globig]9oe1 ) ! alli$ g5]a ,orbul9a & ,pulv9ul9a1 sometimes occur abundantly at ! surface ( ! sea1 ! %ells ( ^! pelagic =ms be+ n unfrequ5tly provid$ ) ! long sp9es notic$ by ,macdonald2 & 9 #ahfe & #ahff1 ,major ,ow5 m especially insi/$ on ! importance ( ?is fact4 ,! rec5t "w ( ! ,*all5g] fully confirms ,major ,ow5's /atem5t4 ,9 ! pap] rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1#h f :i* a quotation has already be5 made1 ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson says3-- ,i _h =m$ & express$ a v /rong op9ion on ! matt]4 ,x seem$ to me t ! evid5ce 0 conclusive t ! ,=am9if]a :i* =m$ ! ,globig]9a ooze liv$ on ! bottom1 & t ! occurr5ce ( individuals on ! surface 0 accid5tal & exceptional2 b aft] go+ into ! ?+ c>efully1 & consid]+ ! mass ( evid5ce :i* has be5 accumulat$ by ,mr4 ,murray1 ,i n[ admit t ,i 0 9 error2 & ,i agree ) him t x may be tak5 z prov$ t all ! mat]ials ( su* deposits1 ) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! rema9s ( animals :i* we n[ "k to live at ! bottom at all dep?s1 :i* occur 9 ! deposit z =eign bodies1 are d]iv$ f ! surface4 ,footnote #h3 ,prelim9>y ,notes on ! ,nature ( ! ,sea-bottom procur$ by ! s\nd+s ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g] dur+ h] cruise 9 ! ,s\!rn ,seas1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahgd4--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #bf1 #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,murray has comb9$ ) a c>eful exam9ation ( ! s\nd+s a con/ant use ( ! t[-net1 usually at ! surface1 b also at dep?s ( f t5 to "o hundr$ fa?oms2 & he f9ds ! close/ relation to exi/ betwe5 ! surface fauna ( any p>ticul> locality & ! deposit :i* is tak+ place at ! bottom4 ,9 all seas1 f ! equator to ! pol> ice1 ! t[-net conta9s ,globig]9oe4 ,!y are m abundant & ( a l>g] size 9 w>m] seas2 sev]al v>ieties1 atta9+ a l>ge size & pres5t+ m>k$ v>ietal *>act]s1 are f\nd 9 ! int]tropical area ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,k]guel5 !y are less num]\s & small]1 :ile fur!r s\? !y are /ill m dw>f$1 & only "o v>iety1 ! typical ,globig]9a bulloides1 is repres5t$4 ,! liv+ ,globig]9oe f ! t[-net are s+ul>ly diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! dead %ells we f9d at ! bottom4 ,! %ell is cle> & transp>5t1 & ea* ( ! pores :i* p5etrate x is surr\nd$ by a rais$ cre/1 ! cre/ r\nd adjac5t pores coalesc+ into a r\ghly hexagonal network1 s t ! pores appe> to lie at ! bottom ( a hexagonal pit4 ,at ea* angle ( ?is hexagon ! cre/ gives (f a delicate flexible calc>e\s sp9e1 :i* is sometimes f\r or five times ! diamet] ( ! %ell 9 l5g?4 ,! sp9es radiate symmetrically f ! direction ( ! c5tre ( ea* *amb] ( ! %ell1 & ! %eaves ( long transp>5t ne$les cross+ "o ano!r 9 diff]5t directions h a v beautiful effect4 ,! small] inn] *amb]s ( ! %ell are entirely fill$ ) an orange-yell[ granul> s>code2 & ! l>ge t]m9al *amb] usually conta9s only a small irregul> mass1 or two or ?ree small masses run toge!r1 ( ! same yell[ s>code /uck aga9/ "o side1 ! rema9d] ( ! *amb] be+ empty4 ,no def9ite arrangem5t & no approa* to /ructure 0 obs]v$ 9 ! s>code1 & no diff]5tiation1 ) ! exception ( r\nd bright-yell[ oil-globules1 v mu* l ^? f\nd 9 "s ( ! radiol>ians1 :i* are scatt]$1 app>5tly irregul>ly1 9 ! s>code4 ,we nev] h be5 able to detect1 9 any ( ! l>ge numb] ( ,globig]9oe :i* we h exam9$1 ! lea/ trace ( pseudopodia1 or any ext5sion1 9 any =m1 ( ! s>code beyond ! %ell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 specim5s tak5 ) ! t[-net ! sp9es are v usually abs5t2 b t is probably on acc\nt ( _! extreme t5uity2 !y are brok5 (f by ! slighte/ t\*4 ,9 fre% examples f ! surface1 ! dots indicat+ ! orig9 ( ! lo/ sp9es may almo/ always be made out ) a high p[]4 ,!re are nev] sp9es on ! ,globig]9oe f ! bottom1 ev5 9 ! %all[e/ wat]4 ,!re c n[ be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ,globig]9oe live at ! top ( ! sea2 b ! "q may /ill be rais$ :e!r !y d n also live at ! bottom4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view1 x has be5 urg$ t ! %ells ( ! ,globig]9oe ( ! surface nev] possess su* ?ick walls z ^? :i* are f\l$ at ! bottom1 b ,i confess t ,i d\bt ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 ,aga91 ! occurr5ce ( m9ute ,globig]9oe 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 at ! greate/ dep?s1 is br\ght =w>d z evid5ce t !y live 9 situ4 ,b consid]+ ! ext5t to :i* ! surface organisms are dev\r$1 )\t discrim9ation ( "y & old1 by ,salpoe & ! l1 x is n wond]ful t %ells ( all ages %\ld be among ! rejectam5ta4 ,nor c ! pres5ce ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! body 9 ! %ells :i* =m ! ,globig]9a ooze1 & ! fact1 if x be "o1 t animals liv+ at ! bottom use !m z food1 be consid]$ z conclusive evid5ce t ! ,globig]9oe live at ! bottom4 ,su* z die at ! surface1 & ev5 _m ( ^? :i* are swall[$ by o!r animals1 may reta9 mu* ( _! protoplasmic matt] :5 !y rea* ! dep?s at :i* ! temp]ature s9ks to #cd or #cb ,fahr5heit1 :]e decomposition mu/ become exce$+ly sl[4 ,ano!r consid]ation appe>s to me to be 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! ,globig]9oe & _! allies are ess5tially surface animals4 ,?is is ! fact br\ght out by ! ,*all5g]'s "w1 t !y h a s\!rn limit ( di/ribution1 :i* c h>dly dep5d ^u any?+ b ! temp]ature ( ! surface wat]4 ,& x is to be rem>k$ t ?is s\!rn limit occurs at a l[] latitude 9 ! ,ant>ctic seas ?an x does 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,walli* 7,! ,nor? ,atlantic ,sea ,b$1 p4 #aeg7 ,globig]9a is ! prevail+ =m 9 ! deposits betwe5 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s & ,icel&1 & betwe5 ,icel& & ,ea/ ,gre5l&--or1 9 o!r words1 9 a region ( ! sea-bottom :i* lies altoge!r nor? ( ! p>allel ( #fj ,n42 :ile 9 ! s\!rn seas1 ! ,globig]9oe become dw>f$ & almo/ disappe> betwe5 #ej & #ee ,s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! sea ( ,kams*atka1 ! ,globig]9oe h vani%$ 9 #ef ,n41 s t ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,globig]9a ooze 9 high latitudes1 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 w\ld seem to dep5d on ! nor?w>d curve ( ! iso!rmals peculi> to ?is region2 & x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! =mation ( ,globig]9a ooze c be affect$ by ?is climatal peculi>ity unless x be effect$ by surface animals4 ,:atev] may be ! mode ( life ( ! ,=am9if]a1 to :i* ! calc>e\s elem5t ( ! deep-sea *alk owes its exi/5ce1 ! fact t x is ! *ief & mo/ widely spread mat]ial ( ! sea-bottom 9 ! int]m$iate zone1 ?r\gh\t bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & ! ,indian ,ocean1 at dep?s f a few hundr$ to ov] two ?\s& fa?oms1 is e/abli%$4 ,b x is n ! only ext5sive deposit :i* is n[ tak+ place4 ,9 #ahec1 ,c\nt ,p\rtals1 an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 :i* has done s mu* = sci5tific hydrography1 obs]v$1 t ! mud =m+ ! sea-bottom at dep?s ( "o hundr$ & fifty fa?oms1 9 #ca #cb' ,n41 #gi #ce' ,w41 (f ! ,coa/ ( ,florida1 0 a mixture1 9 ab\t equal proportions1 ( ,globig]9oe & black s&1 probably gre5s&1 z x makes a gre5 m>k :5 cru%$ on pap]4 ,pr(essor ,bailey1 exam9+ ^! gra9s microscopically1 f\nd t !y 7 ca/s ( ! int]ior cavities ( ,=am9if]a1 consi/+ ( a m9]al kn[n z ,glauconite1 :i* is a silicate ( iron & alum9a4 ,9 ^! ca/s ! m9ute/ cavities & f9e/ tubes 9 ! ,=am9if] 7 sornetilnes reproduc$ 9 solid c\nt]p>ts ( ! glassy m9]al1 :ile ! calc>e\s orig9al _h be5 entirely dissolv$ away4 ,contemporane\sly ) ^! obs]vations1 ! indefatigable ,ehr5b]g _h discov]$ t ! gre5s&s ( ! geologi/ 7 l>gely made up ( ca/s ( a simil> "*1 & prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ,=am9if]a at a v anci5t geological epo*1 by discov]+ su* ca/s 9 a gre5s& ( ,l[] ,silurian age1 :i* occurs ne> ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,messrs4 ,p>k] & ,jones discov]$ simil> ca/s 9 process ( =mation1 ! orig9al %ell n hav+ disappe>$1 9 specim5s ( ! sea-bottom ( ! ,au/ralian seas1 br\ght home by ! late ,pr(essor ,jukes4 ,& ! ,*all5g] has obs]v$ a deposit ( a simil> "* 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,agulhas curr5t1 ne> ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & 9 "s o!r localities n yet def9$4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is infiltration ( ,=am9if]a %ells ) ,glauconite does n take place at great dep?s1 b r 9 :at may be t]m$ a sublittoral region1 rang+ f a hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ fa?oms4 ,x _c be ascrib$ to any local cause1 = x takes place1 n only ov] l>ge areas 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,coa/ ( ,florida1 b 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & 9 ! ,pacific4 ,b :at are ! conditions :i* det]m9e its occurr5ce1 & :5ce ! silex1 ! iron1 & ! alum9a 7) p]haps pota% & "s o!r +r$i5ts 9 small quantity7 ( :i* ! ,glauconite is compos$1 proce$1 is a po9t on :i* no light has yet be5 ?r[n4 ,= ! pres5t we mu/ be cont5t ) ! fact t1 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! int]m$iate zone1 gre5s& is replac+ & repres5t+ ! primitively calc>eo- silici\s ooze4 ,! inve/igation ( ! deposits :i* are n[ be+ =m$ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 by ! late ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 by ,pr(essor ,williamson & m rec5tly by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 & a comp>ison ( ! results ?us obta9$ ) :at is kn[n ( ! surface fauna1 h br\ght to light ! rem>kable fact1 t :ile ! surface & ! %all[s ab\nd ) ,=am9if]a & o!r calc>e\s %ell$ organisms1 ! indications ( life become scanty at dep?s beyond #ejj or #fjj fa?oms1 :ile almo/ all traces ( x disappe> at great] dep?s1 & at #a1jjj to #b1jjj fa?oms ! bottom is cov]$ ) a f9e clay4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has discuss$ ! significance ( ?is rem>kable fact1 & he is dispos$ to attribute ! abs5ce ( life at great dep?s1 p>tly to ! abs5ce ( any circulation ( ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean at su* dep?s1 & p>tly to ! exhau/ion ( ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] by ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! f9e clay1 :i* he conceives to be =m$ by ! f9e/ p>ticles ( ! mud br\ght d[n by ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! explanation ?us (f]$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! f9e mud1 & ( ! abs5ce ( organisms :i* ord9>ily live at ! bottom1 does n acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ! skeletons ( ! organisms :i* und\bt$ly ab\nd at ! surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & x w\ld seem to h no application to ! rem>kable fact discov]$ by ! ,*all5g]1 t 9 ! op5 ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 9 ! mid/ ( ! great int]m$iate zone1 & ?\s&s ( miles away f ! emb\*ure ( any riv]1 ! sea-bottom1 at dep?s approa*+ to & beyond #c1jjj fa?oms1 no long] consi/s ( ,globig]9a ooze1 b ( an excessively f9e r$ clay4 ,pr(essor ,?omson gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is capital discov]y3-- ,accord+ to our pres5t exp]i5ce1 ! deposit ( ,globig]9a ooze is limit$ to wat] ( a c]ta9 dep?1 ! extreme limit ( ! pure *>act]i/ic =mation be+ plac$ at a dep? ( some:]e ab\t #b1bej fa?oms4 ,cross+ f ^! %all[] regions occupi$ by ! ooze into deep] s\nd+s1 we f9d1 univ]sally1 t ! calc>e\s =mation gradually passes into1 & is f9ally replac$ by1 an extremely f9e pure clay1 :i* occupies1 speak+ g5]ally1 all dep?s bel[ #b1ejj fa?oms1 & consi/s almo/ entirely ( a silicate ( ! r$ oxide ( iron & alum9a4 ,! transition is v sl[1 & ext5ds ov] sev]al hundr$ fa?oms ( increas+ dep?2 ! %ells gradually lose _! %>pness ( outl9e1 & assume a k9d ( 'rott5' look & a br[ni% col\r1 & become m & m mix$ ) a f9e amorph\s r$-br[n p[d]1 :i* increases /eadily 9 proportion until ! lime has almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,?is br[n matt] is 9 ! f9e/ possible /ate ( subdivision1 s f9e t :51 aft] sift+ x to sep>ate any organisms x might conta91 we put x into j>s to settle1 x rema9$ = days 9 susp5sion1 giv+ ! wat] v mu* ! appe>ance & col\r ( *ocolate4 ,9 indicat+ ! nature ( ! bottom on ! *>ts1 we came1 f exp]i5ce & )\t any !oretical consid]ations1 to use ?ree t]ms = s\nd+s 9 deep wat]4 ,two ( ^!1 ,gl4 oz4 & r4 cl41 7 v def9ite1 & indicat$ /rongly-m>k$ =mations1 ) app>5tly b few *>act]s 9 common2 b we frequ5tly got s\nd+s :i* we c\ld n exactly call ',globig]9a ooze' or 'r$ clay1' & be=e we 7 fully aw>e ( ! nature ( ^!1 we 7 9 ! habit ( indicat+ !m z 'grey ooze' 7gr4 oz47 ,we n[ recognise ! 'grey ooze' z an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! ,globig]9a ooze & ! r$ clay2 we f9d t on "o side1 z x 71 ( an ideal l9e1 ! r$ clay conta9s m & m ( ! mat]ial ( ! calc>e\s ooze1 :ile on ! o!r1 ! ooze is mix$ ) an increas+ proportion ( 'r$ clay4' ,al?\gh we h met ) ! same ph5om5on s frequ5tly1 t we 7 at l5g? able to pr$ict ! nature ( ! bottom f ! dep? ( ! s\nd+s ) absolute c]ta9ty = ! ,atlantic & ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 we _h1 p]haps1 ! be/ opportunity ( obs]v+ x 9 our fir/ section across ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,t5]iffe & ,/4 ,?omas4 ,! fir/ f\r /ations on ?is section1 at dep?s f #a1ebe to #b1bbj fa?oms1 %[ ,globig]9a ooze4 ,f ! la/ ( ^!1 :i* is ab\t #cjj miles f ,t5]iffe1 ! dep? gradually increases to #b1gdj fa?oms at #ejj1 & #b1iej fa?oms at #gej miles f ,t5]iffe4 ,! bottom 9 ^! two s\nd+s might h be5 call$ 'grey ooze1' = al?\gh its nature has alt]$ entirely f ! ,globig]9a ooze1 ! r$ clay into :i* x is rapidly pass+ /ill conta9s a consid]able admixture ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! dep? goes on increas+ to a di/ance ( #a1aej miles f ,t5]iffe1 :5 x rea*es #c1aej fa?oms2 !re ! clay is pure & smoo?1 & conta9s sc>cely a trace ( lime4 ,f ?is great dep? ! bottom gradually rises1 &1 ) decreas+ dep?1 ! grey col\r & ! calc>e\s composition ( ! ooze return4 ,?ree s\nd+s 9 #b1jej1 #a1ijj1 & #a1iej fa?oms on ! ',dolph9 ,rise' gave highly *>act]i/ic examples ( ! ,globig]9a =mation4 ,pass+ f ! middle plateau ( ! ,atlantic into ! we/]n tr\gh1 ) dep?s a little ov] #c1jjj fa?oms1 ! r$ clay return$ 9 all its purity2 & our la/ s\nd+1 9 #a1dbj fa?oms1 be=e rea*+ ,sombr]o1 re/or$ ! ,globig]9a ooze ) its peculi> associat$ fauna4 ,?is section %[s also ! wide ext5sion & ! va/ geological importance ( ! r$ clay =mation4 ,! total di/ance f ,t5]iffe to ,sombr]o is ab\t #b1gjj miles4 ,proce$+ f ea/ to we/1 we h-- ,ab\t #hj miles ( volcanic mud & s&1 #cej ,globig]9a ooze1 #a1jej r$ clay1 #ccj ,globig]9a ooze1 #hej r$ clay1 #dj ,globig]9a ooze2 giv+ a total ( #a1ijj miles ( r$ clay to #gbj miles ( ,globig]9a ooze4 ,! nature & orig9 ( ?is va/ deposit ( clay is a "q ( ! v greate/ int]e/2 & al?\gh ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t x is 9 ! ma9 solv$1 yet "s matt]s ( detail are /ill involv$ 9 difficulty4 ,my fir/ impression 0 t x might be ! mo/ m9utely divid$ mat]ial1 ! ultimate s$im5t produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( ! l&1 by riv]s & by ! action ( ! sea on expos$ coa/s1 & held 9 susp5sion & di/ribut$ by ocean curr5ts1 & only mak+ itself manife/ 9 places unoccupi$ by ! ,globig]9a ooze4 ,sev]al circum/ances seem$1 h[ev]1 to negative ?is mode ( orig94 ,! =mation seem$ too uni=m3 :]ev] we met ) x1 x _h ! same "*1 & x only v>i$ 9 composition 9 conta9+ less or m c>bonate ( lime4 ,aga91 ! 7 gradually becom+ m & m conv9c$ t all ! important elem5ts ( ! ,globig]9a ooze liv$ on ! surface1 & x seem$ evid5t t1 s long z ! condition on ! surface rema9$ ! same1 no alt]ation ( cont\r at ! bottom c\ld possibly prev5t its accumulation2 & ! surface conditions 9 ! ,mid-,atlantic 7 v uni=m1 a mod]ate curr5t ( a v equal temp]ature pass+ cont9u\sly ov] elevations & depressions1 & ev]y:]e yield+ to ! t[-net ! ooze-=m+ ,=am9if]a 9 ! same proportion4 ,! ,mid-,atlantic sw>ms ) pelagic ,mollusca1 &1 9 mod]ate dep?s1 ! %ells ( ^! are con/antly mix$ ) ! ,globig]9a ooze1 sometimes 9 numb] suffici5t to make up a consid]able portion ( its bulk4 ,x is cle> t ^! %ells mu/ fall 9 equal numb]s ^u ! r$ clay1 b sc>cely a trace ( "o ( !m is ev] br\ght up by ! dr$ge on ! r$ clay area4 ,x might be possible to expla9 ! abs5ce ( %ell-secret+ animals liv+ on ! bottom1 on ! supposition t ! nature ( ! deposit 0 injuri\s to !m2 b !n ! idea ( a curr5t suffici5tly /rong to sweep !m away is negativ$ by ! extreme f95ess ( ! s$im5t :i* is be+ laid d[n2 ! abs5ce ( surface %ells appe>s to be intelligible only on ! supposition t !y are 9 "s way remov$4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! 'r$ clay' is n an additional sub/ance introduc$ f )\t1 & occupy+ c]ta9 depress$ regions on acc\nt ( "s law regulat+ its deposition1 b t x is produc$ by ! removal1 by "s means or o!r1 ov] ^! areas1 ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* =ms probably ab\t #ih p] c5t4 ( ! mat]ial ( ! ,globig]9a ooze4 ,we c trace1 inde$1 e successive /age 9 ! removal ( ! c>bonate ( lime 9 desc5d+ ! slope ( ! ridge or plateau :]e ! ,globig]9a ooze is =m+1 to ! region ( ! clay4 ,we f9d1 fir/1 t ! %ells ( pt]opods & o!r surface ,mollusca :i* are con/antly fall+ on ! bottom1 are abs5t1 or1 if a few rema91 !y are brittle & yell[1 & evid5tly decay+ rapidly4 ,^! %ells ( ,mollusca decompose m easily & disappe> soon] ?an ! small]1 & app>5tly m delicate1 %ells ( rhizopods4 ,! small] ,=am9if]a n[ give way1 & are f\nd 9 less5+ proportion to ! l>g]2 ! coccoli?s fir/ lose _! ?9 out] bord] & !n disappe>2 & ! clubs ( ! rhabdoli?s get worn out ( %ape1 & are la/ se51 "u a high p[]1 z inf9itely m9ute cyl9d]s scatt]$ ov] ! field4 ,! l>g] ,=am9if]a are attack$1 & in/ead ( be+ vividly :ite & delicately sculptur$1 !y become br[n & worn1 & f9ally !y break up1 ea* accord+ to its fa%ion2 ! *amb]-walls ( ,globig]9a fall into w$ge-%ap$ pieces1 :i* quickly disappe>1 & a ?ick r\gh cru/ breaks away f ! surface ( ,orbul9a1 leav+ a ?9 inn] sph]e1 at fir/ beautifully transp>5t1 b soon becom+ opaque & crumbl+ away4 ,9 ! meantime ! proportion ( ! amorph\s 'r$ clay' to ! calc>e\s elem5ts ( all k9ds increases1 until ! latt] disappe>1 ) ! exception ( a few scatt]$ %ells ( ! l>g] ,=am9if]a1 :i* are /ill f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic samples ( ! 'r$ clay4' ,!re seems to be no room left = d\bt t ! r$ clay is ess5tially ! insoluble residue1 ! a%1 z x 71 ( ! calc>e\s organisms :i* =m ! ,globig]9a ooze1 aft] ! calc>e\s matt] has be5 by "s means remov$4 ,an ord9>y mixture ( calc>e\s ,=am9if]a ) ! %ells ( pt]opods1 =m+ a fair sample ( ,globig]9a ooze f ne> ,/4 ,?omas1 0 c>efully wa%$1 & subject$ by ,mr4 ,bu*anan to ! action ( weak acid2 & he f\nd t !re rema9$ aft] ! c>bonate ( lime _h be5 remov$1 ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( a r$di% mud1 consi/+ ( silica1 alum9a1 & ! r$ oxide ( iron4 ,?is exp]im5t has be5 frequ5tly repeat$ ) diff]5t samples ( ,globig]9a ooze1 & always ) ! result t a small proportion ( a r$ s$im5t rema9s1 :i* possesses all ! *>act]s ( ! r$ clay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems evid5t f ! obs]vations "h record$1 t clay1 :i* we h hi!rto look$ ^u z ess5tially ! product ( ! dis9tegration ( old] rocks1 may be1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 an organic =mation l *alk2 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 an area on ! surface ( ! globe1 :i* we h %[n to be ( va/ ext5t1 al?\gh we are /ill f> f hav+ asc]ta9$ its limits1 is be+ cov]$ by su* a deposit at ! pres5t day4 ,x is impossible to avoid associat+ su* a =mation ) ! f9e1 smoo?1 homog5e\s clays & s*i/s1 poor 9 fossils1 b %[+ worm- tubes & tracks1 & bun*es ( d\btful bran*+ ?+s1 su* z ,oldhamia1 silici\s sponges1 & ?9-%ell$ peculi> %rimps4 ,su* =mations1 m or less metamorphos$1 are v famili>1 especially to ! /ud5t ( palaeozoic geology1 & !y (t5 atta9 a va/ ?ickness4 ,"o is incl9$1 f ! great resemblance betwe5 !m 9 composition & 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! includ$ fauna1 to suspect t ^! may be organic =mations1 l ! mod]n r$ clay ( ! ,atlantic & ,s\!rn ,sea1 accumulations ( ! insoluble a%es ( %ell$ creatures4 ,! dr$g+ 9 ! r$ clay on ! #ac? ( ,m>* 0 usually ri*4 ,! bag conta9$ examples1 ^? ) calc>e\s %ells r /unt$1 ( mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ic deep-wat] gr\ps ( ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 includ+ ,umbellul>ia1 ,euplectella1 ,pt]ocr9us1 ,bris+a1 ,ophioglypha1 ,p\rtalesia1 & "o or two ,mollusca4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 v r>ely ! case4 ,g5]ally ! r$ clay is b>r51 or conta9s only a v small numb] ( =ms4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t x is v difficult1 at pres5t1 to frame any satisfactory explanation ( ! mode ( orig9 ( ?is s+ul> deposit ( r$ clay4 ,i _c say t ! !ory put =w>d t5tatively1 & ) mu* res]vation by ,pr(essor ,?omson1 t ! calc>e\s matt] is dissolv$ out by ! relatively fre% wat] ( ! deep curr5ts f ! ,ant>ctic regions1 appe>s satisfactory to me4 ,nor d ,i see my way to ! acceptance ( ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 t ! r$ clay is ! result ( ! decomposition ( previ\sly-=m$ gre5s&4 ,at pres5t !re is no evid5ce t gre5s& ca/s are ev] =m$ at great dep?s2 nor has x be5 prov$ t ,glauconite is decomposable by ! ag5cy ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,i ?9k x probable t we %all h to wait "s "t = a suffici5t explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! abyssal r$ clay1 no less ?an = t ( ! sublittoral gre5s& 9 ! int]m$iate zone4 ,b ! importance ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fact t ^! v>i\s deposits are be+ =m$ 9 ! ocean1 at ! pres5t day1 rema9s ! same2 :e!r its rationale be und]/ood or n4 ,=1 suppose ! globe to be ev5ly cov]$ ) sea1 to a dep? say ( a ?\s& fa?oms--!n1 :atev] might be ! m9]al matt] compos+ ! sea-bottom1 little or no deposit w\ld be =m$ ^u x1 ! abrad+ & d5ud+ action ( wat]1 at su* a dep?1 be+ exce$+ly slight4 ,next1 imag9e sponges1 ,radiol>ia1 ,=am9if]a1 & diatomace\s plants1 su* z ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ! deep-sea1 to be introduc$3 !y w\ld be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! same laws z at pres5t1 ! sponges 7& possibly "s ( ! ,=am9if]a71 cov]+ ! bottom1 :ile o!r ,=am9if]a1 ) ! ,radiol>ia & ,diatomacea1 w\ld increase & multiply 9 ! surface wat]s4 ,9 accordance ) ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 ! ,radiol>ia & ,diatoms w\ld h a univ]sal di/ribution1 ! latt] ga!r+ mo/ ?ickly 9 ! pol> regions1 :ile ! ,=am9if]a w\ld be l>gely1 if n exclusively1 conf9$ to ! int]m$iate zone2 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is di/ribution1 a b$ ( *alk w\ld beg9 to =m 9 ! int]m$iate zone1 :ile caps ( silici\s rock w\ld accumulate on ! circumpol> regions4 ,suppose1 fur!r1 t a "p ( ! int]m$iate area 7 rais$ to )9 two or ?ree hundr$ fa?oms ( ! surface--= any?+ t we "k to ! contr>y1 ! *ange ( level might det]m9e ! sub/itution ( gre5s& = ! *alk2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if "p ( ! same area 7 depress$ to ?ree ?\s& fa?oms1 t *ange might det]m9e ! sub/itution ( a diff]5t silicate ( alum9a & iron--namely1 clay--= ! *alk t w\ld o!rwise be =m$4 ,if ! ,*all5g] hypo!sis1 t ! r$ clay is ! residue left by dissolv$ ,=am9if]\s skeletons1 is correct1 !n all ^! deposits alike w\ld be directly1 or indirectly1 ! product ( liv+ organisms4 ,b j z a silici\s deposit may be metamorphos$ into opal or qu>tzite1 & *alk into m>ble1 s kn[n metamorphic ag5cies may metamorphose clay into s*i/1 clay-slate1 slate1 gneiss1 or ev5 granite4 ,& ?us1 by ! ag5cy ( ! l[e/ & simple/ ( organisms1 our imag9>y globe might be cov]$ ) /rata1 ( all ! *ief k9ds ( rock ( :i* ! kn[n cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$1 ( indef9ite ?ickness & ext5t4 ,! be>+ ( ! conclusions :i* are n[ ei!r e/abli%$1 or highly probable1 respect+ ! orig9 ( silici\s1 calc>e\s1 & clayey rocks1 & _! metamorphic d]ivatives1 ^u ! ar*aeology ( ! e>?1 ! elucidation ( :i* is ! ultimate object ( ! geologi/1 is ( no small importance4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! s+ul> insight ( ,l9naeus enabl$ him to say t fossils are n ! *ildr5 b ! p>5ts ( rocks1#i & ! :ole effect ( ! discov]ies made s9ce 8 "t has be5 to compile a l>g] & l>g] comm5t>y ^u ?is text4 ,x is1 at pres5t1 a p]fectly t5able hypo!sis t all silice\s & calc>e\s rocks are ei!r directly1 or indirectly1 d]iv$ f mat]ial :i* has1 at "o "t or o!r1 =m$ "p ( ! organiz$ framework ( liv+ organisms4 ,:e!r ! same g5]alization may be ext5d$ to alum9\s rocks1 dep5ds ^u ! conclusion to be drawn f ! facts respect+ ! r$ clay areas br\ght to light by ! ,*all5g]4 ,if we accept ! view tak5 by ,wyville ,?omson & 8 colleagues--t ! r$ clay is ! residuum left aft] ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! ,globig]9oe ooze has be5 dissolv$ away--!n clay is z mu* a product ( life z lime/one1 & all kn[n d]ivatives ( clay may h =m$ "p ( animal bodies4 ,footnote #i3 ,petrificata montium calc>iorum non filii s$ p>5tes sunt1 cum omnis calx oriatur ab animalibus4--,sy/ema ,naturae1 ,ed4 xii41 t4 iii41 p4 #aed4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t ,l9naeus includ$ silex1 z well z lime/one1 "u ! "n ( calx1 & t he w\ld probably h arrang$ ,diatoms among animals1 z "p ( *aos4 ,ehr5b]g quotes ano!r ev5 m pi?y passage1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to f9d 9 any edition ( ! ,sy/ema accessible to me3 ,sic lapides ab animalibus1 nec vice v]sa4 ,sic runes saxei non primaevi1 s$ temporis filiae4 ,s long z ! ,globig]9oe21 actually collect$ at ! surface1 h n be5 demon/rat$ to conta9 ! elem5ts ( clay1 ! ,*all5g] hypo!sis1 z ,i may t]m x1 mu/ be accept$ ) res]ve & provisionally1 b1 at pres5t1 ,i _c b ?9k t x is m probable ?an any o!r sugge/ion :i* has be5 made4 ,accept+ x provisionally1 we arrive at ! rem>kable result t all ! *ief kn[n con/itu5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? may h =m$ "p ( liv+ bodies2 t !y may be ! a% ( protoplasm2 t ! rupes saxei are n only temporis1 b vitae filiae2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! "t dur+ :i* life has be5 active on ! globe may be indef9itely great] ?an ! p]iod1 ! comm5cem5t ( :i* is m>k$ by ! olde/ kn[n rocks1 :e!r fossilif]\s or unfossilif]\s4 ,& ?us we are l$ to see :]e ! solution ( a great problem & app>5t p>adox ( geology may lie4 ,satisfactory evid5ce n[ exi/s t "s animals 9 ! exi/+ _w h be5 d]iv$ by a process ( gradual modification f pre-exi/+ =ms4 ,x is und5iable1 = example1 t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! d]ivation ( ! horse f ! lat] t]ti>y ,hipp>ion1 & t ( ! ,hipp>ion f ,an*i!rium1 is z complete & cog5t z su* evid5ce c reasonably be expect$ to be2 & ! fur!r inve/igations into ! hi/ory ( ! t]ti>y mammalia are pu%$1 ! great] is ! accumulation ( evid5ce hav+ ! same t5d5cy4 ,s f> f palaeontology l5d+ no support to ! doctr9e ( evolution--z "o sees con/antly ass]t$--t doctr9e1 if x _h no o!r support1 w\ld h be5 irresi/ibly =c$ ^u u by ! palaeontological discov]ies ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! div]se =ms ( life :i* n[ exi/ h be5 produc$ by ! modification ( previ\sly-exi/+ less div]g5t =ms1 ! rec5t & ext9ct species1 tak5 z a :ole1 mu/ fall into s]ies :i* mu/ conv]ge z we g back 9 "t4 ,h5ce1 if ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! rocks is great] ?an1 or co-ext5sive )1 t dur+ :i* life has exi/$1 we ought1 some:]e among ! anci5t =mations1 to arrive at ! po9t to :i* all ^! s]ies conv]ge1 or f :i*1 9 o!r words1 !y h div]g$--! primitive undiff]5tiat$ protoplasmic liv+ ?+s1 :5ce ! two great s]ies ( plants & animals h tak5 _! dep>ture4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! am\nt ( conv]g5ce ( s]ies1 9 relation to ! "t occupi$ by ! deposition ( geological =mations1 is extraord9>ily small4 ,( all animals ! high] ,v]tebrata are ! mo/ complex2 & among ^! ! c>nivores & ho($ animals 7,ungulata7 are highly diff]5tiat$4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ! diff]5t l9es ( modification ( ! ,c>nivora & ^? ( ! ,ungulata1 respectively1 approa* "o ano!r1 &1 al?\gh ea* gr\p is repres5t$ by less diff]5tiat$ =ms 9 ! old] t]ti>y rocks ?an at ! pres5t day1 ! olde/ t]ti>y rocks d n br+ u ne> ! primitive =m ( ei!r4 ,if1 9 ! same way1 ! conv]g5ce ( ! v>i$ =ms ( reptiles is measur$ aga9/ ! "t dur+ :i* _! rema9s are pres]v$--:i* is repres5t$ by ! :ole ( ! t]ti>y & mesozoic =mations--! am\nt ( t conv]g5ce is f> small] ?an t ( ! l9es ( mammals betwe5 ! pres5t "t & ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y epo*4 ,& x is a broad fact t1 ! l[] we g 9 ! scale ( organization1 ! few] signs are !re ( conv]g5ce t[>ds ! primitive =m f :5ce all mu/ h div]g$1 if evolution be a fact4 ,nev]!less1 t x is a fact 9 "s cases1 is prov$1 & ,i1 = "o1 h n ! c\rage to suppose t ! mode 9 :i* "s species h tak5 _! orig9 is diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! re/ h orig9at$4 ,:at1 !n1 has become ( all ! m>9e animals :i*1 on ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 mu/ h exi/$ 9 myriads 9 ^? seas1 :]e9 ! _m ?\s& feet ( ,cambrian & ,laur5tian rocks n[ devoid1 or almo/ devoid1 ( any trace ( life 7 deposit$8 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell long ago sugge/$ t ! azoic "* ( ^! anci5t =mations might be due to ! fact t !y _h und]gone ext5sive metamorphosis2 & read]s ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology w be famili> ) ! +5i\s mann] 9 :i* he contra/s ! !ory ( ! ,gnome1 :o is acqua9t$ only ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ) ^? ( ord9>y philosoph]s1 :o "k only its ext]ior4 ,! metamorphism contemplat$ by ! great mod]n *ampion ( rational geology is1 ma9ly1 t br\ght ab\t by ! exposure ( rocks to subt]ranean heat2 & :]e no su* heat c\ld be %[n to h op]at$1 8 oppon5ts assum$ t no metamorphosis c\ld h tak5 place4 ,b ! =mation ( gre5s&1 & /ill m t ( ! r$ clay 7if ! ,*all5g] hypo!sis be correct7 af=ds an insight into a new k9d ( metamorphosis--n igne\s1 b aque\s--by :i* ! primitive nature ( a deposit may be mask$ z completely z x c be by ! ag5cy ( heat4 ,&1 z ,wyville ,?omson sugge/s1 9 ! passage ,i h quot$ above 7p4 #ag71 x fur!r enables u to assign a new cause = ! occurr5ce1 s puzzl+ hi!rto1 ( ?\s&s ( feet ( unfossilif]\s f9e-gra9$ s*i/s & slates1 9 ! mid/ ( =mations deposit$ 9 seas :i* c]ta9ly ab\nd$ 9 life4 ,if ! great deposit ( r$ clay n[ =m+ 9 ! ea/]n valley ( ! ,atlantic 7 metamorphos$ into slate & !n upheav$1 x w\ld con/itute an azoic rock ( enorm\s ext5t4 ,& yet t rock is n[ =m+ 9 ! mid/ ( a sea :i* sw>ms ) liv+ be+s1 ! great majority ( :i* are provid$ ) calc>e\s or silici\s %ells & skeletons2 &1 !re=e1 are su* z1 up to ?is "t1 we %\ld h t]m$ em95tly pres]vable4 ,?us ! discov]ies made by ! ,*all5g] exp$ition1 l all rec5t advances 9 our k ( ! ph5om5a ( biology1 or ( ! *anges n[ be+ effect$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 are 9 accordance ) & l5d /rong support to1 t doctr9e ( ,uni=mit>ianism1 :i*1 fifty ye>s ago1 0 held only by a small m9ority ( ,engli% geologi/s--,lyell1 ,scrope1 & ,de la ,be*e--b n[1 ?anks to ! long-cont9u$ lab\rs ( ! fir/ two1 & ma9ly to ^? ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 has gradually pass$ f ! position ( a h]esy to t ( ca?olic doctr9e4 ,appli$ )9 ! limits ( ! "t regi/]$ by ! kn[n fraction ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 ,i believe t uni=mit>ianism is unassailable4 ,! evid5ce t1 9 ! enorm\s lapse ( "t betwe5 ! deposition ( ! l[e/ ,laur5tian /rata & ! pres5t day1 ! =ces :i* h modifi$ ! surface ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 7 diff]5t 9 k9d1 or great] 9 ! int5sity ( _! action1 ?an ^? :i* are n[ occupi$ 9 ! same "w1 has yet to be produc$4 ,su* evid5ce z we possess all t5ds 9 ! contr>y direction1 & is 9 fav\r ( ! same sl[ & gradual *anges occurr+ !n z n[4 ,b ?is conclusion 9 n[ise conflicts ) ! d$uctions ( ! physici/ f 8 no less cle> & c]ta9 data4 ,x may be c]ta9 t ?is globe has cool$ d[n f a condition 9 :i* life c\ld n h exi/$2 x may be c]ta9 t1 9 s cool+1 its contract+ cru/ mu/ h und]gone sudd5 convulsions1 :i* 7 to our e>?quakes z an e>?quake is to ! vibration caus$ by ! p]iodical eruption ( a ,geys]2 b 9 t case1 ! e>? mu/1 l o!r respectable p>5ts1 h s[$ h] wild oats1 & got ?r\gh h] turbul5t y\?1 be=e we1 h] *ildr51 h any k ( h]4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>? goes1 ! mod]n geologi/ c1 ex animo1 repeat ! say+ ( ,hutton1 ,we f9d no ve/ige ( a beg9n+--no prospect ( an end4 ,h[ev]1 he w add1 ) ,hutton1 ,b 9 ?us trac+ back ! natural op]ations :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r1 & m>k to u ! c\rse ( "t pa/1 we come to a p]iod 9 :i* we _c see any fur!r4 ,& if he seek to pe] into ! d>kness ( ?is p]iod1 he w welcome ! light pr(f]$ by physics & ma!matics4 ,,iv ,,yea/ #ahga ,x has be5 kn[n1 f "t immemorial1 t ! sweet liquids :i* may be obta9$ by express+ ! juices ( ! fruits & /ems ( v>i\s plants1 or by /eep+ malt$ b>ley 9 hot wat]1 or by mix+ honey ) wat]--are liable to und]go a s]ies ( v s+ul> *anges1 if freely expos$ to ! air & left to !mselves1 9 w>m wea!r4 ,h[ev] cle> & pellucid ! liquid may h be5 :5 fir/ prep>$1 h[ev] c>efully x may h be5 fre$1 by /ra9+ & filtration1 f ev5 ! f9e/ visible impurities1 x w n rema9 cle>4 ,aft] a "t x w become cl\dy & turbid2 little bubbles w be se5 ris+ to ! surface1 & _! abundance w increase until ! liquid hisses z if x 7 simm]+ on ! fire4 ,by degrees1 "s ( ! solid p>ticles :i* produce ! turbidity ( ! liquid collect at its surface into a scum1 :i* is bl[n up by ! em]g+ air-bubbles into a ?ick1 foamy fro?4 ,ano!r moiety s9ks to ! bottom1 & accumulates z a muddy s$im5t1 or lees4 ,:5 ?is action has cont9u$1 ) m or less viol5ce1 = a c]ta9 "t1 x gradually mod]ates4 ,! evolution ( bubbles slack5s1 & f9ally comes to an end2 scum & lees alike settle at ! bottom1 & ! fluid is once m cle> & transp>5t4 ,b x has acquir$ prop]ties ( :i* no trace exi/$ 9 ! orig9al liquid4 ,in/ead ( be+ a m]e sweet fluid1 ma9ly compos$ ( sug> & wat]1 ! sug> has m or less completely disappe>$2 & x has acquir$ t peculi> smell & ta/e :i* we call spiritu\s4 ,in/ead ( be+ devoid ( any obvi\s effect ^u ! animal economy1 x has become possess$ ( a v wond]ful influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em2 s t 9 small doses x exhil>ates1 :ile 9 l>g] x /upefies1 & may ev5 de/roy life4 ,moreov]1 if ! orig9al fluid is put into a /ill1 & heat$ mod]ately1 ! fir/ & la/ product ( its di/illation is simple wat]2 :ile1 :5 ! alt]$ fluid is subject$ to ! same process1 ! matt] :i* is fir/ cond5s$ 9 ! receiv] is f\nd to be a cle>1 volatile sub/ance1 :i* is light] ?an wat]1 has a pung5t ta/e & smell1 possesses ! intoxicat+ p[]s ( ! fluid 9 an em95t degree1 & takes fire ! mom5t x is br\ght 9 contact ) a flame4 ,! ,al*emi/s call$ ?is volatile liquid1 :i* !y obta9$ f w9e1 spirits ( w9e1 j z !y call$ hydro*loric acid spirits ( salt1 & z we1 to ?is day1 call ref9$ turp5t9e spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,z ! spiritus1 or brea?1 ( a man 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ ref9$ & subtle "p ( him1 ! intellig5t ess5ce ( man 0 also conceiv$ z a sort ( brea?1 or _s2 &1 by analogy1 ! mo/ ref9$ ess5ce ( any?+ 0 call$ its _s4 ,& ?us x has come ab\t t we use ! same ^w = ! s\l ( man & = a glass ( g94 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 we ev5 m commonly use ano!r "n = ?is peculi> liquid--namely1 alcohol1 & its orig9 is n less s+ul>4 ,! ,dut* physician1 ,van ,helmont1 liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--9 ! transition p]iod betwe5 al*emy & *emi/ry--& 0 r m al*emi/ ?an *emi/4 ,app5d$ to 8 ,op]a ,omnia1 publi%$ 9 #agjg1 !re is a v ne$ful ,clavis ad obscuriorum s5sum ref]5dum1 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs4-- ,,alcohol4--,*ymicis e/ liquor aut pulvis summ subtilisatus1 vocabulo ,ori5talibus quoque1 cum primis ,habess9is1 famili>i1 quibus cohol speciatim pulv]em impalpabilem ex antimonio pro oculis t+5dis d5otat 444 ,hodie autem1 ob analogiam1 quivis pulvis t5]ior ut pulvis oculorum cancri summ subtilisatus alcohol audit1 haud alit] ac spiritus rectificatissimi alcolisati dicuntur4 ,simil>ly1 ,rob]t ,boyle speaks ( a f9e p[d] z alcohol2 &1 s late z ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,engli% lexicograph]1 ,na?an ,bailey1 def9es alcohol z ! pure sub/ance ( any?+ sep>at$ f ! m gross1 a v f9e & impalpable p[d]1 or a v pure1 well-rectifi$ _s4 ,b1 by ! "t ( ! publication ( ,lavoisi]'s ,trait ,elm5taire de ,*imie1 9 #aghi1 ! t]m alcohol1 alkohol1 or alkool 7= x is spelt 9 all ?ree ways71 :i* ,van ,helmont _h appli$ prim>ily to a f9e p[d]1 & only second>ily to spirits ( w9e1 _h lo/ its prim>y mean+ altoge!r2 &1 f ! end ( ! la/ c5tury until n[1 x has1 ,i believe1 be5 us$ exclusively z ! d5otation ( spirits ( w9e1 & bodies *emically alli$ to t sub/ance4 ,! process :i* gives rise to alcohol 9 a sac*>9e fluid is kn[n tones z f]m5tation2 a t]m bas$ ^u ! app>5t boil+ up or eff]vesc5ce ( ! f]m5t+ liquid1 & ( ,lat9 orig94 ,our ,teutonic c\s9s call ! same process ghr51 gs51 gs*51 & gis*52 b1 oddly en\gh1 we d n seem to h reta9$ _! v]b or _! sub/antive d5ot+ ! action itself1 ?\gh we d use names id5tical )1 or pla9ly d]iv$ f1 !irs = ! scum & lees4 ,^! are call$1 9 ,l[ ,g]man1 gs*t & gis*t2 9 ,anglo- ,saxon1 ge/1 gi/1 & y/1 :5ce our yea/4 ,aga91 9 ,l[ ,g]man & 9 ,anglo-,saxon !re is ano!r "n = yea/1 hav+ ! =m b>m1 or beorm2 &1 9 ! ,midl& ,c\nties1 b>m is ! "n by :i* yea/ is /ill be/ kn[n4 ,9 ,high ,g]man1 !re is a ?ird "n = yea/1 hefe1 :i* is n repres5t$ 9 ,engli%1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,all ^! words are said by philolog]s to be d]iv$ f roots expressive ( ! inte/9e motion ( a f]m5t+ sub/ance4 ,?us hefe is d]iv$ f heb51 to raise2 b>m f b]5 or br51 to be> up2 yea/1 y/1 & gi/1 h all to d ) see?+ & foam1 ) yea/y waves1 & gu/y breezes4 ,! same ref]5ce to ! swell+ up ( ! f]m5t+ sub/ance is se5 9 ! ,gallo-,lat9 t]ms levure & leav54 ,x is highly cr$itable to ! +5uity ( our ance/ors t ! peculi> prop]ty ( f]m5t$ liquids1 9 virtue ( :i* !y make glad ! he>t ( man1 seems to h be5 kn[n 9 ! remote/ p]iods ( :i* we h any record4 ,all savages take to alcoholic fluids z if !y 7 to ! mann] born4 ,our ,v$ic =efa!rs intoxicat$ !mselves ) ! juice ( ! soma2 ,noah1 by a n unnatural reaction aga9/ a sup]fluity ( wat]1 appe>s to h tak5 ! e>lie/ practicable opportunity ( qualify+ t :i* he 0 oblig$ to dr9k2 & ! gho/s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 solac$ by pictures ( banquets 9 :i* ! w9e-cup passes r\nd1 grav5 on ! walls ( _! tombs4 ,a k ( ! process ( f]m5tation1 !re=e1 0 9 all probability possess$ by ! prehi/oric populations ( ! globe2 & x mu/ h become a matt] ( great int]e/ ev5 to primaeval w9e-bibb]s to /udy ! me?ods by :i* f]m5t$ liquids c\ld be surely manufactur$4 ,no d\bt x 0 soon discov]$ t ! mo/ c]ta91 z well z ! mo/ exp$iti\s1 way ( mak+ a sweet juice f]m5t 0 to add to x a little ( ! scum1 or lees1 ( ano!r f]m5t+ juice4 ,& x c h>dly be que/ion$ t ?is s+ul> excitation ( f]m5tation 9 "o fluid1 by a sort ( infection1 or inoculation1 ( a little f]m5t tak5 f "s o!r fluid1 toge!r ) ! /range swell+1 foam+1 & hiss+ ( ! f]m5t$ sub/ance1 mu/ h always attract$ att5tion f ! m ?\ghtful4 ,nev]!less1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! sci5tific analysis ( ! ph5om5a dates f a p]iod n e>li] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t1 ,van ,helmont made a fir/ /ep1 by po9t+ out t ! peculi> hiss+ & bubbl+ ( a f]m5t$ liquid is due1 n to ! evolution ( common air 7:i* he1 z ! inv5tor ( ! t]m gas1 calls gas v5tosum71 b to t ( a peculi> k9d ( air su* z is occasionally met ) 9 caves1 m9es1 & wells1 & :i* he calls gas sylve/re4 ,b a c5tury elaps$ be=e ! nature ( ?is gas sylve/re1 or1 z x 0 aft]w>ds call$1 fix$ air1 0 cle>ly det]m9$1 & x 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) t deadly *oke-damp by :i* ! lives ( ^? :o desc5d into old wells1 or m9es1 or brew]s' vats1 are sometimes sudd5ly end$2 & ) ! poison\s ari=m fluid :i* is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 & n[ goes by ! "n ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,dur+ ! same "t x gradually became evid5t t ! pres5ce ( sug> 0 ess5tial to ! production ( alcohol & ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* are ! two great & conspicu\s products ( f]m5tation4 ,& f9ally1 9 #aghg1 ! ,italian *emi/1 ,fabroni1 made ! capital discov]y t ! yea/ f]m5t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is necess>y to f]m5tation1 is :at he t]m$ a vegeto-animal sub/ance2 t is1 a body :i* gives ( ammoniacal salts :5 x is burn$1 & is1 9 o!r ways1 simil> to ! glut5 ( plants & ! album5 & case9 ( animals4 ,^! discov]ies prep>$ ! way = ! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man1 ,lavoisi]1 :o fir/ approa*$ ! problem ( f]m5tation ) a complete conception ( ! nature ( ! "w to be done4 ,! words 9 :i* he expresses ?is conception1 9 ! treatise on elem5t>y *emi/ry to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 m>k ! ye> #aghi z ! comm5cem5t ( a revolution ( n less mom5t 9 ! _w ( sci5ce ?an t :i* simultane\sly bur/ ov] ! political _w1 & soon engulf$ ,lavoisi] himself 9 "o ( its mad eddies4 ,we may lay x d[n z an inconte/able axiom t1 9 all ! op]ations ( art & nature1 no?+ is creat$2 an equal quantity ( matt] exi/s bo? be=e1 & aft] ! exp]im5t3 ! quality & quantity ( ! elem5ts rema9 precisely ! same1 & no?+ takes place beyond *anges & modifications 9 ! comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple ! :ole art ( p]=m+ *emical exp]im5ts dep5ds2 we mu/ always suppose an exact equality betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! body exam9$ & ^? ( ! products ( its analysis4 ,h5ce1 s9ce f mu/ ( grapes we procure alcohol & c>bonic acid1 ,i h an und\bt$ "r to suppose t mu/ consi/s ( c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,f ^! premisses we h two modes ( asc]ta9+ :at passes dur+ v9\s f]m5tation3 ei!r by det]m9+ ! nature (1 & ! elem5ts :i* compose1 ! f]m5table sub/ances2 or by accurately exam9+ ! products result+ f f]m5tation2 & x is evid5t t ! k ( ei!r ( ^! mu/ lead to accurate conclusions conc]n+ ! nature & composition ( ! o!r4 ,f ^! consid]ations x became necess>y accurately to det]m9e ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! f]m5table sub/ances2 & = ?is purpose ,i did n make use ( ! comp\nd juices ( fruits1 ! rigor\s analysis ( :i* is p]haps impossible1 b made *oice ( sug>1 :i* is easily analys$1 & ! nature ( :i* ,i h already expla9$4 ,?is sub/ance is a true vegetable oxyd1 ) two bases1 compos$ ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 br\ght to ! /ate ( an oxyd by means ( a c]ta9 proportion ( oxyg52 & ^! ?ree elem5ts are comb9$ 9 su* a way t a v slight =ce is suffici5t to de/roy ! equilibrium ( _! connection4 ,aft] giv+ ! details ( 8 analysis ( sug> & ( ! products ( f]m5tation1 ,lavoisi] cont9ues3-- ,! effect ( ! v9\s f]m5tation ^u sug> is ?us r$uc$ to ! m]e sep>ation ( its elem5ts into two portions2 "o "p is oxyg5at$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 s z to =m c>bonic acid2 :ile ! o!r "p1 be+ disoxyg5at$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 is conv]t$ into ! combu/ible sub/ance call$ alkohol2 !re=e1 if x 7 possible to re-unite alkohol & c>bonic acid toge!r1 we ought to =m sug>4#a ,footnote #a3 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,m4 ,lavoisi]4 ,translat$ by ,rob]t ,k]r4 ,second ,edition1 #agic 7pp4 #ahf-aif74 ,?us ,lavoisi] ?\ght he _h demon/rat$ t ! c>bonic acid & ! alcohol :i* are produc$ by ! process ( f]m5tation1 are equal 9 weight to ! sug> :i* disappe>s2 b ! application ( ! m ref9$ me?ods ( mod]n *emi/ry to ! inve/igation ( ! products ( f]m5tation by ,pa/eur1 9 #ahfj1 prov$ t ?is is n exactly true1 & t !re is a deficit ( f #e to #g p] c5t ( ! sug> :i* is n cov]$ by ! alcohol & c>bonic acid evolv$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is deficit is acc\nt$ = by ! discov]y ( two sub/ances1 glyc]9e & succ9ic acid1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,lavoisi] 0 unaw>e1 9 ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,b ab\t #a-a_/b p] c5t4 /ill rema9s to be made good4 ,accord+ to ,pa/eur1 x has be5 appropriat$ by ! yea/1 b ! fact t su* appropriation takes place _c be said to be actually prov$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( fully #ih p] c5t4 ( ! sug> :i* has vani%$ dur+ f]m5tation h simply und]gone re>rangem5t2 l ! soldi]s ( a brigade1 :o at ! ^w ( comm& divide !mselves into ! indep5d5t regim5ts to :i* !y belong4 ,! brigade is sug>1 ! regim5ts are c>bonic acid1 succ9ic acid1 alcohol1 & glyc]9e4 ,f ! "t ( ,fabroni1 onw>ds1 x has be5 admitt$ t ! ag5t by :i* ?is surpris+ re>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! sug> is effect$ is ! yea/4 ,b ! fir/ ?or\ghly conclusive evid5ce ( ! necessity ( yea/ = ! f]m5tation ( sug> 0 furni%$ by ,app]t1 ^: me?od ( pres]v+ p]i%able articles ( food excit$ s mu* att5tion 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,gay-,lussac1 9 8 ,mmoire sur la ,f]m5tation1#b alludes to ,app]t's me?od ( pres]v+ be]-wort unf]m5t$ = an indef9ite "t1 by simply boil+ ! wort & clos+ ! vessel 9 :i* ! boil+ fluid is conta9$1 9 su* a way z ?or\ghly to exclude air2 & he %[s t1 if a little yea/ be introduc$ into su* wort1 aft] x has cool$1 ! wort at once beg9s to f]m5t1 ev5 ?\gh e precaution be tak5 to exclude air4 ,& ?is /atem5t has s9ce receiv$ full confirmation f ,pa/eur4 ,footnote #b3 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahaj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*wann1 ,s*ro$] & ,dut*1 & ,pa/eur1 h amply prov$ t air may be all[$ to h free access to be]-wort1 )\t excit+ f]m5tation1 if only effici5t precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! entry ( p>ticles ( yea/ along ) ! air4 ,?us1 ! tru? t ! f]m5tation ( a simple solution ( sug> 9 wat] dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( yea/1 re/s ^u an unassailable f\ndation2 & ! inquiry into ! exact nature ( ! sub/ance :i* possesses su* a wond]ful *emical influ5ce becomes pr(\ndly int]e/+4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! solution ( ?is problem 0 made two c5turies ago by ! pati5t & pa9/ak+ ,dut* naturali/1 ,leeuw5hoek1 :o 9 ! ye> #afhj wrote ?us3-- ,saepissime exam9avi f]mn5tum c]evisiae1 semp]que hoc ex globulis p] mat]iam pellucidam fluitantibus1 qu>m c]evisiam esse c5sui1 con/>e obs]vavi3 vidi etiam evid5tissime1 unumquemque hujus f]m5ti globulum d5uo ex sex di/9ctis globulis con/>e1 accurate eidem quantitate et =mae1 cui globulis sangu9is no/ri1 respond5tibus4 ,v]um talis mihi de horum orig9e et =matione conceptus =mabam2 globulis nempe ex quibus f>9a ,tritici1 ,hordei1 ,av5ae1 ,fagotritici1 se con/at aquae calore dissolvi et aquae commisc]i2 hac1 v]o aqua1 quam c]evisiam voc>e licet1 refrigesc5te1 multos ex m9imis p>ticulis 9 c]evisia coadun>i1 et hoc pacto effic]e p>ticulam sive globulum1 quae sexta p>s e/ globuli faecis1 et it]um sex ex hisce globulis conjungi4#c ,footnote #c3 ,leeuw5hoek1 ,arcana ,naturae ,detecta4 ,ed4 ,nov41 #agba4 ,?us ,leeuw5hoek discov]$ t yea/ consi/s ( globules float+ 9 a fluid2 b he ?\ght t !y 7 m]ely ! />*y p>ticles ( ! gra9 f :i* ! wort 0 made1 re>rang$4 ,he discov]$ ! fact t yea/ _h a def9ite /ructure1 b n ! mean+ ( ! fact4 ,a c5tury & a half elaps$1 & ! inve/igation ( yea/ 0 recomm5c$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,cagni>d de la ,t\r 9 ,france1 & by ,s*wann & ,ktz+ 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,fr5* obs]v] 0 ! fir/ to publi% 8 results2 & ! subject receiv$ at 8 h&s & at ^? ( 8 colleague1 ! botani/ ,turp91 full & satisfactory inve/igation4 ,! ma9 conclusions at :i* !y arriv$ are ^!4 ,! globul>1 or oval1 corpuscles :i* float s ?ickly 9 ! yea/ z to make x muddy1 ?\gh ! l>ge/ are n m ?an "o two-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! smalle/ may measure less ?an "o sev5-?\s&? ( an in*1 are liv+ organisms4 ,!y multiply ) great rapidity by giv+ (f m9ute buds1 :i* soon atta9 ! size ( _! p>5t1 & !n ei!r become deta*$ or rema9 unit$1 =m+ ! comp\nd globules ( :i* ,leeuw5hoek speaks1 ?\gh ! con/ancy ( _! arrangem5t 9 sixes exi/$ only 9 ! wor?y ,dut*man's imag9ation4 ,x 0 v soon made out t ^! yea/ organisms1 to :i* ,turp9 gave ! "n ( ,torula c]evisioe1 7 m ne>ly alli$ to ! l[] ,fungi ?an to any?+ else4 ,inde$ ,turp91 & subsequ5tly ,b]keley & ,h(fmann1 believ$ t !y _h trac$ ! developm5t ( ! ,torula into ! well-kn[n & v common m\ld--! ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,o!r obs]v]s h n succe$$ 9 v]ify+ ^! /atem5ts2 & my own obs]vations lead me to believe1 t :ile ! connection betwe5 ,torula & ! m\lds is a v close "o1 x is ( a diff]5t nature f t :i* has be5 suppos$4 ,i h nev] be5 able to trace ! developm5t ( ,torula into a true m\ld2 b x is q easy to prove t species ( true m\ld1 su* z ,p5icillium1 :5 s[n 9 an appropriate nidus1 su* z a solution ( t>trate ( ammonia & yea/-a%1 9 wat]1 ) or )\t sug>1 give rise to ,toruloe1 simil> 9 all respects to ,t4 c]evisioe1 except t !y are1 on ! av]age1 small]4 ,moreov]1 ,bail has obs]v$ ! developm5t ( a ,torula l>g] ?an ,t4 c]evisioe1 f a ,mucor1 a m\ld alli$ to ,p5icillium4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ,toruloe1 or organisms ( yea/1 are v]itable plants2 & conclusive exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! p[] :i* causes ! re>rangem5t ( ! molecules ( ! sug> is intimately connect$ ) ! life & gr[? ( ! plant4 ,9 fact1 :atev] arre/s ! vital activity ( ! plant also prev5ts x f excit+ f]m5tation4 ,su* be+ ! facts ) reg>d to ! nature ( yea/1 & ! *anges :i* x effects 9 sug>1 h[ are !y to be acc\nt$ =8 ,be=e mod]n *emi/ry _h come into exi/5ce1 ,/ahl1 /umbl+1 ) ! /ride ( g5ius1 ^u ! conception :i* lies at ! bottom ( all mod]n views ( ! process1 put =w>d ! notion t ! f]m5t1 be+ 9 a /ate ( int]nal motion1 communicat$ t motion to ! sug>1 & ?us caus$ its resolution into new sub/ances4 ,& ,lavoisi]1 z we h se51 adopts sub/antially ! same view4 ,b ,fabroni1 full ( ! !n novel conception ( acids & bases & d\ble decompositions1 prop\nd$ ! hypo!sis t sug> is an oxide ) two bases1 & ! f]m5t a c>bonate ) two bases2 t ! c>bon ( ! f]m5t unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! sug>1 & gives rise to c>bonic acid2 :ile ! sug>1 unit+ ) ! nitrog5 ( ! f]m5t1 produces a new sub/ance analog\s to opium4 ,?is is decompos$ by di/illation1 & gives rise to alcohol4 ,next1 9 #ahjc1 ,?n>d prop\nd$ a hypo!sis :i* p>takes some:at ( ! nature ( bo? ,/ahl's & ,fabroni's views4 ,i d n believe ) ,lavoisi]1 he says1 t all ! c>bonic acid =m$ proce$s f ! sug>4 ,h[1 9 t case1 c\ld we conceive ! action ( ! f]m5t on x8 ,i ?9k t ! fir/ portions ( ! acid are due to a comb9ation ( ! c>bon ( ! f]m5t ) ! oxyg5 ( ! sug>1 & t x is by c>ry+ (f a portion ( oxyg5 f ! la/ t ! f]m5t causes ! f]m5tation to comm5ce--! equilibrium betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ! sug> be+ di/urb$1 !y comb9e afre% to =m c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,! ?ree views "h be=e u may be famili>ly exemplifi$ by suppos+ ! sug> to be a c>d-h\se4 ,accord+ to ,/ahl1 ! f]m5t is somebody :o knocks ! table1 & %akes ! c>d-h\se d[n2 accord+ to ,fabroni1 ! f]m5t takes out "s c>ds1 b puts o!rs 9 _! places2 accord+ to ,?n>d1 ! f]m5t simply takes a c>d out ( ! bottom /ory1 ! result ( :i* is t all ! o!rs fall4 ,z *emi/ry advanc$1 facts came to light :i* put a new face ^u ,/ahl's hypo!sis1 & gave x a saf] f\ndation ?an x previ\sly possess$4 ,! g5]al nature ( ^! ph5om5a may be ?us /at$3--,a body1 ,a1 )\t giv+ to1 or tak+ f1 ano!r body ,b1 any mat]ial p>ticles1 causes ,b to decompose into o!r sub/ances1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ! sum ( ! weights ( :i* is equal to ! weight ( ,b1 :i* decomposes4 ,?us1 bitt] almonds conta9 two sub/ances1 amygdal9 & synaptase1 :i* c be extract$1 9 a sep>ate /ate1 f ! bitt] almonds4 ,! amygdal9 ?us obta9$1 if dissolv$ 9 wat]1 und]goes no *ange2 b if a little synaptase be add$ to ! solution1 ! amygdal9 splits up into bitt] almond oil1 prussic acid1 & a k9d ( sug>4 ,a %ort "t aft] ,cagni>d de la ,t\r discov]$ ! yea/ plant1 ,liebig1 /ruck ) ! simil>ity betwe5 ?is & o!r su* processes & ! f]m5tation ( sug>1 put =w>d ! hypo!sis t yea/ conta9s a sub/ance :i* acts ^u sug>1 z synaptase acts ^u amygdal94 ,& z ! synaptase is c]ta9ly nei!r organiz$ nor alive1 b a m]e *emical sub/ance1 ,liebig treat$ ,cagni>d de la ,t\r's discov]y ) no small contempt1 &1 f t "t to ! pres5t1 has /eadily repudiat$ ! notion t ! decomposition ( ! sug> is1 9 any s5se1 ! result ( ! vital activity ( ! ,torula4 ,b1 ?\gh ! notion t ! ,torula is a creature :i* eats sug> & excretes c>bonic acid & alcohol1 :i* is n unju/ly ridicul$ 9 ! mo/ surpris+ pap] t ev] made its appe>ance 9 a grave sci5tific j\rnal1#d may be unt5able1 ! fact t ! ,toruloe are alive1 & t yea/ does n excite f]m5tation unless x conta9s liv+ ,toruloe1 /&s fa/4 ,moreov]1 ( late ye>s1 ! ess5tial p>ticipation ( liv+ organisms 9 f]m5tation o!r ?an ! alcoholic1 has be5 cle>ly made out by ,pa/eur & o!r *emi/s4 ,footnote #d3 ,das entr?selte ,geheimniss d] gei/ig5 ,ghrung 7,vorlnfige briefli*e ,mit!ilung7 is ! title ( an anonym\s contribution to ,whl] & ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,ph>macie = #ahci1 9 :i* a some:at ,rabelaisian imag9>y description ( ! organisation ( ! yea/ animals & ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! functions are p]=m$1 is giv5 ) a circum/antiality wor?y ( ! au?or ( ,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,z a specim5 ( ! writ]'s hum\r1 8 acc\nt ( :at happ5s :5 f]m5tation comes to an end may suffice4 ,sobald nmli* die ,?i]e ke95 ,zuck] mehr vorf9d51 s fress5 sie si* geg5seitig selb/ auf1 0 dur* e9e eig5e ,manipulation ges*ieht2 alles wird v]dant bis auf die ,ei]1 wel*e unv]nd]t dur* d5 ,d>mkanal h9e+eh52 man hat zuletzt wi$] ghrungsfhige ,hefe1 nmli* d5 ,saam5 d] ,?i]e1 d] brig bleibt4 ,h[ev]1 x may be ask$1 is !re any necess>y opposition betwe5 ! s-call$ vital & ! /rictly physico-*emical views ( f]m5tation8 ,x is q possible t ! liv+ ,torula may excite f]m5tation 9 sug>1 because x con/antly produces1 z an ess5tial "p ( its vital manife/ations1 "s sub/ance :i* acts ^u ! sug>1 j z ! synaptase acts ^u ! amygdal94 ,or x may be1 t1 )\t ! =mation ( any su* special sub/ance1 ! physical condition ( ! liv+ tissue ( ! yea/ plant is suffici5t to effect t small di/urbance ( ! equilibrium ( ! p>ticles ( ! sug>1 :i* ,lavoisi] ?\ght suffici5t to effect its decomposition4 ,plat9um 9 a v f9e /ate ( division--kn[n z plat9um black1 or noir de plat9e--has ! v s+ul> prop]ty ( caus+ alcohol to *ange into acetic acid ) great rapidity4 ,! v9eg> plant1 :i* is closely alli$ to ! yea/ plant1 has a simil> effect ^u dilute alcohol1 caus+ x to absorb ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & become conv]t$ into v9eg>2 & ,liebig's em95t oppon5t1 ,pa/eur1 :o has done s mu* = ! !ory & ! practice ( v9eg>-mak+1 himself sugge/s t 9 ?is case-- ,la cause du phnomne physique qui accompagne la vie de la plante rside dans un tat physique propre1 analogue celui du noir de plat9e4 ,mais il e/ ess5tiel de rem>qu] que cet tat physique de la plante e/ troitem5t li avec la vie de cette plante4#e ,footnote #e3 ,etudes sur les ,mycod]mes1 ,comptes-,r5dus1 liv41 #ahfb4 ,n[1 if ! v9eg> plant gives rise to ! oxidation ( alcohol1 on acc\nt ( its m]ely physical con/itution1 x is at any rate possible t ! physical con/itution ( ! yea/ plant may ex]t a decompos+ influ5ce on sug>4 ,b1 )\t presum+ to discuss a "q :i* leads u into ! v arcana ( *emi/ry1 ! pres5t /ate ( speculation ^u ! modus op]&i ( ! yea/ plant 9 produc+ f]m5tation is repres5t$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! ,/ahlian doctr9e1 support$ by ,liebig1 accord+ to :i* ! atoms ( ! sug> are %ak5 into new comb9ations ei!r directly by ! ,toruloe1 or indirectly1 by "s sub/ance =m$ by !m2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! ,?n>dian doctr9e1 support$ by ,pa/eur1 accord+ to :i* ! yea/ plant assimilates "p ( ! sug>1 &1 9 s do+1 di/urbs ! re/1 & det]m9es its resolution into ! products ( f]m5tation4 ,p]haps ! two views are n s mu* oppos$ z !y seem at fir/ sight to be4 ,b ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! influ5ce ( ! yea/ plants ^u ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live & gr[ does n arise solely f its be>+ ^u ! !ory ( f]m5tation4 ,s long ago z #ahch1 ,turp9 comp>$ ! ,toruloe to ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! tissues ( animals & plants--,les organes lm5taires de leurs tissus1 comp>ables aux petits vgtaux des levures ord9aires1 sont aussi les dcompositeurs des sub/ances qui les environn5t4 ,almo/ at ! same "t1 &1 probably1 equally guid$ by 8 /udy ( yea/1 ,s*wann 0 engag$ 9 ^? rem>kable inve/igations into ! =m & developm5t ( ! ultimate /ructural elem5ts ( ! tissues ( animals1 :i* l$ him to recognise _! fundam5tal id5tity ) ! ultimate /ructural elem5ts ( vegetable organisms4 ,! yea/ plant is a m]e sac1 or cell1 conta9+ a semi-fluid matt]1 & ,s*wann's microscopic analysis resolv$ all liv+ organisms1 9 ! long run1 into an aggregation ( su* sacs or cells1 v>i\sly modifi$2 & t5d$ to %[1 t all1 :atev] _! ultimate complication1 beg9 _! exi/5ce 9 ! condition ( su* simple cells4 ,9 8 fam\s ,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung5 ,s*wann speaks ( ,torula z a cell2 &1 9 a rem>kable note to ! passage 9 :i* he ref]s to ! yea/ plant1 ,s*wann says3-- ,i h be5 unable to avoid m5tion+ f]m5tation1 because x is ! mo/ fully & exactly kn[n op]ation ( cells1 & repres5ts1 9 ! simple/ fa%ion1 ! process :i* is repeat$ by e cell ( ! liv+ body4 ,9 o!r words1 ,s*wann conceives t e cell ( ! liv+ body ex]ts an influ5ce on ! matt] :i* surr\nds & p]meates x1 analog\s to t :i* a ,torula ex]ts on ! sac*>9e solution by :i* x is ba!d4 ,a wond]fully sugge/ive ?\ght1 op5+ up views ( ! nature ( ! *emical processes ( ! liv+ body1 :i* h h>dly yet receiv$ all ! developm5t ( :i* !y are capable4 ,kant def9$ ! special peculi>ity ( ! liv+ body to be t ! p>ts exi/ = ! sake ( ! :ole & ! :ole = ! sake ( ! p>ts4 ,b :5 ,turp9 & ,s*wann resolv$ ! liv+ body into an aggregation ( quasi-indep5d5t cells1 ea*1 l a ,torula1 lead+ its own life & hav+ its own laws ( gr[? & developm5t1 ! aggregation be+ dom9at$ & kept work+ t[>ds a def9ite end only by a c]ta9 h>mony among ^! units1 or by ! sup]addition ( a controll+ app>atus1 su* z a n]v\s sy/em1 ?is conception ceas$ to be t5able4 ,! cell lives = its own sake1 z well z = ! sake ( ! :ole organism2 & ! cells :i* float 9 ! blood1 live at its exp5se1 & pr(\ndly modify x1 are almo/ z mu* indep5d5t organisms z ! ,toruloe :i* float 9 be]-wort4 ,s*wann burd5$ 8 enunciation ( ! cell !ory ) two false suppositions2 ! "o1 t ! /ructures he call$ nucleus#f & cell-wall are ess5tial to a cell2 ! o!r1 t cells are usually =m$ indep5d5tly ( o!r cells2 b1 9 #ahci1 x 0 a va/ & cle> ga9 to arrive at ! conception1 t ! vital functions ( all ! high] animals & plants are ! resultant ( ! =ces inh]5t 9 ! innum]able m9ute cells ( :i* !y are compos$1 & t ea* ( !m is1 itself1 an equival5t ( "o ( ! l[e/ & simple/ ( indep5d5t liv+ be+s--! ,torula4 ,footnote #f3 ,lat] inve/igations h ?r[n an entirely new light ^u ! /ructure & ! functional importance ( ! nucleus2 & h prov$ t ,s*wann did n ov]-e/imate its importance4 #ahid4 ,f purely morphological inve/igations1 ,turp9 & ,s*wann1 z we h se51 arriv$ at ! notion ( ! fundam5tal unity ( /ructure ( liv+ be+s4 ,&1 be=e long1 ! rese>*es ( *emi/s gradually l$ up to ! conception ( ! fundam5tal unity ( _! composition4 ,s f> back z #ahjc1 ,?n>d po9t$ out1 9 mo/ di/9ct t]ms1 ! important fact t yea/ conta9s a nitrog5\s animal sub/ance2 & t su* a sub/ance is conta9$ 9 all f]m5ts4 ,be=e him1 ,fabroni & ,f\rcroy speak ( ! vegeto-animal matt] ( yea/4 ,9 #ahdd ,muld] endeav\r$ to demon/rate t a peculi> sub/ance1 :i* he call$ prote91 0 ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( liv+ matt]4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,pay5 writes3-- ,enf91 une loi sans exception me semble app>atre dans les faits nombreux que j'ai obs]vs et conduire envisag] s\s un n\veau j\r la vie vgtale2 si je ne m'abuse1 t\t ce que dans les tissus vgtaux la vue directe o amplifie n\s p]met de disc]n] s\s la =me de cellules et de vaisseaux1 ne reprs5te autre *ose que les enveloppes protectrices1 les rs]voirs et les conduits1 l'aide desquels les corps anims qui les secrt5t et les faonn5t1 se log5t1 puis5t et *>ri5t leurs alim5ts1 dpos5t et isol5t les matires excrtes4 ,& aga93-- ,af9 de complt] auj\rd'hui l'nonc du fait gnral1 je rappell]ai que les corps1 d\ des fonctions accomplies dans les tissus des plantes1 sont =ms des lm5ts qui con/itu5t1 en proportion peu v>iable1 les organismes animaux2 qu'a9si l'on e/ conduit reconnatre une imm5se unit de composition lm5taire dans t\s les corps vivants de la nature4#g ,footnote #g3 ,mm4 sur les ,dveloppem5ts des ,vgtaux1 c4--,mm4 ,prs5tes4 ix4 #ahdf4 ,9 ! ye> 7#ahdf7 9 :i* ^! rem>kable passages 7 publi%$1 ! em95t ,g]man botani/1 ,von ,mohl inv5t$ ! ^w protoplasm1 z a "n = "o portion ( ^? nitrog5\s cont5ts ( ! cells ( liv+ plants1 ! close *emical resemblance ( :i* to ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( liv+ animals is s /rongly indicat$ by ,pay54 ,& ?r\gh ! tw5ty-five ye>s t h pass$1 s9ce ! matt] ( life 0 fir/ call$ protoplasm1 a ho/ ( inve/igators1 among :om ,cohn1 ,max ,s*ulze1 & ,khne mu/ be nam$ z lead]s1 h accumulat$ evid5ce1 morphological1 physiological1 & *emical1 9 fav\r ( t imm5se unit de composition lm5taire dans t\s les corps vivants de la nature1 into :i* ,pay5 _h1 s e>ly1 a cle> insight4 ,z f> back z #ahej1 ,cohn wrote1 app>5tly )\t any k ( :at ,pay5 _h said be=e him3-- ,! protoplasm ( ! botani/1 & ! contractile sub/ance & s>code ( ! zoologi/1 mu/ be1 if n id5tical1 yet 9 a high degree analog\s sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & plants consi/s 9 ?is2 t1 9 ! latt]1 ! contractile sub/ance1 z a primordial utricle1 is enclos$ )9 an in]t cellulose membrane1 :i* p]mits x only to exhibit an int]nal motion1 express$ by ! ph5om5a ( rotation & circulation1 :ile1 9 ! =m]1 x is n s enclos$4 ,! protoplasm 9 ! =m ( ! primordial utricle is1 z x 71 ! animal elem5t 9 ! plant1 b :i* is imprison$1 & only becomes free 9 ! animal2 or1 to /rip (f ! metaphor :i* obscures simple ?\ght1 ! en]gy ( organic vitality :i* is manife/$ 9 movem5t is especially exhibit$ by a nitrog5\s contractile sub/ance1 :i* 9 plants is limit$ & fett]$ by an in]t membrane1 9 animals n s4#h ,footnote #h3 ,cohn1 ,ueb] ,protococcus pluvialis1 9 ! ,nova ,acta = #ahej4 ,9 #ahfh1 ?9k+ t an unte*nical /atem5t ( ! views curr5t among ! lead]s ( biological sci5ce might be int]e/+ to ! g5]al public1 ,i gave a lecture embody+ !m 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,^? :o h n made ! mi/ake ( attempt+ to approa* biology1 ei!r by ! high priori road ( m]e philosophical speculation1 or by ! m]e l[ po/]iori lane (f]$ by ! tube ( a microscope1 b h tak5 ! tr\ble to become acqua9t$ ) well-asc]ta9$ facts & ) _! hi/ory1 w n ne$ to be told t 9 :at ,i _h to say z reg>ds protoplasm 9 my lecture ,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life 7,vol4 ,i4 ( ^! ,essays1 p4 #acj71 !re 0 no?+ new2 &1 z ,i hope1 no?+ t ! pres5t /ate ( k does n ju/ify u 9 believ+ to be true4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 my surprise may be imag9$1 :5 ,i f\nd1 t ! m]e /atem5t ( facts & ( views1 long famili> to me z "p ( ! common sci5tific prop]ty ( ,cont95tal work]s1 rais$ a sort ( /orm 9 ?is c\ntry1 n only by excit+ ! wra? ( unsci5tific p]sons ^: pet prejudices !y seem$ to t\*1 b by giv+ rise to q sup]flu\s explosions on ! "p ( "s :o %\ld h be5 bett] in=m$4 ,dr4 ,/irl+1 = example1 made my essay ! subject ( a special critical lecture1#i :i* ,i h read ) mu* int]e/1 ?\gh1 ,i confess1 ! mean+ ( mu* ( x rema9s z d>k to me z does ! ,secret ( ,hegel aft] ,dr4 ,/irl+'s elaborate revelation ( x4 ,dr4 ,/irl+'s me?od ( deal+ ) ! subject is peculi>4 ,protoplasm is a "q ( hi/ory1 s f> z x is a "n2 ( fact1 s f> z x is a ?+4 ,dr4 ,/irl+1 has n tak5 ! tr\ble to ref] to ! orig9al au?orities = 8 hi/ory1 :i* is consequ5tly a trave/y2 & /ill less has he conc]n$ himself ) look+ at ! facts1 b cont5ts himself ) tak+ !m also at second-h&4 ,a mo/ amus+ example ( ?is fa%ion ( deal+ ) sci5tific /atem5ts is furni%$ by ,dr4 ,/irl+'s rem>ks ^u my acc\nt ( ! protoplasm ( ! nettle hair4 ,t acc\nt 0 drawn up f c>eful & (t5- repeat$ obs]vation ( ! facts4 ,dr4 ,/irl+ ?9ks he is (f]+ a valid criticism1 :5 he says t my valu$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,/rick] gives a some:at diff]5t /atem5t ab\t protoplasm4 ,b :y 9 ! _w did n ?is di/+ui%$ ,hegelian look at a nettle hair = himself1 be=e v5tur+ to speak ab\t ! matt] at all8 ,:y tr\ble himself ab\t :at ei!r ,/rick] or ,i say1 :5 any tyro c see ! facts = himself1 if he is provid$ ) ^? n r>e articles1 a nettle & a microscope8 ,b ,i suppose ?is w\ld h be5 ,aufklrung--a recurr5ce to ! base common-s5se philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* lik$ to see be=e x believ$1 & to und]/& be=e x criticis$ ,dr4 ,/irl+ w9ds up 8 pap] ) ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,footnote #i3 ,subsequ5tly publi%$ "u ! title ( ,z reg>ds ,protoplasm4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole position ( ,mr4 ,huxley1 7#a7 t all organisms consi/ alike ( ! same life-matt]1 7#b7 :i* life-matt] is1 = its "p1 due only to *emi/ry1 mu/ be pron\nc$ unt5able--nor less unt5able 7#c7 ! mat]ialism he w\ld f\nd on x4 ,! p>agraph conta9s ?ree di/9ct ass]tions conc]n+ my views1 & j ! same numb] ( utt] misrepres5tations ( !m4 ,t :i* ,i h numb]$ 7#a7 turns on ! ambiguity ( ! ^w same1 = a discussion ( :i* ,i w\ld ref] ,dr4 ,/irl+ to a great h]o ( ,aufklrung ,ar*bi%op ,:ately2 /atem5t numb] 7#b7 is1 9 my judgm5t1 absurd1 & c]ta9ly ,i h nev] said any?+ resembl+ x2 :ile1 z to numb] 7#c71 "o great object ( my essay 0 to %[ t :at is call$ mat]ialism has no s\nd philosophical basis6 ,z we h se51 ! /udy ( yea/ has l$ inve/igators face to face ) problems ( imm5se int]e/ 9 pure *emi/ry1 & 9 animal & vegetable morphology4 ,its physiology is n less ri* 9 subjects = inquiry4 ,take1 = example1 ! s+ul> fact t yea/ w increase indef9itely :5 gr[n 9 ! d>k1 9 wat] conta9+ only t>trate ( ammonia a small p]c5tage ( m9]al salts & sug>4 ,out ( ^! mat]ials ! ,toruloe w manufacture nitrog5\s protoplasm1 cellulose1 & fatty matt]s1 9 any quantity1 al?\gh !y are :olly depriv$ ( ^? rays ( ! sun1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( ord9>y plants4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( speculation lately1 z to h[ ! liv+ organisms buri$ b5ea? two or ?ree ?\s& fa?oms ( wat]1 & !re=e 9 all probability almo/ depriv$ ( light1 live4 ,if any ( !m possess ! same p[]s z yea/ 7& ! same capacity = liv+ )\t light is exhibit$ by "s o!r fungi7 !re w\ld seem to be no difficulty ab\t ! matt]4 ,( ! pa?ological be>+s ( ! /udy ( yea/1 & o!r su* organisms1 ,i h spok5 else:]e4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 "s animals1 deva/at+ epidemics are caus$ by fungi ( l[ ord]--simil> to ^? ( :i* ,torula is a sort ( (f%oot4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* diseases are propagat$ by contagion & infection1 9 j ! same way z ord9>y contagi\s & infecti\s diseases are propagat$4 ,( c\rse1 x does n foll[ f ?is1 t all contagi\s & infecti\s diseases are caus$ by organisms ( z def9ite & indep5d5t a "* z ! ,torula2 b1 ,i ?9k1 x does foll[ t x is prud5t & wise to satisfy "o's self 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 t ! g]m !ory _c & w n expla9 ! facts1 be=e hav+ rec\rse to hypo!ses :i* h no equal support f analogy4 ,v ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,coal #ahgj ,! lumps ( coal 9 a coal-scuttle v (t5 h a r\ghly cubical =m4 ,if "o ( !m be pick$ out & exam9$ ) a little c>e1 x w be f\nd t its six sides are n exactly alike4 ,two opposite sides are comp>atively smoo? & %9+1 :ile ! o!r f\r are mu* r\gh]1 & are m>k$ by l9es :i* run p>allel ) ! smoo? sides4 ,! coal readily splits along ^! l9es1 & ! split surfaces ?us =m$ are p>allel ) ! smoo? faces4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a sort ( r\gh & incomplete /ratification 9 ! lump ( coal1 z if x 7 a book1 ! leaves ( :i* _h /uck toge!r v closely4 ,sometimes ! faces along :i* ! coal splits are n smoo?1 b exhibit a ?9 lay] ( dull1 *>r$-look+ sub/ance1 :i* is kn[n z m9]al *>coal4 ,occasionally "o ( ! faces ( a lump ( coal w pres5t impressions1 :i* are obvi\sly ^? ( ! /em1 or leaves1 ( a plant2 b ?\gh h>d m9]al masses ( pyrites1 & ev5 f9e mud1 may occur "h & !re1 nei!r s& nor pebbles are met )4 ,:5 ! coal burns1 ! *ief ultimate products ( its combu/ion are c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammoniacal products1 :i* escape up ! *imney2 & a great] or less am\nt ( residual e>?y salts1 :i* take ! =m ( a%4 ,^! products are1 to a great ext5t1 su* z w\ld result f ! burn+ ( s mu* wood4 ,^! prop]ties ( coal may be made out )\t any v ref9$ appliances1 b ! microscope reveals some?+ m4 ,black & opaque z ord9>y coal is1 slices ( x become transp>5t if !y are cem5t$ 9 ,canada balsam1 & rubb$ d[n v ?91 9 ! ord9>y way ( mak+ ?9 sections ( non-transp>5t bodies4 ,b z ! ?9 slices1 made 9 ?is way1 are v apt to crack & break into fragm5ts1 x is bett] to employ m>9e glue z ! cem5t+ mat]ial4 ,by ! use ( ?is sub/ance1 slices ( consid]able size & ( extreme ?9ness & transp>5cy may be obta9$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,my assi/ant 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,mr4 ,newton1 inv5t$ ?is excell5t me?od ( obta9+ ?9 slices ( coal4 ,n[ let u suppose two su* slices to be prep>$ f our lump ( coal-- "o p>allel ) ! b$d+1 ! o!r p]p5dicul> to x2 & let u call ! "o ! horizontal1 & ! o!r ! v]tical1 section4 ,! horizontal section w pres5t m or less r\nd$ yell[ pat*es & /reaks1 scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! d>k br[n1 or blacki%1 gr\nd sub/ance2 :ile ! v]tical section w exhibit m]e elongat$ b>s & granules ( ! same yell[ mat]ials1 dispos$ 9 l9es :i* correspond1 r\ghly1 ) ! g5]al direction ( ! b$d+ ( ! coal4 ,?is is ! microscopic /ructure ( an ord9>y piece ( coal4 ,b if a great s]ies ( coals1 f diff]5t localities & seams1 or ev5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same seam1 be exam9$1 ?is /ructure w be f\nd to v>y 9 two directions4 ,9 ! an?racitic1 or /one-coals1 :i* burn l coke1 ! yell[ matt] dim9i%es1 & ! gr\nd sub/ance becomes m pr$om9ant1 black]1 & m opaque1 until x becomes impossible to gr9d a section ?9 en\gh to be transluc5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 su* z ! ,bett]-,b$ coal ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,brad=d1 :i* burns ) mu* flame1 ! coal is ( a f> light]1 col\r & transp>5t sections are v easily obta9$4 ,9 ! br[n] p>ts ( ?is coal1 %>p eyes w readily detect multitudes ( curi\s little co9-%ap$ bodies1 ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 emb$d$ 9 ! d>k br[n gr\nd sub/ance4 ,on ! av]age1 ^! little br[n bodies may h a diamet] ( ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in*4 ,!y lie ) _! flat surfaces ne>ly p>allel ) ! two smoo? faces ( ! block 9 :i* !y are conta9$2 &1 on "o side ( ea*1 !re may be disc]n$ a figure1 consi/+ ( ?ree /raight l9e> m>ks1 :i* radiate f ! c5tre ( ! disk1 b d n q rea* its circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! horizontal section ^! disks are (t5 conv]t$ into m or less complete r+s2 :ile 9 ! v]tical sections !y appe> l ?ick hoops1 ! sides ( :i* h be5 press$ toge!r4 ,! disks are1 !re=e1 flatt5$ bags2 & fav\rable sections %[ t ! ?ree-ray$ m>k+ is ! expression ( ?ree clefts1 :i* p5etrate "o wall ( ! bag4 ,! sides ( ! bags are sometimes closely approximat$2 b1 :5 ! bags are less flatt5$1 _! cavities are1 usually1 fill$ ) num]\s1 irregul>ly r\nd$1 holl[ bodies1 hav+ ! same k9d ( wall z ! l>ge ones1 b n m ?an "o sev5-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 fav\rable specim5s1 aga91 almo/ ! :ole gr\nd sub/ance appe>s to be made up ( simil> bodies--m or less c>boniz$ or black5$-- &1 9 ^!1 !re c be no d\bt t1 ) ! exception ( pat*es ( m9]al *>coal1 "h & !re1 ! :ole mass ( ! coal is made up ( an accumulation ( ! l>g] & ( ! small] sacs4 ,b1 9 "o & ! same slice1 e transition c be obs]v$ f ?is /ructure to t :i* has be5 describ$ z *>act]i/ic ( ord9>y coal4 ,! latt] appe>s to rise out ( ! =m]1 by ! break+-up & increas+ c>bonization ( ! l>g] & ! small] sacs4 ,&1 9 ! an?racitic coals1 ?is process appe>s to h gone to su* a l5g?1 z to de/roy ! orig9al /ructure altoge!r1 & to replace x by a completely c>boniz$ sub/ance4 ,?us coal may be said1 speak+ broadly1 to be compos$ ( two con/itu5ts3 fir/ly1 m9]al *>coal2 &1 secondly1 coal prop]4 ,! nature ( ! m9]al *>coal has long s9ce be5 det]m9$4 ,its /ructure %[s x to consi/ ( ! rema9s ( ! /ems & leaves ( plants1 r$uc$ a little m ?an _! c>bon4 ,aga91 "s ( ! coal is made up ( ! cru%$ & flatt5$ b>k1 or out] coat1 ( ! /ems ( plants1 ! inn] wood ( :i* has completely decay$ away4 ,b :at ,i may t]m ! saccul> matt] ( ! coal1 :i*1 ei!r 9 its prim>y or 9 its degrad$ =m con/itutes by f> ! great] "p ( all ! bitum9\s coals ,i h exam9$1 is c]ta9ly n m9]al *>coal2 nor is its /ructure t ( any /em or leaf4 ,h5ce its real nature is at fir/ by no means app>5t1 & has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,! fir/ p]son :o ?rew any light ^u ! problem1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 0 ! well-kn[n geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,morris4 ,x is n[ ?irty-f\r ye>s s9ce he c>efully describ$ & figur$ ! co9-%ap$ bodies1 or l>g] sacs1 z ,i h call$ !m1 9 a note app5d$ to ! fam\s pap] ,on ! ,coalbrookdale ,coal-,field1 publi%$ at t "t1 by ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*4 ,) mu* sagacity1 ,pr(essor ,morris div9$ ! real nature ( ^! bodies1 & boldly affirm$ !m to be ! spore-cases ( a plant alli$ to ! liv+ club-mosses4 ,b discov]y sometimes makes a long halt2 & x is only a few ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs det]m9$ ! plant 7or r "o ( ! plants7 :i* produces ^! spore-cases1 by f9d+ ! discoidal sacs /ill adh]5t to ! leaves ( ! fossiliz$ cone :i* produc$ !m4 ,he gave ! "n ( ,flem+ites gracilis to ! plant ( :i* ! cones =m a "p4 ,! bran*es & /em ( ?is plant are n yet c]ta9ly kn[n1 b !re is no sort ( d\bt t x 0 closely alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dron1 ! rema9s ( :i* ab\nd 9 ! coal =mation4 ,! ,lepidod5dra 7 %rubs & trees :i* put "o m 9 m9d ( an ,arauc>ia ?an ( any o!r famili> plant2 & ! ends ( ! fruit+ bran*es 7 t]m9at$ by cones1 or catk9s1 some:at l ! bodies s nam$ 9 a fir1 or a will[4 ,^! conical fruits1 h[ev]1 did n produce se$s2 b ! leaves ( :i* !y 7 compos$ bore ^u _! surfaces sacs full ( spores or sporangia1 su* z ^? "o sees on ! "u surface ( a brack5 leaf4 ,n[1 x is ^! sporangia ( ! ,lepidod5droid plant ,flem+ites :i* 7 id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs ) ! free sporangia describ$ by ,pr(essor ,morris1 :i* are ! same z ! l>ge sacs ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,&1 m ?an ?is1 !re is no d\bt t ! small sacs are ! spores1 :i* 7 orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! sporangia4 ,! liv+ club-mosses are1 = ! mo/ "p1 insignificant & creep+ h]bs1 :i*1 sup]ficially1 v closely resemble true mosses1 & none ( !m rea* m ?an two or ?ree feet 9 height4 ,b1 9 _! ess5tial /ructure1 !y v closely resemble ! e>lie/ ,lepidod5droid trees ( ! coal3 _! /ems & leaves are simil>2 s are _! cones2 & no less l are ! sporangia & spores2 :ile ev5 9 _! size1 ! spores ( ! ,lepidod5dron & ^? ( ! exi/+ ,lycopodium1 or club-moss1 v closely approa* "o ano!r4 ,?us1 ! s+ul> conclusion is =c$ ^u u1 t ! great] & ! small] sacs ( ! ,bett]-,b$ & o!r coals1 9 :i* ! primitive /ructure is well pres]v$1 are simply ! sporangia & spores ( c]ta9 plants1 _m ( :i* 7 closely alli$ to ! exi/+ club- mosses4 ,& if1 z ,i believe1 x c be demon/rat$ t ord9>y coal is no?+ b saccul> coal :i* has und]gone a c]ta9 am\nt ( t alt]ation :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld conv]t x into an?racite2 !n1 ! conclusion is obvi\s1 t ! great mass ( ! coal we burn is ! result ( ! accumulation ( ! spores & spore-cases ( plants1 o!r p>ts ( :i* h furni%$ ! c>boniz$ /ems & ! m9]al *>coal1 or h left _! impressions on ! surfaces ( ! lay]4 ,( ! multitud9\s speculations :i*1 at v>i\s times1 h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! orig9 & mode ( =mation ( coal1 sev]al appe> to be negativ$1 & put out ( c\rt1 by ! /ructural facts ! significance ( :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to expla94 ,^! facts1 = example1 d n p]mit u to suppose t coal is an accumulation ( peaty matt]1 z "s h held4 ,aga91 ! late ,pr(essor ,quekett 0 "o ( ! fir/ obs]v]s :o gave a correct description ( :at ,i h t]m$ ! saccul> /ructure ( coal2 &1 rightly p]ceiv+ t ?is /ructure 0 some?+ q diff]5t f t ( any kn[n plant1 he imag9$ t x proce$$ f "s ext9ct vegetable organism :i* 0 peculi>ly abundant among/ ! coal-=m+ plants4 ,b ?is explanation is at once %[n to be unt5able :5 ! small] & ! l>g] sacs are prov$ to be spores or sporangia4 ,"s1 once m1 h imag9$ t coal 0 ( subm>9e orig92 & ?\gh ! notion is amply & easily refut$ by o!r consid]ations1 x may be wor? :ile to rem>k1 t x is impossible to compreh5d h[ a mass ( light & res9\s spores %\ld h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! sea1 or %\ld h /opp$ 9 t position if !y _h got !re4 ,at ! same "t1 x is prop] to rem>k t ,i d n presume to sugge/ t all coal mu/ ne$s h ! same /ructure2 or t !re may n be coals 9 :i* ! proportions ( wood & spores1 or spore-cases1 are v diff]5t f ^? :i* ,i h exam9$4 ,all ,i repeat is1 t none ( ! coals :i* h come "u my notice h enabl$ me to obs]ve su* a diff]5ce4 ,b1 accord+ to ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 :o has s s$ul\sly exam9$ ! fossil rema9s ( plants 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 x is o!rwise ) ! va/ accumulations ( coal 9 t c\ntry4 ,! true coal1 says ,dr4 ,dawson1 consi/s pr9cipally ( ! flatt5$ b>k ( ,sigill>ioid & o!r trees1 int]mix$ ) leaves ( ,f]ns & ,cordaites1 & o!r h]bace\s dbris1 & ) fragm5ts ( decay$ wood1 con/itut+ 'm9]al *>coal1' all ^! mat]ials hav+ manife/ly alike gr[n & accumulat$ :]e we f9d !m4#b ,footnote #b3 ,acadian ,geology1 #bnd edition1 p4 #ace4 ,:5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ ,pr9cipal ,dawson 9 ,london la/ summ]1 ,i %[$ him my sections ( coal1 & begg$ him to re-exam9e "s ( ! ,am]ican coals on 8 return to ,canada1 ) an eye to ! pres5ce ( spores & sporangia1 su* z ,i 0 able to %[ him 9 our ,engli% & ,scot* coals4 ,he has be5 good en\gh to d s2 & 9 a lett] dat$ ,septemb] #bf?1 #ahgj1 he in=ms me t-- ,indications ( spore-cases are r>e1 except 9 c]ta9 co>se %aly coals & portions ( coals1 & 9 ! ro(s ( ! seams4 ,! mo/ m>k$ case ,i h yet met ) is ! %aly coal ref]r$ to z conta9+ ,sporangites 9 my pap] on ! conditions ( accumulation ( coal 7,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxii4 pp4 #aae1 #aci1 & #afe74 ,! pur] coals c]ta9ly consi/ pr9cipally ( cubical tissues ) "s true woody matt]1 & ! spore-cases1 c41 are *iefly 9 ! co>se & %aly lay]s4 ,?is is my old doctr9e 9 my two pap]s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 & ,i see no?+ to modify x4 ,y\r obs]vations1 h[ev]1 make x probable t ! frequ5t cle> spots 9 ! cannels are spore-cases4 ,dr4 ,dawson's results are ! m rem>kable1 z ! num]\s specim5s ( ,briti% coal1 f v>i\s localities1 :i* ,i h exam9$1 tell "o tale z to ! pr$om9ance ( ! spore & sporangium elem5t 9 _! composition2 & z x is exactly 9 ! f9e/ & pure/ coals1 su* z ! ,bett]-,b$ coal ( ,l[moor1 t ! spores & sporangia obvi\sly con/itute almo/ ! entire mass ( ! deposit4 ,coal1 su* z t :i* has be5 describ$1 is always f\nd 9 %eets1 or seams1 v>y+ f a fraction ( an in* to _m feet 9 ?ickness1 enclos$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! e>? at v v>i\s dep?s1 betwe5 b$s ( rock ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,z a rule1 e seam ( coal re/s ^u a ?ick]1 or ?9n]1 b$ ( clay1 :i* is kn[n z "u-clay4 ,^! alt]nations ( b$s ( coal1 clay1 & rock may be repeat$ _m times1 & are kn[n z ! coal-measures2 & 9 "s regions1 z 9 ,s\? ,wales & 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ! coal-measures atta9 a ?ickness ( twelve or f\rte5 ?\s& feet1 & enclose eighty or a hundr$ seams ( coal1 ea* ) its "u-clay1 & sep>at$ f ^? above & bel[ by b$s ( s&/one & %ale4 ,! position ( ! b$s :i* con/itute ! coal-measures is inf9itely div]se4 ,sometimes !y are tilt$ up v]tically1 sometimes !y are horizontal1 sometimes curv$ into great bas9s2 sometimes !y come to ! surface1 sometimes !y are cov]$ up by ?\s&s ( feet ( rock4 ,b1 :atev] _! pres5t position1 !re is abundant & conclusive evid5ce t e "u-clay 0 once a surface soil4 ,n only d c>boniz$ root-fibres frequ5tly ab\nd 9 ^! "u-clays2 b ! /ools ( trees1 ! trunks ( :i* are brok5 (f & conf\nd$ ) ! b$ ( coal1 h be5 repeat$ly f\nd pass+ into radiat+ roots1 /ill emb$d$ 9 ! "u-clay4 ,on _m p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 :at are commonly kn[n z subm>9e =e/s are to be se5 at l[ wat]4 ,!y consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( %ort /ools ( oak1 bee*1 & fir-trees1 /ill fix$ by _! long roots 9 ! b$ ( blue clay 9 :i* !y orig9ally grew4 ,if "o ( ^! subm>9e =e/ b$s %\ld be gradually depress$ & cov]$ up by new deposits1 x w\ld pres5t j ! same *>act]s z an "u-clay ( ! coal1 if ! ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron ( ! anci5t _w 7 sub/itut$ = ! oak1 or ! bee*1 ( our own times4 ,9 a tropical =e/1 at ! pres5t day1 ! trunks ( fall5 trees1 & ! /ools ( su* trees z may h be5 brok5 by ! viol5ce ( /orms1 rema9 entire = b a %ort "t4 ,contr>y to :at might be expect$1 ! d5se wood ( ! tree decays1 & suff]s f ! ravages ( insects1 m swiftly ?an ! b>k4 ,& ! travell]1 sett+ 8 foot on a pro/rate trunk1 f9ds t x is a m]e %ell1 :i* breaks "u 8 weight1 & l&s 8 foot amid/ ! insects1 or ! reptiles1 :i* h s\ght food or refuge )94 ,! trees ( ! coal =e/s pres5t p>allel conditions4 ,:5 ! fall5 trunks :i* h ent]$ into ! composition ( ! b$ ( coal are id5tifiable1 !y are m]e d\ble %ells ( b>k1 flatt5$ toge!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( ! woody core2 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,pr9cipal ,dawson discov]$1 9 ! holl[ /ools ( coal trees ( ,nova ,scotia1 ! rema9s ( snails1 millip$es1 & salam&]-l creatures1 emb$d$ 9 a deposit ( a diff]5t "* f t :i* surr\nd$ ! ext]ior ( ! trees4 ,?us1 9 endeav\r+ to compreh5d ! =mation ( a seam ( coal1 we mu/ try to picture to ourselves a ?ick =e/1 =m$ = ! mo/ "p ( trees l gigantic club- mosses1 m>es'-tails1 & tree-f]ns1 ) "h & !re "s t _h m resemblance to our exi/+ yews & fir-trees4 ,we mu/ suppose t1 z ! seasons roll$ by1 ! plants grew & develop$ _! spores & se$s2 t !y %$ ^! 9 enorm\s quantities1 :i* accumulat$ on ! gr\nd b5ea?2 & t1 e n[ & !n1 !y add$ a dead frond or leaf2 or1 at long] int]vals1 a rott5 bran*1 or a dead trunk1 to ! mass4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( ! spores & se$s no d\bt fulfill$ _! obvi\s function1 &1 c>ri$ by ! w9d to unoccupi$ regions1 ext5d$ ! limits ( ! =e/2 _m might be wa%$ away by ra9 into /reams1 & be lo/2 b a l>ge portion mu/ h rema9$1 to accumulate l bee*-ma/1 or acorns1 b5ea? ! trees ( a mod]n =e/4 ,b1 9 ?is case x may be ask$1 :y does n our ,engli% coal consi/ ( /ems & leaves to a mu* great] ext5t ?an x does8 ,:at is ! reason ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! spores & spore-cases 9 x8 ,a ready answ] to ?is "q is af=d$ by ! /udy ( a liv+ full-gr[n club-moss4 ,%ake x ^u a piece ( pap]1 & x emits a cl\d ( f9e du/1 :i* falls ov] ! pap]1 & is ! well-kn[n ,lycopodium p[d]4 ,n[ ?is p[d] us$ to be1 & ,i believe /ill is1 employ$ = two objects :i* seem1 at fir/ sight1 to h no p>ticul> connection ) "o ano!r4 ,x is1 or 01 employ$ 9 mak+ lightn+1 & 9 mak+ pills4 ,! coats ( ! spores conta9 s mu* res9\s matt]1 t a p9* ( ,lycopodium p[d]1 ?r[n ?r\gh ! flame ( a c&le1 burns ) an in/antane\s fla%1 :i* has long done duty = lightn+ on ! /age4 ,& ! same "* makes x a capital coat+ = pills2 = ! res9\s p[d] prev5ts ! drug f be+ wett$ by ! saliva1 & ?us b>s ! nause\s flav\r f ! s5sitive papilla2 ( ! tongue4 ,b ?is res9\s matt]1 :i* lies 9 ! walls ( ! spores & sporangia1 is a sub/ance n easily alt]$ by air & wat]1 & h5ce t5ds to pres]ve ^! bodies1 j z ! bitum9iz$ c]eclo? pres]ves an ,egyptian mummy2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]ely woody /em & leaves t5d to rot1 z fa/ z ! wood ( ! mummy's c(f9 has rott$4 ,?us ! mix$ heap ( spores1 leaves1 & /ems 9 ! coal- =e/ w\ld be p]si/5tly se>*$ by ! long-cont9u$ action ( air & ra92 ! leaves & /ems w\ld gradually be r$uc$ to little b _! c>bon1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! condition ( m9]al *>coal 9 :i* we f9d !m2 :ile ! spores & sporangia rema9$ z a comp>atively unalt]$ & compact residuum4 ,!re is1 inde$1 tol]ably cle> evid5ce t ! coal mu/1 "u "s circum/ances1 h be5 conv]t$ into a sub/ance h>d en\gh to be roll$ into pebbles1 :ile x yet lay at ! surface ( ! e>?2 = 9 "s seams ( coal1 ! c\rses ( rivulets1 :i* mu/ h be5 liv+ wat]1 :ile ! /ratum 9 :i* _! rema9s are f\nd 0 /ill at ! surface1 h be5 obs]v$ to conta9 roll$ pebbles ( ! v coal ?r\gh :i* ! /ream has cut its way4 ,! /ructural facts are su* z to leave no alt]native b to adopt ! view ( ! orig9 ( su* coal z ,i h describ$1 :i* has j be5 /at$2 b1 happily1 ! process is n )\t analogy at ! pres5t day4 ,i possess a specim5 ( :at is call$ :ite coal f ,au/ralia4 ,x is an inflammable mat]ial1 burn+ ) a bright flame & hav+ mu* ! consi/5ce & appe>ance ( oat-cake1 :i*1 ,i am in=m$ cov]s a consid]able area4 ,x consi/s1 almo/ entirely1 ( a compact$ mass ( spores & spore-cases4 ,b ! f9e p>ticles ( bl[n s& :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 %[ t x mu/ h accumulat$1 subarially1 ^u ! surface ( a soil cov]$ by a =e/ ( cryptogam\s plants1 probably tree-f]ns4 ,z reg>ds ?is important po9t ( ! subarial region ( coal1 ,i am glad to f9d myself 9 entire accordance ) ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 :o bases 8 conclusions ^u o!r1 b no less =cible1 consid]ations4 ,9 a passage1 :i* is ! cont9uation ( t already cit$1 he writes3-- 7#c7 ,! microscopical /ructure & *emical composition ( ! b$s ( cannel coal & e>?y bitum51 & ( ! m highly bitum9\s & c>bonace\s %ale1 %[ !m to h be5 ( ! nature ( ! f9e vegetable mud :i* accumulates 9 ! ponds & %all[ lakes ( mod]n swamps4 ,:5 su* t9e vegetable s$im5t is mix$1 z is (t5 ! case1 ) clay1 x becomes simil> to ! bitum9\s lime/one & calc>eo- bitum9\s %ales ( ! coal-measures4 7#d7 ,a few ( ! "u-clays1 :i* support b$s ( coal1 are ( ! nature ( ! vegetable mud above ref]r$ to2 b ! great] "p are argillo-ar5ace\s 9 composition1 ) little vegetable matt]1 & blea*$ by ! dra9age f !m ( wat] conta9+ ! products ( vegetable decay4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 loamy or clay soils1 & mu/ h be5 suffici5tly above wat] to admit ( dra9age4 ,! abs5ce ( sulphurets1 & ! occurr5ce ( c>bonate ( iron 9 connection ) !m1 prove t1 :5 !y exi/$ z soils1 ra9-wat]1 & n sea-wat]1 p]colat$ !m4 7#e7 ,! coal & ! fossil =e/s pres5t _m evid5ces ( subarial conditions4 ,mo/ ( ! erect & pro/rate trees _h become holl[ %ells ( b>k be=e !y 7 f9ally emb$d$1 & _! wood _h brok5 into cubical pieces ( m9]al *>coal4 ,l&-snails & galley-worms 7,xylobius7 crept into !m1 & !y became d5s1 or traps1 = reptiles4 ,l>ge quantities ( m9]al *>coal occur on ! surface ( all ! l>ge b$s ( coal4 ,none ( ^! appe>ances c\ld h be5 produc$ by subaque\s action4 7#f7 ,?\gh ! roots ( ! ,sigill>ia be> m resemblance to ! rhizomes ( c]ta9 aquatic plants2 yet1 /ructurally1 !y are absolutely id5tical ) ! roots ( ,cycads1 :i* ! /ems also resemble4 ,fur!r1 ! ,sigill>ioe grew on ! same soils :i* support$ ,conif]s1 ,lepidod5dra1 ,cordaites1 & ,f]ns-plants :i* c\ld n h gr[n 9 wat]4 ,aga91 ) ! exception p]haps ( "s ,p9nul>ioe1 & ,a/]ophyllites1 !re is a rem>kable abs5ce f ! coal measures ( any =m ( prop]ly aquatic vegetation4 7#g7 ,! occurr5ce ( m>9e1 or bracki%-wat] animals1 9 ! ro(s ( coal- b$s1 or ev5 9 ! coal itself1 af=ds no evid5ce ( subaque\s accumulation1 s9ce ! same ?+ occurs 9 ! case ( mod]n subm>9e =e/s4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 "s ( :i* are m fully /at$ 9 ! pap]s already ref]r$ to1 :ile ,i admit t ! areas ( coal accumulation 7 frequ5tly subm]g$1 ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t ! true coal is a subarial accumulation by vegetable gr[? on soils1 wet & swampy x is true1 b n subm]g$4 ,i am almo/ dispos$ to d\bt :e!r x is necess>y to make ! concession ( wet & swampy2 o!rwise1 !re is no?+ t ,i "k ( to be said aga9/ ?is excell5t conspectus ( ! reasons = believ+ 9 ! subarial orig9 ( coal4 ,b ! coal accumulat$ ^u ! area cov]$ by "o ( ! great =e/s ( ! c>bonif]\s epo* w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t1 h be5 wa/$ away by ! small1 b con/ant1 we> & te> ( ra9 & /reams _h ! l& :i* support$ x rema9$ at ! same level1 or be5 gradually rais$ to a great] elevation4 ,&1 no d\bt1 z mu* coal z n[ exi/s has be5 de/roy$1 aft] its =mation1 9 ?is way4 ,:at are n[ kn[n z coal di/ricts owe _! importance to ! fact t !y 7 areas ( sl[ depression1 dur+ a great] or less portion ( ! c>bonif]\s epo*2 & t1 9 virtue ( ?is circum/ance1 ,"m ,e>? 0 enabl$ to cov] up h] vegetable treasures1 & pres]ve !m f de/ruction4 ,:]ev] a coal-field n[ exi/s1 !re mu/ =m]ly h be5 free access = a great riv]1 or = a %all[ sea1 be>+ s$im5t 9 ! %ape ( s& & mud4 ,:5 ! coal-=e/ area became sl[ly depress$1 ! wat]s mu/ h spread ov] x1 & h deposit$ _! burd5 ^u ! surface ( ! b$ ( coal1 9 ! =m ( lay]s1 :i* are n[ conv]t$ into %ale1 or s&/one4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod ( re/1 9 :i* ! sup]9cumb5t %all[ wat]s became completely fill$ up1 & f9ally replac$1 by f9e mud1 :i* settl$ d[n into a new "u-clay1 & furni%$ ! soil = a fre% =e/ gr[?4 ,?is fl\ri%$1 & heap$ up its spores & wood into coal1 until ! /age ( sl[ depression recomm5c$4 ,&1 9 "s localities1 z ,i h m5tion$1 ! process 0 repeat$ until ! fir/ ( ! alt]nat+ b$s _h sunk to ne> ?ree miles bel[ its orig9al level at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 reflect+ on ! /atem5t1 ?us briefly made1 ( ! ma9 facts connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ! coal =m$ dur+ ! c>bonif]\s epo*1 two or ?ree consid]ations sugge/ !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great phantom ( geological "t rises be=e ! /ud5t ( ?is1 z ( all o!r1 fragm5ts ( ! hi/ory ( our e>?-- spr++ irrepressibly out ( ! facts1 l ! ,dj9 f ! j> :i* ! fi%]m5 s incauti\sly op5$2 & l ! ,dj9 aga91 be+ vapor\s1 %ift+1 & indef9able1 b unmi/akably gigantic4 ,h[ev] mode/ ! bases ( "o's calculation may be1 ! m9imum ( "t assignable to ! coal p]iod rema9s some?+ /up5d\s4 ,pr9cipal ,dawson is ! la/ p]son likely to be guilty ( exagg]ation 9 ?is matt]1 & x w be well to consid] :at he has to say ab\t x3-- ,! rate ( accumulation ( coal 0 v sl[4 ,! climate ( ! p]iod1 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 0 ( su* a "* t ! true conif]s %[ r+s ( gr[?1 n l>g]1 nor mu* less di/9ct1 ?an ^? ( _m ( _! mod]n cong5]s4 ,! ,sigill>ioe & ,calamites 7 n1 z (t5 suppos$1 compos$ :olly1 or ev5 pr9cipally1 ( lax & s(t tissues1 or necess>ily %ort-liv$4 ,! =m] _h1 x is true1 a v ?ick inn] b>k2 b _! d5se woody axis1 _! ?ick & ne>ly imp]i%able out] b>k1 & _! scanty & rigid foliage1 w\ld indicate no v rapid gr[? or decay4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,sigill>ioe1 ! v>iations 9 ! leaf-sc>s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! trunk1 ! int]calation ( new ridges at ! surface repres5t+ t ( new woody w$ges 9 ! axis1 ! transv]se m>ks left by ! /ages ( upw>d gr[?1 all indicate t sev]al ye>s mu/ h be5 requir$ = ! gr[? ( /ems ( mod]ate size4 ,! enorm\s roots ( ^! trees1 & ! condition ( ! coal-swamps1 mu/ h exempt$ !m f ! dang] ( be+ ov]?r[n by viol5ce4 ,!y probably fell 9 successive g5]ations f natural decay2 & mak+ e all[ance = o!r mat]ials1 we may safely ass]t t e foot ( ?ickness ( pure bitum9\s coal implies ! quiet gr[? & fall ( at lea/ fifty g5]ations ( ,sigill>ioe1 & !re=e an undi/urb$ condition ( =e/ gr[? endur+ ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,fur!r1 !re is evid5ce t an imm5se am\nt ( loose p>5*ymat\s tissue1 & ev5 ( wood1 p]i%$ by decay1 & we d n "k to :at ext5t ev5 ! mo/ durable tissues may h disappe>$ 9 ?is way2 s t1 9 _m coal-seams1 we may h only a v small "p ( ! vegetable matt] produc$4 ,und\bt$ly ! =ce ( ^! reflections is n dim9i%$ :5 ! bitum9\s coal1 z 9 ,brita91 consi/s ( accumulat$ spores & spore- cases1 r ?an ( /ems4 ,b1 suppose we adopt ,pr9cipal ,dawson's assumption1 t "o foot ( coal repres5ts fifty g5]ations ( coal plants2 &1 fur!r1 make ! mod]ate supposition t ea* g5]ation ( coal plants took t5 ye>s to come to maturity--!n1 ea* foot- ?ickness ( coal repres5ts five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! sup]impos$ b$s ( coal 9 "o coal-field may am\nt to a ?ickness ( fifty or sixty feet1 & !re=e ! coal alone1 9 t field1 repres5ts #ejj x #ej #be1jjj ye>s4 ,b ! actual coal is b an insignificant portion ( ! total deposit1 :i*1 z has be5 se51 may am\nt to betwe5 two & ?ree miles ( v]tical ?ickness4 ,suppose x be #ab1jjj feet--:i* is #bdj times ! ?ickness ( ! actual coal--is !re any reason :y we %\ld believe x may n h tak5 #bdj times z long to =m8 ,i "k ( none4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 ! "t :i* ! coal-field repres5ts w\ld be #be1jjj x #bdj #f1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,z af=d+ a def9ite *ronology1 ( c\rse su* calculations z ^! are ( no value2 b !y h mu* use 9 fix+ "o's att5tion ^u a possible m9imum4 ,a man may be puzzl$ if he is ask$ h[ long ,rome took a-build+2 b he is prov]bially safe if he affirms x n to h be5 built 9 a day2 & our geological calculations are all1 at pres5t1 pretty mu* on t foot+4 ,a second consid]ation :i* ! /udy ( ! coal br+s prom95tly be=e ! m9d ( any "o :o is famili> ) palaeontology is1 t ! coal ,flora1 view$ 9 relation to ! enorm\s p]iod ( "t :i* x la/$1 & to ! /ill va/] p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce x fl\ri%$1 und]w5t little *ange :ile x endur$1 & 9 its peculi> *>act]s1 diff]s /rangely little f t :i* at pres5t exi/4 ,! same species ( plants are to be met ) ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?ickness ( a coal-field1 & ! y\nge/ are n s5sibly diff]5t f ! olde/4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,not)/&+ t ! c>bonif]\s p]iod is sep>at$ f u by m ?an ! :ole "t repres5t$ by ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 ! great types ( vegetation 7 z di/9ct !n z n[4 ,! /ructure ( ! mod]n club-moss furni%es a complete explanation ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,lepidod5dra1 & ! fronds ( "s ( ! anci5t f]ns are h>d to di/+ui% f exi/+ ones4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t !re is n[h]e 9 ! _w1 at pres5t1 any =e/ :i* be>s m ?an a r\gh analogy ) a coal-=e/4 ,! types may rema91 b ! details ( _! =m1 _! relative proportions1 _! associates1 are all alt]$4 ,& ! tree-f]n =e/ ( ,tasmania1 or ,new ,zeal&1 gives "o only a fa9t & remote image ( ! vegetation ( ! anci5t _w4 ,once m1 an inv>iably-recurr+ lesson ( geological hi/ory1 at :atev] po9t its /udy is tak5 up3 ! lesson ( ! almo/ inf9ite sl[ness ( ! modification ( liv+ =ms4 ,! l9es ( ! p$igrees ( liv+ ?+s break (f almo/ be=e !y beg9 to conv]ge4 ,f9ally1 yet ano!r curi\s consid]ation4 ,let u suppose t "o ( ! /upid1 salam&]-l ,labyr9?odonts1 :i* pott]$1 ) mu* belly & little leg1 l ,fal/aff 9 8 old age1 among ! coal- =e/s1 c\ld h _h ?9k+ p[] en\gh 9 8 small bra9 to reflect ^u ! %[]s ( spores :i* kept on fall+ ?r\gh ye>s & c5turies1 :ile p]haps n "o 9 t5 million fulfill$ its app>5t purpose1 & reproduc$ ! organism :i* gave x bir?3 surely he might h be5 excus$ = moraliz+ ^u ! ?\ghtless & wanton extravagance :i* ,nature display$ 9 h] op]ations4 ,b we h ! advantage ov] our %ovel-head$ pr$ecessor--or possibly ance/or--& c p]ceive t a c]ta9 ve9 ( ?rift runs ?r\gh ?is app>5t prodigality4 ,nature is nev] 9 a hurry1 & seems to h _h always be=e h] eyes ! adage1 ,keep a ?+ long en\gh1 & y w f9d a use = x4 ,%e has kept h] b$s ( coal _m millions ( ye>s )\t be+ able to f9d mu* use = !m2 %e has s5t !m d[n b5ea? ! sea1 & ! sea-bea/s c\ld make no?+ ( !m2 %e has rais$ !m up into dry l&1 & laid ! black ve9s b>e1 & /ill1 = ages & ages1 !re 0 no liv+ ?+ on ! face ( ! e>? t c\ld see any sort ( value 9 !m2 & x 0 only ! o!r day1 s to speak1 t %e turn$ a new creature out ( h] work%op1 :o by degrees acquir$ suffici5t wits to make a fire1 & !n to discov] t ! black rock w\ld burn4 ,i suppose t n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,julius ,caes> 0 good en\gh to deal ) ,brita9 z we h dealt ) ,new ,zeal&1 ! primaeval ,briton1 blue ) cold & woad1 may h kn[n t ! /range black /one1 ( :i* he f\nd lumps "h & !re 9 8 w&]+s1 w\ld burn1 & s help to w>m 8 body & cook 8 food4 ,saxon1 ,dane1 & ,norman sw>m$ into ! l&4 ,! ,engli% p grew into a p[]ful nation1 & ,nature /ill wait$ = a full return ( ! capital %e _h inve/$ 9 ! anci5t club-mosses4 ,! eighte5? c5tury arriv$1 & ) x ,james ,watt4 ,! bra9 ( t man 0 ! spore out ( :i* 0 develop$ ! mod]n /eam-eng9e1 & all ! prodigi\s trees & bran*es ( mod]n indu/ry :i* h gr[n out ( ?is4 ,b coal is z mu* an ess5tial condition ( ?is gr[? & developm5t z c>bonic acid is = t ( a club-moss4 ,want+ coal1 we c\ld n h smelt$ ! iron ne$$ to make our eng9es1 nor h work$ our eng9es :5 we _h got !m4 ,b take away ! eng9es1 & ! great t[ns ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire vani% l a dream4 ,manufactures give place to agriculture & pa/ure1 & n t5 m5 c live :]e n[ t5 ?\s& are amply support$4 ,?us1 all ?is abundant weal? ( money & ( vivid life is ,nature's int]e/ ^u h] inve/m5t 9 club-mosses1 & ! l1 s long ago4 ,b :at becomes ( ! coal :i* is burnt 9 yield+ ?is int]e/8 ,heat comes out ( x1 light comes out ( x2 & if we c\ld ga!r toge!r all t goes up ! *imney1 & all t rema9s 9 ! grate ( a ?or\ghly-burnt coal-fire1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 possession ( a quantity ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & m9]al matt]s1 exactly equal 9 weight to ! coal4 ,b ^! are ! v matt]s ) :i* ,nature suppli$ ! club-mosses :i* made ! coal ,%e is paid back pr9cipal & int]e/ at ! same "t2 & %e /raightway inve/s ! c>bonic acid1 ! wat]1 & ! ammonia 9 new =ms ( life1 fe$+ ) !m ! plants t n[ live4 ,?rifty ,nature6 ,surely no prodigal1 b mo/ notable ( h\sekeep]s6 ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,bord] ,,t]ritory ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+doms #ahgf ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce !re is no?+ m rem>kable ?an ! rapidity ( ! gr[? ( biological k )9 ! la/ half- c5tury1 & ! ext5t ( ! modification :i* has !reby be5 effect$ 9 "s ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! naturali/4 ,9 ! second edition ( ! ,rgne ,animal1 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 ,cuvi] devotes a special section to ! ,division ( ,organis$ ,be+s into ,animals & ,vegetables1 9 :i* ! "q is treat$ ) t compreh5siv5ess ( k & cle> critical judgm5t :i* *>act]ise 8 writ+s1 & ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ !m z repres5tative expressions ( ! mo/ ext5sive1 if n ! pr(\nde/1 k ( 8 "t4 ,he tells u t liv+ be+s h be5 subdivid$ f ! e>lie/ times into animat$ be+s1 :i* possess s5se & motion1 & inanimat$ be+s1 :i* are devoid ( ^! functions & simply vegetate4 ,al?\gh ! roots ( plants direct !mselves t[>ds moi/ure1 & _! leaves t[>ds air & light1--al?\gh ! p>ts ( "s plants exhibit oscillat+ movem5ts )\t any p]ceptible cause1 & ! leaves ( o!rs retract :5 t\*$1--yet none ( ^! movem5ts ju/ify ! ascription to plants ( p]ception or ( w4 ,f ! mobility ( animals1 ,cuvi]1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic p>tiality = teleological reason+1 d$uces ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( an alim5t>y cavity1 or res]voir ( food1 :5ce _! nutrition may be drawn by ! vessels1 :i* are a sort ( int]nal roots2 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is alim5t>y cavity1 he naturally sees ! prim>y & ! mo/ important di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants4 ,foll[+ out 8 teleological argum5t1 ,cuvi] rem>ks t ! organisation ( ?is cavity & its appurt5ances mu/ ne$s v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! alim5t1 & ! op]ations :i* x has to und]go1 be=e x c be conv]t$ into sub/ances fitt$ = absorption2 :ile ! atmosph]e & ! e>? supply plants ) juices ready prep>$1 & :i* c be absorb$ imm$iately4 ,z ! animal body requir$ to be indep5d5t ( heat & ( ! atmosph]e1 !re 7 no means by :i* ! motion ( its fluids c\ld be produc$ by int]nal causes4 ,h5ce arose ! second great di/9ctive "* ( animals1 or ! circulatory sy/em1 :i* is less important ?an ! dige/ive1 s9ce x 0 unnecess>y1 & !re=e is abs5t1 9 ! m simple animals4 ,animals fur!r ne$$ muscles = locomotion & n]ves = s5sibility4 ,h5ce1 says ,cuvi]1 x 0 necess>y t ! *emical composition ( ! animal body %\ld be m complicat$ ?an t ( ! plant2 & x is s1 inasmu* z an additional sub/ance1 nitrog51 ent]s into x z an ess5tial elem5t2 :ile1 9 plants1 nitrog5 is only accid5tally jo9$ ) he ?ree o!r fundam5tal con/itu5ts ( organic be+s--c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,inde$1 he aft]w>ds affirms t nitrog5 is peculi> to animals2 & h]e9 he places ! ?ird di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! plant4 ,! soil & ! atmosph]e supply plants ) wat]1 compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg52 air1 consi/+ ( nitrog5 & oxyg52 & c>bonic acid1 conta9+ c>bon & oxyg54 ,!y reta9 ! hydrog5 & ! c>bon1 exhale ! sup]flu\s oxyg51 & absorb little or no nitrog54 ,! ess5tial "* ( vegetable life is ! exhalation ( oxyg51 :i* is effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( light4 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 d]ive _! n\ri%m5t ei!r directly or indirectly f plants4 ,!y get rid ( ! sup]flu\s hydrog5 & c>bon1 & accumulate nitrog54 ,! relations ( plants & animals to ! atmosph]e are !re=e inv]se4 ,! plant )draws wat] & c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 ! animal contributes bo? to x4 ,respiration--t is1 ! absorption ( oxyg5 & ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid--is ! specially animal function ( animals1 & con/itutes _! f\r? di/9ctive "*4 ,?us wrote ,cuvi] 9 #ahbh4 ,b1 9 ! f\r? & fif? decades ( ?is c5tury1 ! greate/ & mo/ rapid revolution :i* biological sci5ce has ev] und]gone 0 effect$ by ! application ( ! mod]n microscope to ! inve/igation ( organic /ructure2 by ! introduction ( exact & easily manageable me?ods ( conduct+ ! *emical analysis ( organic comp\nds2 & f9ally1 by ! employm5t ( in/rum5ts ( precision = ! measurem5t ( ! physical =ces :i* are at "w 9 ! liv+ economy4 ,t ! semi-fluid cont5ts 7:i* we n[ t]m protoplasm7 ( ! cells ( c]ta9 plants1 su* z ! ,*>oe are 9 con/ant & regul> motion1 0 made out by ,bonav5tura ,corti a c5tury ago2 b ! fact1 important z x 01 fell into oblivion1 & _h to be r$iscov]$ by ,treviranus 9 #ahjg4 ,rob]t ,br[n not$ ! m complex motions ( ! protoplasm 9 ! cells ( ,tradescantia 9 #ahca2 & n[ su* movem5ts ( ! liv+ sub/ance ( plants are well kn[n to be "s ( ! mo/ widely-preval5t ph5om5a ( vegetable life4 ,ag>dh1 & o!r ( ! botani/s ( ,cuvi]'s g5]ation1 :o occupi$ !mselves ) ! l[] plants1 _h obs]v$ t1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! cont5ts ( ! cells ( c]ta9 wat]-we$s 7 set free1 & mov$ ab\t ) consid]able velocity1 & ) all ! appe>ances ( spontaneity1 z locomotive bodies1 :i*1 f _! simil>ity to animals ( simple organisation1 7 call$ zoospores4 ,ev5 z late z #ahde1 h[ev]1 a botani/ ( ,s*leid5's em95ce dealt v sceptically ) ^! /atem5ts2 & 8 scepticism 0 ! m ju/ifi$1 s9ce ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 elaborate & compreh5sive "w on ! ,infusoria1 _h decl>$ ! great] numb] ( :at are n[ recognis$ z locomotive plants to be animals4 ,at ! pres5t day1 innum]able plants & free plant cells are kn[n to pass ! :ole or "p ( _! lives 9 an actively locomotive condition1 9 no wise di/+ui%able f t ( "o ( ! simpl] animals2 &1 :ile 9 ?is condition1 _! movem5ts are1 to all appe>ance1 z spontane\s--z mu* ! product ( volition--z ^? ( su* animals4 ,h5ce ! teleological argum5t = ,cuvi]'s fir/ diagno/ic "*-- ! pres5ce 9 animals ( an alim5t>y cavity1 or int]nal pocket1 9 :i* !y c c>ry ab\t _! nutrim5t--has brok5 d[n1 s f>1 at lea/1 z 8 mode ( /at+ x goes4 ,&1 ) ! advance ( microscopic anatomy1 ! univ]sality ( ! fact itself among animals has ceas$ to be pr$icable4 ,_m animals ( ev5 complex /ructure1 :i* live p>asitically )9 o!rs1 are :olly devoid ( an alim5t>y cavity4 ,_! food is provid$ = !m1 n only ready cook$1 b ready dige/$1 & ! alim5t>y canal1 become sup]flu\s1 has disappe>$4 ,aga91 ! males ( mo/ ,rotif]s h no dige/ive app>atus2 z a ,g]man naturali/ has rem>k$1 !y devote !mselves entirely to ! ,m9n$i5/1 & are to be reckon$ among ! few realisations ( ! ,byronic ideal ( a lov]4 ,f9ally1 amid/ ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 ! speck ( gelat9\s protoplasm1 :i* con/itutes ! :ole body1 has no p]man5t dige/ive cavity or m\?1 b takes 9 its food any:]e2 & dige/s1 s to speak1 all ov] its body4 ,b al?\gh ,cuvi]'s lead+ diagnosis ( ! animal f ! plant w n /& a /rict te/1 x rema9s "o ( ! mo/ con/ant ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( animals4 ,&1 if we sub/itute = ! possession ( an alim5t>y cavity1 ! p[] ( tak+ solid nutrim5t into ! body & !re dige/+ x1 ! def9ition s *ang$ w cov] all animals except c]ta9 p>asites1 & ! few & exceptional cases ( non-p>asitic animals :i* d n fe$ at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! def9ition ?us am5d$ w exclude all ord9>y vegetable organisms4 ,cuvi] himself practically gives up 8 second di/9ctive m>k :5 he admits t x is want+ 9 ! simpl] animals4 ,! ?ird di/9ction is bas$ on a completely errone\s conception ( ! *emical diff]5ces & resemblances betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( animal & vegetable organisms1 = :i* ,cuvi] is n responsible1 z x 0 curr5t among contempor>y *emi/s4 ,x is n[ e/abli%$ t nitrog5 is z ess5tial a con/itu5t ( vegetable z ( animal liv+ matt]2 & t ! latt] is1 *emically speak+1 j z complicat$ z ! =m]4 ,/>*y sub/ances1 cellulose & sug>1 once suppos$ to be exclusively conf9$ to plants1 are n[ kn[n to be regul> & normal products ( animals4 ,amylace\s & sac*>9e sub/ances are l>gely manufactur$1 ev5 by ! highe/ animals2 cellulose is widespread z a con/itu5t ( ! skeletons ( ! l[] animals2 & x is probable t amyloid sub/ances are univ]sally pres5t 9 ! animal organism1 ?\gh n 9 ! precise =m ( />*4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh x rema9s true t !re is an inv]se relation betwe5 ! gre5 plant 9 sun%9e & ! animal1 9 s f> z1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! gre5 plant decomposes c>bonic acid & exhales oxyg51 :ile ! animal absorbs oxyg5 & exhales c>bonic acid2 yet1 ! exact rese>*es ( ! mod]n *emical inve/igators ( ! physiological processes ( plants h cle>ly demon/rat$ ! fallacy ( attempt+ to draw any g5]al di/9ction betwe5 animals & vegetables on ?is gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce vani%es ) ! sun%9e1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! gre5 plant2 :i*1 9 ! d>k1 absorbs oxyg5 & gives out c>bonic acid l any animal4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? plants1 su* z ! fungi1 :i* conta9 no *lorophyll & are n gre51 are always1 s f> z respiration is conc]n$1 9 ! exact position ( animals4 ,!y absorb oxyg5 & give out c>bonic acid4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re is e reason to believe t liv+ plants1 l liv+ animals1 always respire1 &1 9 respir+1 absorb oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid2 b1 t 9 gre5 plants expos$ to daylight or to ! electric light1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 evolv$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid by a special app>atus :i* gre5 plants possess exce$s t absorb$ 9 ! concurr5t respiratory process4 ,?us1 by ! progress ( k1 ,cuvi]'s f\r? di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! plant has be5 z completely invalidat$ z ! ?ird & second2 & ev5 ! fir/ c be reta9$ only 9 a modifi$ =m & subject to exceptions4 ,b has ! advance ( biology simply t5d$ to break d[n old di/9ctions1 )\t e/abli%+ new ones8 ,) a qualification1 to be consid]$ pres5tly1 ! answ] to ?is "q is und\bt$ly 9 ! affirmative4 ,! fam\s rese>*es ( ,s*wann & ,s*leid5 9 #ahcg & ! foll[+ ye>s1 f\nd$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( hi/ology1 or t bran* ( anatomy :i* deals ) ! ultimate visible /ructure ( organisms1 z reveal$ by ! microscope2 &1 f t day to ?is1 ! rapid improvem5t ( me?ods ( inve/igation1 & ! en]gy ( a ho/ ( accurate obs]v]s1 h giv5 great] & great] bread? & firmness to ,s*wann's great g5]alisation1 t a fundam5tal unity ( /ructure obta9s 9 animals & plants2 & t1 h[ev] div]se may be ! fabrics1 or tissues1 ( :i* _! bodies are compos$1 all ^! v>i$ /ructures result f ! metamorphosis ( morphological units 7t]m$ cells1 9 a m g5]al s5se ?an t 9 :i* ! ^w cells 0 at fir/ employ$71 :i* are n only simil> 9 animals & 9 plants respectively1 b pres5t a close resemblance1 :5 ^? ( animals & ^? ( plants are comp>$ toge!r4 ,! contractility :i* is ! fundam5tal condition ( locomotion1 has n only be5 discov]$ to exi/ f> m widely among plants ?an 0 =m]ly imag9$2 b1 9 plants1 ! act ( contraction has be5 f\nd to be accompani$1 z ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son's int]e/+ inve/igations h %[n1 by a di/urbance ( ! electrical /ate ( ! contractile sub/ance1 comp>able to t :i* 0 f\nd by ,du ,bois ,reymond to be a concomitant ( ! activity ( ord9>y muscle 9 animals4 ,aga91 ,i "k ( no te/ by :i* ! reaction ( ! leaves ( ! ,sundew & ( o!r plants to /imuli1 s fully & c>efully /udi$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 c be di/+ui%$ f ^? acts ( contraction foll[+ ^u /imuli1 :i* are call$ reflex 9 animals4 ,on ea* lobe ( ! bilob$ leaf ( ,v5us's fly-trap 7,dionoea muscipula7 are ?ree delicate filam5ts :i* /& out at "r angle f ! surface ( ! leaf4 ,t\* "o ( !m ) ! end ( a f9e human hair & ! lobes ( ! leaf in/antly close toge!r#b 9 virtue ( an act ( contraction ( "p ( _! sub/ance1 j z ! body ( a snail contracts into its %ell :5 "o ( its horns is irritat$4 ,footnote #b3 ,d>w91 ,insectivor\s ,plants1 p4 #bhi4 ,! reflex action ( ! snail is ! result ( ! pres5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em 9 ! animal4 ,a molecul> *ange takes place 9 ! n]ve ( ! t5tacle1 is propagat$ to ! muscles by :i* ! body is retract$1 & caus+ !m to contract1 ! act ( retraction is br\ght ab\t4 ,( c\rse ! simil>ity ( ! acts does n necess>ily involve ! conclusion t ! me*anism by :i* !y are effect$ is ! same2 b x sugge/s a suspicion ( _! id5tity :i* ne$s c>eful te/+4 ,! results ( rec5t inquiries into ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals conv]ge t[>ds ! conclusion t ! n]ve fibres1 :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ z ultimate elem5ts ( n]v\s tissue1 are n su*1 b are simply ! visible aggregations ( va/ly m att5uat$ filam5ts1 ! diamet] ( :i* dw9dles d[n to ! limits ( our pres5t microscopic vision1 greatly z ^! h be5 ext5d$ by mod]n improvem5ts ( ! microscope2 & t a n]ve is1 9 its ess5ce1 no?+ b a l9e> tract ( specially modifi$ protoplasm betwe5 two po9ts ( an organism--"o ( :i* is able to affect ! o!r by means ( ! communication s e/abli%$4 ,h5ce1 x is conceivable t ev5 ! simple/ liv+ be+ may possess a n]v\s sy/em4 ,& ! "q :e!r plants are provid$ ) a n]v\s sy/em or n1 ?us acquires a new aspect1 & pres5ts ! hi/ologi/ & physiologi/ ) a problem ( extreme difficulty1 :i* mu/ be attack$ f a new po9t ( view & by ! aid ( me?ods :i* h yet to be inv5t$4 ,?us x mu/ be admitt$ t plants may be contractile & locomotive2 t1 :ile locomotive1 _! movem5ts may h z mu* appe>ance ( spontaneity z ^? ( ! l[e/ animals2 & t _m exhibit actions1 comp>able to ^? :i* are br\ght ab\t by ! ag5cy ( a n]v\s sy/em 9 animals4 ,& x mu/ be all[$ to be possible t fur!r rese>* may reveal ! exi/5ce ( some?+ comp>able to a n]v\s sy/em 9 plants4 ,s t ,i "k n :]e we c hope to f9d any absolute di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants1 unless we return to _! mode ( nutrition1 & inquire :e!r c]ta9 diff]5ces ( a m occult "* ?an ^? imag9$ to exi/ by ,cuvi]1 & :i* c]ta9ly hold good = ! va/ majority ( animals & plants1 are ( univ]sal application4 ,a bean may be suppli$ ) wat] 9 :i* salts ( ammonia & c]ta9 o!r m9]al salts are dissolv$ 9 due proportion2 ) atmosph]ic air conta9+ its ord9>y m9ute dose ( c>bonic acid2 & ) no?+ else b sunlight & heat4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 unnatural z !y are1 ) prop] managem5t1 ! bean w ?ru/ =? its radicle & its plumule2 ! =m] w gr[ d[n into roots1 ! latt] gr[ up into ! /em & leaves ( a vigor\s bean-plant2 & ?is plant w1 9 due "t1 fl[] & produce its crop ( beans1 j z if x 7 gr[n 9 ! g>d5 or 9 ! field4 ,! weight ( ! nitrog5\s prote9 comp\nds1 ( ! oily1 />*y1 sac*>9e & woody sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! full-gr[n plant & its se$s1 w be va/ly great] ?an ! weight ( ! same sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! bean f :i* x sprang4 ,b no?+ has be5 suppli$ to ! bean save wat]1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 pota%1 lime1 iron1 & ! l1 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric1 sulphuric1 & o!r acids4 ,nei!r prote91 nor fat1 nor />*1 nor sug>1 nor any sub/ance 9 ! slighte/ degree resembl+ !m1 has =m$ "p ( ! food ( ! bean4 ,b ! weights ( ! c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & o!r elem5t>y bodies conta9$ 9 ! bean- plant1 & 9 ! se$s :i* x produces1 are exactly equival5t to ! weights ( ! same elem5ts :i* h disappe>$ f ! mat]ials suppli$ to ! bean dur+ its gr[?4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! bean has tak5 9 only ! raw mat]ials ( its fabric1 & has manufactur$ !m into bean-/uffs4 ,! bean has be5 able to p]=m ?is great *emical feat by ! help ( its gre5 col\r+ matt]1 or *lorophyll2 = x is only ! gre5 p>ts ( ! plant :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 h ! m>vell\s p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid1 sett+ free ! oxyg5 & lay+ hold ( ! c>bon :i* x conta9s4 ,9 fact1 ! bean obta9s two ( ! absolutely indisp5sable elem5ts ( its sub/ance f two di/9ct s\rces2 ! wat]y solution1 9 :i* its roots are plung$1 conta9s nitrog5 b no c>bon2 ! air1 to :i* ! leaves are expos$1 conta9s c>bon1 b its nitrog5 is 9 ! /ate ( a free gas1 9 :i* condition ! bean c make no use ( x2#c & ! *lorophyll#d is ! app>atus by :i* ! c>bon is extract$ f ! atmosph]ic c>bonic acid--! leaves be+ ! *ief laboratories 9 :i* ?is op]ation is effect$4 ,footnote #c3 ,i purposely assume t ! air ) :i* ! bean is suppli$ 9 ! case /at$ conta9s no ammoniacal salts4 ,footnote #d3 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,pr+%eim h rais$ a ho/ ( que/ions z to ! exact %>e tak5 by *lorophyll 9 ! *emical op]ations :i* are effect$ by ! gre5 p>ts ( plants4 ,x may be t ! *lorophyll is only a con/ant concomitant ( ! actual deoxidis+ app>atus4 ,! great majority ( conspicu\s plants are1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 gre52 & ?is arises f ! abundance ( _! *lorophyll4 ,! few :i* conta9 no *lorophyll & are col\rless1 are unable to extract ! c>bon :i* !y require f atmosph]ic c>bonic acid1 & lead a p>asitic exi/5ce ^u o!r plants2 b x by no means foll[s1 (t5 z ! /atem5t has be5 repeat$1 t ! manufactur+ p[] ( plants dep5ds on _! *lorophyll1 & its int]action ) ! rays ( ! sun4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is easily demon/rat$1 z ,pa/eur fir/ prov$1 t ! l[e/ fungi1 devoid ( *lorophyll1 or ( any sub/itute = x1 z !y are1 nev]!less possess ! *>act]i/ic manufactur+ p[]s ( plants 9 a v high degree4 ,only x is necess>y t !y %\ld be suppli$ ) a diff]5t k9d ( raw mat]ial2 z !y _c extract c>bon f c>bonic acid1 !y mu/ be furni%$ ) some?+ else t conta9s c>bon4 ,t>t>ic acid is su* a sub/ance2 & if a s+le spore ( ! commone/ & mo/ tr\blesome ( m\lds--,p5icillium--be s[n 9 a sauc]ful ( wat]1 9 :i* t>trate ( ammonia1 ) a small p]c5tage ( phosphates & sulphates is conta9$1 & kept w>m1 :e!r 9 ! d>k or expos$ to light1 x w1 9 a %ort "t1 give rise to a ?ick cru/ ( m\ld1 :i* conta9s _m million times ! weight ( ! orig9al spore1 9 prote9 comp\nds & cellulose4 ,?us we h a v wide basis ( fact = ! g5]alisation t plants are ess5tially *>act]is$ by _! manufactur+ capacity--by _! p[] ( work+ up m]e m9]al matt]s into complex organic comp\nds4 ,contr>iwise1 !re is a no less wide f\ndation = ! g5]alisation t animals1 z ,cuvi] puts x1 dep5d directly or indirectly ^u plants = ! mat]ials ( _! bodies2 t is1 ei!r !y are h]bivor\s1 or !y eat o!r animals :i* are h]bivor\s4 ,b = :at con/itu5ts ( _! bodies are animals ?us dep5d5t ^u plants8 ,c]ta9ly n = _! horny matt]2 nor = *ondr91 ! proximate *emical elem5t ( c>tilage2 nor = gelat9e2 nor = synton91 ! con/itu5t ( muscle2 nor = _! n]v\s or bili>y sub/ances2 nor = _! amyloid matt]s2 nor1 necess>ily1 = _! fats4 ,x c be exp]im5tally demon/rat$ t animals c make ^! = !mselves4 ,b t :i* !y _c make1 b mu/1 9 all kn[n cases1 obta9 directly or indirectly f plants1 is ! peculi> nitrog5\s matt]1 prote94 ,?us ! plant is ! ideal proltaire ( ! liv+ _w1 ! work] :o produces2 ! animal1 ! ideal ari/ocrat1 :o mo/ly occupies himself 9 consum+1 aft] ! mann] ( t noble repres5tative ( ! l9e ( ,zhd>m1 ^: epitaph is writt5 9 ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,"h is our la/ hope ( f9d+ a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 plants & animals2 =1 z ,i h already h9t$1 !re is a bord] t]ritory betwe5 ! two k+doms1 a sort ( no-man's-l&1 ! inhabitants ( :i* c]ta9ly _c be discrim9at$ & br\ght to _! prop] allegiance 9 any o!r way4 ,"s mon?s ago1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall ask$ me to exam9e a drop ( infusion ( hay1 plac$ "u an excell5t & p[]ful microscope1 & to tell him :at ,i ?\ght "s organisms visible 9 x 74 ,i look$ & obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 multitudes ( ,bact]ia mov+ ab\t ) _! ord9>y int]mitt5t spasmodic wriggles4 ,z to ! vegetable nature ( ^! !re is n[ no d\bt4 ,n only does ! close resemblance ( ! ,bact]ia to unque/ionable plants1 su* z ! ,oscillatorioe & ! l[] =ms ( ,fungi1 ju/ify ?is conclusion1 b ! manufactur+ te/ settles ! "q at once4 ,x is only ne$ful to add a m9ute drop ( fluid conta9+ ,bact]ia1 to wat] 9 :i* t>trate1 phosphate1 & sulphate ( ammonia are dissolv$2 &1 9 a v %ort space ( "t1 ! cle> fluid becomes milky by reason ( _! prodigi\s multiplication1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 implies ! manufacture ( liv+ ,bact]ium-/uff out ( ^! m]ely sal9e matt]s4 ,b o!r active organisms1 v mu* l>g] ?an ! ,bact]ia1 atta9+ 9 fact ! comp>atively gigantic dim5sions ( #a_/cjjj ( an in* or m1 incessantly cross$ ! field ( view4 ,ea* ( ^! _h a body %ap$ l a pe>1 ! small end be+ slightly incurv$ & produc$ into a long curv$ filam5t1 or cilium1 ( extreme t5uity4 ,beh9d ?is1 f ! concave side ( ! incurvation1 proce$$ ano!r long cilium1 s delicate z to be disc]nible only by ! use ( ! highe/ p[]s & c>eful managem5t ( ! light4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! pe>-%ap$ body a cle> r\nd space c\ld occasionally be disc]n$1 b n always2 & c>eful wat*+ %[$ t ?is cle> vacuity appe>$ gradually1 & !n %ut up & disappe>$ sudd5ly1 at regul> int]vals4 ,su* a /ructure is ( common occurr5ce among ! l[e/ plants & animals1 & is kn[n z a contractile vacuole4 ,! little creature ?us describ$ sometimes propell$ itself ) great activity1 ) a curi\s roll+ motion1 by ! la%+ ( ! front cilium1 :ile ! second cilium trail$ beh9d2 sometimes x an*or$ itself by ! h9d] cilium & 0 spun r\nd by ! work+ ( ! o!r1 its motions resembl+ ^? ( an an*or buoy 9 a heavy sea4 ,sometimes1 :5 two 7 9 full c>e] t[>ds "o ano!r1 ea* w\ld appe> dext]\sly to get out ( ! o!r's way2 sometimes a cr[d w\ld assemble & jo/le "o ano!r1 ) z mu* semblance ( individual ef=t z a spectator on ! ,gr&s ,mulets might obs]ve ) a telescope among ! specks repres5t+ m5 9 ! valley ( ,*am\nix4 ,! spectacle1 ?\gh always surpris+1 0 n new to me4 ,s my reply to ! "q put to me 01 t ^! organisms 7 :at biologi/s call ,monads1 & ?\gh !y might be animals1 x 0 also possible t !y might1 l ! ,bact]ia1 be plants4 ,my fri5d receiv$ my v]dict ) an expression :i* %[$ a sad want ( respect = au?ority4 ,he w\ld z soon believe t a %eep 0 a plant4 ,naturally piqu$ by ?is want ( fai?1 ,i h ?\ght a good deal ov] ! matt]2 &1 z ,i /ill re/ 9 ! lame conclusion ,i orig9ally express$1 & mu/ ev5 n[ confess t ,i _c c]ta9ly say :e!r ?is creature is an animal or a plant1 ,i ?9k x may be well to /ate ! gr\nds ( my hesitation at l5g?4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] t ,i may conv5i5tly di/+ui% ?is ,monad f ! multitude ( o!r ?+s :i* g by ! same designation1 ,i mu/ give x a "n ( its own4 ,i ?9k 7?\gh1 = reasons :i* ne$ n be /at$ at pres5t1 ,i am n q sure7 t x is id5tical ) ! species ,monas l5s z def9$ by ! em95t ,fr5* microscopi/ ,duj>d91 ?\gh 8 magnify+ p[] 0 probably insuffici5t to enable him to see t x is curi\sly l a mu* l>g] =m ( monad :i* he has nam$ ,het]omita4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 call x n ,monas1 b ,het]omita l5s4 ,i h be5 unable to devote to my ,het]omita ! prolong$ /udy ne$ful to "w out its :ole hi/ory1 :i* w\ld involve weeks1 or x may be mon?s1 ( unremitt+ att5tion4 ,b ,i ! less regret ?is circum/ance1 z "s rem>kable obs]vations rec5tly publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,dall+] & ,drysdale#e on c]ta9 ,monads1 relate1 9 "p1 to a =m s simil> to my ,het]omita l5s1 t ! hi/ory ( ! "o may be us$ to illu/rate t ( ! o!r4 ,^! mo/ pati5t & pa9/ak+ obs]v]s1 :o employ$ ! highe/ atta9able p[]s ( ! microscope &1 reliev+ "o ano!r1 kept wat* day & night ov] ! same individual monads1 h be5 enabl$ to trace out ! :ole hi/ory ( _! ,het]omita2 :i* !y f\nd 9 infusions ( ! heads ( fi%es ( ! ,cod tribe4 ,footnote #e3 ,rese>*es 9 ! ,life-hi/ory ( a ,c]comonad3 a ,lesson 9 ,biog5esis2 & ,fur!r ,rese>*es 9 ! ,life-hi/ory ( ! ,monads1 --,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 #ahgc4 ,( ! f\r monads describ$ & figur$ by ^! inve/igators1 "o1 z ,i h said1 v closely resembles ,het]omita l5s 9 e p>ticul>1 except t x has a sep>ately di/+ui%able c5tral p>ticle or nucleus1 :i* is n c]ta9ly to be made out 9 ,het]omita l5s2 & t no?+ is said by ,messrs4 ,dall+] & ,drysdale ( ! exi/5ce ( a contractile vacuole 9 ?is monad1 ?\gh !y describe x 9 ano!r4 ,_! ,het]omita1 h[ev]1 multipli$ rapidly by fission4 ,sometimes a transv]se con/riction appe>$2 ! h9d] half develop$ a new cilium1 & ! h9d] cilium gradually split f its base to its free end1 until x 0 divid$ into two2 a process :i*1 consid]+ ! fact t ?is f9e filam5t _c be mu* m ?an #a_/ajjjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 is wond]ful en\gh4 ,! con/riction ( ! body ext5d$ inw>ds until ! two portions 7 unit$ by a n>r[ i/hmus2 f9ally1 !y sep>at$ & ea* swam away by itself1 a complete ,het]omita1 provid$ ) its two cilia4 ,sometimes ! con/riction took a longitud9al direction1 ) ! same ultimate result4 ,9 ea* case ! process occupi$ n m ?an six or sev5 m9utes4 ,at ?is rate1 a s+le ,het]omita w\ld give rise to a ?\s& l itself 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 to ab\t a million 9 two h\rs1 & to a numb] great] ?an ! g5]ally assum$ numb] ( human be+s n[ liv+ 9 ! _w 9 ?ree h\rs2 or1 if we give ea* ,het]omita an h\r's enjoym5t ( individual exi/5ce1 ! same result w be obta9$ 9 ab\t a day4 ,! app>5t sudd5ness ( ! appe>ance ( multitudes ( su* organisms z ^! 9 any nutritive fluid to :i* "o obta9s access is ?us easily expla9$4 ,dur+ ^! processes ( multiplication by fission1 ! ,het]omita rema9s active2 b sometimes ano!r mode ( fission occurs4 ,! body becomes r\nd$ & quiesc5t1 or ne>ly s2 &1 :ile 9 ?is re/+ /ate1 divides into two portions1 ea* ( :i* is rapidly conv]t$ into an active ,het]omita4 ,a /ill m rem>kable ph5om5on is t k9d ( multiplication :i* is prec$$ by ! union ( two monads1 by a process :i* is t]m$ conjugation4 ,two active ,het]omitoe become appli$ to "o ano!r1 & !n sl[ly & gradually coalesce into "o body4 ,! two nuclei run into "o2 & ! mass result+ f ! conjugation ( ! two ,het]omitoe1 ?us fus$ toge!r1 has a triangul> =m4 ,! two pairs ( cilia are to be se51 = "s "t1 at two ( ! angles1 :i* answ] to ! small ends ( ! conjo9$ monads2 b !y ultimately vani%1 & ! tw9 organism1 9 :i* all visible traces ( organisation h disappe>$1 falls into a /ate ( re/4 ,sudd5 wave- l movem5ts ( its sub/ance next occur2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! apices ( ! triangul> mass bur/1 & give exit to a d5se yell[i%1 glairy fluid1 fill$ ) m9ute granules4 ,?is process1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 involves ! actual conflu5ce & mixture ( ! sub/ance ( two di/9ct organisms1 is effect$ 9 ! space ( ab\t two h\rs4 ,! au?ors :om ,i quote say t !y _c express ! excessive m9ut5ess ( ! granules 9 "q1 & !y e/imate _! diamet] at less ?an #a_/bjjjjj ( an in*4 ,"u ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 at pres5t applicable1 su* specks are h>dly disc]nible4 ,nev]!less1 p>ticles ( ?is size are massive :5 comp>$ to physical molecules2 :5ce !re is no reason to d\bt t ea*1 small z x is1 may h a molecul> /ructure suffici5tly complex to give rise to ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 by pati5t wat*+ ( ! place at :i* ^! inf9itesimal liv+ p>ticles 7 dis*>g$1 our obs]v]s assur$ !mselves ( _! gr[? & developm5t into new monads4 ,9 ab\t f\r h\rs f _! be+ set free1 !y _h atta9$ a six? ( ! l5g? ( ! p>5t1 ) ! *>act]i/ic cilia1 ?\gh at fir/ !y 7 q motionless2 &1 9 f\r h\rs m1 !y _h atta9$ ! dim5sions & exhibit$ all ! activity ( ! adult4 ,^! inconceivably m9ute p>ticles are !re=e ! g]ms ( ! ,het]omita2 & f ! dim5sions ( ^! g]ms x is easily %[n t ! body =m$ by conjugation may1 at a l[ e/imate1 h giv5 exit to ?irty ?\s& ( !m2 a result ( a matrimonial process :]eby ! contract+ p>ties1 )\t a metaphor1 become "o fle%1 en\gh to make a ,mal?usian despair ( ! future ( ! ,univ]se4 ,i am n aw>e t ! inve/igators f :om ,i h borr[$ ?is hi/ory h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r _! monads take solid nutrim5t or n2 s t ?\gh !y help u v mu* to fill up ! blanks 9 ! hi/ory ( my ,het]omita1 _! obs]vations ?r[ no light on ! problem we are try+ to solve--,is x an animal or is x a plant8 ,und\bt$ly x is possible to br+ =w>d v /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( reg>d+ ,het]omita z a plant4 ,= example1 !re is a ,fungus1 an obscure & almo/ microscopic m\ld1 t]m$ ,p]onospora infe/ans4 ,l _m o!r ,fungi1 ! ,p]onosporoe are p>asitic ^u o!r plants2 & ?is p>ticul> ,p]onospora happ5s to h atta9$ mu* notoriety & political importance1 9 a way n )\t a p>allel 9 ! c>e] ( notori\s politicians1 namely1 by reason ( ! frightful mis*ief x has done to mank9d4 ,= x is ?is ,fungus :i* is ! cause ( ! potato disease2 &1 !re=e1 ,p]onospora infe/ans 7d\btless ( exclusively ,saxon orig91 ?\gh n accurately kn[n to be s7 br\ght ab\t ! ,iri% fam9e4 ,! plants afflict$ ) ! malady are f\nd to be infe/$ by a m\ld1 consi/+ ( f9e tubul> filam5ts1 t]m$ hyphoe1 :i* burr[ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! potato plant1 & appropriate to !mselves ! sub/ance ( _! ho/2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 directly or indirectly1 !y set up *emical *anges by :i* ev5 its woody framework becomes black5$1 sodd51 & )]$4 ,9 /ructure1 h[ev]1 ! ,p]onospora is z mu* a m\ld z ! common ,p5icillium2 & j z ! ,p5icillium multiplies by ! break+ up ( its hyphoe into sep>ate r\nd$ bodies1 ! spores2 s1 9 ! ,p]onospora1 c]ta9 ( ! hyphoe gr[ out into ! air ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! sup]ficial cells ( ! potato plant1 & develop spores4 ,ea* ( ^! hyphoe usually gives (f sev]al bran*es4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es dilate & become clos$ sacs1 :i* ev5tually drop (f z spores4 ,! spores fall+ on "s "p ( ! same potato plant1 or c>ri$ by ! w9d to ano!r1 may at once g]m9ate1 ?r[+ out tubul> prolongations :i* become hyphoe1 & burr[ into ! sub/ance ( ! plant attack$4 ,b1 m commonly1 ! cont5ts ( ! spore divide into six or eight sep>ate portions4 ,! coat ( ! spore gives way1 & ea* portion !n em]ges z an indep5d5t organism1 :i* has ! %ape ( a bean1 r n>r[] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 convex on "o side1 & depress$ or concave on ! opposite4 ,f ! depression1 two long & delicate cilia proce$1 "o %ort] ?an ! o!r1 & direct$ =w>ds4 ,close to ! orig9 ( ^! cilia1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! body1 is a regul>ly pulsat+1 contractile vacuole4 ,! %ort] cilium vibrates actively1 & effects ! locomotion ( ! organism1 :ile ! o!r trails beh9d2 ! :ole body roll+ on its axis ) its po9t$ end =w>ds4 ,! em95t botani/1 ,de ,b>y1 :o 0 n ?9k+ ( our problem1 tells u1 9 describ+ ! movem5ts ( ^! ,zoospores1 t1 z !y swim ab\t1 ,=eign bodies are c>efully avoid$1 & ! :ole movem5t has a deceptive lik5ess to ! volunt>y *anges ( place :i* are obs]v$ 9 microscopic animals4 ,aft] sw>m+ ab\t 9 ?is way 9 ! moi/ure on ! surface ( a leaf or /em 7:i*1 film ?\gh x may be1 is an ocean to su* a fi%7 = half an h\r1 m or less1 ! movem5t ( ! zoospore becomes sl[]1 & is limit$ to a sl[ turn+ ^u its axis1 )\t *ange ( place4 ,x !n becomes q quiet1 ! cilia disappe>1 x assumes a sph]ical =m1 & surr\nds itself ) a di/9ct1 ?\gh delicate1 membran\s coat4 ,a protub]ance !n gr[s out f "o side ( ! sph]e1 & rapidly increas+ 9 l5g?1 assumes ! "* ( a hypha4 ,! latt] p5etrates into ! sub/ance ( ! potato plant1 ei!r by ent]+ a /omate1 or by bor+ ?r\gh ! wall ( an epid]mic cell1 & ramifies1 z a mycelium1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 de/roy+ ! tissues ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,z ^! processes ( multiplication take place v rapidly1 millions ( spores are soon set free f a s+le infe/$ plant2 &1 f _! m9ut5ess1 !y are readily transport$ by ! g5tle/ breeze4 ,s9ce1 aga91 ! zoospores set free f ea* spore1 9 virtue ( _! p[]s ( locomotion1 swiftly disp]se !mselves ov] ! surface1 x is no wond] t ! infection1 once />t$1 soon spreads f field to field1 & ext5ds its ravages ov] a :ole c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 x does n ent] into my pres5t plan to treat ( ! potato disease1 in/ructively z its hi/ory be>s ^u t ( o!r epidemics2 & ,i h select$ ! case ( ! ,p]oganspora simply because x af=ds an example ( an organism1 :i*1 9 "o /age ( its exi/5ce1 is truly a ,monad1 indi/+ui%able by any important "* f our ,het]omita1 & extraord9>ily l x 9 "s respects4 ,& yet ?is ,monad c be trac$1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! s]ies ( metamorphoses :i* ,i h describ$1 until x assumes ! features ( an organism1 :i* is z mu* a plant z is an oak or an elm4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be possible to pursue ! analogy f>!r4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 a process ( conjugation takes place 9 ! ,p]onospora4 ,two sep>ate portions ( its protoplasm become fus$ toge!r1 surr\nd !mselves ) a ?ick coat & give rise to a sort ( vegetable egg call$ an oospore4 ,aft] a p]iod ( re/1 ! cont5ts ( ! oospore break up into a numb] ( zoospores l ^? already describ$1 ea* ( :i*1 aft] a p]iod ( activity1 g]m9ates 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?is process obvi\sly corresponds ) ! conjugation & subsequ5t sett+ free ( g]ms 9 ! ,het]omita4 ,b x may be said t ! ,p]onospora is1 aft] all1 a que/ionable sort ( plant2 t x seems to be want+ 9 ! manufactur+ p[]1 select$ z ! ma9 di/9ctive "* ( vegetable life2 or1 at any rate1 t !re is no pro( t x does n get its prote9 matt] ready made f ! potato plant4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take a case :i* is n op5 to ^! objections4 ,!re are "s small plants kn[n to botani/s z memb]s ( ! g5us ,colco*aete1 :i*1 )\t be+ truly p>asitic1 gr[ ^u c]ta9 wat]-we$s1 z li*5s gr[ ^u trees4 ,! little plant has ! =m ( an elegant gre5 />1 ! bran*+ arms ( :i* are divid$ into cells4 ,its gre5ness is due to its *lorophyll1 & x und\bt$ly has ! manufactur+ p[] 9 full degree1 decompos+ c>bonic acid & sett+ oxyg5 free1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,b ! protoplasmic cont5ts ( "s ( ! cells ( :i* ! plant is made up occasionally divide1 by a me?od simil> to t :i* effects ! division ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,p]onospora spore2 & ! sev]$ portions are !n set free z active monad-l zoospores4 ,ea* is oval & is provid$ at "o extremity ) two long active cilia4 ,propell$ by ^!1 x swims ab\t = a long] or %ort] "t1 b at l5g? comes to a /ate ( re/ & gradually gr[s into a ,coleo*aete4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ! ,p]onospora1 conjugation may take place & result 9 an oospore2 ! cont5ts ( :i* divide & are set free z monadi=m g]ms4 ,if ! :ole hi/ory ( ! zoospores ( ,p]onospora & ( ,coleo*aete 7 unkn[n1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly be class$ among ,monads ) ! same "r z ,het]omita2 :y !n may n ,het]omita be a plant1 ev5 ?\gh ! cycle ( =ms ?r\gh :i* x passes %[s no t]ms q s complex z ^? :i* occur 9 ,p]onospora & ,coleo*aete8 ,&1 9 fact1 !re are "s gre5 organisms1 9 e respect *>act]i/ically plants1 su* z ,*lamydomonas1 & ! common ,volvox1 or s-call$ ,globe animalcule1 :i* run ?r\gh a cycle ( =ms ( j ! same simple "* z ^? ( ,het]omita4 ,! "n ( ,*lamydomonas is appli$ to c]ta9 microscopic gre5 bodies1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a protoplasmic c5tral sub/ance inve/$ by a /ructureless sac4 ,! latt] conta9s cellulose1 z 9 ord9>y plants2 & ! *lorophyll :i* gives ! gre5 col\r enables ! ,*lamydomonas to decompose c>bonic acid & fix c>bon z !y d4 ,two long cilia protrude ?r\gh ! cell-wall1 & effect ! rapid locomotion ( ?is monad1 :i*1 9 all respects except its mobility1 is *>act]i/ically a plant4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! ,*lamydomonas multiplies by simple fission1 ea* splitt+ into two or into f\r p>ts1 :i* sep>ate & become indep5d5t organisms4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ,*lamydomonas divides into eight p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is provid$ ) f\r in/ead ( two cilia4 ,^! zoospores conjugate 9 pairs1 & give rise to quiesc5t bodies1 :i* multiply by division1 f9d ev5tually pass into ! active /ate4 ,?us1 s f> z outw>d =m & ! g5]al "* ( ! cycle ( modifications1 ?r\gh :i* ! organism passes 9 ! c\rse ( its life1 are conc]n$1 ! resemblance betwe5 ,*lamydomonas & ,het]omita is ( ! close/ description4 ,& on ! face ( ! matt] !re is no gr\nd = refus+ to admit t ,het]omita may be relat$ to ,*lamydomonas1 z ! col\rless fungus is to ! gre5 alga4 ,volvox may be comp>$ to a holl[ sph]e1 ! wall ( :i* is made up ( coh]5t ,*lamydomonads2 & :i* progresses ) a rotat+ motion effect$ by ! paddl+ ( ! multitud9\s pairs ( cilia :i* project f its surface4 ,ea* ,volvox-monad1 moreov]1 possesses a r$ pigm5t spot1 l ! simple/ =m ( eye kn[n among animals4 ,! me?ods ( fissive multiplication & ( conjugation obs]v$ 9 ! monads ( ?is locomotive globe are ess5tially simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ,*lamydomonas2 &1 ?\gh a h>d battle has be5 f\ght ov] x1 ,volvox is n[ f9ally surr5d]$ to ! ,botani/s4 ,?us !re is really no reason :y ,het]omita may n be a plant2 & ?is conclusion w\ld be v satisfactory1 if x 7 n equally easy to %[ t !re is really no reason :y x %\ld n be an animal4 ,= !re are num]\s organisms pres5t+ ! close/ resemblance to ,het]omita1 &1 l x1 gr\p$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,monads1 :i*1 nev]!less1 c be obs]v$ to take 9 solid nutrim5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 h a virtual1 if n an actual1 m\? & dige/ive cavity1 & ?us come "u ,cuvi]'s def9ition ( an animal4 ,num]\s =ms ( su* animals h be5 describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 ,duj>d91 ,h4 ,james ,cl>k1 & o!r writ]s on ! ,infusoria4 ,inde$1 9 ano!r infusion ( hay 9 :i* my ,het]omita l5s occurr$1 !re 7 innum]able su* infusorial animalcules belong+ to ! well-kn[n species ,colpoda cucullus4#f ,footnote #f3 ,excell5tly describ$ by ,/e91 almo/ all ( ^: /atem5ts ,i h v]ifi$4 ,full-siz$ specim5s ( ?is animalcule atta9 a l5g? ( betwe5 #a_/cjj or #a_/djj ( an in*1 s t x may h t5 times ! l5g? & a ?\s& times ! mass ( a ,het]omita4 ,9 %ape1 x is n altoge!r unlike ,het]omita4 ,! small end1 h[ev]1 is n produc$ into "o long cilium1 b ! g5]al surface ( ! body is cov]$ ) small actively vibrat+ cili>y organs1 :i* are only longe/ at ! small end4 ,at ! po9t :i* answ]s to t f :i* ! two cilia arise 9 ,het]omita1 !re is a conical depression1 ! m\?2 &1 9 "y specim5s1 a tap]+ filam5t1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! po/]ior cilium ( ,het]omita1 projects f ?is region4 ,! body consi/s ( a s(t granul> protoplasmic sub/ance1 ! middle ( :i* is occupi$ by a l>ge oval mass call$ ! nucleus2 :ile1 at its h9d] end1 is a contractile vacuole1 conspicu\s by its regul> rhy?mic appe>ances & disappe>ances4 ,obvi\sly1 al?\gh ! ,colpoda is n a monad1 x diff]s f "o only 9 subord9ate details4 ,moreov]1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 x becomes quiesc5t1 incloses itself 9 a delicate case or cy/1 & !n divides into two1 f\r1 or m portions1 :i* are ev5tually set free & swim ab\t z active ,colpodoe4 ,b ?is creature is an unmi/akable animal1 & full-siz$ ,colpodoe may be f$ z easily z "o fe$s *ick5s4 ,x is only ne$ful to diffuse v f9ely gr\nd c>m9e ?r\gh ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 &1 9 a v %ort "t1 ! bodies ( ! ,colpodoe are /uff$ ) ! deeply-col\r$ granules ( ! pigm5t4 ,& if ?is 7 n suffici5t evid5ce ( ! animality ( ,colpoda1 !re comes ! fact t x is ev5 m simil> to ano!r well-kn[n animalcule1 ,p>amoecium1 ?an x is to a monad4 ,b ,p>amoecium is s huge a creature comp>$ ) ^? hi!rto discuss$--x rea*es #a_/abj ( an in* or m 9 l5g?--t !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ out its organisation 9 detail2 & 9 prov+ t x is n only an animal1 b t x is an animal :i* possesses a some:at complicat$ organisation4 ,= example1 ! surface lay] ( its body is diff]5t 9 /ructure f ! deep] p>ts4 ,!re are two contractile vacuoles1 f ea* ( :i* radiates a sy/em ( vessel-l canals2 & n only is !re a conical depression cont9u\s ) a tube1 :i* s]ve z m\? & gullet1 b ! food +e/$ takes a def9ite c\rse1 & refuse is reject$ f a def9ite region4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to fe$ ^! animals1 & to wat* ! p>ticles ( indigo or c>m9e accumulate at ! l[] end ( ! gullet4 ,f ?is !y gradually project1 surr\nd$ by a ball ( wat]1 :i* at l5g? passes ) a j]k1 oddly simulat+ a gulp1 into ! pulpy c5tral sub/ance ( ! body1 !re to circulate up "o side & d[n ! o!r1 until its cont5ts are dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,nev]!less1 ?is complex animal multiplies by division1 z ! monad does1 &1 l ! monad1 und]goes conjugation4 ,x /&s 9 ! same relation to ,het]omita on ! animal side1 z ,coleo*aete does on ! plant side4 ,/>t f ei!r1 & su* an ins5sible s]ies ( gradations leads to ! monad t x is impossible to say at any /age ( ! progress :]e ! l9e betwe5 ! animal & ! plant mu/ be drawn4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t c]ta9 organisms :i* pass ?r\gh a monad /age ( exi/5ce1 su* z ! ,myxomycetes1 are1 at "o "t ( _! lives1 dep5d5t ^u ext]nal s\rces = _! prote9 matt]1 or are animals2 &1 at ano!r p]iod1 manufacture x1 or are plants4 ,& see+ t ! :ole progress ( mod]n inve/igation is 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( cont9uity1 x is a fair & probable speculation--?\gh only a speculation--t1 z !re are "s plants :i* c manufacture prote9 out ( su* app>5tly intractable m9]al matt]s z c>bonic acid1 wat]1 nitrate ( ammonia1 metallic & e>?y salts2 :ile o!rs ne$ to be suppli$ ) _! c>bon & nitrog5 9 ! some:at less raw =m ( t>trate ( ammonia & alli$ comp\nds2 s !re may be yet o!rs1 z is possibly ! case ) ! true p>asitic plants1 :i* c only manage to put toge!r mat]ials /ill bett] prep>$--/ill m ne>ly approximat$ to prote9--until we arrive at su* organisms z ! ,psorosp]mioe & ! ,panhi/ophyton1 :i* are z mu* animal z vegetable 9 /ructure1 b are animal 9 _! dep5d5ce on o!r organisms = _! food4 ,! s+ul> circum/ance obs]v$ by ,mey]1 t ! ,torula ( yea/1 ?\gh an indubitable plant1 /ill fl\ri%es mo/ vigor\sly :5 suppli$ ) ! complex nitrog5\s sub/ance1 peps92 ! probability t ! ,p]onospora is n\ri%$ directly by ! protoplasm ( ! potato-plant2 & ! wond]ful facts :i* h rec5tly be5 br\ght to light respect+ insectivor\s plants1 all fav\r ?is view2 & t5d to ! conclusion t ! diff]5ce betwe5 animal & plant is "o ( degree r ?an ( k9d1 & t ! problem :e!r1 9 a giv5 case1 an organism is an animal or a plant1 may be ess5tially insoluble4 ,,vii ,a ,,lob/]2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,zoology #ahfa ,natural hi/ory is ! "n famili>ly appli$ to ! /udy ( ! prop]ties ( su* natural bodies z m9]als1 plants1 & animals2 ! sci5ces :i* embody ! k man has acquir$ ^u ^! subjects are commonly t]m$ ,natural ,sci5ces1 9 contradi/9ction to o!r s- call$ physical sci5ces2 & ^? :o devote !mselves especially to ! pursuit ( su* sci5ces h be5 & are commonly t]m$ ,naturali/s4 ,l9naeus 0 a naturali/ 9 ?is wide s5se1 & 8 ,sy/ema ,naturae 0 a "w ^u natural hi/ory1 9 ! broade/ acceptation ( ! t]m2 9 x1 t great me?odis+ _s embodi$ all t 0 kn[n 9 8 "t ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( m9]als1 animals1 & plants4 ,b ! enorm\s /imulus :i* ,l9naeus gave to ! inve/igation ( nature soon r5d]$ x impossible t any "o man %\ld write ano!r ,sy/ema ,naturae1 & extremely difficult = any "o to become ev5 a naturali/ su* z ,l9naeus 04 ,great z h be5 ! advances made by all ! ?ree bran*es ( sci5ce1 ( old includ$ "u ! title ( natural hi/ory1 !re c be no d\bt t zoology & botany h gr[n 9 an enorm\sly great] ratio ?an m9]alogy2 & h5ce1 z ,i suppose1 ! "n ( natural hi/ory has gradually become m & m def9itely atta*$ to ^! prom95t divisions ( ! subject1 & by naturali/ p h meant m & m di/9ctly to imply a /ud5t ( ! /ructure & function ( liv+ be+s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! advance ( k has gradually wid5$ ! di/ance betwe5 m9]alogy & its old associates1 :ile x has drawn zoology & botany clos] toge!r2 s t ( late ye>s x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t 7& inde$ necess>y7 to associate ! sci5ces :i* deal ) vitality & all its ph5om5a "u ! common head ( biology2 & ! biologi/s h come to repudiate any blood-relation%ip ) _! fo/]-bro!rs1 ! m9]alogi/s4 ,c]ta9 broad laws h a g5]al application ?r\gh\t bo? ! animal & ! vegetable worlds1 b ! gr\nd common to ^! k+doms ( nature is n ( v wide ext5t1 & ! multiplicity ( details is s great1 t ! /ud5t ( liv+ be+s f9ds himself oblig$ to devote 8 att5tion exclusively ei!r to ! "o or ! o!r4 ,if he elects to /udy plants1 "u any aspect1 we "k at once :at to call him4 ,he is a botani/1 & 8 sci5ce is botany4 ,b if ! inve/igation ( animal life be 8 *oice1 ! "n g5]ally appli$ to him w v>y accord+ to ! k9d ( animals he /udies1 or ! p>ticul> ph5om5a ( animal life to :i* he conf9es 8 att5tion4 ,if ! /udy ( man is 8 object1 he is call$ an anatomi/1 or a physiologi/1 or an e?nologi/2 b if he dissects animals1 or exam9es into ! mode 9 :i* _! functions are p]=m$1 he is a comp>ative anatomi/ or comp>ative physiologi/4 ,if he turns 8 att5tion to fossil animals1 he is a palaeontologi/4 ,if 8 m9d is m p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! specific description1 discrim9ation1 classification1 & di/ribution ( animals1 he is t]m$ a zoologi/4 ,= ! purpose ( ! pres5t disc\rse1 h[ev]1 ,i %all recognise none ( ^! titles save ! la/1 :i* ,i %all employ z ! equival5t ( botani/1 & ,i %all use ! t]m zoology is d5ot+ ! :ole doctr9e ( animal life1 9 contradi/9ction to botany1 :i* signifies ! :ole doctr9e ( vegetable life4 ,employ$ 9 ?is s5se1 zoology1 l botany1 is divisible into ?ree great b subord9ate sci5ces1 morphology1 physiology1 & di/ribution1 ea* ( :i* may1 to a v great ext5t1 be /udi$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,zoological morphology is ! doctr9e ( animal =m or /ructure4 ,anatomy is "o ( its bran*es2 developm5t is ano!r2 :ile classification is ! expression ( ! relations :i* diff]5t animals be> to "o ano!r1 9 respect ( _! anatomy & _! developm5t4 ,zoological di/ribution is ! /udy ( animals 9 relation to ! t]re/rial conditions :i* obta9 n[1 or h obta9$ at any previ\s epo* ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,zoological physiology1 la/ly1 is ! doctr9e ( ! functions or actions ( animals4 ,x reg>ds animal bodies z ma*9es impell$ by c]ta9 =ces1 & p]=m+ an am\nt ( "w :i* c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! ord9>y =ces ( nature4 ,! f9al object ( physiology is to d$uce ! facts ( morphology1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( di/ribution on ! o!r1 f ! laws ( ! molecul> =ces ( matt]4 ,su* is ! scope ( zoology4 ,b if ,i 7 to cont5t myself ) ! enunciation ( ^! dry def9itions1 ,i %\ld ill exemplify t me?od ( tea*+ ?is bran* ( physical sci5ce1 :i* x is my *ief bus9ess to-night to recomm5d4 ,let u turn away !n f ab/ract def9itions4 ,let u take "s concrete liv+ ?+1 "s animal1 ! common] ! bett]1 & let u see h[ ! application ( common s5se & common logic to ! obvi\s facts x pres5ts1 inevitably leads u into all ^! bran*es ( zoological sci5ce4 ,i h be=e me a lob/]4 ,:5 ,i exam9e x1 :at appe>s to be ! mo/ /rik+ "* x pres5ts8 ,:y1 ,i obs]ve t ?is "p :i* we call ! tail ( ! lob/]1 is made up ( six di/9ct h>d r+s & a sev5? t]m9al piece4 ,if ,i sep>ate "o ( ! middle r+s1 say ! ?ird1 ,i f9d x c>ries ^u its "u surface a pair ( limbs or app5dages1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a /alk & two t]m9al pieces4 ,s t ,i c repres5t a transv]se section ( ! r+ & its app5dages ^u ! diagram bo>d 9 ?is way4 ,if ,i n[ take ! f\r? r+1 ,i f9d x has ! same /ructure1 & s h ! fif? & ! second2 s t1 9 ea* ( ^! divisions ( ! tail1 ,i f9d p>ts :i* correspond ) "o ano!r1 a r+ & two app5dages2 & 9 ea* app5dage a /alk & two end pieces4 ,^! correspond+ p>ts are call$1 9 ! te*nical language ( anatomy1 homolog\s p>ts4 ,! r+ ( ! ?ird division is ! homologue ( ! r+ ( ! fif?1 ! app5dage ( ! =m] is ! homologue ( ! app5dage ( ! latt]4 ,&1 z ea* division exhibits correspond+ p>ts 9 correspond+ places1 we say t all ! divisions are con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan4 ,b n[ let u consid] ! six? division4 ,x is simil> to1 & yet diff]5t f1 ! o!rs4 ,! r+ is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! o!r divisions2 b ! app5dages look at fir/ z if !y 7 v diff]5t2 & yet :5 we reg>d !m closely1 :at d we f9d8 ,a /alk & two t]m9al divisions1 exactly z 9 ! o!rs1 b ! /alk is v %ort & v ?ick1 ! t]m9al divisions are v broad & flat1 & "o ( !m is divid$ into two pieces4 ,i may say1 !re=e1 t ! six? segm5t is l ! o!rs 9 plan1 b t x is modifi$ 9 its details4 ,! fir/ segm5t is l ! o!rs1 s f> z its r+ is conc]n$1 & ?\gh its app5dages diff] f any ( ^? yet exam9$ 9 ! simplicity ( _! /ructure1 p>ts correspond+ ) ! /em & "o ( ! divisions ( ! app5dages ( ! o!r segm5ts c be readily disc]n$ 9 !m4 ,?us x appe>s t ! lob/]'s tail is compos$ ( a s]ies ( segm5ts :i* are fundam5tally simil>1 ?\gh ea* pres5ts peculi> modifications ( ! plan common to all4 ,b :5 ,i turn to ! =ep>t ( ! body ,i see1 at fir/1 no?+ b a great %ield-l %ell1 call$ te*nically ! c>apace1 end+ 9 front 9 a %>p sp9e1 on ei!r side ( :i* are ! curi\s comp\nd eyes1 set ^u ! ends ( /\t movable /alks4 ,beh9d ^!1 on ! "u side ( ! body1 are two pairs ( long feel]s1 or ant5nae1 foll[$ by six pairs ( jaws fold$ aga9/ "o ano!r ov] ! m\?1 & five pairs ( legs1 ! =emo/ ( ^! be+ ! great p9*]s1 or claws1 ( ! lob/]4 ,x looks1 at fir/1 a little hopeless to attempt to f9d 9 ?is complex mass a s]ies ( r+s1 ea* ) its pair ( app5dages1 su* z ,i h %[n y 9 ! abdom51 & yet x is n difficult to demon/rate _! exi/5ce4 ,/rip (f ! legs1 & y w f9d t ea* pair is atta*$ to a v def9ite segm5t ( ! "u wall ( ! body2 b ^! segm5ts1 in/ead ( be+ ! l[] p>ts ( free r+s1 z 9 ! tail1 are su* p>ts ( r+s :i* are all solidly unit$ & b\nd toge!r2 & ! l is true ( ! jaws1 ! feel]s1 & ! eye- /alks1 e pair ( :i* is borne ^u its own special segm5t4 ,?us ! conclusion is gradually =c$ ^u u1 t ! body ( ! lob/] is compos$ ( z _m r+s z !re are pairs ( app5dages1 namely1 tw5ty 9 all1 b t ! six h9dmo/ r+s rema9 free & movable1 :ile ! f\rte5 front r+s become firmly sold]$ toge!r1 _! backs =m+ "o cont9u\s %ield--! c>apace4 ,unity ( plan1 div]sity 9 execution1 is ! lesson taught by ! /udy ( ! r+s ( ! body1 & ! same in/ruction is giv5 /ill m emphatically by ! app5dages4 ,if ,i exam9e ! out]mo/ jaw ,i f9d x consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct portions1 an inn]1 a middle1 & an out]1 m\nt$ ^u a common /em2 & if ,i comp>e ?is jaw ) ! legs beh9d x1 or ! jaws 9 front ( x1 ,i f9d x q easy to see1 t1 9 ! legs1 x is ! "p ( ! app5dage :i* corresponds ) ! inn] division1 :i* becomes modifi$ into :at we "k famili>ly z ! leg1 :ile ! middle division disappe>s1 & ! out] division is hidd5 "u ! c>apace4 ,nor is x m difficult to disc]n t1 9 ! app5dages ( ! tail1 ! middle division appe>s aga9 & ! out] vani%es2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! =emo/ jaw1 ! s- call$ m&ible1 ! inn] division only is left2 &1 9 ! same way1 ! p>ts ( ! feel]s & ( ! eye-/alks c be id5tifi$ ) ^? ( ! legs & jaws4 ,b :i!r does all ?is t5d8 ,to ! v rem>kable conclusion t a unity ( plan1 ( ! same k9d z t discov]able 9 ! tail or abdom5 ( ! lob/]1 p]vades ! :ole organisation ( its skeleton1 s t ,i c return to ! diagram repres5t+ any "o ( ! r+s ( ! tail1 :i* ,i drew ^u ! bo>d1 & by add+ a ?ird division to ea* app5dage1 ,i c use x z a sort ( s*eme or plan ( any r+ ( ! body4 ,i c give names to all ! p>ts ( t figure1 & !n if ,i take any segm5t ( ! body ( ! lob/]1 ,i c po9t out to y exactly1 :at modification ! g5]al plan has und]gone 9 t p>ticul> segm5t2 :at "p has rema9$ movable1 & :at has become fix$ to ano!r2 :at has be5 excessively develop$ & metamorphos$ & :at has be5 suppress$4 ,b ,i imag9e ,i he> ! "q1 ,h[ is all ?is to be te/$8 ,no d\bt x is a pretty & +5i\s way ( look+ at ! /ructure ( any animal2 b is x any?+ m8 ,does ,nature ackn[l$ge1 9 any deep] way1 ?is unity ( plan we seem to trace8 ,! objection sugge/$ by ^! que/ions is a v valid & important "o1 & morphology 0 9 an uns\nd /ate s long z x re/$ ^u ! m]e p]ception ( ! analogies :i* obta9 betwe5 fully =m$ p>ts4 ,! un*eck$ +5uity ( speculative anatomi/s prov$ itself fully compet5t to sp9 any numb] ( contradictory hypo!ses out ( ! same facts1 & endless morphological dreams ?reat5$ to supplant sci5tific !ory4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 !re is a crit]ion ( morphological tru?1 & a sure te/ ( all homologies4 ,our lob/] has n always be5 :at we see x2 x 0 once an egg1 a semifluid mass ( yolk1 n s big z a p9's head1 conta9$ 9 a transp>5t membrane1 & exhibit+ n ! lea/ trace ( any "o ( ^? organs1 ! multiplicity & complexity ( :i*1 9 ! adult1 are s surpris+4 ,aft] a "t1 a delicate pat* ( cellul> membrane appe>$ ^u "o face ( ?is yolk1 & t pat* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! :ole creature1 ! clay out ( :i* x w\ld be m\ld$4 ,gradually inve/+ ! yolk1 x became subdivid$ by transv]se con/rictions into segm5ts1 ! =]unn]s ( ! r+s ( ! body4 ,^u ! v5tral surface ( ea* ( ! r+s ?us sket*$ out1 a pair ( bud-l prom95ces made _! appe>ance--! rudim5ts ( ! app5dages ( ! r+4 ,at fir/1 all ! app5dages 7 alike1 b1 z !y grew1 mo/ ( !m became di/+ui%$ into a /em & two t]m9al divisions1 to :i*1 9 ! middle "p ( ! body1 0 add$ a ?ird out] division2 & x 0 only at a lat] p]iod1 t by ! modification1 or absorption1 ( c]ta9 ( ^! primitive con/itu5ts1 ! limbs acquir$ _! p]fect =m4 ,?us ! /udy ( developm5t proves t ! doctr9e ( unity ( plan is n m]ely a fancy1 t x is n m]ely "o way ( look+ at ! matt]1 b t x is ! expression ( deep-seat$ natural facts4 ,! legs & jaws ( ! lob/] may n m]ely be reg>d$ z modifications ( a common type1--9 fact & 9 nature !y are s1--! leg & ! jaw ( ! "y animal be+1 at fir/1 indi/+ui%able4 ,^! are wond]ful tru?s1 ! m s because ! zoologi/ f9ds !m to be ( univ]sal application4 ,! inve/igation ( a polype1 ( a snail1 ( a fi%1 ( a horse1 or ( a man1 w\ld h l$ u1 ?\gh by a less easy pa?1 p]haps1 to exactly ! same po9t4 ,unity ( plan ev]y:]e lies hidd5 "u ! mask ( div]sity ( /ructure--! complex is ev]y:]e evolv$ out ( ! simple4 ,e animal has at fir/ ! =m ( an egg1 & e animal & e organic "p1 9 rea*+ its adult /ate1 passes ?r\gh conditions common to o!r animals & o!r adult p>ts2 & ?is leads me to ano!r po9t4 ,i h hi!rto spok5 z if ! lob/] 7 alone 9 ! _w1 b1 z ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y1 !re are myriads ( o!r animal organisms4 ,( ^!1 "s1 su* z m51 horses1 birds1 fi%es1 snails1 slugs1 oy/]s1 corals1 & sponges1 are n 9 ! lea/ l ! lob/]4 ,b o!r animals1 ?\gh !y may diff] a good deal f ! lob/]1 are yet ei!r v l x1 or are l some?+ t is l x4 ,! cray fi%1 ! rock lob/]1 & ! prawn1 & ! %rimp1 = example1 h[ev] diff]5t1 are yet s l lob/]s1 t a *ild w\ld gr\p !m z ( ! lob/] k9d1 9 contradi/9ction to snails & slugs2 & ^! la/ aga9 w\ld =m a k9d by !mselves1 9 contradi/9ction to c[s1 horses1 & %eep1 ! cattle k9d4 ,b ?is spontane\s gr\p+ into k9ds is ! fir/ essay ( ! human m9d at classification1 or ! call+ by a common "n ( ^? ?+s t are alike1 & ! arrang+ !m 9 su* a mann] z be/ to sugge/ ! sum ( _! lik5esses & unlik5esses to o!r ?+s4 ,^? k9ds :i* include no o!r subdivisions ?an ! sexes1 or v>i\s bre$s1 are call$1 9 te*nical language1 species4 ,! ,engli% lob/] is a species1 our cray fi% is ano!r1 our prawn is ano!r4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 !re are lob/]s1 cray fi%1 & prawns1 v l ours1 & yet pres5t+ suffici5t diff]5ces to des]ve di/9ction4 ,naturali/s1 !re=e1 express ?is resemblance & ?is div]sity by gr\p+ !m z di/9ct species ( ! same g5us4 ,b ! lob/] & ! cray fi%1 ?\gh belong+ to di/9ct g5]a1 h _m features 9 common1 & h5ce are gr\p$ toge!r 9 an assemblage :i* is call$ a family4 ,m di/ant resemblances connect ! lob/] ) ! prawn & ! crab1 :i* are express$ by putt+ all ^! into ! same ord]4 ,aga91 m remote1 b /ill v def9ite1 resemblances unite ! lob/] ) ! woodl\se1 ! k+ crab1 ! wat] flea1 & ! b>nacle1 & sep>ate !m f all o!r animals2 :5ce !y collectively con/itute ! l>g] gr\p1 or class1 ,cru/acea4 ,b ! ,cru/acea exhibit _m peculi> features 9 common ) insects1 spid]s1 & c5tip$es1 s t ^! are gr\p$ into ! /ill l>g] assemblage or prov9ce ,articulata2 &1 f9ally1 ! relations :i* ^! h to worms & o!r l[] animals1 are express$ by comb9+ ! :ole va/ aggregate into ! sub-k+dom ( ,annulosa4 ,if ,i _h work$ my way f a sponge in/ead ( a lob/]1 ,i %\ld h f\nd x associat$1 by l ties1 ) a great numb] ( o!r animals into ! sub-k+dom ,protozoa2 if ,i _h select$ a fre%-wat] polype or a coral1 ! memb]s ( :at naturali/s t]m ! sub-k+dom ,coel5t]ata1 w\ld h gr\p$ !mselves ar\nd my type2 _h a snail be5 *os51 ! inhabitants ( all univalve & bivalve1 l& & wat]1 %ells1 ! lamp %ells1 ! squids1 & ! sea-mat w\ld h gradually l9k$ !mselves on to x z memb]s ( ! same sub-k+dom ( ,mollusca2 & f9ally1 />t+ f man1 ,i %\ld h be5 compell$ to admit fir/1 ! ape1 ! rat1 ! horse1 ! dog1 into ! same class2 & !n ! bird1 ! crocodile1 ! turtle1 ! frog1 & ! fi%1 into ! same sub-k+dom ( ,v]tebrata4 ,& if ,i _h foll[$ out all ^! v>i\s l9es ( classification fully1 ,i %\ld discov] 9 ! end t !re 0 no animal1 ei!r rec5t or fossil1 :i* did n at once fall into "o or o!r ( ^! sub-k+doms4 ,9 o!r words1 e animal is organis$ ^u "o or o!r ( ! five1 or m1 plans1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* r5d]s our classification possible4 ,& s def9itely & precisely m>k$ is ! /ructure ( ea* animal1 t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 !re is n ! lea/ evid5ce to prove t a =m1 9 ! slighte/ degree transitional betwe5 any ( ! two gr\ps ,v]tebrata1 ,annulosa1 ,mollusca1 & ,coel5t]ata1 ei!r exi/s1 or has exi/$1 dur+ t p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* is record$ by ! geologi/4#a ,nev]!less1 y mu/ n = a mom5t suppose1 because no su* transitional =ms are kn[n1 t ! memb]s ( ! sub-k+doms are disconnect$ f1 or indep5d5t (1 "o ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 _! e>lie/ condition !y are all simil>1 & ! primordial g]ms ( a man1 a dog1 a bird1 a fi%1 a beetle1 a snail1 & a polype are1 9 no ess5tial /ructural respects1 di/+ui%able4 ,footnote #a3 ,! diff]5t gr\p+ necessitat$ by lat] k does n affect ! pr9ciple ( ! argum5t4--#ahid4 ,9 ?is broad s5se1 x may ) tru? be said1 t all liv+ animals1 & all ^? dead faunae :i* geology reveals1 are b\nd toge!r by an all-p]vad+ unity ( organisation1 ( ! same "*1 ?\gh n equal 9 degree1 to t :i* enables u to disc]n "o & ! same plan amid/ ! tw5ty diff]5t segm5ts ( a lob/]'s body4 ,truly x has be5 said1 t to a cle> eye ! smalle/ fact is a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* ! ,inf9ite may be se54 ,turn+ f ^! purely morphological consid]ations1 let u n[ exam9e into ! mann] 9 :i* ! att5tive /udy ( ! lob/] impels u into o!r l9es ( rese>*4 ,lob/]s are f\nd 9 all ! ,european seas2 b on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,atlantic & 9 ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e !y d n exi/4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ 9 ^! regions by v closely alli$1 b di/9ct =ms--! ,hom>us ,am]icanus & ! ,hom>us ,cap5sis3 s t we may say t ! ,european has "o species ( ,homu>us2 ! ,am]ican1 ano!r2 ! ,african1 ano!r2 & ?us ! rem>kable facts ( geographical di/ribution beg9 to dawn ^u u4 ,aga91 if we exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 we %all f9d 9 ! latt] ( ^? deposits1 :i* h s]v$ z ! great bury+ gr\nds ( pa/ ages1 numb]less lob/]-l animals1 b none s simil> to our liv+ lob/] z to make zoologi/s sure t !y belong$ ev5 to ! same g5us4 ,if we g /ill fur!r back 9 "t1 we discov]1 9 ! olde/ rocks ( all1 ! rema9s ( animals1 con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al plan z ! lob/]1 & belong+ to ! same great gr\p ( ,cru/acea2 b = ! mo/ "p totally diff]5t f ! lob/]1 & inde$ f any o!r liv+ =m ( cru/acean2 & ?us we ga9 a notion ( t successive *ange ( ! animal population ( ! globe1 9 pa/ ages1 :i* is ! mo/ /rik+ fact reveal$ by geology4 ,consid]1 n[1 :]e our inquiries h l$ u4 ,we /udi$ our type morphologically1 :5 we det]m9$ its anatomy & its developm5t1 & :5 comp>+ x1 9 ^! respects1 ) o!r animals1 we made out its place 9 a sy/em ( classification4 ,if we 7 to exam9e e animal 9 a simil> mann]1 we %\ld e/abli% a complete body ( zoological morphology4 ,aga91 we inve/igat$ ! di/ribution ( our type 9 space & 9 "t1 &1 if ! l _h be5 done ) e animal1 ! sci5ces ( geographical & geological di/ribution w\ld h atta9$ _! limit4 ,b y w obs]ve "o rem>kable circum/ance1 t1 up to ?is po9t1 ! "q ( ! life ( ^! organisms has n come "u consid]ation4 ,morphology & di/ribution might be /udi$ almo/ z well1 if animals & plants 7 a peculi> k9d ( cry/als1 & possess$ none ( ^? functions :i* di/+ui% liv+ be+s s rem>kably4 ,b ! facts ( morphology & di/ribution h to be acc\nt$ =1 & ! sci5ce1 ! aim ( :i* x is to acc\nt = !m1 is ,physiology4 ,let u return to our lob/] once m4 ,if we wat*$ ! creature 9 its native elem5t1 we %\ld see x climb+ actively ! subm]g$ rocks1 among :i* x delights to live1 by means ( its /rong legs2 or swimm+ by p[]ful /rokes ( its great tail1 ! app5dages ( ! six? jo9t ( :i* are spread out into a broad fan-l ,propell]3 seize x1 & x w %[ y t its great claws are no mean weapons ( (f5ce2 susp5d a piece ( c>rion among its haunts1 & x w gre$ily dev\r x1 te>+ & cru%+ ! fle% by means ( its multitud9\s jaws4 ,suppose t we _h kn[n no?+ ( ! lob/] b z an in]t mass1 an organic cry/al1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 & t we c\ld sudd5ly see x ex]t+ all ^! p[]s1 :at wond]ful new ideas & new que/ions w\ld arise 9 our m9ds6 ,! great new "q w\ld be1 ,h[ does all ?is take place8 ! *ief new idea w\ld be1 ! idea ( adaptation to purpose1--! notion1 t ! con/itu5ts ( animal bodies are n m]e unconnect$ p>ts1 b organs work+ toge!r to an end4 ,let u consid] ! tail ( ! lob/] aga9 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,morphology has taught u t x is a s]ies ( segm5ts compos$ ( homolog\s p>ts1 :i* und]go v>i\s modifications--b5ea? & ?r\gh :i* a common plan ( =mation is disc]nible4 ,b if ,i look at ! same "p physiologically1 ,i see t x is a mo/ beautifully con/ruct$ organ ( locomotion1 by means ( :i* ! animal c swiftly propel itself ei!r backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,b h[ is ?is rem>kable propulsive ma*9e made to p]=m its functions8 ,if ,i 7 sudd5ly to kill "o ( ^! animals & to take out all ! s(t p>ts1 ,i %\ld f9d ! %ell to be p]fectly in]t1 to h no m p[] ( mov+ itself ?an is possess$ by ! ma*9]y ( a mill :5 disconnect$ f its /eam-eng9e or wat]-:eel4 ,b if ,i 7 to op5 x1 & take out ! visc]a only1 leav+ ! :ite fle%1 ,i %\ld p]ceive t ! lob/] c\ld b5d & ext5d its tail z well z be=e4 ,if ,i 7 to cut (f ! tail1 ,i %\ld cease to f9d any spontane\s motion 9 x2 b on p9*+ any portion ( ! fle%1 ,i %\ld obs]ve t x und]w5t a v curi\s *ange--ea* fibre becom+ %ort] & ?ick]4 ,by ?is act ( contraction1 z x is t]m$1 ! p>ts to :i* ! ends ( ! fibre are atta*$ are1 ( c\rse1 approximat$2 & accord+ to ! relations ( _! po9ts ( atta*m5t to ! c5tres ( motions ( ! diff]5t r+s1 ! b5d+ or ! ext5sion ( ! tail results4 ,close obs]vation ( ! newly- op5$ lob/] w\ld soon %[ t all its movem5ts are due to ! same cause--! %ort5+ & ?ick5+ ( ^! fle%y fibres1 :i* are te*nically call$ muscles4 ,"h1 !n1 is a capital fact4 ,! movem5ts ( ! lob/] are due to muscul> contractility4 ,b :y does a muscle contract at "o "t & n at ano!r8 ,:y does "o :ole gr\p ( muscles contract :5 ! lob/] wi%es to ext5d 8 tail1 & ano!r gr\p :5 he desires to b5d x8 ,:at is x orig9ates1 directs1 & controls ! motive p[]8 ,exp]im5t1 ! great in/rum5t = ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru? 9 physical sci5ce1 answ]s ?is "q = u4 ,9 ! head ( ! lob/] !re lies a small mass ( t peculi> tissue :i* is kn[n z n]v\s sub/ance4 ,cords ( simil> matt] connect 8 bra9 ( ! lob/]1 directly or indirectly1 ) ! muscles4 ,n[1 if ^! communicat+ cords are cut1 ! bra9 rema9+ entire1 ! p[] ( ex]t+ :at we call volunt>y motion 9 ! p>ts bel[ ! section is de/roy$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if1 ! cords rema9+ entire1 ! bra9 mass be de/roy$1 ! same volunt>y mobility is equally lo/4 ,:5ce ! inevitable conclusion is1 t ! p[] ( orig9at+ ^! motions resides 9 ! bra9 & is propagat$ along ! n]v\s cords4 ,9 ! high] animals ! ph5om5a :i* att5d ?is transmission h be5 inve/igat$1 & ! ex]tion ( ! peculi> en]gy :i* resides 9 ! n]ves has be5 f\nd to be accompani$ by a di/urbance ( ! electrical /ate ( _! molecules4 ,if we c\ld exactly e/imate ! signification ( ?is di/urbance2 if we c\ld obta9 ! value ( a giv5 ex]tion ( n]ve =ce by det]m9+ ! quantity ( electricity1 or ( heat1 ( :i* x is ! equival5t2 if we c\ld asc]ta9 ^u :at arrangem5t1 or o!r condition ( ! molecules ( matt]1 ! manife/ation ( ! n]v\s & muscul> en]gies dep5ds 7& d\btless sci5ce w "s day or o!r asc]ta9 ^! po9ts71 physiologi/s w\ld h atta9$ _! ultimate goal 9 ?is direction2 !y w\ld h det]m9$ ! relation ( ! motive =ce ( animals to ! o!r =ms ( =ce f\nd 9 nature2 & if ! same process _h be5 successfully p]=m$ = all ! op]ations :i* are c>ri$ on 91 & by1 ! animal frame1 physiology w\ld be p]fect1 & ! facts ( morphology & di/ribution w\ld be d$ucible f ! laws :i* physiologi/s _h e/abli%$1 comb9$ ) ^? det]m9+ ! condition ( ! surr\nd+ univ]se4 ,!re is n a fragm5t ( ! organism ( ?is humble animal ^: /udy w\ld n lead u into regions ( ?\ght z l>ge z ^? :i* ,i h briefly op5$ up to y2 b :at ,i h be5 say+1 ,i tru/1 has n only enabl$ y to =m a conception ( ! scope & purport ( zoology1 b has giv5 y an imp]fect example ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 t sci5ce1 or inde$ any physical sci5ce1 may be be/ taught4 ,! great matt] is1 to make tea*+ real & practical1 by fix+ ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t on p>ticul> facts2 b at ! same "t x %\ld be r5d]$ broad & compreh5sive1 by con/ant ref]5ce to ! g5]alisations ( :i* all p>ticul> facts are illu/rations4 ,! lob/] has s]v$ z a type ( ! :ole animal k+dom1 & its anatomy & physiology h illu/rat$ = u "s ( ! greate/ tru?s ( biology4 ,! /ud5t :o has once se5 = himself ! facts :i* ,i h describ$1 has _h _! relations expla9$ to him1 & has cle>ly compreh5d$ !m1 has1 s f>1 a k ( zoology1 :i* is real & g5u9e1 h[ev] limit$ x may be1 & :i* is wor? m ?an all ! m]e read+ k ( ! sci5ce he c\ld ev] acquire4 ,8 zoological in=mation is1 s f>1 k & n m]e he>say4 ,& if x 7 nay bus9ess to fit y = ! c]tificate 9 zoological sci5ce grant$ by ?is dep>tm5t1 ,i %\ld pursue a c\rse precisely simil> 9 pr9ciple to t :i* ,i h tak5 to-night4 ,i %\ld select a fre%-wat] sponge1 a fre%-wat] polype or a ,cyanoea1 a fre%-wat] mussel1 a lob/]1 a f[l1 z types ( ! five prim>y divisions ( ! animal k+dom4 ,i %\ld expla9 _! /ructure v fully1 & %[ h[ ea* illu/rat$ ! great pr9ciples ( zoology4 ,hav+ gone v c>efully & fully ov] ?is gr\nd1 ,i %\ld feel t y _h a safe f\ndation1 & ,i %\ld !n take y 9 ! same way1 b less m9utely1 ov] simil>ly select$ illu/rative types ( ! classes2 & !n ,i %\ld direct y\r att5tion to ! special =ms enum]at$ "u ! head ( types1 9 ?is syllabus1 & to ! o!r facts !re m5tion$4 ,t w\ld1 speak+ g5]ally1 be my plan4 ,b ,i h und]tak5 to expla9 to y ! be/ mode ( acquir+ & communicat+ a k ( zoology1 & y may !re=e fairly ask me = a m detail$ & precise acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,i %\ld propose to furni% y ) ! in=mation ,i ref] to4 ,my own impression is1 t ! be/ model = all k9ds ( tra9+ 9 physical sci5ce is t af=d$ by ! me?od ( tea*+ anatomy1 9 use 9 ! m$ical s*ools4 ,?is me?od consi/s ( ?ree elem5ts-- lectures1 demon/rations1 & exam9ations4 ,! object ( lectures is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to awak5 ! att5tion & excite ! en?usiasm ( ! /ud5t2 & ?is1 ,i am sure1 may be effect$ to a f> great] ext5t by ! oral disc\rse & by ! p]sonal influ5ce ( a respect$ tea*] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,secondly1 lectures h ! d\ble use ( guid+ ! /ud5t to ! sali5t po9ts ( a subject1 & at ! same "t =c+ him to att5d to ! :ole ( x1 & n m]ely to t "p :i* takes 8 fancy4 ,& la/ly1 lectures af=d ! /ud5t ! opportunity ( seek+ explanations ( ^? difficulties :i* w1 & inde$ ought to1 arise 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies4 ,:at books %all ,i read8 is a "q con/antly put by ! /ud5t to ! tea*]4 ,my reply usually is1 ,none3 write y\r notes out c>efully & fully2 /rive to und]/& !m ?or\ghly2 come to me = ! explanation ( any?+ y _c und]/&2 & ,i w\ld r y did n di/ract y\r m9d by read+4 ,a prop]ly compos$ c\rse ( lectures ought to conta9 fully z mu* matt] z a /ud5t c assimilate 9 ! "t occupi$ by its deliv]y2 & ! tea*] %\ld always recollect t 8 bus9ess is to fe$1 & n to cram ! intellect4 ,inde$1 ,i believe t a /ud5t :o ga9s f a c\rse ( lectures ! simple habit ( conc5trat+ 8 att5tion ^u a def9itely limit$ s]ies ( facts1 until !y are ?or\ghly ma/]$1 has made a /ep ( immeasurable importance4 ,b1 h[ev] good lectures may be1 & h[ev] ext5sive ! c\rse ( read+ by :i* !y are foll[$ up1 !y are b accessories to ! great in/rum5t ( sci5tific tea*+--demon/ration4 ,if ,i insi/ unwe>i$ly1 nay fanatically1 ^u ! importance ( physical sci5ce z an educational ag5t1 x is because ! /udy ( any bran* ( sci5ce1 if prop]ly conduct$1 appe>s to me to fill up a void left by all o!r means ( education4 ,i h ! greate/ respect & love = lit]ature2 no?+ w\ld grieve me m ?an to see lit]>y tra9+ o!r ?an a v prom95t bran* ( education3 inde$1 ,i wi% t real lit]>y discipl9e 7 f> m att5d$ to ?an x is2 b ,i _c %ut my eyes to ! fact1 t !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 m5 :o h _h a purely lit]>y1 & ^? :o h _h a s\nd sci5tific1 tra9+4 ,seek+ = ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce1 ,i imag9e ,i c f9d x 9 ! fact t1 9 ! _w ( lett]s1 le>n+ & k are "o1 & books are ! s\rce ( bo?2 :]eas 9 sci5ce1 z 9 life1 le>n+ & k are di/9ct1 & ! /udy ( ?+s1 & n ( books1 is ! s\rce ( ! latt]4 ,all t lit]ature has to be/[ may be obta9$ by read+ & by practical ex]cise 9 writ+ & 9 speak+2 b ,i d n exagg]ate :5 ,i say1 t none ( ! be/ gifts ( sci5ce are to be won by ^! means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great b5efit :i* a sci5tific education be/[s1 :e!r is tra9+ or z k1 is dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! m9d ( ! /ud5t is br\ght into imm$iate contact ) facts--^u ! degree to :i* he le>ns ! habit ( appeal+ directly to ,nature1 & ( acquir+ ?r\gh 8 s5ses concrete images ( ^? prop]ties ( ?+s1 :i* are1 & always w be1 b approximatively express$ 9 human language4 ,our way ( look+ at ,nature1 & ( speak+ ab\t h]1 v>ies f ye> to ye>2 b a fact once se51 a relation ( cause & effect1 once demon/ratively appreh5d$1 are possessions :i* nei!r *ange nor pass away1 b1 on ! contr>y1 =m fix$ c5tres1 ab\t :i* o!r tru?s aggregate by natural aff9ity4 ,!re=e1 ! great bus9ess ( ! sci5tific tea*] is1 to impr9t ! fundam5tal1 irrefragable facts ( 8 sci5ce1 n only by words ^u ! m9d1 b by s5sible impressions ^u ! eye1 & e>1 & t\* ( ! /ud5t1 9 s complete a mann]1 t e t]m us$1 or law enunciat$1 %\ld aft]w>ds call up vivid images ( ! p>ticul> /ructural1 or o!r1 facts :i* furni%$ ! demon/ration ( ! law1 or ! illu/ration ( ! t]m4 ,n[ ?is important op]ation c only be a*iev$ by con/ant demon/ration1 :i* may take place to a c]ta9 imp]fect ext5t dur+ a lecture1 b :i* ought also to be c>ri$ on indep5d5tly1 & :i* %\ld be address$ to ea* individual /ud5t1 ! tea*] endeav\r+1 n s mu* to %[ a ?+ to ! le>n]1 z to make him see x = himself4 ,i am well aw>e t !re are great practical difficulties 9 ! way ( effectual zoological demon/rations4 ,! dissection ( animals is n altoge!r pleasant1 & requires mu* "t2 nor is x easy to secure an adequate supply ( ! ne$ful specim5s4 ,! botani/ has "h a great advantage2 8 specim5s are easily obta9$1 are clean & :olesome1 & c be dissect$ 9 a private h\se z well z any:]e else2 & h5ce1 ,i believe1 ! fact1 t botany is s mu* m readily & bett] taught ?an its si/] sci5ce4 ,b1 be x difficult or be x easy1 if zoological sci5ce is to be prop]ly /udi$1 demon/ration1 &1 consequ5tly1 dissection1 mu/ be _h4 ,)\t x1 no man c h a really s\nd k ( animal organisation4 ,a good deal may be done1 h[ev]1 )\t actual dissection on ! /ud5t's "p1 by demon/ration ^u specim5s & prep>ations2 & 9 all probability x w\ld n be v difficult1 7 ! dem& suffici5t1 to organise collections ( su* objects1 suffici5t = all ! purposes ( elem5t>y tea*+1 at a comp>atively *eap rate4 ,ev5 )\t ^!1 mu* might be effect$1 if ! zoological collections1 :i* are op5 to ! public1 7 arrang$ accord+ to :at has be5 t]m$ ! typical pr9ciple2 t is to say1 if ! specim5s expos$ to public view 7 s select$ t ! public c\ld le>n some?+ f !m1 in/ead ( be+1 z at pres5t1 m]ely confus$ by _! multiplicity4 ,= example1 ! gr& orni?ological gall]y at ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& species ( birds1 & sometimes five or six specim5s ( a species4 ,!y are v pretty to look at1 & "s ( ! cases are1 inde$1 spl5did2 b ,i w und]take to say1 t no man b a pr(ess$ orni?ologi/ has ev] ga!r$ mu* in=mation f ! collection4 ,c]ta9ly1 no "o ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! g5]al public :o h walk$ ?r\gh t gall]y ev] knew m ab\t ! ess5tial peculi>ities ( birds :5 he left ! gall]y ?an :5 he ent]$ x4 ,b if1 some:]e 9 t va/ hall1 !re 7 a few prep>ations1 exemplify+ ! lead+ /ructural peculi>ities & ! mode ( developm5t ( a common f[l2 if ! types ( ! g5]a1 ! lead+ modifications 9 ! skeleton1 9 ! plumage at v>i\s ages1 9 ! mode ( nidification1 & ! l1 among birds1 7 display$2 & if ! o!r specim5s 7 put away 9 a place :]e ! m5 ( sci5ce1 to :om !y are alone useful1 c\ld h free access to !m1 ,i c conceive t ?is collection might become a great in/rum5t ( sci5tific education4 ,! la/ implem5t ( ! tea*] to :i* ,i h adv]t$ is exam9ation--a means ( education n[ s ?or\ghly und]/ood t ,i ne$ h>dly enl>ge ^u x4 ,i hold t bo? writt5 & oral exam9ations are indisp5sable1 &1 by requir+ ! description ( specim5s1 !y may be made to supplem5t demon/ration4 ,su* is ! fulle/ reply ! "t at my disposal w all[ me to give to ! "q--h[ may a k ( zoology be be/ acquir$ & communicat$8 ,b !re is a previ\s "q :i* may be mov$1 & :i*1 9 fact1 ,i "k _m are incl9$ to move4 ,x is ! "q1 :y %\ld tea*]s be enc\rag$ to acquire a k ( ?is1 or any o!r bran* ( physical sci5ce8 ,:at is ! use1 x is said1 ( attempt+ to make physical sci5ce a bran* ( prim>y education8 ,is x n probable t tea*]s1 9 pursu+ su* /udies1 w be l$ a/ray f ! acquirem5t ( m important b less attractive k8 ,&1 ev5 if !y c le>n some?+ ( sci5ce )\t prejudice to _! usefulness1 :at is ! good ( _! attempt+ to in/il t k into boys ^: real bus9ess is ! acquisition ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic8 ,^! que/ions are1 & w be1 v commonly ask$1 = !y arise f t pr(\nd ignorance ( ! value & true position ( physical sci5ce1 :i* infe/s ! m9ds ( ! mo/ highly educat$ & intellig5t classes ( ! community4 ,b if ,i did n feel well assur$ t !y are capable ( be+ easily & satisfactorily answ]$2 t !y h be5 answ]$ ov] & ov] aga92 & t ! "t w come :5 m5 ( lib]al education w blu% to raise su* que/ions--,i %\ld be a%am$ ( my position "h to-night4 ,)\t d\bt1 x is y\r great & v important function to c>ry out elem5t>y education2 )\t "q1 any?+ t %\ld int]f]e ) ! fai?ful fulfilm5t ( t duty on y\r "p w\ld be a great evil2 & if ,i ?\ght t y\r acquirem5t ( ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce1 & y\r communication ( ^? elem5ts to y\r pupils1 involv$ any sort ( int]f]5ce ) y\r prop] duties1 ,i %\ld be ! fir/ p]son to prote/ aga9/ y\r be+ enc\rag$ to d any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b is x true t ! acquisition ( su* a k ( sci5ce z is propos$1 & ! communication ( t k1 are calculat$ to weak5 y\r usefulness8 ,or may ,i n r ask1 is x possible = y to dis*>ge y\r functions prop]ly )\t ^! aids8 ,:at is ! purpose ( prim>y intellectual education8 ,i appreh5d t its fir/ object is to tra9 ! "y 9 ! use ( ^? tools :]e) m5 extract k f ! ev]-%ift+ succession ( ph5om5a :i* pass be=e _! eyes2 & t its second object is to in=m !m ( ! fundam5tal laws :i* h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to gov]n ! c\rse ( ?+s1 s t !y may n be turn$ out into ! _w nak$1 def5celess1 & a prey to ! ev5ts !y might control4 ,a boy is taught to read 8 own & o!r languages1 9 ord] t he may h access to inf9itely wid] /ores ( k ?an c\ld ev] be op5$ to him by oral int]c\rse ) 8 fell[ m52 he le>ns to write1 t 8 means ( communication ) ! re/ ( mank9d may be indef9itely enl>g$1 & t he may record & /ore up ! k he acquires4 ,he is taught elem5t>y ma!matics1 t he may und]/& all ^? relations ( numb] & =m1 ^u :i* ! transactions ( m51 associat$ 9 complicat$ societies1 are built1 & t he may h "s practice 9 d$uctive reason+4 ,all ^! op]ations ( read+1 writ+1 & ciph]+1 are intellectual tools1 ^: use %\ld1 be=e all ?+s1 be le>n$1 & le>n$ ?or\ghly2 s t ! y\? may be enabl$ to make 8 life t :i* x ought to be1 a cont9ual progress 9 le>n+ & 9 wisdom4 ,b1 9 addition1 prim>y education endeav\rs to fit a boy out ) a c]ta9 equipm5t ( positive k4 ,he is taught ! great laws ( morality2 ! religion ( 8 sect2 s mu* hi/ory & geography z w tell him :]e ! great c\ntries ( ! _w are1 :at !y are1 & h[ !y h become :at !y are4 ,)\t d\bt all ^! are mo/ fitt+ & excell5t ?+s to tea* a boy2 ,i %\ld be v sorry to omit any ( !m f any s*eme ( prim>y intellectual education4 ,! sy/em is excell5t1 s f> z x goes4 ,b if ,i reg>d x closely1 a curi\s reflection arises4 ,i suppose t1 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! *ild ( any well-to-d ,roman citiz5 0 taught j ^! same ?+s2 read+ & writ+ 9 8 own1 &1 p]haps1 ! ,greek tongue2 ! elem5ts ( ma!matics2 & ! religion1 morality1 hi/ory1 & geography curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i d n ?9k ,i err 9 affirm+1 t1 if su* a ,*ri/ian ,roman boy1 :o _h f9i%$ 8 education1 c\ld be transplant$ into "o ( our public s*ools1 & pass ?r\gh its c\rse ( in/ruction1 he w\ld n meet ) a s+le unfamili> l9e ( ?\ght2 amid/ all ! new facts he w\ld h to le>n1 n "o w\ld sugge/ a diff]5t mode ( reg>d+ ! univ]se f t curr5t 9 8 own "t4 ,& yet surely !re is "s great diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilisation ( ! f\r? c5tury & t ( ! n9ete5?1 & /ill m betwe5 ! intellectual habits & tone ( ?\ght ( t day & ?is8 ,& :at has made ?is diff]5ce8 ,i answ] fe>lessly--,! prodigi\s developm5t ( physical sci5ce )9 ! la/ two c5turies4 ,mod]n civilisation re/s ^u physical sci5ce2 take away h] gifts to our own c\ntry1 & our position among ! lead+ nations ( ! _w is gone to-morr[2 = x is physical sci5ce only t makes intellig5ce & moral en]gy /rong] ?an brute =ce4 ,! :ole ( mod]n ?\ght is /eep$ 9 sci5ce2 x has made its way into ! works ( our be/ poets1 & ev5 ! m]e man ( lett]s1 :o affects to ignore & despise sci5ce1 is unconsci\sly impregnat$ ) h] _s1 & indebt$ = 8 be/ products to h] me?ods4 ,i believe t ! greate/ intellectual revolution mank9d has yet se5 is n[ sl[ly tak+ place by h] ag5cy4 ,%e is tea*+ ! _w t ! ultimate c\rt ( appeal is obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & n au?ority2 %e is tea*+ x to e/imate ! value ( evid5ce2 %e is creat+ a firm & liv+ fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( immutable moral & physical laws1 p]fect ob$i5ce to :i* is ! highe/ possible aim ( an intellig5t be+4 ,b ( all ?is y\r old /]eotyp$ sy/em ( education takes no note4 ,physical sci5ce1 its me?ods1 its problems1 & its difficulties1 w meet ! poore/ boy at e turn1 & yet we educate him 9 su* a mann] t he %all ent] ! _w z ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! me?ods & facts ( sci5ce z ! day he 0 born4 ,! mod]n _w is full ( artill]y2 & we turn out our *ildr5 to d battle 9 x1 equipp$ ) ! %ield & sword ( an anci5t gladiator4 ,po/]ity w cry %ame on u if we d n rem$y ?is deplorable /ate ( ?+s4 ,nay1 if we live tw5ty ye>s long]1 our own consci5ces w cry %ame on u4 ,x is my firm conviction t ! only way to rem$y x is to make ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce an integral "p ( prim>y education4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ y h[ t may be done = t bran* ( sci5ce :i* x is my bus9ess to pursue2 & ,i c b add1 t ,i %\ld look ^u ! day :5 e s*oolma/] ?r\gh\t ?is l& 0 a c5tre ( g5u9e1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 sci5tific k1 z an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,b let me entreat y to rememb] my la/ words4 ,address+ myself to y1 z tea*]s1 ,i w\ld say1 m]e book le>n+ 9 physical sci5ce is a %am & a delusion--:at y tea*1 unless y wi% to be impo/ors1 t y mu/ fir/ "k2 & real k 9 sci5ce means p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! facts1 be !y few or _m4#b ,footnote #b3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ^! words may be tak5 to imply a disc\ragem5t on my "p ( any sort ( sci5tific in/ruction :i* does n give an acqua9tance ) ! facts at fir/ h&4 ,b ?is is n my mean+4 ,! ideal ( sci5tific tea*+ is1 no d\bt1 a sy/em by :i* ! s*ol> sees e fact = himself1 & ! tea*] supplies only ! explanations4 ,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 d n (t5 all[ ( ! atta9m5t ( t ideal1 & we mu/ put up ) ! next be/ sy/em--"o 9 :i* ! s*ol> takes a good deal on tru/ f a tea*]1 :o1 kn[+ ! facts by 8 own k1 c describe !m ) s mu* vividness z to enable 8 audi5ce to =m compet5t ideas conc]n+ !m4 ,! sy/em :i* ,i repudiate is t :i* all[s tea*]s :o h n come into direct contact ) ! lead+ facts ( a sci5ce to pass _! second-h& in=mation on4 ,! sci5tific virus1 l vacc9e lymph1 if pass$ ?r\gh too long a succession ( organisms1 w lose all its effect 9 protect+ ! "y aga9/ ! intellectual epidemics to :i* !y are expos$4 ,! rem>ks on p4 #bbb appli$ to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #ahfa4 ,! visitor to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 #ahid ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! ,great ,hall to see ! realisation ( my hopes by ! pres5t ,director4 ,,viii ,,biog5esis ,,& ,,abiog5esis 7,,! ,,presid5tial ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,briti% ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,= #ahgj7 ,x has long be5 ! cu/om = ! newly in/all$ ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce to take advantage ( ! elevation ( ! position 9 :i* ! suffrages ( 8 colleagues _h1 = ! "t1 plac$ him1 &1 ca/+ 8 eyes ar\nd ! horizon ( ! sci5tific _w1 to report to !m :at c\ld be se5 f 8 wat*-t[]2 9 :at directions ! multitud9\s divisions ( ! noble army ( ! improv]s ( natural k 7 m>*+2 :at important /rongholds ( ! great enemy ( u all1 ignorance1 _h be5 rec5tly captur$2 &1 also1 ) due imp>tiality1 to m>k :]e ! advanc$ po/s ( sci5ce _h be5 driv5 91 or a long-cont9u$ siege _h made no progress4 ,i propose to endeav\r to foll[ ?is anci5t prec$5t1 9 a mann] suit$ to ! limitations ( my k & ( my capacity4 ,i %all n presume to attempt a panoramic survey ( ! _w ( sci5ce1 nor ev5 to give a sket* ( :at is do+ 9 ! "o great prov9ce ( biology1 ) "s portions ( :i* my ord9>y occupations r5d] me famili>4 ,b ,i %all endeav\r to put be=e y ! hi/ory ( ! rise & progress ( a s+le biological doctr9e2 & ,i %all try to give "s notion ( ! fruits1 bo? intellectual & practical1 :i* we owe1 directly or indirectly1 to ! work+ out1 by sev5 g5]ations ( pati5t & labori\s inve/igators1 ( ! ?\ght :i* arose1 m ?an two c5turies ago1 9 ! m9d ( a sagaci\s & obs]vant ,italian naturali/4 ,x is a matt] ( ev]yday exp]i5ce t x is difficult to prev5t _m articles ( food f becom+ cov]$ ) m\ld2 t fruit1 s\nd en\gh to all appe>ance1 (t5 conta9s grubs at ! core2 t meat1 left to itself 9 ! air1 is apt to putrefy & sw>m ) maggots4 ,ev5 ord9>y wat]1 if all[$ to /& 9 an op5 vessel1 soon] or lat] becomes turbid & full ( liv+ matt]4 ,! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 int]rogat$ z to ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a1 7 provid$ ) a ready & a plausible answ]4 ,x did n ent] _! m9ds ev5 to d\bt t ^! l[ =ms ( life 7 g5]at$ 9 ! matt]s 9 :i* !y made _! appe>ance4 ,lucretius1 :o _h drunk deep] ( ! sci5tific _s ?an any poet ( anci5t or mod]n times except ,goe!1 int5ds to speak z a philosoph]1 r ?an z a poet1 :5 he writes t ) good reason ! e>? has gott5 ! "n ( "m1 s9ce all ?+s are produc$ out ( ! e>?4 ,& _m liv+ creatures1 ev5 n[1 spr+ out ( ! e>?1 tak+ =m by ! ra9s & ! heat ( ! sun4#a ,! axiom ( anci5t sci5ce1 t ! corruption ( "o ?+ is ! bir? ( ano!r1 _h its popul> embodim5t 9 ! notion t a se$ dies be=e ! "y plant spr+s f x2 a belief s widespread & s fix$1 t ,sa9t ,paul appeals to x 9 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did outbur/s ( 8 f]vid eloqu5ce3-- ,?\ fool1 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$1 except x die4#b ,footnote #a3 ,x is ?us t ,mr4 ,munro r5d]s ,l9quitur1 ut m]ito mat]num nom5 adepta ,t]ra sit1 e t]ra quoniam sunt cuncta creata4 ,multaque nunc etiam exsi/ant animalia t]ris ,imbribus et calido solis concreta vapore4 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 lib4 v4 #gic-gif4 ,b w\ld n ! mean+ ( ! la/ l9e be bett] r5d]$ ,develop$ 9 ra9-wat] & 9 ! w>m vap\rs rais$ by ! sun8 ,footnote #b3 #a ,cor9?ians xv4 #cf4 ,! proposition t life may1 & does1 proce$ f t :i* has no life1 !n1 0 held alike by ! philosoph]s1 ! poets1 & ! p1 ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations1 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago2 & x rema9$ ! accept$ doctr9e ( le>n$ & unle>n$ ,europe1 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 d[n ev5 to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is commonly c\nt$ among ! _m m]its ( our great c\ntryman1 ,h>vey1 t he 0 ! fir/ to decl>e ! opposition ( fact to v5]able au?ority 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s2 b ,i c discov] no ju/ification = ?is widespread notion4 ,aft] c>eful se>* ?r\gh ! ,ex]citationes de ,g5]atione1 ! mo/ t appe>s cle> to me is1 t ,h>vey believ$ all animals & plants to spr+ f :at he t]ms a primordium vegetale1 a phrase :i* may n[adays be r5d]$ a vegetative g]m2 & ?is1 he says1 is ovi=me1 or egg-l2 n1 he is c>eful to add1 t x necess>ily has ! %ape ( an egg1 b because x has ! con/itution & nature ( "o4 ,t ?is primordium ovi=me mu/ ne$s1 9 all cases1 proce$ f a liv+ p>5t is n[h]e expressly ma9ta9$ by ,h>vey1 ?\gh su* an op9ion may be ?\ght to be impli$ 9 "o or two passages2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he does1 m ?an once1 use language :i* is consi/5t only ) a full belief 9 spontane\s or equivocal g5]ation4#c ,9 fact1 ! ma9 conc]n ( ,h>vey's wond]ful little treatise is n ) g5]ation1 9 ! physiological s5se1 at all1 b ) developm5t2 & 8 great object is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( epig5esis4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ! foll[+ passage 9 ,ex]citatio ,i43--,item sponte nasc5tia dicuntur2 non quod ex putr$9e oriunda s9t1 s$ quod casu1 naturae sponte1 et aequivoc 7ut aiunt7 g5]atione1 a p>5tibus sui dissimilibus prov5iant4 ,aga91 9 ,de ,ut]i ,membranis3--,9 cunctorum viv5tium g5]atione 7sicut diximus7 hoc sol5ne e/1 ut ortum ducunt a primordio aliquo1 quod tum mat]iam tum elfici5di pote/atem 9 se habet3 sitque1 adeo id1 ex quo et a quo quicquid nascitur1 ortum suum ducat4 ,tale primordium 9 animalibus 7sive ab aliis g5]antibus prov5iant1 sive sponte1 aut ex putr$9e nasc5tur7 e/ humor 9 tunic1 aliquaut putami ne conclusus4 ,comp>e also :at ,r$i has to say respect+ ,h>vey's op9ions1 ,esp]i5ze1 p4 #aa4 ,! fir/ di/9ct enunciation ( ! hypo!sis t all liv+ matt] has sprung f pre-exi/+ liv+ matt]1 came f a contempor>y1 ?\gh a junior1 ( ,h>vey1 a native ( t c\ntry1 f]tile 9 m5 great 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human activity1 :i* 0 to intellectual ,europe1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :at ,g]many is 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,x 0 9 ,italy1 & f ,italian tea*]s1 t ,h>vey receiv$ ! mo/ important "p ( 8 sci5tific education4 ,& x 0 a /ud5t tra9$ 9 ! same s*ools1 ,francesco ,r$i--a man ( ! wide/ k & mo/ v]satile abilities1 di/+ui%$ alike z s*ol>1 poet1 physician1 & naturali/--:o1 j two hundr$ & two ye>s ago1 publi%$ 8 ,esp]i5ze intorno alla ,g5]azione degl' ,insetti1 & gave to ! _w ! idea1 ! gr[? ( :i* x is my purpose to trace4 ,r$i's book w5t ?r\gh five editions 9 tw5ty ye>s2 & ! extreme simplicity ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & ! cle>ness ( 8 argum5ts1 ga9$ = 8 views1 & = _! consequ5ces1 almo/ univ]sal acceptance4 ,r$i did n tr\ble himself mu* ) speculative consid]ations1 b attack$ p>ticul> cases ( :at 0 suppos$ to be spontane\s g5]ation exp]im5tally4 ,"h are dead animals1 or pieces ( meat1 says he2 ,i expose !m to ! air 9 hot wea!r1 & 9 a few days !y sw>m ) maggots4 ,y tell me t ^! are g5]at$ 9 ! dead fle%2 b if ,i put simil> bodies1 :ile q fre%1 into a j>1 & tie "s f9e gauze ov] ! top ( ! j>1 n a maggot makes its appe>ance1 :ile ! dead sub/ances1 nev]!less1 putrefy j 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! maggots are n g5]at$ by ! corruption ( ! meat2 & t ! cause ( _! =mation mu/ be a some?+ :i* is kept away by gauze4 ,b gauze w n keep away ari=m bodies1 or fluids4 ,?is some?+ mu/1 !re=e1 exi/ 9 ! =m ( solid p>ticles too big to get ?r\gh ! gauze4 ,nor is "o long left 9 d\bt :at ^! solid p>ticles are2 = ! bl[flies1 attract$ by ! od\r ( ! meat1 sw>m r\nd ! vessel1 &1 urg$ by a p[]ful b 9 ?is case mislead+ in/9ct1 lay eggs out ( :i* maggots are imm$iately hat*$1 ^u ! gauze4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is unavoidable2 ! maggots are n g5]at$ by ! meat1 b ! eggs :i* give rise to !m are br\ght ?r\gh ! air by ! flies4 ,^! exp]im5ts seem almo/ *ildi%ly simple1 & "o wond]s h[ x 0 t no "o ev] ?\ght ( !m be=e4 ,simple z !y are1 h[ev]1 !y are wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy1 = e piece ( exp]im5tal "w s9ce done1 9 reg>d to ?is subject1 has be5 %ap$ ^u ! model furni%$ by ! ,italian philosoph]4 ,z ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 7 ! same1 h[ev] v>i$ ! nature ( ! mat]ials he us$1 x is n wond]ful t !re arose 9 ,r$i's m9d a presumption1 t1 9 all su* cases ( ! seem+ production ( life f dead matt]1 ! real explanation 0 ! introduction ( liv+ g]ms f )\t into t dead matt]4#d ,& ?us ! hypo!sis t liv+ matt] always arises by ! ag5cy ( pre-exi/+ liv+ matt]1 took def9ite %ape2 & _h1 h5ce=w>d1 a "r to be consid]$ & a claim to be refut$1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 be=e ! production ( liv+ matt] 9 any o!r way c\ld be admitt$ by c>eful reason]s4 ,x w be necess>y = me to ref] to ?is hypo!sis s frequ5tly1 t1 to save circumlocution1 ,i %all call x ! hypo!sis ( ,biog5esis2 & ,i %all t]m ! contr>y doctr9e--t liv+ matt] may be produc$ by n liv+ matt]--! hypo!sis ( ,abiog5esis4 ,footnote #d3 ,pure cont5t&omi sempre 9 que/a ed 9 ciascuna altro cosa1 da ciascuno pi savio1 l dove io difettuosam5te p>lassi1 ess] corretto2 non tac]o1 *e p] molte oss]vazioni molti volti da me fatte1 mi s5to incl9ato a cr$]e *e la t]ra1 da quelle prime piante1 e da quei primi animali 9 poi1 *e ella nei primi giorni del mondo produsse p] com&em5to del sovrano ed omnipot5te ,fattore1 non abbia mai pi prodotto da se m$esima n erba n alb]o1 n animale alcuno p]fetto o imp]fetto *e ei se fosse2 e *e tutto quello1 *e ne' tempi trapassati nato e *e ora nasc]e 9 lei1 o da lei veggiamo1 v5ga tutto dalla sem5za reale e v]a delle piante1 e degli animali /essi1 i quali col mezzo del proprio seme la loro spezie cons]vano4 ,e se b5e tutto giorno scorghiamo da' cadav]i degli animali1 e da tutte quante le mani]e dell' erbe1 e de' fiori1 e dei frutti imputriditi1 e corrotti nasc]e v]mi inf9iti-- ',nonne vides quaecunque mora1 fluidoque calore ,corpora tabescunt 9 p>va animalia v]ti'-- ,io mi s5to1 dico1 incl9ato1 a cr$]e *e tutti quei v]mi si g5]9o dal seme pat]no2 e *e le c>ni1 e l' erbe1 e l' altre cose tutte putrefatte1 o putrefattibili non facciano altra p>te1 n abbiano altro ufizio nella g5]azione degl' insetti1 se non d'appre/>e un luogo o un nido proporzionato1 9 cui dagli animali nel tempo della figliatura si5o portati1 e p>toriti i v]mi1 o l' uova o l' altre sem5ze dei v]mi1 i quali to/o *e nati sono1 trovano 9 esso nido un suffici5te alim5to abilissimo p] nutric>si3 e se 9 quello non son portate dalle madri que/e suddette sem5ze1 ni5te mai1 e replicatam5te ni5te1 vi s' +egn]i e nasca4--,,r$i1 ,esp]i5ze1 pp4 #ad-af4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ,i h said1 ! latt] 0 ! dom9ant view1 sanction$ alike by antiquity & by au?ority2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,r$i did n escape ! cu/om>y tax ^u a discov]] ( hav+ to def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( impugn+ ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures2#e = 8 adv]s>ies decl>$ t ! g5]ation ( bees f ! c>case ( a dead lion is affirm$1 9 ! ,book ( ,judges1 to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! fam\s riddle ) :i* ,samson p]plex$ ! ,phili/9es3-- ,out ( ! eat] came =? meat1 ,& out ( ! /rong came =? sweetness4 ,footnote #e3 ,molti1 e molti altri ancora vi potrei annov]>e1 se non fossi *iamato a rispond]e alle rampogne di alcuni1 *e bruscam5te mi ramm5tano ci1 *e si legge nel capitolo quattordicesimo del sacrosanto ,libro de' giudici 444 --,,r$i1 loc4 cit4 p4 #de4 ,aga9/ all odds1 h[ev]1 ,r$i1 /rong ) ! /r5g? ( demon/rable fact1 did spl5did battle = ,biog5esis2 b x is rem>kable t he held ! doctr9e 9 a s5se :i*1 if he lead liv$ 9 ^! times1 w\ld h infallibly caus$ him to be class$ among ! def5d]s ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,omne vivum ex vivo1 no life )\t antec$5t life1 aphori/ically sums up ,r$i's doctr9e2 b he w5t no fur!r4 ,x is mo/ rem>kable evid5ce ( ! philosophic caution & imp>tiality ( 8 m9d1 t al?\gh he _h speculatively anticipat$ ! mann] 9 :i* grubs really are deposit$ 9 fruits & 9 ! galls ( plants1 he delib]ately admits t ! evid5ce is insuffici5t to be> him out2 & he !re=e pref]s ! supposition t !y are g5]at$ by a modification ( ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! plants !mselves4 ,inde$1 he reg>ds ^! vegetable gr[?s z organs1 by means ( :i* ! plant gives rise to an animal1 & looks ^u ?is production ( specific animals z ! f9al cause ( ! galls & (1 at any rate1 "s fruits4 ,& he proposes to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( p>asites )9 ! animal body 9 ! same way4#f ,footnote #f3 ,! passage 7,esp]i5ze1 p4 #abi7 is wor? quot+ 9 full3-- ,se dovessi pales>vi il mio s5tim5to cr$]ei *e i frutti1 i legumi1 gli alb]i e le foglie1 9 due mani]e inv]m9ass]o4 ,una1 p]* v55do i ba*i p] d fuora1 e c]c&o l' alim5to1 col rod]e ci aprono la /rada1 ed arrivano alla pi int]na midolla de' frutti e de' legni4 ,l'altra mani]a si 1 *e io p] me /im]ei1 *e non fosse gran fatto disdicevole il cr$]e1 *e quell' anima o quella virt1 la quale g5]a i fiori ed i frutti nelle piante viv5ti1 sia quella /essa *e g5]i ancora i ba*i di esse piante4 ,e *i s1 =se1 *e molti frutti degli alb]i non si5o prodotti1 non p] un f9e prim>io e pr9cipale1 ma b5si p] un uffizio second>io e s]vile1 de/9ato alla g5]azione di que' v]mi1 s]v5do a loro 9 vece di matrice1 9 cui dimor9o un prefisso e det]m9ato tempo2 il quale arrivato escan fuora a god]e il sole4 ,io m' immag9o1 *e que/o mio p5si]o non vi p>r totalm5to un p>adosso2 m5tro f>ete riflessione a quelle tanto sorte di galle1 di gallozzole1 di coccole1 di ricci1 di calici1 di cornetti ed i lappole1 *e son produtte dalle qu]cel1 dalle f>nie1 da' c]ri1 da' sugh]i1 da' leeci e da altri simili alb]i de ghi&a2 imp]cioc* 9 quello gallozzole1 e p>ticol>m5te nelle pi grosse1 *e si *iamano coronati1 ne' ricci capelluti1 *e ciuffoli da' no/ri contad9i son detti2 nei ricci legnosi del c]ro1 ne' ricci /ellati della qu]cia1 nelle galluzze della foglia del leccio si v$e evid5tissimam5te1 *e la prima e pr9cipale int5zione della natura =m>e d5tro di quelle un animale volante2 v$5dosi nel c5tro della gallozzola un uovo1 *e col cresc]e e col matur>si di essa gallozzola va cresc5do e matur&o an*' egli1 e cresce altresi a suo tempo quel v]me1 *e nell' uovo si rac*iude2 il qual v]me1 qu&o la gallozzola f9ita di matur>e e *e v5uto il t]m9e de/9ato al suo nascim5to1 div5ta1 di v]me *e era1 una mosca4444 ,io vi confesso +5uam5te1 *e prima d'av] fatte que/e mie esp]i5ze intorno alla g5]azione degl' insetti mi dava a cr$]e1 o p] dir meglio sospettava1 *e =se la gallozzola nascesse1 p]* arriv&o la mosca nel tempo della primav]a1 e fac5do una piccolissima fessura ne' rami pi t5]i della qu]cia1 9 quella fessura nascondesse uno de suoi semi1 il quale fosse cagione *e sbocciasse fuora la gallozzola2 e *e mai non si v$ess]o galle o gallozzole o ricci o cornetti o calici o coccole1 se non 9 que' rami1 ne' quali le mos*e avess]o depositate le loro sem5ze2 e mi dava ad int5d]e1 *e le gallozzole foss]o una malattia cagionata nelle qu]ce dalle punture delle mos*e1 9 quella giusa /essa *e dalle punture d'altri animaletti simiglievoli veggiamo cresc]e de' tumori ne' corpi degli animali4 ,x is ( great importance to appreh5d ,r$i's position rightly2 = ! l9es ( ?\ght he laid d[n = u are ^? ^u :i* naturali/s h be5 work+ ev] s9ce4 ,cle>ly1 he held ,biog5esis z aga9/ ,abiog5esis2 & ,i %all imm$iately proce$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to inquire h[ f> subsequ5t inve/igation has borne him out 9 s do+4 ,b ,r$i also ?\ght t !re 7 two modes ( ,biog5esis4 ,by ! "o me?od1 :i* is t ( common & ord9>y occurr5ce1 ! liv+ p>5t gives rise to (fspr+ :i* passes ?r\gh ! same cycle ( *anges z itself--l gives rise to l2 & ?is has be5 t]m$ ,homog5esis4 ,by ! o!r mode1 ! liv+ p>5t 0 suppos$ to give rise to (fspr+ :i* pass$ ?r\gh a totally diff]5t s]ies ( /ates f ^? exhibit$ by ! p>5t1 & did n return into ! cycle ( ! p>5t2 ?is is :at ought to be call$ ,het]og5esis1 ! (fspr+ be+ altoge!r1 & p]man5tly1 unlike ! p>5t4 ,! t]m ,het]og5esis1 h[ev]1 has un=tunately be5 us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se1 & ,m4 ,milne-,edw>ds has !re=e sub/itut$ = x ,x5og5esis1 :i* means ! g5]ation ( some?+ =eign4 ,aft] discuss+ ,r$i's hypo!sis ( univ]sal ,biog5esis1 !n1 ,i %all g on to ask h[ f> ! gr[? ( sci5ce ju/ifies 8 o!r hypo!sis ( ,x5og5esis4 ,! progress ( ! hypo!sis ( ,biog5esis 0 triumphant & un*eck$ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,! application ( ! microscope to anatomy 9 ! h&s ( ,grew1 ,leeuw5hoek1 ,swamm]dam1 ,lyonnet1 ,vallisni]i1 ,raurnur1 & o!r illu/ri\s inve/igators ( nature ( t day1 display$ su* a complexity ( organisation 9 ! l[e/ & m9ute/ =ms1 & ev]y:]e reveal$ su* a prodigality ( provision = _! multiplication by g]ms ( "o sort or ano!r1 t ! hypo!sis ( ,abiog5esis began to appe> n only untrue1 b absurd2 &1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,ne$ham & ,buffon took up ! "q1 x 0 almo/ univ]sally discr$it$4#g ,footnote #g3 ,ne$ham1 writ+ 9 #agej1 says3-- ,les naturali/es mod]nes s'accord5t unan9em5t tablir1 comme une vrit c]ta9e1 que t\te plante vi5t d sa sm5ce spcifique1 t\t animal d'un oeuf ou de quelque *ose d'analogue prexi/ant dans la plante1 ou dans l'animal de mme espce qui l'a produit4--,n\velles ,obs]vations1 p4 #afi4 ,les naturali/es out gnralem5te cru que les animaux microscopiques tai5t eng5drs p> des oeufs transports dans l'air1 ou dposs dans des eaux dormantes p> des insectes volans4--,ibid4 p4 #agf4 ,b ! skill ( ! microscope mak]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury soon rea*$ its limit4 ,a microscope magnify+ #djj diamet]s 0 a *ef d'oeuvre ( ! opticians ( t day2 &1 at ! same "t1 by no means tru/wor?y4 ,b a magnify+ p[] ( #djj diamet]s1 ev5 :5 def9ition rea*es ! exquisite p]fection ( our mod]n a*romatic l5ses1 h>dly suffices = ! m]e disc]nm5t ( ! smalle/ =ms ( life4 ,a speck1 only #a_/be? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 has1 at t5 in*es f ! eye1 ! same app>5t size z an object #a_/ajjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :5 magnifi$ #djj times2 b =ms ( liv+ matt] ab\nd1 ! diamet] ( :i* is n m ?an #a_/djjjj? ( an in*4 ,a filt]$ infusion ( hay1 all[$ to /& = two days1 w sw>m ) liv+ ?+s among :i*1 any :i* rea*es ! diamet] ( a human r$ blood- corpuscle1 or ab\t #a_/cbjj? ( an in*1 is a giant4 ,x is only by be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d1 t we c deal fairly ) ! rem>kable /atem5ts & speculations put =w>d by ,buffon & ,ne$ham 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,:5 a portion ( any animal or vegetable body is infus$ 9 wat]1 x gradually s(t5s & dis9tegrates2 &1 z x does s1 ! wat] is f\nd to sw>m ) m9ute active creatures1 ! s-call$ ,infusorial ,animalcules1 none ( :i* c be se51 except by ! aid ( ! microscope2 :ile a l>ge proportion belong to ! category ( smalle/ ?+s ( :i* ,i h spok51 & :i* mu/ h look$ l m]e dots & l9es "u ! ord9>y microscopes ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,l$ by v>i\s !oretical consid]ations :i* ,i _c n[ discuss1 b :i* look$ promis+ en\gh 9 ! lights ( _! "t1 ,buffon & ,ne$ham d\bt$ ! applicability ( ,r$i's hypo!sis to ! infusorial animalcules1 & ,ne$ham v prop]ly endeav\r$ to put ! "q to an exp]im5tal te/4 ,he said to himself1 ,if ^! infusorial animalcules come f g]ms1 _! g]ms mu/ exi/ ei!r 9 ! sub/ance infus$1 or 9 ! wat] ) :i* ! infusion is made1 or 9 ! sup]jac5t air4 ,n[ ! vitality ( all g]ms is de/roy$ by heat4 ,!re=e1 if ,i boil ! infusion1 cork x up c>efully1 cem5t+ ! cork ov] ) ma/ic1 & !n heat ! :ole vessel by heap+ hot a%es ov] x1 ,i mu/ ne$s kill :atev] g]ms are pres5t4 ,consequ5tly1 if ,r$i's hypo!sis hold good1 :5 ! infusion is tak5 away & all[$ to cool1 no animalcules ought to be develop$ 9 x2 :]eas1 if ! animalcules are n dep5d5t on pre-exi/+ g]ms1 b are g5]at$ f ! infus$ sub/ance1 !y ought1 by & by1 to make _! appe>ance4 ,ne$ham f\nd t1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* he made 8 exp]im5ts1 animalcules always did arise 9 ! infusions1 :5 a suffici5t "t _h elaps$ to all[ = _! developm5t4 ,9 mu* ( 8 "w ,ne$ham 0 associat$ ) ,buffon1 & ! results ( _! exp]im5ts fitt$ 9 admirably ) ! great ,fr5* naturali/'s hypo!sis ( organic molecules1 accord+ to :i*1 life is ! indefeasible prop]ty ( c]ta9 inde/ructible molecules ( matt]1 :i* exi/ 9 all liv+ ?+s1 & h inh]5t activities by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f n liv+ matt]4 ,ea* individual liv+ organism is =m$ by _! tempor>y comb9ation4 ,!y /& to x 9 ! relation ( ! p>ticles ( wat] to a cascade1 or a :irlpool2 or to a m\ld1 into :i* ! wat] is p\r$4 ,! =m ( ! organism is ?us det]m9$ by ! reaction betwe5 ext]nal conditions & ! inh]5t activities ( ! organic molecules ( :i* x is compos$2 &1 z ! /oppage ( a :irlpool de/roys no?+ b a =m1 & leaves ! molecules ( ! wat]1 ) all _! inh]5t activities intact1 s :at we call ! dea? & putrefaction ( an animal1 or ( a plant1 is m]ely ! break+ up ( ! =m1 or mann] ( association1 ( its con/itu5t organic molecules1 :i* are !n set free z infusorial animalcules4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is doctr9e is by no means id5tical ) ,abiog5esis1 ) :i* x is (t5 conf\nd$4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 a piece ( beef1 or a h&ful ( hay1 is dead only 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,! beef is dead ox1 & ! hay is dead grass2 b ! organic molecules ( ! beef or ! hay are n dead1 b are ready to manife/ _! vitality z soon z ! bov9e or h]bace\s %r\ds 9 :i* !y are imprison$ are r5t by ! mac]at+ action ( wat]4 ,! hypo!sis !re=e mu/ be classifi$ "u ,x5og5esis1 r ?an "u ,abiog5esis4 ,su* z x 01 ,i ?9k x w appe>1 to ^? :o w be j en\gh to rememb] t x 0 prop\nd$ be=e ! bir? ( mod]n *emi/ry1 & ( ! mod]n optical arts1 to be a mo/ +5i\s & sugge/ive speculation4 ,b ! great trag$y ( ,sci5ce--! slay+ ( a beautiful hypo!sis by an ugly fact--:i* is s con/antly be+ enact$ "u ! eyes ( philosoph]s1 0 play$1 almo/ imm$iately1 = ! b5efit ( ,buffon & ,ne$ham4 ,once m1 an ,italian1 ! ,abb ,spallanzani1 a wor?y successor & repres5tative ( ,r$i 9 8 acut5ess1 8 +5uity1 & 8 le>n+1 subject$ ! exp]im5ts & ! conclusions ( ,ne$ham to a se>*+ criticism4 ,x might be true t ,ne$ham's exp]im5ts yield$ results su* z he _h describ$1 b did !y be> out 8 argum5ts8 ,0 x n possible1 9 ! fir/ place1 he _h n completely exclud$ ! air by 8 corks & ma/ic8 ,& 0 x n possible1 9 ! second place1 t he _h n suffici5tly heat$ 8 infusions & ! sup]jac5t air8 ,spallanzani jo9$ issue ) ! ,engli% naturali/ on bo? ^! pleas1 & he %[$ t if1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! glass vessels 9 :i* ! infusions 7 conta9$ 7 h]metically seal$ by fus+ _! necks1 & if1 9 ! second place1 !y 7 expos$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1#h no animalcules ev] made _! appe>ance )9 !m4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! exp]im5ts & argum5ts ( ,spallanzani furni% a complete & a cru%+ reply to ^? ( ,ne$ham4 ,b we all too (t5 =get t x is "o ?+ to refute a proposition1 & ano!r to prove ! tru? ( a doctr9e :i*1 implicitly or explicitly1 contradicts t proposition2 & ! advance ( sci5ce soon %[$ t ?\gh ,ne$ham might be q wrong1 x did n foll[ t ,spallanzani 0 q "r4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,spallanzani1 ,op]e1 vi4 pp4 #db & #ea4 ,mod]n ,*emi/ry1 ! bir? ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 grew apace1 & soon f\nd h]self face to face ) ! great problems :i* biology _h va9ly tri$ to attack )\t h] help4 ,! discov]y ( oxyg5 l$ to ! lay+ ( ! f\ndations ( a sci5tific !ory ( respiration1 & to an exam9ation ( ! m>vell\s int]actions ( organic sub/ances ) oxyg54 ,! pres5ce ( free oxyg5 appe>$ to be "o ( ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( life1 & ( ^? s+ul> *anges 9 organic matt]s :i* are kn[n z f]m5tation & putrefaction4 ,! "q ( ! g5]ation ( ! infusory animalcules ?us pass$ into a new phase4 ,= :at might n h happ5$ to ! organic matt] ( ! infusions1 or to ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 9 ,spallanzani's exp]im5ts8 ,:at security 0 !re t ! developm5t ( life :i* ought to h tak5 place _h n be5 *eck$ or prev5t$ by ^! *anges8 ,! battle _h to be f\ght aga94 ,x 0 ne$ful to repeat ! exp]im5ts "u conditions :i* w\ld make sure t nei!r ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 nor ! composition ( ! organic matt]1 0 alt]$ 9 su* a mann] z to int]f]e ) ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,s*ulze & ,s*wann took up ! "q f ?is po9t ( view 9 #ahcf & #ahcg4 ,! passage ( air ?r\gh r$-hot glass tubes1 or ?r\gh /rong sulphuric acid1 does n alt] ! proportion ( its oxyg51 :ile x mu/ ne$s arre/1 or de/roy1 any organic matt] :i* may be conta9$ 9 ! air4 ,^! exp]im5t]s1 !re=e1 contriv$ arrangem5ts by :i* ! only air :i* %\ld come into contact ) a boil$ infusion %\ld be su* z _h ei!r pass$ ?r\gh r$-hot tubes or ?r\gh /rong sulphuric acid4 ,! result :i* !y obta9$ 0 t an infusion s treat$ develop$ no liv+ ?+s1 :ile1 if ! same infusion 0 aft]w>ds expos$ to ! air1 su* ?+s appe>$ rapidly & abundantly4 ,! accuracy ( ^! exp]im5ts has be5 alt]nately d5i$ & affirm$4 ,suppos+ !n1 to be accept$1 h[ev]1 all t !y really prov$ 0 t ! treatm5t to :i* ! air 0 subject$ de/roy$ some?+ t 0 ess5tial to ! developm5t ( life 9 ! infusion4 ,?is some?+ might be gase\s1 fluid1 or solid2 t x consi/$ ( g]ms rema9$ only an hypo!sis ( great] or less probability4 ,contemporane\sly ) ^! inve/igations a rem>kable discov]y 0 made by ,cagni>d de la ,t\r4 ,he f\nd t common yea/ is compos$ ( a va/ accumulation ( m9ute plants4 ,! f]m5tation ( mu/1 or ( wort1 9 ! fabrication ( w9e & ( be]1 is always accompani$ by ! rapid gr[? & multiplication ( ^! ,toruloe4 ,?us1 f]m5tation1 9 s f> z x 0 accompani$ by ! developm5t ( microscopical organisms 9 enorm\s numb]s1 became assimilat$ to ! decomposition ( an infusion ( ord9>y animal or vegetable matt]2 & x 0 an obvi\s sugge/ion t ! organisms 71 9 "s way or o!r1 ! causes bo? ( f]m5tation & ( putrefaction4 ,! *emi/s1 ) ,b]zelius & ,liebig at _! head1 at fir/ laugh$ ?is idea to scorn2 b 9 #ahdc1 a man !n v "y1 :o has s9ce p]=m$ ! unexampl$ feat ( atta9+ to high em95ce alike 9 ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 & ,physiology-- ,i speak ( ! illu/ri\s ,helmholtz--r$uc$ ! matt] to ! te/ ( exp]im5t by a me?od alike elegant & conclusive4 ,helmholtz sep>at$ a putrefy+ or a f]m5t+ liquid f "o :i* 0 simply putrescible or f]m5table by a membrane :i* all[$ ! fluids to pass ?r\gh & become int]mix$1 b /opp$ ! passage ( solids4 ,! result 01 t :ile ! putrescible or ! f]m5table liquids became impregnat$ ) ! results ( ! putresc5ce or f]m5tation :i* 0 go+ on on ! o!r side ( ! membrane1 !y nei!r putrefi$ 79 ! ord9>y way7 nor f]m5t$2 nor 7 any ( ! organisms :i* ab\nd$ 9 ! f]m5t+ or putrefy+ liquid g5]at$ 9 !m4 ,!re=e ! cause ( ! developm5t ( ^! organisms mu/ lie 9 some?+ :i* _c pass ?r\gh membranes2 & z ,helmholtz's inve/igations 7 long antec$5t to ,graham's rese>*es ^u colloids1 8 natural conclusion 0 t ! ag5t ?us int]cept$ mu/ be a solid mat]ial4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,helmholtz's exp]im5ts n>r[$ ! issue to ?is3 t :i* excites f]m5tation & putrefaction1 & at ! same "t gives rise to liv+ =ms 9 a f]m5table or putrescible fluid1 is n a gas & is n a diffusible fluid2 !re=e x is ei!r a colloid1 or x is matt] divid$ into v m9ute solid p>ticles4 ,! rese>*es ( ,s*ro$] & ,dus* 9 #ahed1 & ( ,s*ro$] alone1 9 #ahei1 cle>$ up ?is po9t by exp]im5ts :i* are simply ref9em5ts ^u ^? ( ,r$i4 ,a lump ( cotton-wool is1 physically speak+1 a pile ( _m ?icknesses ( a v f9e gauze1 ! f95ess ( ! me%es ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! clos5ess ( ! compression ( ! wool4 ,n[1 ,s*ro$] & ,dus* f\nd1 t1 9 ! case ( all ! putrefiable mat]ials :i* !y us$ 7except milk & yolk ( egg71 an infusion boil$1 & !n all[$ to come into contact ) no air b su* z _h be5 filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool1 nei!r putrefi$1 nor f]m5t$1 nor develop$ liv+ =ms4 ,x is h>d to imag9e :at ! f9e sieve =m$ by ! cotton-wool c\ld h /opp$ except m9ute solid p>ticles4 ,/ill ! evid5ce 0 incomplete until x _h be5 positively %[n1 fir/1 t ord9>y air does conta9 su* p>ticles2 &1 secondly1 t filtration ?r\gh cotton-wool arre/s ^! p>ticles & all[s only physically pure air to pass4 ,?is demon/ration has be5 furni%$ )9 ! la/ ye> by ! rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 ,x has be5 a common objection ( ,abiog5i/s t1 if ! doctr9e ( ,biog5y is true1 ! air mu/ be ?ick ) g]ms2 & !y reg>d ?is z ! height ( absurdity4 ,b nature occasionally is exce$+ly unreasonable1 & ,pr(essor ,tyndall has prov$ t ?is p>ticul> absurdity may nev]!less be a reality4 ,he has demon/rat$ t ord9>y air is no bett] ?an a sort ( /irab\t ( excessively m9ute solid p>ticles2 t ^! p>ticles are almo/ :olly de/ructible by heat2 & t !y are /ra9$ (f1 & ! air r5d]$ optically pure1 by its be+ pass$ ?r\gh cotton-wool4 ,x rema9s yet 9 ! ord] ( logic1 ?\gh n ( hi/ory1 to %[ t among ^! solid de/ructible p>ticles1 !re really d exi/ g]ms capable ( giv+ rise to ! developm5t ( liv+ =ms 9 suitable m5/rua4 ,?is piece ( "w 0 done by ,m4 ,pa/eur 9 ^? beautiful rese>*es :i* w ev] r5d] 8 "n fam\s2 & :i*1 9 spite ( all attacks ^u !m1 appe> to me n[1 z !y did sev5 ye>s ago1#i to be models ( accurate exp]im5tation & logical reason+4 ,he /ra9$ air ?r\gh cotton-wool1 & f\nd1 z ,s*ro$] & ,dus* _h done1 t x conta9$ no?+ compet5t to give rise to ! developm5t ( life 9 fluids highly fitt$ = t purpose4 ,b ! important fur!r l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce add$ by ,pa/eur are ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ place he subject$ to microscopic exam9ation ! cotton-wool :i* _h s]v$ z /ra9]1 & f\nd t sundry bodies cle>ly recognisable z g]ms1 7 among ! solid p>ticles /ra9$ (f4 ,secondly1 he prov$ t ^! g]ms 7 compet5t to give rise to liv+ =ms by simply s[+ !m 9 a solution fitt$ = _! developm5t4 ,&1 ?irdly1 he %[$ t ! incapacity ( air /ra9$ ?r\gh cotton- wool to give rise to life1 0 n due to any occult *ange effect$ 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! air by ! wool1 by prov+ t ! cotton-wool might be disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 & p]fectly free access left betwe5 ! ext]ior air & t 9 ! exp]im5tal flask4 ,if ! neck ( ! flask is drawn out into a tube & b5t d[nw>ds2 & if1 aft] ! conta9$ fluid has be5 c>efully boil$1 ! tube is heat$ suffici5tly to de/roy any g]ms :i* may be pres5t 9 ! air :i* ent]s z ! fluid cools1 ! app>atus may be left to itself = any "t & no life w appe> 9 ! fluid4 ,! reason is pla94 ,al?\gh !re is free communication betwe5 ! atmosph]e lad5 ) g]ms & ! g]mless air 9 ! flask1 contact betwe5 ! two takes place only 9 ! tube2 & z ! g]ms _c fall upw>ds1 & !re are no curr5ts1 !y nev] rea* ! int]ior ( ! flask4 ,b if ! tube be brok5 %ort (f :]e x proce$s f ! flask1 & free access be ?us giv5 to g]ms fall+ v]tically out ( ! air1 ! fluid1 :i* has rema9$ cle> & des]t = mon?s1 becomes1 9 a few days1 turbid & full ( life4 ,footnote #i3 ,lectures to ,work+ ,m5 on ! ,causes ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ,organic ,nature1 #ahfc4 7,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ^! ,essays47 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 by indep5d5t obs]v]s ) entire success2 & !re is "o v simple mode ( see+ ! facts = "o's self1 :i* ,i may z well describe4 ,prep>e a solution 7mu* us$ by ,m4 ,pa/eur1 & (t5 call$ ,pa/eur's solution7 compos$ ( wat] ) t>trate ( ammonia1 sug>1 & yea/- a% dissolv$ !re94#aj ,divide x into ?ree portions 9 z _m flasks2 boil all ?ree = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 &1 :ile ! /eam is pass+ out1 /op ! neck ( "o ) a l>ge plug ( cotton-wool1 s t ?is also may be ?or\ghly /eam$4 ,n[ set ! flasks aside to cool1 &1 :5 _! cont5ts are cold1 add to "o ( ! op5 ones a drop ( filt]$ infusion ( hay :i* has /ood = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & is consequ5tly hill ( ! active & excessively m9ute organisms kn[n z ,bact]ia4 ,9 a c\ple ( days ( ord9>y w>m wea!r ! cont5ts ( ?is flask w be milky f ! enorm\s multiplication ( ,bact]ia4 ,! o!r flask1 op5 & expos$ to ! air1 w1 soon] or lat]1 become milky ) ,bact]ia1 & pat*es ( m\ld may appe> 9 x2 :ile ! liquid 9 ! flask1 ! neck ( :i* is plugg$ ) cotton-wool1 w rema9 cle> = an indef9ite "t4 ,i h s\ght 9 va9 = any explanation ( ^! facts1 except ! obvi\s "o1 t ! air conta9s g]ms compet5t to give rise to ,bact]ia1 su* z ^? ) :i* ! fir/ solution has be5 kn[+ly & purposely inoculat$1 & to ! m\ld-,fungi4 ,& ,i h n yet be5 able to meet ) any advocate ( ,abiog5esis :o s]i\sly ma9ta9s t ! atoms ( sug>1 t>trate ( ammonia1 yea/-a%1 & wat]1 "u no influ5ce b t ( free access ( air & ! ord9>y temp]ature1 re-arrange !mselves & give rise to ! protoplasm ( ,bact]ium4 ,b ! alt]native is to admit t ^! ,bact]ia arise f g]ms 9 ! air2 & if !y are ?us propagat$1 ! burd5 ( pro( t o!r l =ms are g5]at$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 mu/ re/ ) ! ass]tor ( t proposition4 ,footnote #aj3 ,infusion ( hay treat$ 9 ! same way yields simil> results2 b z x conta9s organic matt]1 ! argum5t :i* foll[s _c be bas$ ^u x4 ,to sum up ! effect ( ?is long *a9 ( evid5ce3-- ,x is demon/rable t a fluid em95tly fit = ! developm5t ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 b :i* conta9s nei!r g]ms1 nor any prote9 comp\nd1 gives rise to liv+ ?+s 9 great abundance if x is expos$ to ord9>y air2 :ile no su* developm5t takes place1 if ! air ) :i* x is 9 contact is me*anically fre$ f ! solid p>ticles :i* ord9>ily float 9 x1 & :i* may be made visible by appropriate means4 ,x is demon/rable t ! great majority ( ^! p>ticles are de/ructible by heat1 & t "s ( !m are g]ms1 or liv+ p>ticles1 capable ( giv+ rise to ! same =ms ( life z ^? :i* appe> :5 ! fluid is expos$ to unpurifi$ air4 ,x is demon/rable t inoculation ( ! exp]im5tal fluid ) a drop ( liquid kn[n to conta9 liv+ p>ticles gives rise to ! same ph5om5a z exposure to unpurifi$ air4 ,& x is fur!r c]ta9 t ^! liv+ p>ticles are s m9ute t ! assumption ( _! susp5sion 9 ord9>y air pres5ts n ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,on ! contr>y1 consid]+ _! lightness & ! wide diffusion ( ! organisms :i* produce !m1 x is impossible to conceive t !y %\ld n be susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 myriads4 ,?us ! evid5ce1 direct & indirect1 9 fav\r ( ,biog5esis = all kn[n =ms ( life mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ to be ( great weight4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! sole ass]tions wor?y ( att5tion are t h]metically seal$ fluids1 :i* h be5 expos$ to great & long- cont9u$ heat1 h sometimes exhibit$ liv+ =ms ( l[ organisation :5 !y h be5 op5$4 ,! fir/ reply t sugge/s itself is ! probability t !re mu/ be "s error ab\t ^! exp]im5ts1 because !y are p]=m$ on an enorm\s scale e day ) q contr>y results4 ,meat1 fruits1 vegetables1 ! v mat]ials ( ! mo/ f]m5table & putrescible infusions1 are pres]v$ to ! ext5t1 ,i suppose ,i may say1 ( ?\s&s ( tons e ye>1 by a me?od :i* is a m]e application ( ,spallanzani's exp]im5t4 ,! matt]s to be pres]v$ are well boil$ 9 a t9 case provid$ ) a small hole1 & ?is hole is sold]$ up :5 all ! air 9 ! case has be5 replac$ by /eam4 ,by ?is me?od !y may be kept = ye>s )\t putrefy+1 f]m5t+1 or gett+ m\ldy4 ,n[ ?is is n because oxyg5 is exclud$1 inasmu* z x is n[ prov$ t free oxyg5 is n necess>y = ei!r f]m5tation or putrefaction4 ,x is n because ! t9s are exhau/$ ( air1 = ,vibriones & ,bact]ia live1 z ,pa/eur has %[n1 )\t air or free oxyg54 ,x is n because ! boil$ meats or vegetables are n putrescible or f]m5table1 z ^? :o h _h ! mis=tune to be 9 a %ip suppli$ ) unskilfully clos$ t9s well "k4 ,:at is x1 !re=e1 b ! exclusion ( g]ms8 ,i ?9k t ,abiog5i/s are b\nd to answ] ?is "q be=e !y ask u to consid] new exp]im5ts ( precisely ! same ord]4 ,& 9 ! next place1 if ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ,i ref] to are really tru/wor?y1 x by no means foll[s t ,abiog5esis has tak5 place4 ,! resi/ance ( liv+ matt] to heat is kn[n to v>y )9 consid]able limits1 & to dep5d1 to "s ext5t1 ^u ! *emical & physical qualities ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,b if1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 ! alt]native is (f]$ u1--ei!r g]ms c /& a great] heat ?an has be5 suppos$1 or ! molecules ( dead matt]1 = no valid or intelligible reason t is assign$1 are able to re- arrange !mselves into liv+ bodies1 exactly su* z c be demon/rat$ to be frequ5tly produc$ 9 ano!r way1--,i _c und]/& h[ *oice c be1 ev5 = a mom5t1 d\btful4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c express ?is conviction ( m9e too /rongly1 ,i mu/ c>efully gu>d myself aga9/ ! supposition t ,i int5d to sugge/ t no su* ?+ z ,abiog5esis ev] has tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 or ev] w take place 9 ! future4 ,) organic *emi/ry1 molecul> physics1 & physiology yet 9 _! infancy1 & e day mak+ prodigi\s /rides1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be ! height ( presumption = any man to say t ! conditions "u :i* matt] assumes ! prop]ties we call vital may n1 "s day1 be artificially br\ght toge!r4 ,all ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 affirm+ is1 t ,i see no reason = believ+ t ! feat has be5 p]=m$ yet4 ,& look+ back ?r\gh ! prodigi\s vi/a ( ! pa/1 ,i f9d no record ( ! comm5cem5t ( life1 & !re=e ,i am devoid ( any means ( =m+ a def9ite conclusion z to ! conditions ( its appe>ance4 ,belief1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w1 is a s]i\s matt]1 & ne$s /rong f\ndations4 ,to say1 !re=e1 9 ! admitt$ abs5ce ( evid5ce1 t ,i h any belief z to ! mode 9 :i* ! exi/+ =ms ( life h orig9at$1 w\ld be us+ words 9 a wrong s5se4 ,b expectation is p]missible :]e belief is n2 & if x 7 giv5 me to look beyond ! abyss ( geologically record$ "t to ! /ill m remote p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh physical & *emical conditions1 :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall 8 infancy1 ,i %\ld expect to be a witness ( ! evolution ( liv+ protoplasm f n liv+ matt]4 ,i %\ld expect to see x appe> "u =ms ( great simplicity1 end[$1 l exi/+ fungi1 ) ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! =mation ( new protoplasm f su* matt]s z ammonium c>bonates1 oxalates & t>trates1 alkal9e & e>?y phosphates1 & wat]1 )\t ! aid ( light4 ,t is ! expectation to :i* analogical reason+ leads me2 b ,i beg y once m to recollect t ,i h no "r to call my op9ion any?+ b an act ( philosophical fai?4 ,s mu* = ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( ,r$i's great doctr9e ( ,biog5esis1 :i* appe>s to me1 ) ! limitations ,i h express$1 to be victori\s along ! :ole l9e at ! pres5t day4 ,z reg>ds ! second problem (f]$ to u by ,r$i1 :e!r ,x5og5esis obta9s1 side by side ) ,homog5esis1--:e!r1 t is1 !re exi/ n only ! ord9>y liv+ ?+s1 giv+ rise to (fspr+ :i* run ?r\gh ! same cycle z !mselves1 b also o!rs1 produc+ (fspr+ :i* are ( a totally diff]5t "* f !mselves1-- ! rese>*es ( two c5turies h l$ to a diff]5t result4 ,t ! grubs f\nd 9 galls are no product ( ! plants on :i* ! galls gr[1 b are ! result ( ! introduction ( ! eggs ( insects into ! sub/ance ( ^! plants1 0 made out by ,vallisni]i1 ,raumur1 & o!rs1 be=e ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! tapeworms1 bladd]worms1 & flukes cont9u$ to be a /ronghold ( ! advocates ( ,x5og5esis = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,inde$1 x is only )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s t ! spl5did pati5ce ( ,von ,siebold1 ,van ,b5$51 ,leuck>t1 ,k*5mei/]1 & o!r helm9?ologi/s1 has succe$$ 9 trac+ e su* p>asite1 (t5 ?r\gh ! /range/ w&]+s & metamorphoses1 to an egg d]iv$ f a p>5t1 actually or pot5tially l itself2 & ! t5d5cy ( inquiries else:]e has all be5 9 ! same direction4 ,a plant may ?r[ (f bulbs1 b ^!1 soon] or lat]1 give rise to se$s or spores1 :i* develop into ! orig9al =m4 ,a polype may give rise to ,m$usae1 or a pluteus to an ,e*9od]m1 b ! ,m$usa & ! ,e*9od]m give rise to eggs :i* produce polypes or glutei1 & !y are !re=e only /ages 9 ! cycle ( life ( ! species4 ,b if we turn to pa?ology1 x (f]s u "s rem>kable approximations to true ,x5og5esis4 ,z ,i h already m5tion$1 x has be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,vallisni]i & ( ,raumur1 t galls 9 plants1 & tum\rs 9 cattle1 are caus$ by insects1 :i* lay _! eggs 9 ^? p>ts ( ! animal or vegetable frame ( :i* ^! morbid /ructures are outgr[?s4 ,aga91 x is a matt] ( famili> exp]i5ce to ev]ybody t m]e pressure on ! sk9 w give rise to a corn4 ,n[ ! gall1 ! tum\r1 & ! corn are p>ts ( ! liv+ body1 :i* h become1 to a c]ta9 degree1 indep5d5t & di/9ct organisms4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 ext]nal conditions1 elem5ts ( ! body1 :i* %\ld h develop$ 9 due subord9ation to its g5]al plan1 set up = !mselves & apply ! n\ri%m5t :i* !y receive to _! own purposes4 ,f su* innoc5t productions z corns & w>ts1 !re are all gradations to ! s]i\s tum\rs :i*1 by _! m]e size & ! me*anical ob/ruction !y cause1 de/roy ! organism out ( :i* !y are develop$2 :ile1 f9ally1 9 ^? t]rible /ructures kn[n z canc]s1 ! abnormal gr[? has acquir$ p[]s ( reproduction & multiplication1 & is only morphologically di/+ui%able f ! p>asitic worm1 ! life ( :i* is nei!r m nor less closely b\nd up ) t ( ! infe/$ organism4 ,if !re 7 a k9d ( diseas$ /ructure1 ! hi/ological elem5ts ( :i* 7 capable ( ma9ta9+ a sep>ate & indep5d5t exi/5ce out ( ! body1 x seems to me t ! %ad[y b\nd>y betwe5 morbid gr[? & ,x5og5esis w\ld be effac$4 ,& ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! progress ( discov]y has almo/ br\ght u to ?is po9t already4 ,i h be5 fav\r$ by ,mr4 ,simon ) an e>ly copy ( ! la/ publi%$ ( ! valuable ,reports on ! ,public ,heal?1 :i*1 9 8 capacity ( _! m$ical (fic]1 he annually pres5ts to ! ,lords ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,! app5dix to ?is report conta9s an introductory essay ,on ! ,intimate ,pa?ology ( ,contagion1 by ,dr4 ,burdon-,s&]son1 :i* is "o ( ! cle>e/1 mo/ compreh5sive1 & well-reason$ discussions ( a great "q :i* has come "u my notice = a long "t4 ,i ref] y to x = details & = ! au?orities = ! /atem5ts ,i am ab\t to make4 ,y are famili> ) :at happ5s 9 vacc9ation4 ,a m9ute cut is made 9 ! sk91 & an inf9itesimal quantity ( vacc9e matt] is ins]t$ into ! w\nd4 ,)9 a c]ta9 "t a vesicle appe>s 9 ! place ( ! w\nd1 & ! fluid :i* di/5ds ?is vesicle is vacc9e matt]1 9 quantity a hundr$ or a ?\s&fold t :i* 0 orig9ally ins]t$4 ,n[ :at has tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( ?is op]ation8 ,has ! vacc9e matt]1 by its irritative prop]ty1 produc$ a m]e bli/]1 ! fluid ( :i* has ! same irritative prop]ty8 ,or does ! vacc9e matt] conta9 liv+ p>ticles1 :i* h gr[n & multipli$ :]e !y h be5 plant$8 ,! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,*auveau1 ext5d$ & confirm$ by ,dr4 ,s&]son himself1 appe> to leave no d\bt ^u ?is head4 ,exp]im5ts1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ^? ( ,helmholtz on f]m5tation & putrefaction1 h prov$ t ! active elem5t 9 ! vacc9e lymph is non-diffusible1 & consi/s ( m9ute p>ticles n exce$+ #a_/bjjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* are made visible 9 ! lymph by ! microscope4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h prov$ t two ( ! mo/ de/ructive ( epizootic diseases1 %eep-pox & gl&]s1 are also dep5d5t = _! exi/5ce & _! propagation ^u extremely small liv+ solid p>ticles1 to :i* ! title ( microzymes is appli$4 ,an animal suff]+ "u ei!r ( ^! t]rible diseases is a s\rce ( infection & contagion to o!rs1 = precisely ! same reason z a tub ( f]m5t+ be] is capable ( propagat+ its f]m5tation by infection1 or contagion1 to fre% wort4 ,9 bo? cases x is ! solid liv+ p>ticles :i* are effici5t2 ! liquid 9 :i* !y float1 & at ! exp5se ( :i* !y live1 be+ altoge!r passive4 ,n[ arises ! "q1 are ^! microzymes ! results ( ,homog5esis1 or ( ,x5og5esis8 are !y capable1 l ! ,toruloe ( yea/1 ( aris+ only by ! developm5t ( pre-exi/+ g]ms8 or may !y be1 l ! con/itu5ts ( a nut-gall1 ! results ( a modification & individualisation ( ! tissues ( ! body 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 result+ f ! op]ation ( c]ta9 conditions8 ,are !y p>asites 9 ! zoological s5se1 or are !y m]ely :at ,vir*[ has call$ het]olog\s gr[?s8 ,x is obvi\s t ?is "q has ! mo/ pr(\nd importance1 :e!r we look at x f a practical or f a !oretical po9t ( view4 ,a p>asite may be /amp$ out by de/roy+ its g]ms1 b a pa?ological product c only be annihilat$ by remov+ ! conditions :i* give rise to x4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is great problem w h to be solv$ = ea* zymotic disease sep>ately1 = analogy cuts two ways4 ,i h dwelt ^u ! analogy ( pa?ological modification1 :i* is 9 fav\r ( ! x5og5etic orig9 ( microzymes2 b ,i mu/ n[ speak ( ! equally /rong analogies 9 fav\r ( ! orig9 ( su* pe/if]\s p>ticles by ! ord9>y process ( ! g5]ation ( l f l4 ,x is1 at pres5t1 a well-e/abli%$ fact t c]ta9 diseases1 bo? ( plants & ( animals1 :i* h all ! *>act]s ( contagi\s & infecti\s epidemics1 are caus$ by m9ute organisms4 ,! smut ( :eat is a well-kn[n in/ance ( su* a disease1 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! grape-disease & ! potato-disease fall "u ! same category4 ,among animals1 insects are wond]fully liable to ! ravages ( contagi\s & infecti\s diseases caus$ by microscopic ,fungi4 ,9 autumn1 x is n uncommon to see flies motionless ^u a w9d[-pane1 ) a sort ( magic circle1 9 :ite1 drawn r\nd !m4 ,on microscopic exam9ation1 ! magic circle is f\nd to consi/ ( innum]able spores1 :i* h be5 ?r[n (f 9 all directions by a m9ute fungus call$ ,empusa muscoe1 ! spore-=m+ filam5ts ( :i* /& out l a pile ( velvet f ! body ( ! fly4 ,^! spore-=m+ filam5ts are connect$ ) o!rs :i* fill ! int]ior ( ! fly's body l s mu* f9e wool1 hav+ eat5 away & de/roy$ ! creature's visc]a4 ,?is is ! full-gr[n condition ( ! ,empusa4 ,if trac$ back to its e>lie/ /ages1 9 flies :i* are /ill active1 & to all appe>ance heal?y1 x is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! =m ( m9ute corpuscles :i* float 9 ! blood ( ! fly4 ,^! multiply & l5g!n into filam5ts1 at ! exp5se ( ! fly's sub/ance2 & :5 !y h at la/ kill$ ! pati5t1 !y gr[ out ( its body & give (f spores4 ,heal?y flies %ut up ) diseas$ ones cat* ?is mortal disease1 & p]i% l ! o!rs4 ,a mo/ compet5t obs]v]1 ,m4 ,cohn1 :o /udi$ ! developm5t ( ! ,empusa v c>efully1 0 utt]ly unable to discov] 9 :at mann] ! smalle/ g]ms ( ! ,empusa got into ! fly4 ,! spores c\ld n be made to give rise to su* g]ms by cultivation2 nor 7 su* g]ms discov]able 9 ! air1 or 9 ! food ( ! fly4 ,x look$ exce$+ly l a case ( ,abiog5esis1 or1 at any rate1 ( ,x5og5esis2 & x is only q rec5tly t ! real c\rse ( ev5ts has be5 made out4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 t :5 "o ( ! spores falls ^u ! body ( a fly1 x beg9s to g]m9ate1 & s5ds out a process :i* bores its way ?r\gh ! fly's sk92 ?is1 hav+ rea*$ ! int]ior cavities ( its body1 gives (f ! m9ute float+ corpuscles :i* are ! e>lie/ /age ( ! ,empusa4 ,! disease is contagi\s1 because a heal?y fly com+ 9 contact ) a diseas$ "o1 f :i* ! spore-be>+ filam5ts protrude1 is pretty sure to c>ry (f a spore or two4 ,x is infecti\s because ! spores become scatt]$ ab\t all sorts ( matt] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sla9 flies4 ,! silkworm has long be5 kn[n to be subject to a v fatal & infecti\s disease call$ ! ,musc>d9e4 ,aud\9 transmitt$ x by inoculation4 ,?is disease is entirely due to ! developm5t ( a fungus1 ,botrytis ,bassiana1 9 ! body ( ! cat]pill>2 & its contagi\sness & infecti\sness are acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! fly-disease4 ,b1 ( late ye>s1 a /ill m s]i\s epizootic has appe>$ among ! silkworms2 & ,i may m5tion a few facts :i* w give y "s conception ( ! gravity ( ! injury :i* x has inflict$ on ,france alone4 ,! production ( silk has be5 = c5turies an important bran* ( indu/ry 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 & 9 ! ye> #ahec x _h atta9$ su* a magnitude t ! annual produce ( ! ,fr5* s]iculture 0 e/imat$ to am\nt to a t5? ( t ( ! :ole _w1 & repres5t$ a money- value ( #aag1jjj1jjj francs1 or ne>ly five millions /]l+4 ,:at may be ! sum :i* w\ld repres5t ! money-value ( all ! indu/ries connect$ ) ! work+ up ( ! raw silk ?us produc$1 is m ?an ,i c pret5d to e/imate4 ,suffice x to say1 t ! city ( ,lyons is built ^u ,fr5* silk z mu* z ,man*e/] 0 ^u ,am]ican cotton be=e ! civil w>4 ,silkworms are liable to _m diseases2 &1 ev5 be=e #ahec1 a peculi> epizootic1 frequ5tly accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( d>k spots ^u ! sk9 7:5ce ! "n ( ,pbr9e :i* x has receiv$71 _h be5 not$ = its mortality4 ,b 9 ! ye>s foll[+ #ahec ?is malady broke out ) su* extreme viol5ce1 t1 9 #aheh1 ! silk-crop 0 r$uc$ to a ?ird ( ! am\nt :i* x _h rea*$ 9 #ahec2 &1 up till )9 ! la/ ye> or two1 x has nev] atta9$ half ! yield ( #ahec4 ,?is means n only t ! great numb] ( p engag$ 9 silk gr[+ are "s ?irty millions /]l+ poor] ?an !y might h be52 x means n only t high prices h _h to be paid = import$ silkworm eggs1 & t1 aft] inve/+ 8 money 9 !m1 9 pay+ = mulb]ry-leaves & = att5dance1 ! cultivator has con/antly se5 8 silkworms p]i% & himself plung$ 9 ru92 b x means t ! looms ( ,lyons h lack$ employm5t1 & t1 = ye>s1 en=c$ idl5ess & mis]y h be5 ! portion ( a va/ population :i*1 9 =m] days1 0 indu/ri\s & well-to-d4 ,9 #aheh ! gravity ( ! situation caus$ ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces to appo9t ,commission]s1 ( :om a di/+ui%$ naturali/1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 0 "o1 to inquire into ! nature ( ?is disease1 &1 if possible1 to devise "s means ( /ay+ ! plague4 ,9 read+ ! ,report#aa made by ,m4 de ,quatrefages 9 #ahei1 x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to obs]ve t 8 elaborate /udy ( ! ,pbr9e =c$ ! conviction ^u 8 m9d t1 9 its mode ( occurr5ce & propagation1 ! disease ( ! silkworm is1 9 e respect1 comp>able to ! *ol]a among mank9d4 ,b x diff]s f ! *ol]a1 & s f> is a m =midable malady1 9 be+ h]$it>y1 & 9 be+1 "u "s circum/ances1 contagi\s z well z infecti\s4 ,footnote #aa3 tudes sur les ,maladies actuelles des ,v]s ,soie1 p4 #ec4 ,! ,italian naturali/1 ,filippi1 discov]$ 9 ! blood ( ! silkworms affect$ by ?is /range disord] a multitude ( cyl9drical corpuscles1 ea* ab\t #a_/fjjj? ( an in* long4 ,^! h be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,leb]t1 & nam$ by him ,panhi/ophyton2 = ! reason t 9 subjects 9 :i* ! disease is /rongly develop$1 ! corpuscles sw>m 9 e tissue & organ ( ! body1 & ev5 pass into ! undevelop$ eggs ( ! female mo?4 ,b are ^! corpuscles causes1 or m]e concomitants1 ( ! disease8 ,"s naturali/s took "o view & "s ano!r2 & x 0 n until ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 al>m$ by ! cont9u$ ravages ( ! malady1 & ! ineffici5cy ( ! rem$ies :i* _h be5 sugge/$1 despat*$ ,m4 ,pa/eur to /udy x1 t ! "q receiv$ its f9al settlem5t2 at a great sacrifice1 n only ( ! "t & peace ( m9d ( t em95t philosoph]1 b1 ,i regret to h to add1 ( 8 heal?4 ,b ! sacrifice has n be5 9 va94 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t ?is deva/at+1 *ol]a-l1 ,pbr9e1 is ! effect ( ! gr[? & multiplication ( ! ,panhi/ophyton 9 ! silkworm4 ,x is contagi\s & infecti\s1 because ! corpuscles ( ! ,panhi/ophyton pass away f ! bodies ( ! diseas$ cat]pill>s1 directly or indirectly1 to ! alim5t>y canal ( heal?y silkworms 9 _! neighb\rhood2 x is h]$it>y because ! corpuscles ent] into ! eggs :ile !y are be+ =m$1 & consequ5tly are c>ri$ )9 !m :5 !y are laid2 & = ?is reason1 also1 x pres5ts ! v s+ul> peculi>ity ( be+ inh]it$ only on ! "m's side4 ,!re is n a s+le "o ( all ! app>5tly caprici\s & unacc\ntable ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ,pbr9e1 b has receiv$ its explanation f ! fact t ! disease is ! result ( ! pres5ce ( ! microscopic organism1 ,panhi/ophyton4 ,su* be+ ! facts ) respect to ! ,pbr9e1 :at are ! indications z to ! me?od ( prev5t+ x8 ,x is obvi\s t ?is dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* ! ,panhi/ophyton is g5]at$4 ,if x may be g5]at$ by ,abiog5esis1 or by ,x5og5esis1 )9 ! silkworm or its mo?1 ! extirpation ( ! disease mu/ dep5d ^u ! prev5tion ( ! occurr5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* ?is g5]ation takes place4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,panhi/ophyton is an indep5d5t organism1 :i* is no m g5]at$ by ! silkworm ?an ! mi/letoe is g5]at$ by ! apple-tree or ! oak on :i* x gr[s1 ?\gh x may ne$ ! silkworm = its developm5t 9 ! same way z ! mi/letoe ne$s ! tree1 !n ! indications are totally diff]5t4 ,! sole ?+ to be done is to get rid ( & keep away ! g]ms ( ! ,panhi/ophyton4 ,z might be imag9$1 f ! c\rse ( 8 previ\s inve/igations1 ,m4 ,pa/eur 0 l$ to believe t ! latt] 0 ! "r !ory2 &1 guid$ by t !ory1 he has devis$ a me?od ( extirpat+ ! disease1 :i* has prov$ to be completely successful :]ev] x has be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,!re c be no reason1 !n1 = d\bt+ t1 among insects1 contagi\s & infecti\s diseases1 ( great malignity1 are caus$ by m9ute organisms :i* are produc$ f pre-exi/+ g]ms1 or by homog5esis2 & !re is no reason1 t ,i "k (1 = believ+ t :at happ5s 9 insects may n take place 9 ! highe/ animals4 ,inde$1 !re is already /rong evid5ce t "s diseases ( an extremely malignant & fatal "* to :i* man is subject1 are z mu* ! "w ( m9ute organisms z is ! ,pbr9e4 ,i ref] = ?is evid5ce to ! v /rik+ facts adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,li/] 9 8 v>i\s well-kn[n publications on ! antiseptic me?od ( treatm5t4 ,x appe>s to me impossible to rise f ! p]usal ( ^? publications )\t a /rong conviction t ! lam5table mortality :i* s frequ5tly dogs ! foot/eps ( ! mo/ skilful op]ator1 & ^? deadly consequ5ces ( w\nds & injuries :i* seem to haunt ! v walls ( great hospitals1 & are1 ev5 n[1 de/roy+ m m5 ?an die ( bullet or bayonet1 are due to ! importation ( m9ute organisms into w\nds1 & _! increase & multiplication2 & t ! surgeon :o saves mo/ lives w be he :o be/ works out ! practical consequ5ces ( ! hypo!sis ( ,r$i4 ,i comm5c$ ?is ,address by ask+ y to foll[ me 9 an attempt to trace ! pa? :i* has be5 foll[$ by a sci5tific idea1 9 its long & sl[ progress f ! position ( a probable hypo!sis to t ( an e/abli%$ law ( nature4 ,our survey has n tak5 u into v attractive regions2 x has la91 *iefly1 9 a l& fl[+ ) ! abom9able1 & peopl$ ) m]e grubs & m\ld9ess4 ,& x may be imag9$ ) :at smiles & %rugs1 practical & s]i\s contempor>ies ( ,r$i & ( ,spallanzani may h comm5t$ on ! wa/e ( _! high abilities 9 toil+ at ! solution ( problems :i*1 ?\gh curi\s en\gh 9 !mselves1 c\ld be ( no conceivable utility to mank9d4 ,nev]!less1 y w h obs]v$ t be=e we _h travell$ v f> ^u our road1 !re appe>$1 on ! "r h& & on ! left1 fields lad5 ) a h>ve/ ( gold5 gra91 imm$iately conv]tible into ^? ?+s :i* ! mo/ solidly practical m5 w admit to h value--viz41 money & life4 ,! direct loss to ,france caus$ by ! ,pbr9e 9 sev5te5 ye>s _c be e/imat$ at less ?an fifty millions /]l+2 & if we add to ?is :at ,r$i's idea1 9 ,pa/eur's h&s1 has done = ! w9e-gr[] & = ! v9eg>-mak]1 & try to capitalise its value1 we %all f9d t x w g a long way t[>ds repair+ ! money losses caus$ by ! frightful & calamit\s w> ( ?is autumn4 ,& z to ! equival5t ( ,r$i's ?\ght 9 life1 h[ c we ov]-e/imate ! value ( t k ( ! nature ( epidemic & epizootic diseases1 & consequ5tly ( ! means ( *eck+1 or eradicat+ !m1 ! dawn ( :i* has assur$ly comm5c$8 ,look+ back no fur!r ?an t5 ye>s1 x is possible to select ?ree 7#ahfc1 #ahfd1 & #ahfi7 9 :i* ! total numb] ( dea?s f sc>let- fev] alone am\nt$ to n9ety ?\s&4 ,t is ! return ( kill$1 ! maim$ & disabl$ be+ left out ( sight4 ,:y1 x is to be hop$ t ! li/ ( kill$ 9 ! pres5t bloodie/ ( all w>s w n am\nt to m ?an ?is6 ,b ! facts :i* ,i h plac$ be=e y mu/ leave ! lea/ sangu9e )\t a d\bt t ! nature & ! causes ( ?is sc\rge w1 "o day1 be z well und]/ood z ^? ( ! ,pbr9e are n[2 & t ! long-suff]$ massacre ( our innoc5ts w come to an end4 ,& ?us mank9d w h "o m admonition t ! p p]i% = lack ( k2 & t ! alleviation ( ! mis]ies1 & ! promotion ( ! welf>e1 ( m5 mu/ be s\ght1 by ^? :o w n lose _! pa9s1 9 t dilig5t1 pati5t1 lov+ /udy ( all ! multitud9\s aspects ( ,nature1 ! results ( :i* con/itute exact k1 or ,sci5ce4 ,x is ! ju/ification & ! glory ( ?is great meet+ t x is ga!r$ toge!r = no o!r object ?an ! advancem5t ( ! moiety ( sci5ce :i* deals ) ^? ph5om5a ( nature :i* we call physical4 ,may its endeav\rs be cr[n$ ) a full measure ( success6 ,,ix ,,geological ,,contemporaneity ,,& ,,p]si/5t ,,types ,,( ,,life #ahfb ,m]*ants occasionally g ?r\gh a :olesome1 ?\gh tr\blesome & n always satisfactory1 process :i* !y t]m tak+ /ock4 ,aft] all ! excitem5t ( speculation1 ! pleasure ( ga91 & ! pa9 ( loss1 ! trad] makes up 8 m9d to face facts & to le>n ! exact quantity & quality ( 8 solid & reliable possessions4 ,! man ( sci5ce does well sometimes to imitate ?is proc$ure2 &1 =gett+ = ! "t ! importance ( 8 own small w9n+s1 to re- exam9e ! common /ock 9 trade1 s t he may make sure h[ f> ! /ock ( bullion 9 ! cell>--on ! fai? ( ^: exi/5ce s mu* pap] has be5 circulat+--is really ! solid gold ( tru?4 ,! ,anniv]s>y ,meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society seems to be an occasion well suit$ = an und]tak+ ( ?is k9d--= an inquiry1 9 fact1 into ! nature & value ( ! pres5t results ( palaeontological inve/igation2 & ! m s1 z all ^? :o h paid close att5tion to ! late multitud9\s discussions 9 :i* palaeontology is implicat$1 mu/ h felt ! urg5t necessity ( "s su* scrut9y4 ,fir/ 9 ord]1 z ! mo/ def9ite & unque/ionable ( all ! results ( palaeontology1 mu/ be m5tion$ ! imm5se ext5sion & impulse giv5 to botany1 zoology1 & comp>ative anatomy1 by ! inve/igation ( fossil rema9s4 ,inde$1 ! mass ( biological facts has be5 s greatly increas$1 & ! range ( biological speculation has be5 s va/ly wid5$1 by ! rese>*es ( ! geologi/ & palaeontologi/1 t x is to be fe>$ !re are naturali/s 9 exi/5ce :o look ^u geology z ,br9dley reg>d$ riv]s4 ,riv]s1 said ! great eng9e]1 7 made to fe$ canals2 & geology1 "s seem to ?9k1 0 solely creat$ to advance comp>ative anatomy4 ,7 su* a ?\ght ju/ifiable1 x c\ld h>dly expect to be receiv$ ) fav\r by ?is assembly4 ,b x is n ju/ifiable4 ,y\r fav\rite sci5ce has h] own great aims indep5d5t ( all o!rs2 & if1 not)/&+ h] /eady devotion to h] own progress1 %e c scatt] su* ri* alms among h] si/]s1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t h] *>ity is ( ! sort t does n impov]i%1 b blesse? him t gives & him t takes4 ,reg>d ! matt] z we w1 h[ev]1 ! facts rema94 ,ne>ly #dj1jjj species ( animals & plants h be5 add$ to ! ,sy/ema ,naturae by palaeontological rese>*4 ,?is is a liv+ population equival5t to t ( a new cont95t 9 m]e numb]2 equival5t to t ( a new hemisph]e1 if we take into acc\nt ! small population ( insects z yet f\nd fossil1 & ! l>ge proportion & peculi> organisation ( _m ( ! ,v]tebrata4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 x is p]haps n too mu* to say t1 except = ! necessity ( int]pret+ palaeontological facts1 ! laws ( di/ribution w\ld h receiv$ less c>eful /udy2 :ile few comp>ative anatomi/s 7& ^? n ( ! fir/ ord]7 w\ld h be5 induc$ by m]e love ( detail1 z su*1 to /udy ! m9utiae ( o/eology1 7 x n t 9 su* m9utiae lie ! only keys to ! mo/ int]e/+ riddles (f]$ by ! ext9ct animal _w4 ,^! assur$ly are great & solid ga9s4 ,surely x is matt] = no small congratulation t 9 half a c5tury 7= palaeontology1 ?\gh x dawn$ e>li]1 came into full day only ) ,cuvi]7 a subord9ate bran* ( biology %\ld h d\bl$ ! value & ! int]e/ ( ! :ole gr\p ( sci5ces to :i* x belongs4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,alli$ ) geology1 palaeontology has e/abli%$ two laws ( ine/imable importance3 ! fir/1 t "o & ! same area ( ! e>?'s surface has be5 successively occupi$ by v diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ be+s2 ! second1 t ! ord] ( succession e/abli%$ 9 "o locality holds good1 approximately1 9 all4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws is univ]sal & irrev]sible2 ! second is an induction f a va/ numb] ( obs]vations1 ?\gh x may possibly1 & ev5 probably1 h to admit ( exceptions4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! second law1 x foll[s t a peculi> relation frequ5tly subsi/s betwe5 s]ies ( /rata conta9+ organic rema9s1 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! s]ies resemble "o ano!r n only 9 virtue ( a g5]al resemblance ( ! organic rema9s 9 ! two1 b also 9 virtue ( a resemblance 9 ! ord] & "* ( ! s]ial succession 9 ea*4 ,!re is a resemblance ( arrangem5t2 s t ! sep>ate t]ms ( ea* s]ies1 z well z ! :ole s]ies1 exhibit a correspond5ce4 ,succession implies "t2 ! l[] memb]s ( an undi/urb$ s]ies ( s$im5t>y rocks are c]ta9ly old] ?an ! upp]2 & :5 ! notion ( age 0 once introduc$ z ! equival5t ( succession1 x 0 no wond] t correspond5ce 9 succession came to be look$ ^u z a correspond5ce 9 age1 or contemporaneity4 ,&1 inde$1 s long z relative age only is spok5 (1 correspond5ce 9 succession is correspond5ce 9 age2 x is relative contemporaneity4 ,b x w\ld h be5 v mu* bett] = geology if s loose & ambigu\s a ^w z contemporane\s _h be5 exclud$ f h] t]m9ology1 & if1 9 its /ead1 "s t]m express+ simil>ity ( s]ial relation1 & exclud+ ! notion ( "t altoge!r1 _h be5 employ$ to d5ote correspond5ce 9 position 9 two or m s]ies ( /rata4 ,9 anatomy1 :]e su* correspond5ce ( position has con/antly to be spok5 (1 x is d5ot$ by ! ^w homology & its d]ivatives2 & = ,geology 7:i* aft] all is only ! anatomy & physiology ( ! e>?7 x might be well to inv5t "s s+le ^w1 su* z homotaxis 7simil>ity ( ord]71 9 ord] to express an ess5tially simil> idea4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has n be5 done1 & mo/ probably ! inquiry w at once be made--,to :at end burd5 sci5ce ) a new & /range t]m 9 place ( "o old1 famili>1 & "p ( our common language8 ,! reply to ?is "q w become obvi\s z ! inquiry into ! results ( palaeontology is pu%$ fur!r4 ,^? ^: bus9ess x is to acqua9t !mselves specially ) ! works ( palaeontologi/s1 9 fact1 w be fully aw>e t v few1 if any1 w\ld re/ satisfi$ ) su* a /atem5t ( ! conclusions ( _! bran* ( biology z t :i* has j be5 giv54 ,our /&>d rep]tories ( palaeontology pr(ess to tea* u f> high] ?+s--to disclose ! entire succession ( liv+ =ms ^u ! surface ( ! globe2 to tell u ( a :olly diff]5t di/ribution ( climatic conditions 9 anci5t times2 to reveal ! "* ( ! fir/ ( all liv+ exi/5ces2 & to trace out ! law ( progress f !m to u4 ,x may n be unpr(itable to be/[ on ^! pr(essions a some:at m critical exam9ation ?an !y h hi!rto receiv$1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> !y re/ on an irrefragable basis2 or :e!r1 aft] all1 x might n be well = palaeontologi/s to le>n a little m c>efully t sci5tific ars artium1 ! art ( say+ ,i don't "k4 ,& to ?is end let u def9e some:at m exactly ! ext5t ( ^! pret5sions ( palaeontology4 ,e "o is aw>e t ,pr(essor ,bronn's ,unt]su*ung5 & ,pr(essor ,pictet's ,trait de ,palontologie are works ( /&>d au?ority1 famili>ly consult$ by e work+ palaeontologi/4 ,x is desirable to speak ( ^! excell5t books1 & ( _! di/+ui%$ au?ors1 ) ! utmo/ respect1 & 9 a tone z f> z possible remov$ f c>p+ criticism2 inde$1 if !y are specially cit$ 9 ?is place1 x is m]ely 9 ju/ification ( ! ass]tion t ! foll[+ propositions1 :i* may be f\nd implicitly1 or explicitly1 9 ! works 9 "q1 are reg>d$ by ! mass ( palaeontologi/s & geologi/s1 n only on ! ,cont95t b 9 ?is c\ntry1 z express+ "s ( ! be/- e/abli%$ results ( palaeontology4 ,?us3-- ,animals & plants began _! exi/5ce toge!r1 n long aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! deposition ( ! s$im5t>y rocks2 & !n succe$$ "o ano!r1 9 su* a mann]1 t totally di/9ct faunae & florae occupi$ ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & dur+ di/9ct epo*s ( "t4 ,a geological =mation is ! sum ( all ! /rata deposit$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>? dur+ "o ( ^! epo*s3 a geological fauna or flora is ! sum ( all ! species ( animals or plants :i* occupi$ ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 dur+ "o ( ^! epo*s4 ,! population ( ! e>?'s surface 0 at fir/ v simil> 9 all p>ts1 & only f ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y epo* onw>ds1 began to %[ a di/9ct di/ribution 9 zones4 ,! con/itution ( ! orig9al population1 z well z ! num]ical proportions ( its memb]s1 indicates a w>m] &1 on ! :ole1 some:at tropical climate1 :i* rema9$ tol]ably equable ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! subsequ5t di/ribution ( liv+ be+s 9 zones is ! result ( a gradual l[]+ ( ! g5]al temp]ature1 :i* fir/ began to be felt at ! poles4 ,x is n n[ propos$ to inquire :e!r ^! doctr9es are true or false2 b to direct y\r att5tion to a mu* simpl] ?\gh v ess5tial prelim9>y "q--,:at is _! logical basis8 :at are ! fundam5tal assumptions ^u :i* !y all logically dep5d8 & :at is ! evid5ce on :i* ^? fundam5tal propositions dem& our ass5t8 ,^! assumptions are two3 ! fir/1 t ! comm5cem5t ( ! geological record is coval ) ! comm5cem5t ( life on ! globe2 ! second1 t geological contemporaneity is ! same ?+ z *ronological syn*rony4 ,)\t ! fir/ ( ^! assumptions !re w\ld ( c\rse be no gr\nd = any /atem5t respect+ ! comm5cem5t ( life2 )\t ! second1 all ! o!r /atem5ts cit$1 e "o ( :i* implies a k ( ! /ate ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? at "o & ! same "t1 w be no less devoid ( demon/ration4 ,! fir/ assumption obvi\sly re/s entirely on negative evid5ce4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! only evid5ce t ev] c be available to prove ! comm5cem5t ( any s]ies ( ph5om5a2 b1 at ! same "t1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! value ( negative evid5ce dep5ds entirely on ! am\nt ( positive corroboration x receives4 ,if ,a4,b4 wi%es to prove an alibi1 x is ( no use = him to get a ?\s& witnesses simply to swe> t !y did n see him 9 su* & su* a place1 unless ! witnesses are prep>$ to prove t !y mu/ h se5 him _h he be5 !re4 ,b ! evid5ce t animal life comm5c$ ) ! ,l+ula- flags1 e4g41 w\ld seem to be exactly ( ?is unsatisfactory uncorroborat$ sort4 ,! ,cambrian witnesses simply swe> !y hav5't se5 anybody _! way2 ^u :i* ! c\nsel = ! o!r side imm$iately puts 9 t5 or twelve ?\s& feet ( ,devonian s&/ones to make oa? !y nev] saw a fi% or a mollusk1 ?\gh all ! _w kn[s !re 7 pl5ty 9 _! "t4 ,b !n x is urg$ t1 ?\gh ! ,devonian rocks 9 "o "p ( ! _w exhibit no fossils1 9 ano!r !y d1 :ile ! l[] ,cambrian rocks n[h]e exhibit fossils1 & h5ce no liv+ be+ c\ld h exi/$ 9 _! epo*4 ,to ?is !re are two replies3 ! fir/ t ! obs]vational basis ( ! ass]tion t ! l[e/ rocks are n[h]e fossilif]\s is an amaz+ly small "o1 see+ h[ v small an area1 9 comp>ison to t ( ! :ole _w1 has yet be5 fully se>*$2 ! second1 t ! argum5t is good = no?+ unless ! unfossilif]\s rocks 9 "q 7 n only contemporane\s 9 ! geological s5se1 b syn*ron\s 9 ! *ronological s5se4 ,to use ! alibi illu/ration aga94 ,if a man wi%es to prove he 0 9 nei!r ( two places1 ,a & ,b1 on a giv5 day1 8 witnesses = ea* place mu/ be prep>$ to answ] = ! :ole day4 ,if !y c only prove t he 0 n at ,a 9 ! morn+1 & n at ,b 9 ! aft]noon1 ! evid5ce ( 8 abs5ce f bo? is nil1 because he might h be5 at ,b 9 ! morn+ & at ,a 9 ! aft]noon4 ,?us ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! validity ( ! second assumption4 ,& we mu/ proce$ to inquire :at is ! real mean+ ( ! ^w contemporane\s z employ$ by geologi/s4 ,to ?is end a concrete example may be tak54 ,! ,lias ( ,engl& & ! ,lias ( ,g]many1 ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,brita9 & ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,s\!rn ,india1 are t]m$ by geologi/s contemporane\s =mations2 b :5ev] any ?\ghtful geologi/ is ask$ :e!r he means to say t !y 7 deposit$ syn*ron\sly1 he says1 ,no1--only )9 ! same great epo*4 ,& if1 9 pursu+ ! inquiry1 he is ask$ :at may be ! approximate value 9 "t ( a great epo*--:e!r x means a hundr$ ye>s1 or a ?\s&1 or a million1 or t5 million ye>s--8 reply is1 ,i _c tell4 ,if ! fur!r "q be put1 :e!r physical geology is 9 possession ( any me?od by :i* ! actual syn*rony 7or ! rev]se7 ( any two di/ant deposits c be asc]ta9$1 no su* me?od c be he>d (2 x be+ admitt$ by all ! be/ au?orities t nei!r simil>ity ( m9]al composition1 nor ( physical "*1 nor ev5 direct cont9uity ( /ratum1 are absolute pro(s ( ! syn*ronism ( ev5 approximat$ s$im5t>y /rata3 :ile1 = di/ant deposits1 !re seems to be no k9d ( physical evid5ce atta9able ( a nature compet5t to decide :e!r su* deposits 7 =m$ simultane\sly1 or :e!r !y possess any giv5 diff]5ce ( antiquity4 ,to return to an example already giv53 ,all compet5t au?orities w probably ass5t to ! proposition t physical geology does n enable u 9 any way to reply to ?is "q--,7 ! ,briti% ,cretace\s rocks deposit$ at ! same "t z ^? ( ,india1 or are !y a million ( ye>s y\ng] or a million ( ye>s old]8 ,is palaeontology able to succe$ :]e physical geology fails8 ,/&>d writ]s on palaeontology1 z has be5 se51 assume t %e c4 ,!y take x = grant$1 t deposits conta9+ simil> organic rema9s are syn*ron\s--at any rate 9 a broad s5se2 & yet1 ^? :o w /udy ! elev5? & twelf? *apt]s ( ,sir ,h5ry ,de ,la ,be*e's rem>kable ,rese>*es 9 ,!oretical ,geology1 publi%$ n[ ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago1 & w c>ry out ! argum5ts !re mo/ lum9\sly /at$1 to _! logical consequ5ces1 may v easily conv9ce !mselves t ev5 absolute id5tity ( organic cont5ts is no pro( ( ! syn*rony ( deposits1 :ile absolute div]sity is no pro( ( diff]5ce ( date4 ,sir ,h5ry ,de ,la ,be*e goes ev5 fur!r1 & adduces conclusive evid5ce to %[ t ! diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same /ratum1 hav+ a simil> composition ?r\gh\t1 conta9+ ! same organic rema9s1 & hav+ simil> b$s above & bel[ x1 may yet diff] to any conceivable ext5t 9 age4 ,edw>d ,=bes 0 9 ! habit ( ass]t+ t ! simil>ity ( ! organic cont5ts ( di/ant =mations 0 prima facie evid5ce1 n ( _! simil>ity1 b ( _! diff]5ce ( age2 & hold+ z he did ! doctr9e ( s+le specific c5tres1 ! conclusion 0 z legitimate z any o!r2 = ! two di/ricts mu/ h be5 occupi$ by migration f "o ( ! two1 or f an int]m$iate spot1 & ! *ances aga9/ exact co9cid5ce ( migration & ( imb$d+ are inf9ite4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! hypo!sis ( s+le or ( multiple specific c5tres be adopt$1 simil>ity ( organic cont5ts _c possibly af=d any pro( ( ! syn*rony ( ! deposits :i* conta9 !m2 on ! contr>y1 x is demon/rably compatible ) ! lapse ( ! mo/ prodigi\s int]vals ( "t1 & ) ! int]position ( va/ *anges 9 ! organic & inorganic worlds1 betwe5 ! epo*s 9 :i* su* deposits 7 =m$4 ,on :at am\nt ( simil>ity ( _! faunae is ! doctr9e ( ! contemporaneity ( ! ,european & ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,silurians bas$8 ,9 ! la/ edition ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,elem5t>y ,geology x is /at$1 on ! au?ority ( a =m] ,presid5t ( ?is ,society1 ! late ,daniel ,%>pe1 t betwe5 #cj & #dj p] c5t4 ( ! species ( ,silurian ,mollusca are common to bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,by way ( due all[ance = fur!r discov]y1 let u d\ble ! less] numb] & suppose t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! species are common to ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ! ,briti% ,silurians4 ,sixty p] c5t4 ( species 9 common is1 !n1 pro( ( contemporaneity4 ,n[ suppose t1 a million or two ( ye>s h5ce1 :5 ,brita9 has made ano!r dip b5ea? ! sea & has come up aga91 "s geologi/ applies ?is doctr9e1 9 comp>+ ! /rata laid b>e by ! upheaval ( ! bottom1 say1 ( ,/4 ,george's ,*annel ) :at may !n rema9 ( ! ,suffolk ,crag4 ,reason+ 9 ! same way1 he w at once decide ! ,suffolk ,crag & ! ,/4 ,george's ,*annel b$s to be contemporane\s2 al?\gh we happ5 to "k t a va/ p]iod 7ev5 9 ! geological s5se7 ( "t1 & physical *anges ( almo/ unprec$5t$ ext5t1 sep>ate ! two4 ,b if x be a demon/rable fact t /rata conta9+ m ?an #fj or #gj p] c5t4 ( species ( ,mollusca 9 common1 & comp>atively close toge!r1 may yet be sep>at$ by an am\nt ( geological "t suffici5t to all[ ( "s ( ! greate/ physical *anges ! _w has se51 :at becomes ( t sort ( contemporaneity ! sole evid5ce ( :i* is a simil>ity ( facies1 or ! id5tity ( half a doz5 species1 or ( a good _m g5]a8 ,& yet !re is no bett] evid5ce = ! contemporaneity assum$ by all :o adopt ! hypo!sis ( univ]sal faunae & florae1 ( a univ]sally uni=m climate1 & ( a s5sible cool+ ( ! globe dur+ geological "t4 ,!re seems1 !n1 no escape f ! admission t nei!r physical geology1 nor palaeontology1 possesses any me?od by :i* ! absolute syn*ronism ( two /rata c be demon/rat$4 ,all t geology c prove is local ord] ( succession4 ,x is ma!matically c]ta9 t1 9 any giv5 v]tical l9e> section ( an undi/urb$ s]ies ( s$im5t>y deposits1 ! b$ :i* lies l[e/ is ! olde/4 ,9 _m o!r v]tical l9e> sections ( ! same s]ies1 ( c\rse1 correspond+ b$s w occur 9 a simil> ord]2 b1 h[ev] great may be ! probability1 no man c say ) absolute c]ta9ty t ! b$s 9 ! two sections 7 syn*ron\sly deposit$4 ,= areas ( mod]ate ext5t1 x is d\btless true t no practical evil is likely to result f assum+ ! correspond+ b$s to be syn*ron\s or /rictly contemporane\s2 & !re are multitudes ( accessory circum/ances :i* may fully ju/ify ! assumption ( su* syn*rony4 ,b ! mom5t ! geologi/ has to deal ) l>ge areas1 or ) completely sep>at$ deposits1 ! mis*ief ( conf\nd+ t homotaxis or simil>ity ( arrangem5t1 :i* c be demon/rat$1 ) syn*rony or id5tity ( date1 = :i* !re is n a %ad[ ( pro(1 "u ! "o common t]m ( contemporaneity becomes incalculable1 & proves ! con/ant s\rce ( gratuit\s speculations4 ,= any?+ t geology or palaeontology are able to %[ to ! contr>y1 a ,devonian fauna & flora 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s may h be5 contemporane\s ) ,silurian life 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ) a ,c>bonif]\s fauna & flora 9 ,africa4 ,geographical prov9ces & zones may h be5 z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo* z at pres5t1 & ^? seem+ly sudd5 appe>ances ( new g5]a & species1 :i* we ascribe to new creation1 may be simple results ( migration4 ,x may be s2 x may be o!rwise4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our k & ( our me?ods1 "o v]dict--n prov51 & n provable--mu/ be record$ aga9/ all ! gr& hypo!ses ( ! palaeontologi/ respect+ ! g5]al succession ( life on ! globe4 ,! ord] & nature ( t]re/rial life1 z a :ole1 are op5 que/ions4 ,geology at pres5t provides u ) mo/ valuable topographical records1 b %e has n ! means ( work+ !m into a univ]sal hi/ory4 ,is su* a univ]sal hi/ory1 !n1 to be reg>d$ z unatta9able8 ,are all ! gr&e/ & mo/ int]e/+ problems :i* (f] !mselves to ! geological /ud5t1 ess5tially insoluble8 ,is he 9 ! position ( a sci5tific ,tantalus--doom$ always to ?ir/ = a k :i* he _c obta98 ,! rev]se is to be hop$2 nay1 x may n be impossible to indicate ! s\rce :5ce help w come4 ,9 comm5c+ ^! rem>ks1 m5tion 0 made ( ! great obligations "u :i* ! naturali/ lies to ! geologi/ & palaeontologi/4 ,assur$ly ! "t w come :5 ^! obligations w be repaid t5fold1 & :5 ! maze ( ! _w's pa/ hi/ory1 ?r\gh :i* ! pure geologi/ & ! pure palaeontologi/ f9d no guidance1 w be securely ?read$ by ! clue furni%$ by ! naturali/4 ,all :o are compet5t to express an op9ion on ! subject are1 at pres5t1 agre$ t ! manifold v>ieties ( animal & vegetable =m h n ei!r come into exi/5ce by *ance1 nor result f caprici\s ex]tions ( creative p[]2 b t !y h tak5 place 9 a def9ite ord]1 ! /atem5t ( :i* ord] is :at m5 ( sci5ce t]m a natural law4 ,:e!r su* a law is to be reg>d$ z an expression ( ! mode ( op]ation ( natural =ces1 or :e!r x is simply a /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* a sup]natural p[] has ?\ght fit to act1 is a second>y "q1 s long z ! exi/5ce ( ! law & ! possibility ( its discov]y by ! human intellect are grant$4 ,b he mu/ be a half-he>t$ philosoph] :o1 believ+ 9 t possibility1 & hav+ wat*$ ! gigantic /rides ( ! biological sci5ces dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 d\bts t sci5ce w soon] or lat] make ?is fur!r /ep1 s z to become possess$ ( ! law ( evolution ( organic =ms--( ! unv>y+ ord] ( t great *a9 ( causes & effects ( :i* all organic =ms1 anci5t & mod]n1 are ! l9ks4 ,& !n1 if ev]1 we %all be able to beg9 to discuss1 ) pr(it1 ! que/ions respect+ ! comm5cem5t ( life1 & ! nature ( ! successive populations ( ! globe1 :i* s _m seem to ?9k are already answ]$4 ,! prec$+ argum5ts make no p>ticul> claim to novelty2 inde$ !y h be5 float+ m or less di/9ctly be=e ! m9ds ( geologi/s = ! la/ ?irty ye>s2 & if1 at ! pres5t "t1 x has seem$ desirable to give !m m def9ite & sy/ematic expression1 x is because palaeontology is e day assum+ a great] importance1 & n[ requires to re/ on a basis ! firmness ( :i* is ?or\ghly well assur$4 ,among its fundam5tal conceptions1 !re mu/ be no confusion betwe5 :at is c]ta9 & :at is m or less probable4#a ,b1 p5d+ ! con/ruction ( a sur] f\ndation ?an palaeontology n[ possesses1 x may be in/ructive1 assum+ = ! nonce ! g5]al correctness ( ! ord9>y hypo!sis ( geological contemporaneity1 to consid] :e!r ! d$uctions :i* are ord9>ily drawn f ! :ole body ( palaeontological facts are ju/ifiable4 ,footnote #a3 ,le plus gr& s]vice qu'on puisse r5dre la sci5ce e/ d'y faire place nette avant d'y ri5 con/ruire4--,,cuvi]4 ,! evid5ce on :i* su* conclusions are bas$ is ( two k9ds1 negative & positive4 ,! value ( negative evid5ce1 9 connection ) ?is inquiry1 has be5 s fully & cle>ly discuss$ 9 an address f ! *air ( ?is ,society1#b :i* none ( u h =gott51 t no?+ ne$ at pres5t be said ab\t x2 ! m1 z ! consid]ations :i* h be5 laid be=e y h c]ta9ly n t5d$ to increase y\r e/imation ( su* evid5ce4 ,x w be pref]able to turn to ! positive facts ( palaeontology1 & to inquire :at !y tell u4 ,footnote #b3 ,anniv]s>y ,address = #ahea1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 ,we are all accu/om$ to speak ( ! numb] & ! ext5t ( ! *anges 9 ! liv+ population ( ! globe dur+ geological "t z some?+ enorm\s3 & inde$ !y are s1 if we reg>d only ! negative diff]5ces :i* sep>ate ! old] rocks f ! m mod]n1 & if we look ^u specific & g5]ic *anges z great *anges1 :i* f "o po9t ( view1 !y truly are4 ,b leav+ ! negative diff]5ces out ( consid]ation1 & look+ only at ! positive data furni%$ by ! fossil _w f a broad] po9t ( view--f t ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ :o has made ! /udy ( ! great] modifications ( animal =m 8 *ief bus9ess--a surprise ( ano!r k9d dawns ^u ! m9d2 & "u ?is aspect ! smallness ( ! total *ange becomes z a/oni%+ z 0 its greatness "u ! o!r4 ,!re are two hundr$ kn[n ord]s ( plants2 ( ^! n "o is c]ta9ly kn[n to exi/ exclusively 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,! :ole lapse ( geological "t has z yet yield$ n a s+le new ord9al type ( vegetable /ructure4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see ,hook]'s ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,tasmania1 p4 xxiii4 ,! positive *ange 9 pass+ f ! rec5t to ! anci5t animal _w is great]1 b /ill s+ul>ly small4 ,no fossil animal is s di/9ct f ^? n[ liv+ z to require to be arrang$ ev5 9 a sep>ate class f ^? :i* conta9 exi/+ =ms4 ,x is only :5 we come to ! ord]s1 :i* may be r\ghly e/imat$ at ab\t a hundr$ & ?irty1 t we meet ) fossil animals s di/9ct f ^? n[ liv+ z to require ord]s = !mselves2 & ^! d n am\nt1 on ! mo/ lib]al e/imate1 to m ?an ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,!re is no c]ta9ly kn[n ext9ct ord] ( ,protozoa2 !re is b "o among ! ,coel5t]ata--t ( ! rugose corals2 !re is none among ! ,mollusca2 !re are ?ree1 ! ,cy/idea1 ,bla/oidea1 & ,edrioa/]ida1 among ! ,e*9od]ms2 & two1 ! ,trilobita & ,eurypt]ida1 among ! ,cru/acea2 mak+ altoge!r five = ! great sub-k+dom ( ,annulosa4 ,among ,v]tebrates !re is no ord9ally di/9ct fossil fi%3 !re is only "o ext9ct ord] ( ,amphibia--! ,labyr9?odonts2 b !re are at lea/ f\r di/9ct ord]s ( ,reptilia1 viz4 ! ,i*?yosauria1 ,plesiosauria1 ,pt]osauria1 ,d9osauria1 & p]haps ano!r or two4 ,!re is no kn[n ext9ct ord] ( ,birds1 & no c]ta9ly kn[n ext9ct ord] ( ,mammals1 ! ord9al di/9ctness ( ! ,toxodontia be+ d\btful4 ,! objection t broad /atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 aft] all1 re/ l>gely on negative evid5ce is obvi\s1 b x has less =ce ?an may at fir/ be suppos$2 =1 z might be expect$ f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 we possess m abundant positive evid5ce reg>d+ ,fi%es & m>9e ,mollusks ?an respect+ any o!r =ms ( animal life2 & yet ^! (f] u1 ?r\gh ! :ole range ( geological "t1 no species ord9ally di/9ct f ^? n[ liv+2 :ile ! f> less num]\s class ( ,e*9od]ms pres5ts ?ree1 & ! ,cru/acea two1 su* ord]s1 ?\gh none ( ^! come d[n lat] ?an ! ,palaeozoic age4 ,la/ly1 ! ,reptilia pres5t ! extraord9>y & exceptional ph5om5on ( z _m ext9ct z exi/+ ord]s1 if n m2 ! f\r m5tion$ ma9ta9+ _! exi/5ce f ! ,lias to ! ,*alk inclusive4 ,"s ye>s ago "o ( y\r ,secret>ies po9t$ out ano!r k9d ( positive palaeontological evid5ce t5d+ t[>ds ! same conclusion-- af=d$ by ! exi/5ce ( :at he t]m$ p]si/5t types ( vegetable & ( animal life4#d ,he /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,hook]1 t !re are ,c>bonif]\s plants :i* appe> to be g5]ically id5tical ) "s n[ liv+2 t ! cone ( ! ,oolitic ,arauc>ia is h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( an exi/+ species2 t a true ,p9us appe>s 9 ! ,purbecks & a ,juglans 9 ! ,*alk2 :ile1 f ! ,bag%ot ,s&s1 a ,banksia1 ! wood ( :i* is n di/+ui%able f t ( species n[ liv+ 9 ,au/ralia1 _h be5 obta9$4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ! ab/ract ( a ,lecture ,on ! ,p]si/5t ,types ( ,animal ,life1 9 ! ,notices ( ! ,meet+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94--,june #c1 #ahei1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aea4 ,turn+ to ! animal k+dom1 he affirm$ ! tabulate corals ( ! ,silurian rocks to be wond]fully l ^? :i* n[ exi/2 :ile ev5 ! families ( ! ,aporosa 7 all repres5t$ 9 ! old] ,mesozoic rocks4 ,among ! ,mollusca simil> facts 7 adduc$4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d t ,avicula1 ,mytilus1 ,*iton1 ,natica1 ,patella1 ,tro*us1 ,disc9a1 ,orbicula1 ,l+ula1 ,rhyn*onclla1 & ,nautilus1 all ( :i* are exi/+ g5]a1 are giv5 )\t a d\bt z ,silurian 9 ! la/ edition ( ,siluria2 :ile ! highe/ =ms ( ! highe/ ,cephalopods are repres5t$ 9 ! ,lias by a g5us ,belemnoteu?is1 :i* pres5ts ! close/ relation to ! exi/+ ,loligo4 ,! two highe/ gr\ps ( ! ,annulosa1 ! ,insecta & ! ,ara*nida1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,coal1 ei!r by exi/+ g5]a1 or by =ms diff]+ f exi/+ g5]a 9 q m9or peculi>ities4 ,turn+ to ! ,v]tebrata1 ! only palaeozoic ,elasmobran* ,fi% ( :i* we h any complete k is ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ,pleuracan?us1 :i* diff]s no m f exi/+ ,%>ks ?an ^! d f "o ano!r4 ,aga91 va/ z is ! numb] ( und\bt$ly ,ganoid fossil ,fi%es1 & great z is _! range 9 "t1 a l>ge mass ( evid5ce has rec5tly be5 adduc$ to %[ t almo/ all ^? respect+ :i* we possess suffici5t in=mation1 are ref]able to ! same sub-ord9al gr\ps z ! exi/+ ,lepido/eus1 ,polypt]us1 & ,/urgeon2 & t a s+ul> relation obta9s betwe5 ! old] & ! y\ng] ,fi%es2 ! =m]1 ! ,devonian ,ganoids1 be+ almo/ all memb]s ( ! same sub-ord] z ,polypt]us1 :ile ! ,mesozoic ,ganoids are almo/ all simil>ly alli$ to ,lepido/eus4#e ,footnote #e3 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4-- ,decade x4 ,prelim9>y ,essay ^u ! ,sy/ematic ,arrangem5t ( ! ,fi%es ( ! ,devonian ,epo*4 ,aga91 :at c be m rem>kable ?an ! s+ul> con/ancy ( /ructure pres]v$ ?r\gh\t a va/ p]iod ( "t by ! family ( ! ,pycnodonts & by t ( ! true ,coelacan?s2 ! =m] p]si/+1 ) b insignificant modifications1 f ! ,c>bonif]\s to ! ,t]ti>y rocks1 inclusive2 ! latt] exi/+1 ) /ill less *ange1 f ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks to ! ,*alk1 inclusive8 ,among ,reptiles1 ! highe/ liv+ gr\p1 t ( ! ,crocodilia1 is repres5t$1 at ! e>ly "p ( ! ,mesozoic epo*1 by species id5tical 9 ! ess5tial *>act]s ( _! organisation ) ^? n[ liv+1 & diff]+ f ! latt] only 9 su* matt]s z ! =m ( ! articul> facets ( ! v]tebral c5tra1 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! nasal passages are sep>at$ f ! cavity ( ! m\? by bone1 & 9 ! proportions ( ! limbs4 ,& ev5 z reg>ds ! ,mammalia1 ! scanty rema9s ( ,triassic & ,oolitic species af=d no f\ndation = ! supposition t ! organisation ( ! olde/ =ms diff]$ ne>ly s mu* f "s ( ^? :i* n[ live z ^! diff] f "o ano!r4 ,x is ne$less to multiply ^! in/ances2 en\gh has be5 said to ju/ify ! /atem5t t1 9 view ( ! imm5se div]sity ( kn[n animal & vegetable =ms1 & ! enorm\s lapse ( "t indicat$ by ! accumulation ( fossilif]\s /rata1 ! only circum/ance to be wond]$ at is1 n t ! *anges ( life1 z exhibit$ by positive evid5ce1 h be5 s great b t !y h be5 s small4 ,be !y great or small1 h[ev]1 x is desirable to attempt to e/imate !m4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take ea* great division ( ! animal _w 9 succession1 &1 :5ev] an ord] or a family c be %[n to h _h a prolong$ exi/5ce1 let u endeav\r to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! lat] memb]s ( ! gr\p diff] f ! e>li] ones4 ,if ^! lat] memb]s1 9 all or 9 _m cases1 exhibit a c]ta9 am\nt ( modification1 ! fact is1 s f>1 evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a g5]al law ( *ange2 &1 9 a r\gh way1 ! rapidity ( t *ange w be measur$ by ! demon/rable am\nt ( modification4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! abs5ce ( any modification1 :ile x may leave ! doctr9e ( ! exi/5ce ( a law ( *ange )\t positive support1 _c possibly disprove all =ms ( t doctr9e1 ?\gh x may af=d a suffici5t refutation ( _m ( !m4 ,! ,,protozoa4--,! ,protozoa are repres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( geological s]ies1 f ! ,l[] ,silurian =mation to ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ anci5t =ms rec5tly made kn[n by ,ehr5b]g are exce$+ly l ^? :i* n[ exi/3 no "o has ev] pret5d$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 any anci5t & any mod]n ,=am9if]a is ( m ?an g5]ic value1 nor are ! olde/ ,=am9if]a ei!r simpl]1 m embryonic1 or less diff]5tiat$1 ?an ! exi/+ =ms4 ,! ,,coel5t]ata4--,! ,tabulate ,corals h exi/$ f ! ,silurian epo* to ! pres5t day1 b ,i am n aw>e t ! anci5t ,heliolites possesses a s+le m>k ( a m embryonic or less diff]5tiat$ "*1 or less high organisation1 ?an ! exi/+ ,heliopora4 ,z = ! ,aporose ,corals1 9 :at respect is ! ,silurian ,paloeocyclus less highly organis$ or m embryonic ?an ! mod]n ,fungia1 or ! ,liassic ,aporosa ?an ! exi/+ memb]s ( ! same families8 ,! ,mollusca--,9 :at s5se is ! liv+ ,waldheimia less embryonic1 or m specialis$1 ?an ! palaeozoic ,spirif]2 or ! exi/+ ,rhyn*onelloe1 ,cranioe1 ,disc9oe1 ,l+uloe1 ?an ! ,silurian species ( ! same g5]a8 ,9 :at s5se c ,loligo or ,spirula be said to be m specialis$1 or less embryonic1 ?an ,belemnites2 or ! mod]n species ( ,lamellibran* & ,ga/]opod g5]a1 ?an ! ,silurian species ( ! same g5]a8 ,! ,,annulosa4--,! ,c>bonif]\s ,insecta & ,ara*nida are nei!r less specialis$1 nor m embryonic1 ?an ^! t n[ live1 nor are ! ,liassic ,cirrip$ia & ,macrura2 :ile sev]al ( ! ,bra*yura1 :i* appe> 9 ! ,*alk1 belong to exi/+ g5]a2 & none exhibit ei!r an int]m$iate1 or an embryonic1 "*4 ,! ,,v]tebrata4--,among fi%es ,i h ref]r$ to ! ,coelacan?9i 7compris+ ! g5]a ,coelacan?us1 ,holophagus1 ,und9a1 & ,macropoma7 z af=d+ an example ( a p]si/5t type2 & x is mo/ rem>kable to note ! smallness ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 any ( ^! fi%es 7affect+ at mo/ ! proportions ( ! body & f9s1 & ! "* & sculpture ( ! scales71 not)/&+ _! enorm\s range 9 "t4 ,9 all ! ess5tials ( its v peculi> /ructure1 ! ,macropoma ( ! ,*alk is id5tical ) ! ,coelacan?us ( ! ,coal4 ,look at ! g5us ,lepidotus1 aga91 p]si/+ )\t a modification ( importance f ! ,liassic to ! ,eoc5e =mations inclusively4 ,or among ! ,teleo/ei--9 :at respect is ! ,b]yx ( ! ,*alk m embryonic1 or less diff]5tiat$1 ?an ,b]yx l9eatus ( ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd8 ,or to turn to ! high] ,v]tebrata--9 :at s5se are ! ,liassic ,*elonia inf]ior to ^? :i* n[ exi/8 ,h[ are ! ,cretace\s ,i*?yosauria1 ,plesiosauria1 or ,pt]osauria less embryonic1 or m diff]5tiat$1 species ?an ^? ( ! ,lias8 ,or la/ly1 9 :at circum/ance is ! ,phascolo!rium m embryonic1 or ( a m g5]alis$ type1 ?an ! mod]n ,opossum2 or a ,lophiodon1 or a ,paloeo!rium1 ?an a mod]n ,tapirus or ,hyrax8 ,^! examples might be almo/ indef9itely multipli$1 b surely !y are suffici5t to prove t ! only safe & unque/ionable te/imony we c procure--positive evid5ce--fails to demon/rate any sort ( progressive modification t[>ds a less embryonic1 or less g5]alis$1 type 9 a great _m gr\ps ( animals ( long-cont9u$ geological exi/5ce4 ,9 ^! gr\ps !re is abundant evid5ce ( v>iation--none ( :at is ord9>ily und]/ood z progression2 &1 if ! kn[n geological record is to be reg>d$ z ev5 any consid]able fragm5t ( ! :ole1 x is inconceivable t any !ory ( a necess>ily progressive developm5t c /&1 = ! num]\s ord]s & families cit$ af=d no trace ( su* a process4 ,b x is a mo/ rem>kable fact1 t1 :ile ! gr\ps :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & _m besides1 exhibit no sign ( progressive modification1 !re are o!rs1 co-exi/+ ) !m1 "u ! same conditions1 9 :i* m or less di/9ct indications ( su* a process seems to be traceable4 ,among su* indications ,i may rem9d y ( ! pr$om9ance ( ,holo/ome ,ga/]opoda 9 ! old] rocks z comp>$ ) t ( ,siphono/one ,ga/]opoda 9 ! lat]4 ,a case less op5 to ! objection ( negative evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is t af=d$ by ! ,tetrabran*iate ,cephalopoda1 ! =ms ( ! %ells & ( ! septal sutures exhibit+ a c]ta9 increase ( complexity 9 ! new] g5]a4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 "o is met at once ) ! occurr5ce ( ,or?oc]as & ,baculites at ! two ends ( ! s]ies1 & ( ! fact t "o ( ! simple/ g5]a1 ,nautilus1 is t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! ,cr9oidea1 9 ! abundance ( /alk$ =ms 9 ! anci5t =mations z comp>$ ) _! pres5t r>ity1 seem to pres5t u ) a fair case ( modification f a m embryonic t[>ds a less embryonic condition4 ,b !n1 on c>eful consid]ation ( ! facts1 ! objection arises t ! /alk1 calyx1 & arms ( ! palaeozoic ,cr9oid are exce$+ly diff]5t f ! correspond+ organs ( a l>val ,comatula2 & x might ) p]fect ju/ice be argu$ t ,act9ocr9us & ,eucalyptocr9us1 = example1 dep>t to ! full z widely1 9 "o direction1 f ! /alk$ embryo ( ,comatula1 z ,comatula itself does 9 ! o!r4 ,! ,e*9idea1 aga91 are frequ5tly quot$ z exhibit+ a gradual passage f a m g5]alis$ to a m specialis$ type1 see+ t ! elongat$1 or oval1 ,spatangoids appe> aft] ! sph]oidal ,e*9oids4 ,b "h x might be argu$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! sph]oidal ,e*9oids1 9 reality1 dep>t fur!r f ! g5]al plan & f ! embryonic =m ?an ! elongat$ ,spatangoids d2 & t ! peculi> d5tal app>atus & ! p$icell>iae ( ! =m] are m>ks ( at lea/ z great diff]5tiation z ! petaloid ambulacra & semitae ( ! latt]4 ,once m1 ! preval5ce ( ,macrur\s be=e ,bra*yur\s ,podoph?almia is1 app>5tly1 a fair piece ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( progressive modification 9 ! same ord] ( ,cru/acea2 & yet ! case w n /& mu* sift+1 see+ t ! ,macrur\s ,podoph?almia dep>t z f> 9 "o direction f ! common type ( ,podoph?almia1 or f any embryonic condition ( ! ,bra*yura1 z ! ,bra*yura d 9 ! o!r2 & t ! middle t]ms betwe5 ,macrura & ,bra*yura--! ,anomura--are little bett] repres5t$ 9 ! old] ,mesozoic rocks ?an ! ,bra*yura are4 ,none ( ! cases ( progressive modification :i* are cit$ f among ! ,inv]tebrata appe> to me to h a f\ndation less op5 to criticism ?an ^!2 & if ?is be s1 no c>eful reason] w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be incl9$ to lay v great /ress ^u !m4 ,among ! ,v]tebrata1 h[ev]1 !re are a few examples :i* appe> to be f> less op5 to objection4 ,x is1 9 fact1 true ( sev]al gr\ps ( ,v]tebrata :i* h liv$ ?r\gh a consid]able range ( "t1 t ! endoskeleton 7m p>ticul>ly ! sp9al column7 ( ! old] g5]a pres5ts a less ossifi$1 &1 s f>1 less diff]5tiat$1 condition ?an t ( ! y\ng] g5]a4 ,?us ! ,devonian ,ganoids1 ?\gh almo/ all memb]s ( ! same sub-ord] z ,polypt]us1 & pres5t+ num]\s important resemblances to ! exi/+ g5us1 :i* possesses biconclave v]tebrae1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 :olly devoid ( ossifi$ v]tebral c5tra4 ,! ,mesozoic ,lepido/eidae1 aga91 h1 at mo/1 biconcave v]tebrae1 :ile ! exi/+ ,lepido/eus has ,salam&roid1 opi/hocoel\s1 v]tebrae4 ,s1 none ( ! ,palaeozoic ,%>ks h %[n !mselves to be possess$ ( ossifi$ v]tebrae1 :ile ! majority ( mod]n ,%>ks possess su* v]tebrae4 ,aga91 ! m anci5t ,crocodilia & ,lac]tilia h v]tebrae ) ! articul> facets ( _! c5tra flatt5$ or biconcave1 :ile ! mod]n memb]s ( ! same gr\p h !m procoel\s4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( progressive modification ( ! v]tebral column1 9 correspond5ce ) geological age1 are ^? af=d$ by ! ,pycnodonts among fi%1 & ! ,labyr9?odonts among ,amphibia4 ,! late able i*?yologi/ ,heckel po9t$ out ! fact1 t1 :ile ! ,pycnodonts nev] possess true v]tebral c5tra1 !y diff] 9 ! degree ( expansion & ext5sion ( ! ends ( ! bony ar*es ( ! v]tebrae ^u ! %ea? ( ! noto*ord2 ! ,c>bonif]\s =ms exhibit+ h>dly any su* expansion1 :ile ! ,mesozoic g5]a pres5t a great] & great] developm5t1 until1 9 ! ,t]ti>y =ms1 ! exp&$ ends become suturally unit$ s z to =m a sort ( false v]tebra4 ,h]mann von ,mey]1 aga91 to ^: lum9\s rese>*es we are indebt$ = our pres5t l>ge k ( ! organisation ( ! old] ,labyr9?odonts1 has prov$ t ! ,c>bonif]\s ,ar*egosaurus _h v imp]fectly develop$ v]tebral c5tra1 :ile ! ,triassic ,ma/odonsaurus _h ! same p>ts completely ossifi$4#f ,footnote #f3 ,z ?is ,address is pass+ ?r\gh ! press 7,m>* #g1 #ahfb71 evid5ce lies be=e me ( ! exi/5ce ( a new ,labyr9?odont 7,pholidoga/]71 f ! ,ed9burgh coal-field ) well-ossifi$ v]tebral c5tra4 ,! regul>ity & ev5ness ( ! d5tition ( ! ,anoplo!rium1 z contra/$ ) t ( exi/+ ,artiodactyles1 & ! assum$ ne>] approa* ( ! d5tition ( c]ta9 anci5t ,c>nivores to ! typical arrangem5t1 h also be5 cit$ z exemplifications ( a law ( progressive developm5t1 b ,i "k ( no o!r cases bas$ on positive evid5ce :i* are wor?y ( p>ticul> notice4 ,:at !n does an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( palaeontology te/ify 9 relation to ! common doctr9es ( progressive modification1 :i* suppose t modification to h tak5 place by a necess>y progress f m to less embryonic =ms1 or f m to less g5]alis$ types1 )9 ! limits ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks8 ,x negatives ^? doctr9es2 = x ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( any su* modification1 or demon/rates x to h be5 v slight2 & z to ! nature ( t modification1 x yields no evid5ce :atsoev] t ! e>li] memb]s ( any long-cont9u$ gr\p 7 m g5]alis$ 9 /ructure ?an ! lat] ones4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 inde$1 x may be said t imp]fect ossification ( ! v]tebral column is an embryonic "*2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be extremely incorrect to suppose t ! v]tebral columns ( ! old] ,v]tebrata are 9 any s5se embryonic 9 _! :ole /ructure4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s rocks n[ kn[n are coval ) ! comm5cem5t ( life1 & if _! cont5ts give u any j conception ( ! nature & ! ext5t ( ! e>lie/ fauna & flora1 ! insignificant am\nt ( modification :i* c be demon/rat$ to h tak5 place 9 any "o gr\p ( animals1 or plants1 is q incompatible ) ! hypo!sis t all liv+ =ms are ! results ( a necess>y process ( progressive developm5t1 entirely compris$ )9 ! "t repres5t$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks4 ,contr>iwise1 any admissible hypo!sis ( progressive modification mu/ be compatible ) p]si/5ce )\t progression1 ?r\gh indef9ite p]iods4 ,& %\ld su* an hypo!sis ev5tually be prov$ to be true1 9 ! only way 9 :i* x c be demon/rat$1 viz4 by obs]vation & exp]im5t ^u ! exi/+ =ms ( life1 ! conclusion w inevitably pres5t itself1 t ! ,palaeozoic ,mesozoic1 & ,ca9ozoic faunae & florae1 tak5 toge!r1 be> some:at ! same proportion to ! :ole s]ies ( liv+ be+s :i* h occupi$ ?is globe1 z ! exi/+ fauna & flora d to !m4 ,su* are ! results ( palaeontology z !y appe>1 & h = "s ye>s appe>$1 to ! m9d ( an inquir] :o reg>ds t /udy simply z "o ( ! applications ( ! great biological sci5ces1 & :o desires to see x plac$ ^u ! same s\nd basis z o!r bran*es ( physical inquiry4 ,if ! argum5ts :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d are valid1 probably no "o1 9 view ( ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion1 w be incl9$ to ?9k ! "t wa/$ :i* has be5 sp5t ^u _! elaboration4 ,x ,,geological ,,re=m #ahfi ,a great re=m 9 geological speculation seems n[ to h become necess>y4 ,x is q c]ta9 t a great mi/ake has be5 made--t ,briti% popul> geology at ! pres5t "t is 9 direct opposition to ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy4#a ,footnote #a3 ,on ,geological ,"t4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,glasg[1 vol4 iii4 ,9 review+ ! c\rse ( geological ?\ght dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ ^? matt]s to :i* ,i might mo/ fitly direct y\r att5tion 9 ! ,address :i* x n[ becomes my duty to deliv] f ! ,presid5tial ,*air1 ! two some:at al>m+ s5t5ces :i* ,i h j read1 & :i* occur 9 an able & int]e/+ essay by an em95t natural philosoph]1 rose into su* prom95ce be=e my m9d t !y eclips$ ev]y?+ else4 ,x surely is a matt] ( p>am\nt importance = ! ,briti% geologi/s 7"s ( !m v popul> geologi/s too7 "h 9 solemn annual session assembl$1 to inquire :e!r ! sev]e judgm5t ?us pass$ ^u !m by s high an au?ority z ,sir ,william ,?omson is "o to :i* !y mu/ plead guilty sans phrase1 or :e!r !y are prep>$ to say n guilty1 & appeal = a rev]sal ( ! s5t5ce to t high] c\rt ( educat$ sci5tific op9ion to :i* we are all am5able4 ,z y\r attorney-g5]al = ! "t be+1 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an get up ! case ) a view ( advis+ y4 ,x is true t ! *>ges br\ght =w>d by ! o!r side involve ! consid]ation ( matt]s q =eign to ! pursuits ) :i* ,i am ord9>ily occupi$2 b1 9 t respect1 ,i am only 9 ! position :i* is1 n9e times out ( t51 occupi$ by c\nsel1 :o nev]!less contrive to ga9 _! causes1 ma9ly by =ce ( "m-wit & common-s5se1 aid$ by "s tra9+ 9 o!r intellectual ex]cises4 ,n]v$ by su* prec$5ts1 ,i proce$ to put my plead+ be=e y4 ,& ! fir/ "q ) :i* ,i propose to deal is1 ,:at is x to :i* ,sir ,w4 ,?omson ref]s :5 he speaks ( geological speculation & ,briti% popul> geology8 ,i f9d ?ree1 m or less contradictory1 sy/ems ( geological ?\ght1 ea* ( :i* might fairly en\gh claim ^! appellations1 /&+ side by side 9 ,brita94 ,i %all call "o ( !m ,,cata/rophism1 ano!r ,,uni=mit>ianism1 ! ?ird ,,evolutionism2 & ,i %all try briefly to sket* ! *>act]s ( ea*1 t y may say :e!r ! classification is1 or is n1 exhau/ive4 ,by ,,cata/rophism1 ,i mean any =m ( geological speculation :i*1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( geology1 supposes ! op]ation ( =ces diff]5t 9 _! nature1 or immeasurably diff]5t 9 p[]1 f ^? :i* we at pres5t see 9 action 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ,mosaic cosmogony is1 9 ?is s5se1 cata/rophic1 because x assumes ! op]ation ( extra-natural p[]4 ,! doctr9e ( viol5t upheavals1 dbcles1 & cataclysms 9 g5]al1 is cata/rophic1 s f> z x assumes t ^! 7 br\ght ab\t by causes :i* h n[ no p>allel4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 cata/rophism might1 pre-em95tly1 h claim$ ! title ( ,briti% popul> geology2 & assur$ly x has yet _m adh]5ts1 & reckons among its support]s "s ( ! mo/ hon\r$ memb]s ( ?is ,society4 ,by ,,uni=mit>ianism1 ,i mean especially1 ! tea*+ ( ,hutton & ( ,lyell4 ,t great ?\gh incomplete "w1 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 seems to me to be "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable contributions to geology :i* is record$ 9 ! annals ( ! sci5ce4 ,s f> z ! n-liv+ _w is conc]n$1 uni=mit>ianism lies !re1 n only 9 g]m1 b 9 blossom & fruit4 ,if "o asks h[ x is t ,hutton 0 l$ to ent]ta9 views s f> 9 advance ( ^? preval5t 9 8 "t1 9 "s respects2 :ile1 9 o!rs1 !y seem almo/ curi\sly limit$1 ! answ] appe>s to me to be pla94 ,hutton 0 9 advance ( ! geological speculation ( 8 "t1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 he _h amass$ a va/ /ore ( k ( ! facts ( geology1 ga!r$ by p]sonal obs]vation 9 travels ( consid]able ext5t2 & because1 9 ! second place1 he 0 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! physical & *emical sci5ce ( 8 day1 & ?us possess$1 z mu* z any "o 9 8 "t c\ld possess x1 ! k :i* is requisite = ! j int]pretation ( geological ph5om5a1 & ! habit ( ?\ght :i* fits a man = sci5tific inquiry4 ,x is to ?is ?or\gh sci5tific tra9+ t ,i ascribe ,hutton's /eady & p]si/5t refusal to look to o!r causes ?an ^? n[ 9 op]ation1 = ! explanation ( geological ph5om5a4 ,?us he writes3--,i d n pret5d1 z he ,m4 de ,luc does 9 8 !ory1 to describe ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,i take ?+s su* z ,i f9d !m at pres5t2 & f ^! ,i reason ) reg>d to t :i* mu/ h be54#b ,footnote #b3 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #agc1 note4 ,& aga93--,a !ory ( ! e>?1 :i* has = object tru?1 c h no retrospect to t :i* _h prec$$ ! pres5t ord] ( ! _w2 = ?is ord] alone is :at we h to reason ^u2 & to reason )\t data is no?+ b delusion4 ,a !ory1 !re=e1 :i* is limit$ to ! actual con/itution ( ?is e>? _c be all[$ to proce$ "o /ep beyond ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4#c ,footnote #c3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bha4 ,& s cle> is he1 t no causes beside su* z are n[ 9 op]ation are ne$$ to acc\nt = ! "* & disposition ( ! compon5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 t he says1 broadly & boldly3-- 444 ,!re is no "p ( ! e>? :i* has n _h ! same orig91 s f> z ?is consi/s 9 t e>? be+ collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & aft]w>ds produc$1 z l&1 along ) masses ( melt$ sub/ances1 by ! op]ation ( m9]al causes4#d ,footnote #d3 ,ibid44 p4 #cga4 ,b o!r influ5ces 7 at "w ^u ,hutton beside ^? ( a m9d logical by nature1 & sci5tific by s\nd tra9+2 & ! peculi> turn :i* 8 speculations took seems to me to be un9telligible1 unless ^! be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! argum5ts ( ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 :i*1 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 7 held to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a comp5sat+ arrangem5t among ! cele/ial bodies1 :]eby all p]turbations ev5tually r$uc$ !mselves to oscillations on ea* side ( a mean position1 & ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em 0 secur$1 _h evid5tly tak5 /rong hold ( ,hutton's m9d4 ,9 ^? oddly con/ruct$ p]iods :i* seem to h prejudic$ _m p]sons aga9/ read+ 8 works1 b :i* are full ( t peculi>1 if unattractive1 eloqu5ce :i* fl[s f ma/]y ( ! subject1 ,hutton says3-- ,we h n[ got to ! end ( our reason+2 we h no data fur!r to conclude imm$iately f t :i* actually is4 ,b we h got en\gh2 we h ! satisfaction to f9d1 t 9 ,nature !re is wisdom1 sy/em1 & consi/5cy4 ,= hav+1 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is e>?1 se5 a succession ( worlds1 we may f ?is conclude t !re is a sy/em 9 ,nature2 9 l mann] z1 f see+ revolutions ( ! planets1 x is conclud$1 t !re is a sy/em by :i* !y are int5d$ to cont9ue ^? revolutions4 ,b if ! succession ( worlds is e/abli%$ 9 ! sy/em ( nature1 x is 9 va9 to look = any?+ high] 9 ! orig9 ( ! e>?4 ,! result1 !re=e1 ( ?is physical inquiry is1 t we f9d no ve/ige ( a beg9n+1--no prospect ( an end4#e ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj4 ,yet ano!r influ5ce work$ /rongly ^u ,hutton4 ,l mo/ philosoph]s ( 8 age1 he coquett$ ) ^? f9al causes :i* h be5 nam$ b>r5 virg9s1 b :i* might be m fitly t]m$ ! hetairoe ( philosophy1 s con/antly h !y l$ m5 a/ray4 ,! f9al cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w is1 = ,hutton1 ! production ( life & intellig5ce4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! globe ( ?is e>? z a ma*9e1 con/ruct$ ^u *emical z well z me*anical pr9ciples1 by :i* its diff]5t p>ts are all adapt$1 9 =m1 9 quality1 & 9 quantity1 to a c]ta9 end2 an end atta9$ ) c]ta9ty or success2 & an end f :i* we may p]ceive wisdom1 9 contemplat+ ! means employ$4 ,b is ?is _w to be consid]$ ?us m]ely z a ma*9e1 to la/ no long] ?an its p>ts reta9 _! pres5t position1 _! prop] =ms & qualities8 ,or may x n be also consid]$ z an organis$ body8 su* z has a con/itution 9 :i* ! necess>y decay ( ! ma*9e is naturally repair$1 9 ! ex]tion ( ^? productive p[]s by :i* x _h be5 =m$4 ,?is is ! view 9 :i* we are n[ to exam9e ! globe2 to see if !re be1 9 ! con/itution ( ?is _w1 a reproductive op]ation1 by :i* a ru9$ con/itution may be aga9 repair$1 & a duration or /ability ?us procur$ to ! ma*9e1 consid]$ z a _w su/a9+ plants & animals4#f ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,kirwan1 & ! o!r ,phili/9es ( ! day1 accus$ ,hutton ( decl>+ t 8 !ory impli$ t ! _w nev] _h a beg9n+1 & nev] diff]$ 9 condition f its pres5t /ate4 ,no?+ c\ld be m grossly unju/1 z he expressly gu>ds himself aga9/ any su* conclusion 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,b 9 ?us trac+ back ! natural op]ations :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r1 & m>k to u ! c\rse ( "t pa/1 we come to a p]iod 9 :i* we _c see any f>!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ations :i* proce$ 9 "t & accord+ to ! wise economy ( ?is _w2 nor is x ! e/abli%+ ( t :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 _h no beg9n+2 x is only ! limit ( our retrospective view ( ^? op]ations :i* h come to pass 9 "t1 & h be5 conduct$ by supreme intellig5ce4#g ,footnote #g3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc4 ,i h spok5 ( ,uni=mit>ianism z ! doctr9e ( ,hutton & ( ,lyell4 ,if ,i h quot$ ! old] writ] r ?an ! new]1 x is because 8 works are little kn[n1 & 8 claims on our v5]ation too frequ5tly =gott51 n because ,i desire to dim ! fame ( 8 em95t successor4 ,few ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( geologi/s h read ,playfair's ,illu/rations1 few] /ill ! orig9al ,!ory ( ! ,e>?2 ! m is ! pity2 b :i* ( u has n ?umb$ e page ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology8 ,i ?9k t he :o writes fairly ! hi/ory ( 8 own progress 9 geological ?\ght1 w n be able to sep>ate 8 debt to ,hutton f 8 obligations to ,lyell2 & ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( individual geologi/s is ! hi/ory ( geology4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! influ5ce ( uni=mit>ian views has be5 enorm\s1 &1 9 ! ma91 mo/ b5eficial & fav\rable to ! progress ( s\nd geology4 ,nor c x be que/ion$ t ,uni=mit>ianism has ev5 a /rong] title ?an ,cata/rophism to call itself ! geological speculation ( ,brita91 or1 if y w1 ,briti% popul> geology4 ,= x is em95tly a ,briti% doctr9e1 & has ev5 n[ made comp>atively little progress on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 x seems to me to be op5 to s]i\s criticism ^u "o ( its aspects4 ,i h %[n h[ unju/ 0 ! ins9uation t ,hutton d5i$ a beg9n+ to ! _w4 ,b x w\ld n be unju/ to say t he p]si/5tly 9 practice1 %ut 8 eyes to ! exi/5ce ( t prior & diff]5t /ate ( ?+s :i*1 9 !ory1 he admitt$2 &1 9 ?is av]sion to look beyond ! veil ( /ratifi$ rocks1 ,lyell foll[s him4 ,hutton & ,lyell alike agree 9 _! indisposition to c>ry _! speculations a /ep beyond ! p]iod record$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t /rata n[ op5 to obs]vation 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,?is is1 = ,hutton1 ! po9t 9 :i* we _c see any f>!r2 :ile ,lyell tells u1-- ,! a/ronom] may f9d good reasons = ascrib+ ! e>?'s =m to ! orig9al fluidity ( ! mass1 9 times long antec$5t to ! fir/ introduction ( liv+ be+s into ! planet2 b ! geologi/ mu/ be cont5t to reg>d ! e>lie/ monum5ts :i* x is 8 task to int]pret1 z belong+ to a p]iod :5 ! cru/ _h already acquir$ great solidity & ?ickness1 probably z great z x n[ possesses1 & :5 volcanic rocks1 n ess5tially diff]+ f ^? n[ produc$1 7 =m$ f "t to "t1 ! int5sity ( volcanic heat be+ nei!r great] nor less ?an x is n[4#h ,footnote #h3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa4 ,& aga91 ,z geologi/s1 we le>n t x is n only ! pres5t condition ( ! globe :i* has be5 suit$ to ! accommodation ( myriads ( liv+ creatures1 b t _m =m] /ates also h be5 adapt$ to ! organisation & habits ( prior races ( be+s4 ,! disposition ( ! seas1 cont95ts & isl&s1 & ! climates1 h v>i$2 ! species likewise h be5 *ang$2 & yet !y h all be5 s modell$1 on types analog\s to ^? ( exi/+ plants & animals1 z to indicate1 ?r\gh\t1 a p]fect h>mony ( design & unity ( purpose4 ,to assume t ! evid5ce ( ! beg9n+1 or end1 ( s va/ a s*eme lies )9 ! rea* ( our philosophical inquiries1 or ev5 ( our speculations1 appe>s to be inconsi/5t ) a j e/imate ( ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! f9ite p[]s ( man & ! attributes ( an inf9ite & et]nal ,be+4#i ,footnote #i3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fac4 ,! limitations impli$ 9 ^! passages appe> to me to con/itute ! weakness & ! logical defect ( ,uni=mit>ianism4 ,no "o w impute blame to ,hutton t1 9 face ( ! imp]fect condition1 9 8 day1 ( ^? physical sci5ces :i* furni% ! keys to ! riddles ( geology1 he %\ld h ?\ght x practical wisdom to limit 8 !ory to an attempt to acc\nt = ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s2 b ,i am at a loss to compreh5d :y1 = all "t1 ! geologi/ mu/ be cont5t to reg>d ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks z ! ultima ,?ule ( 8 sci5ce2 or :at !re is inconsi/5t ) ! relations betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite m9d1 9 ! assumption1 t we may disc]n some:at ( ! beg9n+1 or ( ! end1 ( ?is speck 9 space we call our e>?4 ,! f9ite m9d is c]ta9ly compet5t to trace out ! developm5t ( ! f[l )9 ! egg2 & ,i "k n on :at gr\nd x %\ld f9d m difficulty 9 unravell+ ! complexities ,( ! developm5t ( ! e>?4 ,9 fact1 z ,kant has well rem>k$1#aj ! cosmical process is really simpl] ?an ! biological4 ,footnote #aj3 ,man d>f es si* also ni*t befremd5 lass51 w5n i* mi* unt]/ehe zu sag51 dass eh] die ,bildung all] ,himmelskrp]1 die ,ursa*e ihr] ,bewegung51 kurz d] ,ursprung d] gantz5 geg5wrtig5 ,v]fassung des ,weltbaues w]d5 knn5 e+eseh5 w]d51 ehe die ,erzeugung e9es e9zig5 ,krautes od] e9] ,raupe aus me*anis*5 ,grnd51 deutli* und voll/ndig kund w]d5 wird4--,,kant',s ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #bbj4 ,?is attempt to limit1 at a p>ticul> po9t1 ! progress ( inductive & d$uctive reason+ f ! ?+s :i* are1 to ^? :i* 7-- ?is fai?lessness to its own logic1 seems to me to h co/ ,uni=mit>ianism ! place1 z ! p]man5t =m ( geological speculation1 :i* x might o!rwise h held4 ,x rema9s t ,i %\ld put be=e y :at ,i und]/& to be ! ?ird phase ( geological speculation--namely1 ,,evolutionism4 ,i %all n make :at ,i h to say on ?is head cle>1 unless ,i div]ge1 or seem to div]ge1 = a :ile1 f ! direct pa? ( my disc\rse1 s f> z to expla9 :at ,i take to be ! scope ( geology itself4 ,i conceive geology to be ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 9 precisely ! same s5se z biology is ! hi/ory ( liv+ be+s2 & ,i tru/ y w n ?9k t ,i am ov]p[]$ by ! influ5ce ( a dom9ant pursuit if ,i say t ,i trace a close analogy betwe5 ^! two hi/ories4 ,if ,i /udy a liv+ be+1 "u :at heads does ! k ,i obta9 fall8 ,i c le>n its /ructure1 or :at we call its ,,anatomy2 & its ,,developm5t1 or ! s]ies ( *anges :i* x passes ?r\gh to acquire its complete /ructure4 ,!n ,i f9d t ! liv+ be+ has c]ta9 p[]s result+ f its own activities1 & ! int]action ( ^! ) ! activities ( o!r ?+s--! k ( :i* is ,,physiology4 ,beyond ?is ! liv+ be+ has a position 9 space & "t1 :i* is its ,,di/ribution4 ,all ^! =m ! body ( asc]ta9able facts :i* con/itute ! /atus quo ( ! liv+ creature4 ,b ^! facts h _! causes2 & ! asc]ta9m5t ( ^! causes is ! doctr9e ( ,,aetiology4 ,if we consid] :at is kn[able ab\t ! e>?1 we %all f9d t su* e>?-k--if ,i may s translate ! ^w geology--falls into ! same categories4 ,:at is t]m$ /ratigraphical geology is nei!r m nor less ?an ! anatomy ( ! e>?2 & ! hi/ory ( ! succession ( ! =mations is ! hi/ory ( a succession ( su* anatomies1 or corresponds ) developm5t1 z di/9ct f g5]ation4 ,! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 ! elevation & depression ( its cru/1 its bel*+s =? ( vap\rs1 a%es1 & lava1 are its activities1 9 z /rict a s5se z are w>m? & ! movem5ts & products ( respiration ! activities ( an animal4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! seasons1 ( ! trade w9ds1 ( ! ,gulf-/ream1 are z mu* ! results ( ! reaction betwe5 ^! inn] activities & outw>d =ces1 z are ! budd+ ( ! leaves 9 spr+ & _! fall+ 9 autumn ! effects ( ! int]action betwe5 ! organisation ( a plant & ! sol> light & heat4 ,&1 z ! /udy ( ! activities ( ! liv+ be+ is call$ its physiology1 s are ^! ph5om5a ! subject-matt] ( an analog\s telluric physiology1 to :i* we sometimes give ! "n ( meteorology1 sometimes t ( physical geography1 sometimes t ( geology4 ,aga91 ! e>? has a place 9 space & 9 "t1 & relations to o!r bodies 9 bo? ^! respects1 :i* con/itute its di/ribution4 ,?is subject is usually left to ! a/ronom]2 b a k ( its broad outl9es seems to me to be an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! /ock ( geological ideas4 ,all t c be asc]ta9$ conc]n+ ! /ructure1 succession ( conditions1 actions1 & position 9 space ( ! e>?1 is ! matt] ( fact ( its natural hi/ory4 ,b1 z 9 biology1 !re rema9s ! matt] ( reason+ f ^! facts to _! causes1 :i* is j z mu* sci5ce z ! o!r1 & inde$ m2 & ?is con/itutes geological aetiology4 ,hav+ reg>d to ?is g5]al s*eme ( geological k & ?\ght1 x is obvi\s t geological speculation may be1 s to speak1 anatomical & developm5tal speculation1 s f> z x relates to po9ts ( /ratigraphical arrangem5t :i* are out ( rea* ( direct obs]vation2 or1 x may be physiological speculation s f> z x relates to undet]m9$ problems relative to ! activities ( ! e>?2 or1 x may be di/ributional speculation1 if x deals ) modifications ( ! e>?'s place 9 space2 or1 f9ally1 x w be aetiological speculation if x attempts to d$uce ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z a :ole1 f ! kn[n prop]ties ( ! matt] ( ! e>?1 9 ! conditions 9 :i* ! e>? has be5 plac$4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t disc\rse ,i may take ?is la/ to be :at is meant by geological speculation4 ,n[ ,uni=mit>ianism1 z we h se51 t5ds to ignore geological speculation 9 ?is s5se altoge!r4 ,! "o po9t ! cata/rophi/s & ! uni=mit>ians agre$ ^u1 :5 ?is ,society 0 f\nd$1 0 to ignore x4 ,& y w f9d1 if y look back into our records1 t our rev]$ fa!rs 9 geology plum$ !mselves a good deal ^u ! practical s5se & wisdom ( ?is proce$+4 ,z a tempor>y measure1 ,i d n presume to *all5ge its wisdom2 b 9 all organis$ bodies tempor>y *anges are apt to produce p]man5t effects2 & z "t has slipp$ by1 alt]+ all ! conditions :i* may h made su* mortification ( ! sci5tific fle% desirable1 ,i ?9k ! effect ( ! /ream ( cold wat] :i* has /eadily fl[$ ov] geological speculation )9 ^! walls has be5 ( d\btful b5efic5ce4 ,! sort ( geological speculation to :i* ,i am n[ ref]r+ 7geological aetiology1 9 %ort7 0 creat$1 z a sci5ce1 by t fam\s philosoph] ,immanuel ,kant1 :51 9 #agge1 he wrote 8 ,g5]al ,natural ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ! ,cele/ial ,bodies2 or an ,attempt to acc\nt = ! ,con/itutional & ! ,me*anical ,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se ^u ,newtonian pr9ciples4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,grant 7,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 p4 #egd7 makes b ! briefe/ ref]5ce to ,kant4 ,9 ?is v rem>kable b seem+ly little-kn[n treatise1#ab ,kant exp\nds a complete cosmogony1 9 ! %ape ( a !ory ( ! causes :i* h l$ to ! developm5t ( ! univ]se f diffus$ atoms ( matt] end[$ ) simple attractive & repulsive =ces4 ,footnote #ab3 ,allgeme9e ,naturges*i*te und ,!orie des ,himmels2 od] ,v]su* von d] ,v]fassung und dem me*anis*5 ,ursprunge des ganz5 ,weltgebudes na* ,newton's*5 ,grundsatz5 abgeh&elt4--,,kant',s ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #bjg4 ,give me matt]1 says ,kant1 & ,i w build ! _w2 & he proce$s to d$uce f ! simple data f :i* he />ts1 a doctr9e 9 all ess5tial respects simil> to ! well-kn[n ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ( ,laplace4#ac ,he acc\nts = ! relation ( ! masses & ! d5sities ( ! planets to _! di/ances f ! sun1 = ! ecc5tricities ( _! orbits1 = _! rotations1 = _! satellites1 = ! g5]al agreem5t 9 ! direction ( rotation among ! cele/ial bodies1 = ,saturn's r+1 & = ! zodiacal light4 ,he f9ds 9 ea* sy/em ( worlds1 indications t ! attractive =ce ( ! c5tral mass w ev5tually de/roy its organisation1 by conc5trat+ ^u itself ! matt] ( ! :ole sy/em2 b1 z ! result ( ?is conc5tration1 he argues = ! developm5t ( an am\nt ( heat :i* w dissipate ! mass once m into a molecul> *aos su* z t 9 :i* x began4 ,footnote #ac3 ,sy/me du ,monde1 tome ii4 *ap4 #f4 ,kant pictures to himself ! univ]se z once an inf9ite expansion ( =mless & diffus$ matt]4 ,at "o po9t ( ?is he supposes a s+le c5tre ( attraction set up2 &1 by /rict d$uctions f admitt$ dynamical pr9ciples1 %[s h[ ?is mu/ result 9 ! developm5t ( a prodigi\s c5tral body1 surr\nd$ by sy/ems ( sol> & planet>y worlds 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 vivid language he depicts ! great _w-mael/rom1 wid5+ ! m>g9s ( its prodigi\s eddy 9 ! sl[ progress ( millions ( ages1 gradually reclaim+ m & m ( ! molecul> wa/e1 & conv]t+ *aos into cosmos4 ,b :at is ga9$ at ! m>g9 is lo/ 9 ! c5tre2 ! attractions ( ! c5tral sy/ems br+ _! con/itu5ts toge!r1 :i* !n1 by ! heat evolv$1 are conv]t$ once m into molecul> *aos4 ,?us ! worlds t are1 lie betwe5 ! ru9s ( ! worlds t h be51 & ! *aotic mat]ials ( ! worlds t %all be2 & 9 spite ( all wa/e & de/ruction1 ,cosmos is ext5d+ 8 bord]s at ! exp5se ( ,*aos4 ,kant's fur!r application ( 8 views to ! e>? itself is to be f\nd 9 8 ,treatise on ,physical ,geography#ad 7a t]m "u :i* ! !n unkn[n sci5ce ( geology 0 includ$71 a subject :i* he _h /udi$ ) v great c>e & on :i* he lectur$ = _m ye>s4 ,! f\r? section ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,treatise is call$ ,hi/ory ( ! great ,*anges :i* ! ,e>? has =m]ly und]gone & is /ill und]go+1 & is1 9 fact1 a brief & pregnant essay ^u ! pr9ciples ( geology4 ,kant gives an acc\nt fir/ ( ! gradual *anges :i* are n[ tak+ place "u ! heads ( su* z are caus$ by e>?quakes1 su* z are br\ght ab\t by ra9 & riv]s1 su* z are effect$ by ! sea1 su* z are produc$ by w9ds & fro/2 &1 f9ally1 su* z result f ! op]ations ( man4 ,footnote #ad3 ,kant's ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,bd4 viii4 p4 #ade4 ,! second "p is devot$ to ! ,memorials ( ! ,*anges :i* ! ,e>? has und]gone 9 remote ,antiquity4 ,^! are enum]at$ z3--,a4 ,pro(s t ! sea =m]ly cov]$ ! :ole e>?4 ,b4 ,pro(s t ! sea has (t5 be5 *ang$ into dry l& & !n aga9 into sea4 ,c4 ,a discussion ( ! v>i\s !ories ( ! e>? put =w>d by ,s*eu*z]1 ,moro1 ,bonnet1 ,woodw>d1 ,:ite1 ,leibnitz1 ,l9naeus1 & ,buffon4 ,! ?ird "p conta9s an ,attempt to give a s\nd explanation ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,i suppose t x w\ld be v easy to pick holes 9 ! details ( ,kant's speculations1 :e!r cosmological1 or specially telluric1 9 _! application4 ,b = all t1 he seems to me to h be5 ! fir/ p]son to frame a complete sy/em ( geological speculation by f\nd+ ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,) z mu* tru? z ,hutton1 ,kant c\ld say1 ,i take ?+s j z ,i f9d !m at pres5t1 &1 f ^!1 ,i reason ) reg>d to t :i* mu/ h be54 ,l ,hutton1 he is nev] tir$ ( po9t+ out t 9 ,nature !re is wisdom1 sy/em1 & consi/5cy4 ,&1 z 9 ^! great pr9ciples1 s 9 believ+ t ! cosmos has a reproductive op]ation by :i* a ru9$ con/itution may be repair$1 he =e/alls ,hutton2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,kant is true to sci5ce4 ,he kn[s no b\nds to geological speculation b ^? ( ! intellect4 ,he reasons back to a beg9n+ ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s2 he admits ! possibility ( an end4 ,i h said t ! ?ree s*ools ( geological speculation :i* ,i h t]m$ ,cata/rophism1 ,uni=mit>ianism1 & ,evolutionism1 are commonly suppos$ to be antagoni/ic to "o ano!r2 & ,i presume x w h become obvi\s t 9 my belief1 ! la/ is de/9$ to swall[ up ! o!r two4 ,b x is prop] to rem>k t ea* ( ! latt] has kept alive ! tradition ( preci\s tru?s4 ,,cata/rophism has insi/$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( a practically unlimit$ bank ( =ce1 on :i* ! !ori/ might draw2 & x has *]i%$ ! idea ( ! developm5t ( ! e>? f a /ate 9 :i* its =m1 & ! =ces :i* x ex]t$1 7 v diff]5t f ^? we n[ "k4 ,t su* diff]5ce ( =m & p[] once exi/$ is a necess>y "p ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,,uni=mit>ianism1 on ! o!r h&1 has ) equal ju/ice insi/$ ^u a practically unlimit$ bank ( "t1 ready to disc\nt any quantity ( hypo!tical pap]4 ,x has kept be=e our eyes ! p[] ( ! inf9itely little1 "t be+ grant$1 & has compell$ u to exhau/ kn[n causes1 be=e fly+ to ! unkn[n4 ,to my m9d !re appe>s to be no sort ( necess>y !oretical antagonism betwe5 ,cata/rophism & ,uni=mit>ianism4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is v conceivable t cata/rophes may be "p & p>cel ( uni=mity4 ,let me illu/rate my case by analogy4 ,! work+ ( a clock is a model ( uni=m action2 good "t-keep+ means uni=mity ( action4 ,b ! /rik+ ( ! clock is ess5tially a cata/rophe2 ! hamm] might be made to bl[ up a b>rel ( gunp[d]1 or turn on a deluge ( wat]2 &1 by prop] arrangem5t1 ! clock1 in/ead ( m>k+ ! h\rs1 might /rike at all sorts ( irregul> p]iods1 nev] twice alike1 9 ! int]vals1 =ce1 or numb] ( its bl[s4 ,nev]!less1 all ^! irregul>1 & app>5tly lawless1 cata/rophes w\ld be ! result ( an absolutely uni=mit>ian action2 & we might h two s*ools ( clock-!ori/s1 "o /udy+ ! hamm] & ! o!r ! p5dulum4 ,/ill less is !re any necess>y antagoni/s betwe5 ei!r ( ^! doctr9es & t ( ,evolution1 :i* embraces all t is s\nd 9 bo? ,cata/rophism & ,uni=mit>ianism1 :ile x rejects ! arbitr>y assumptions ( ! "o & !1 z arbitr>y1 limitations ( ! o!r4 ,nor is ! value ( ! doctr9e ( ,evolution to ! philosophic ?9k] dim9i%$ by ! fact t x applies ! same me?od to ! liv+ & ! n-liv+ _w2 & embraces1 9 "o /up5d\s analogy1 ! gr[? ( a sol> sy/em f molecul> *aos1 ! %ap+ ( ! e>? f ! nebul\s cub-hood ( its y\?1 ?r\gh innum]able *anges & immeasurable ages1 to its pres5t =m2 & ! developm5t ( a liv+ be+ f ! %apeless mass ( protoplasm we t]m a g]m4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,evolutionism c claim t am\nt ( curr5cy :i* w\ld entitle x to be call$ ,briti% popul> geology2 b1 m or less vaguely1 x is assur$ly pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ geologi/s4 ,su* be+ ! ?ree phases ( geological speculation1 we are n[ 9 position to inquire :i* ( ^! x is t ,sir ,william ,?omson calls ^u u to re=m 9 ! passages :i* ,i h cit$4 ,x is obvi\sly ,uni=mit>ianism :i* ! di/+ui%$ physici/ takes to be ! repres5tative ( geological speculation 9 g5]al4 ,& ?us a fir/ issue is rais$1 inasmu* z _m p]sons 7& ^? n ! lea/ ?\ghtful among ! y\ng] geologi/s7 d n accept /rict ,uni=mit>ianism z ! f9al =m ( geological speculation4 ,we %\ld say1 if ,hutton & ,playfair decl>e ! c\rse ( ! _w to h be5 always ! same1 po9t out ! fallacy by all means2 b1 9 s do+1 d n imag9e t y are prov+ mod]n geology to be 9 opposition to natural philosophy4 ,i d n suppose t1 at ! pres5t day1 any geologi/ w\ld be f\nd to ma9ta9 absolute ,uni=mit>ianism1 to d5y t ! rapidity ( ! rotation ( ! e>? may be dim9i%+1 t ! sun may be wax+ dim1 or t ! e>? itself may be cool+4 ,mo/ ( u1 ,i suspect1 are ,gallios1 :o c>e = none ( ^! ?+s1 be+ ( op9ion t1 true or fictiti\s1 !y h made no practical diff]5ce to ! e>?1 dur+ ! p]iod ( :i* a record is pres]v$ 9 /ratifi$ deposits4 ,! accusation t we h be5 runn+ c\nt] to ! pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 !re=e1 is devoid ( f\ndation4 ,! only "q :i* c arise is :e!r we h1 or h n1 be5 tacitly mak+ assumptions :i* are 9 opposition to c]ta9 conclusions :i* may be drawn f ^? pr9ciples4 ,& ?is "q subdivides itself into two3--! fir/1 are we really contrav5+ su* conclusions8 ! second1 if we are1 are ^? conclusions s firmly bas$ t we may n contrav5e !m8 ,i reply 9 ! negative to bo? ^! que/ions1 & ,i w give y my reasons = s do+4 ,sir ,william ,?omson believes t he is able to prove1 by physical reason+s1 t ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s on ! e>?1 life on ! e>?--all geological hi/ory %[+ cont9uity ( life--mu/ be limit$ )9 "s su* p]iod ( "t z "o hundr$ million ye>s 7loc4 cit4 p4 #be74 ,! fir/ inquiry :i* arises pla9ly is1 has x ev] be5 d5i$ t ?is p]iod may be en\gh = ! purposes ( geology8 ,! discussion ( ?is "q is greatly emb>rass$ by ! vagu5ess ) :i* ! assum$ limit is1 ,i w n say def9$1 b indicat$1-- "s su* p]iod ( pa/ "t z "o hundr$ million ye>s4 ,n[ does ?is mean t x may h be5 two1 or ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ million ye>s8 ,because ?is really makes all ! diff]5ce4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,sir ,william ,?omson implies 7loc4 cit4 p4 #af7 t ! precise "t is ( no consequ5ce3 ! pr9ciple is ! same2 b1 z ! pr9ciple is admitt$1 ! :ole discussion turns on its practical results4 ,i presume t #ajj1jjj feet may be tak5 z a full all[ance = ! total ?ickness ( /ratifi$ rocks conta9+ traces ( life2 #ajj1jjj divid$ by #ajj1jjj1jjj #j4jja4 ,consequ5tly1 ! deposit ( #ajj1jjj feet ( /ratifi$ rock 9 #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s means t ! deposit has tak5 place at ! rate ( #a_/ajjj ( a foot1 or1 say1 #a_/hc ( an in*1 p] annum4 ,well1 ,i d n "k t any "o is prep>$ to ma9ta9 t1 ev5 mak+ all ne$ful all[ances1 ! /ratifi$ rocks may n h be5 =m$1 on ! av]age1 at ! rate ( #a_/hc ( an in* p] annum4 ,i suppose t if su* c\ld be %[n to be ! limit ( _w-gr[?1 we c\ld put up ) ! all[ance )\t feel+ t our speculations _h und]gone any revolution4 ,& p]haps1 aft] all1 ! qualify+ phrase "s su* p]iod may n necessitate ! assumption ( m ?an #a_/aff or #a_/bdi or #a_/ccb ( an in* ( deposit p] ye>1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld give u /ill m ease & com=t4 ,b1 x may be said1 t x is biology1 & n geology1 :i* asks = s mu* "t--t ! succession ( life dem&s va/ int]vals2 b ?is appe>s to me to be reason+ 9 a circle4 ,biology takes h] "t f geology4 ,! only reason we h = believ+ 9 ! sl[ rate ( ! *ange 9 liv+ =ms is ! fact t !y p]si/ ?r\gh a s]ies ( deposits :i*1 geology in=ms u1 h tak5 a long :ile to make4 ,if ! geological clock is wrong1 all ! naturali/ w h to d is to modify 8 notions ( ! rapidity ( *ange accord+ly4 ,& ,i v5ture to po9t out t1 :5 we are told t ! limitation ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* liv+ be+s h inhabit$ ?is planet to "o1 two1 or ?ree hundr$ million ye>s requires a complete revolution 9 geological speculation1 ! onus prob&i re/s on ! mak] ( ! ass]tion1 :o br+s =w>d n a %ad[ ( evid5ce 9 its support4 ,?us1 if we accept ! limitation ( "t plac$ be=e u by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 x is n obvi\s1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 t we %all h to alt]1 or re=m1 our ways 9 any appreciable degree2 & we may !re=e proce$ ) mu* calmness1 & inde$ mu* indiff]5ce1 z to ! result1 to inquire :e!r t limitation is ju/ifi$ by ! argum5ts employ$ 9 its support4 ,^! argum5ts are ?ree 9 numb]4-- ,i4 ,! fir/ is bas$ ^u ! und\bt$ fact t ! tides t5d to ret>d ! rate ( ! e>?'s rotation ^u its axis4 ,t ?is mu/ be s is obvi\s1 if "o consid]s1 r\ghly1 t ! tides result f ! pull :i* ! sun & ! moon ex]t ^u ! sea1 caus+ x to act z a sort ( break ^u ! rotat+ solid e>?4 ,kant1 :o 0 by no means a m]e ab/ract philosoph]1 b a good ma!matician & well v]s$ 9 ! physical sci5ce ( 8 "t1 n only prov$ ?is 9 an essay ( exquisite cle>ness & intelligibility1 n[ m ?an a c5tury old1#af b d$uc$ f x "s ( its m important consequ5ces1 su* z ! con/ant turn+ ( "o face ( ! moon t[>ds ! e>?4 ,footnote #af3 ,unt]su*ung d] ,frage oh die ,erde 9 ihr] ,umdrehung um die ,a*se1 wodur* sie die ,abwe*selung des ,tages und d] ,na*t h]vorbr+t1 e9ige ,v]nd]ung seit d5 er/5 ,zeit5 ihres ,ursprunges erlitt5 habe1 c4--,,kant's ,smmntli*e ,w]ke1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #agh4 ,b !re is a long /ep f ! demon/ration ( a t5d5cy to ! e/imation ( ! practical value ( t t5d5cy1 :i* is all ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,! facts be>+ on ?is po9t appe> to /& z foll[s3-- ,x is a matt] ( obs]vation t ! moon's mean motion is 7& has = ! la/ #c1jjj ye>s be57 und]go+ an accel]ation1 relatively to ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,( c\rse ?is may result f "o ( two causes3 ! moon may really h be5 mov+ m swiftly 9 its orbit2 or ! e>? may h be5 rotat+ m sl[ly on its axis4 ,laplace believ$ he _h acc\nt$ = ?is ph5om5on by ! fact t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit has be5 dim9i%+ ?r\gh\t ^! #c1jjj ye>s4 ,?is w\ld produce a dim9ution ( ! mean attraction ( ! sun on ! moon2 or1 9 o!r words1 an increase 9 ! attraction ( ! e>? on ! moon2 &1 consequ5tly1 an increase 9 ! rapidity ( ! orbital motion ( ! latt] body4 ,laplace1 !re=e1 laid ! responsibility ( ! accel]ation ^u ! moon1 & if 8 views 7 correct1 ! tidal ret>dation mu/ ei!r be insignificant 9 am\nt1 or be c\nt]act$ by "s o!r ag5cy4 ,our great a/ronom]1 ,adams1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h f\nd a flaw 9 ,laplace's calculation1 & to h %[n t only half ! obs]v$ ret>dation c\ld be acc\nt$ = 9 ! way he _h sugge/$4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 ! o!r half to be acc\nt$ =2 & "h1 9 ! abs5ce ( all positive k1 ?ree sets ( hypo!ses h be5 sugge/$4 7a47 ,m4 ,delaunay sugge/s t ! e>? is at fault1 9 consequ5ce ( ! tidal ret>dation4 ,messrs4 ,adams1 ,?omson1 & ,tait "w out ?is sugge/ion1 &1 on a c]ta9 assumption z to ! proportion ( ret>dations due to ! sun & moon1 f9d ! e>? may lose tw5ty-two seconds ( "t 9 a c5tury f ?is cause4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ad4 7b47 ,b ,m4 ,duf\r sugge/s t ! ret>dation ( ! e>? 7:i* is hypo!tically assum$ to exi/7 may be due 9 "p1 or :olly1 to ! increase ( ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! e>? by meteors fall+ ^u its surface4 ,?is sugge/ion also meets ) ! entire approval ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 :o %[s t meteor-du/1 accumulat+ at ! rate ( "o foot 9 #d1jjj ye>s1 w\ld acc\nt = ! rema9d] ( ret>dation4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 p4 #bg4 7c47 ,?irdly1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson br+s =w>d an hypo!sis ( 8 own ) respect to ! cause ( ! hypo!tical ret>dation ( ! e>?'s rotation3-- ,let u suppose ice to melt f ! pol> regions 7#bj r\nd ea* pole1 we may say7 to ! ext5t ( some?+ m ?an a foot ?ick1 en\gh to give #a4a foot ( wat] ov] ^? areas1 or #j4jjf ( a foot ( wat] if spread ov] ! :ole globe1 :i* w\ld1 9 reality1 raise ! sea-level by only "s su* undiscov]able diff]5ce z ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* or an in*4 ,?is1 or ! rev]se1 :i* we believe might happ5 any ye>1 & c\ld c]ta9ly n be detect$ )\t f> m accurate obs]vations & calculations = ! mean sea-level ?an any hi!rto made1 w\ld slack5 or quick5 ! e>?'s rate z a timekeep] by "o- t5? ( a second p] ye>4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 ,i d n presume to ?r[ ! slighte/ d\bt ^u ! accuracy ( any ( ! calculations made by su* di/+ui%$ ma!maticians z ^? :o h made ! sugge/ions ,i h cit$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is necess>y to my argum5t to assume t !y are all correct4 ,b ,i desire to po9t out t ?is seems to be "o ( ! _m cases 9 :i* ! admitt$ accuracy ( ma!matical process is all[$ to ?r[ a :olly inadmissible appe>ance ( au?ority ov] ! results obta9$ by !m4 ,ma!matics may be comp>$ to a mill ( exquisite workman%ip1 :i* gr9ds y /uff ( any degree ( f95ess2 b1 nev]!less1 :at y get out dep5ds ^u :at y put 92 & z ! gr&e/ mill 9 ! _w w n extract :eat-fl\r f peascods1 s pages ( =mulae w n get a def9ite result out ( loose data4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x appe>s to be admitt$3-- #a4 ,t x is n absolutely c]ta91 aft] all1 :e!r ! moon's mean motion is und]go+ accel]ation1 or ! e>?'s rotation ret>dation4#bj ,& yet ?is is ! key ( ! :ole position4 ,footnote #bj3 ,x w be und]/ood t ,i d n wi% to d5y t ! e>?'s rotation may be und]go+ ret>dation4 #b4 ,if ! rapidity ( ! e>?'s rotation is dim9i%+1 x is n c]ta9 h[ mu* ( t ret>dation is due to tidal friction1 h[ mu* to meteors1 h[ mu* to possible excess ( melt+ ov] accumulation ( pol> ice1 dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by obs]vation1 :i* am\nts1 at ! outside1 to n m ?an #b1fjj ye>s4 #c4 ,! effect ( a diff]5t di/ribution ( l& & wat] 9 modify+ ! ret>dation caus$ by tidal friction1 & ( r$uc+ x1 "u "s circum/ances1 to a m9imum1 does n appe> to be tak5 into acc\nt4 #d4 ,dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo* ! pol> ice 0 c]ta9ly _m feet ?9n] ?an x has be5 dur+1 or s9ce1 ! ,glacial epo*4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson tells u t ! accumulation ( some?+ m ?an a foot ( ice ar\nd ! poles 7:i* implies ! )drawal (1 say1 an in* ( wat] f ! g5]al surface ( ! sea7 w cause ! e>? to rotate quick] by "o-t5? ( a second p] annum4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! e>? may h be5 rotat+1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod :i* has elaps$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,glacial epo* d[n to ! pres5t "t1 "o1 or m1 seconds p] annum quick] ?an x rotat$ dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,b1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's calculation1 tidal ret>dation w only acc\nt = a ret>dation ( #bb 9 a c5tury1 or #bb_/ajj 7say #a_/e7 ( a second p] annum4 ,?us1 assum+ t ! accumulation ( pol> ice s9ce ! ,mioc5e epo* has only be5 suffici5t to produce t5 times ! effect ( a coat ( ice "o foot ?ick1 we %all h an accel]at+ cause :i* cov]s all ! loss f tidal action1 & leaves a balance ( #d_/e ( a second p] annum 9 ! way ( accel]ation4 ,if tidal ret>dation c be ?us *eck$ & ov]?r[n by o!r tempor>y conditions1 :at becomes ( ! confid5t ass]tion1 bas$ ^u ! assum$ uni=mity ( tidal ret>dation1 t t5 ?\s& million ye>s ago ! e>? mu/ h be5 rotat+ m ?an twice z fa/ z at pres5t1 &1 !re=e1 t we geologi/s are 9 direct opposition to ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy if we spread geological hi/ory ov] t "t8 ,,ii4 ,! second argum5t is ?us /at$ by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson3--,an article1 by myself1 publi%$ 9 ',macmillan's ,magaz9e' = ,m>* #ahfb1 on ! age ( ! sun's heat1 expla9s results ( inve/igation into v>i\s que/ions z to possibilities reg>d+ ! am\nt ( heat t ! sun c\ld h1 deal+ ) x z y w\ld ) a /one1 or a piece ( matt]1 only tak+ into acc\nt ! sun's dim5sions1 :i* %[$ x to be possible t ! sun may h already illum9at$ ! e>? = z _m z "o hundr$ million ye>s1 b at ! same "t r5d]$ x almo/ c]ta9 t he _h n illum9at$ ! e>? = five hundr$ millions ( ye>s4 ,! e/imates "h are necess>ily v vague2 b yet1 vague z !y are1 ,i d n "k t x is possible1 ^u any reasonable e/imate f\nd$ on kn[n prop]ties ( matt]1 to say t we c believe ! sun has really illum9at$ ! e>? = five hundr$ million ye>s4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bj4 ,i d n wi% to ,hans>dise ,sir ,william ,?omson by lay+ mu* /ress on ! fact t1 only fifte5 ye>s ago he ent]ta9$ a totally diff]5t view ( ! orig9 ( ! sun's heat1 & believ$ t ! en]gy radiat$ f ye> to ye> 0 suppli$ f ye> to ye>--a doctr9e :i* w\ld h suit$ ,hutton p]fectly4 ,b ! fact t s em95t a physical philosoph] has1 ?us rec5tly1 held views opposite to ^? :i* he n[ ent]ta9s1 & t he confesses 8 own e/imates to be v vague1 ju/ly entitles u to disreg>d ^? e/imates1 if any di/9ct facts on our side g aga9/ !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am n aw>e t su* facts exi/4 ,z ,i h already said1 = any?+ ,i "k1 "o1 two1 or ?ree hundr$ millions ( ye>s may s]ve ! ne$s ( geologi/s p]fectly well4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird l9e ( argum5t is bas$ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson ref]s to c]ta9 inve/igations :i* prove t ! pres5t !rmal condition ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? implies ei!r a heat+ ( ! e>? )9 ! la/ #bj1jjj ye>s ( z mu* z #ajj ,f41 or a great] heat+ all ov] ! surface at "s "t fur!r back ?an #bj1jjj ye>s1 & !n proce$s ?us3-- ,n[1 are geologi/s prep>$ to admit t1 at "s "t )9 ! la/ #bj1jjj ye>s1 !re has be5 all ov] ! e>? s high a temp]ature z t8 ,i presume n2 no geologi/--no mod]n geologi/--w\ld = a mom5t admit ! hypo!sis t ! pres5t /ate ( und]gr\nd heat is due to a heat+ ( ! surface at s late a p]iod z #bj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,if t is n admitt$ we are driv5 to a great] heat at "s "t m ?an #bj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,a great] heat+ all ov] ! surface ?an #ajj ,fahr5heit w\ld kill ne>ly all exi/+ plants & animals1 ,i may safely say4 ,are mod]n geologi/s prep>$ to say t all life 0 kill$ (f ! e>? #ej1jjj1 #ajj1jjj1 or #bjj1jjj ye>s ago8 ,= ! uni=mity !ory1 ! fur!r back ! "t ( high surface-temp]ature is put ! bett]2 b ! fur!r back ! "t ( heat+1 ! hott] x mu/ h be54 ,! be/ = ^? :o draw mo/ l>gely on "t is t :i* puts x fur!/ back2 & t is ! !ory t ! heat+ 0 en\gh to melt ! :ole4 ,b ev5 if x 0 en\gh to melt ! :ole1 we mu/ /ill admit "s limit1 su* z fifty million ye>s1 "o hundr$ million ye>s1 or two or ?ree hundr$ million ye>s ago4 ,beyond t we _c g4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bd4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! limit is once aga9 ( ! vague/1 rang+ f #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s to #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,& ! reply is1 once m1 t1 = any?+ t c be prov$ to ! contr>y1 "o or two hundr$ million ye>s might s]ve ! purpose1 ev5 ( a ?or\ghgo+ ,huttonian uni=mit>ian1 v well4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! #ajj1jjj1jjj or #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s appe> to be insuffici5t = geological purposes1 we mu/ closely criticise ! me?od by :i* ! limit is rea*$4 ,! argum5t is simple en\gh4 ,assum+ ! e>? to be no?+ b a cool+ mass1 ! quantity ( heat lo/ p] ye>1 suppos+ ! rate ( cool+ to h be5 uni=m1 multipli$ by any giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 w be giv5 ! m9imum temp]ature t numb] ( ye>s ago4 ,b is ! e>? no?+ b a cool+ mass1 l a hot-wat] j> su* z is us$ 9 c>riages1 or a globe ( s&/one1 & has its cool+ be5 uni=m8 ,an affirmative answ] to bo? ^! que/ions seems to be necess>y to ! validity ( ! calculations on :i* ,sir ,w4 ,?omson lays s mu* /ress4 ,nev]!less x surely may be urg$ t su* affirmative answ]s are purely hypo!tical1 & t o!r suppositions h an equal "r to consid]ation4 ,= example1 is x n possible t1 at ! prodigi\s temp]ature :i* w\ld seem to exi/ at #ajj miles bel[ ! surface1 all ! metallic bases may behave z m]cury does at a r$ heat1 :5 x refuses to comb9e ) oxyg52 :ile1 ne>] ! surface1 & !re=e at a l[] temp]ature1 !y may ent] into comb9ation 7z m]cury does ) oxyg5 a few degrees bel[ its boil+-po9t71 & s give rise to a heat totally di/9ct f t :i* !y possess z cool+ bodies8 ,& has x n also be5 prov$ by rec5t rese>*es t ! quality ( ! atmosph]e may imm5sely affect its p]meability to heat2 &1 consequ5tly1 pr(\ndly modify ! rate ( cool+ ! globe z a :ole8 ,i d n ?9k x c be d5i$ t su* conditions may exi/1 & may s greatly affect ! supply1 & ! loss1 ( t]re/rial heat z to de/roy ! value ( any calculations :i* leave !m out ( sight4 ,my functions z y\r advocate are at an end4 ,i speak ) m ?an ! s9c]ity ( a m]e advocate :5 ,i express ! belief t ! case aga9/ u has entirely brok5 d[n4 ,! cry = re=m :i* has be5 rais$ )\t1 is sup]flu\s1 inasmu* z we h long be5 re=m+ f )91 ) all ne$ful spe$4 ,& ! critical exam9ation ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! v grave *>ge ( opposition to ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy has be5 br\ght aga9/ u1 r %[s t we h ex]cis$ a wise discrim9ation 9 decl9+1 = ! pres5t1 to m$dle ) our f\ndations4 ,,xi ,,palaeontology ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,evolution #ahgj ,x is n[ eight ye>s s9ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! late ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn]1 :o !n presid$ ov] u1 x fell to my lot1 z "o ( ! ,secret>ies ( ?is ,society1 to draw up ! cu/om>y ,annual ,address4 ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity to endeav\r to take /ock ( t portion ( ! sci5ce ( biology :i* is commonly call$ palaeontology1 z x !n exi/$2 &1 discuss+ "o aft] ano!r ! doctr9es held by palaeontologi/s1 ,i put be=e y ! results ( my attempts to sift ! well-e/abli%$ f ! hypo!tical or ! d\btful4 ,p]mit me briefly to recall to y\r m9ds :at ^? results 73-- #a4 ,! liv+ population ( all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface :i* h yet be5 exam9$ has und]gone a succession ( *anges :i*1 ^u ! :ole1 h be5 ( a sl[ & gradual "*4 #b4 ,:5 ! fossil rema9s :i* are ! evid5ces ( ^! successive *anges1 z !y h occurr$ 9 any two m or less di/ant p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 are comp>$1 !y exhibit a c]ta9 broad & g5]al p>allelism4 ,9 o!r words1 c]ta9 =ms ( life 9 "o locality occur 9 ! same g5]al ord] ( succession z1 or are homotaxial )1 simil> =ms 9 ! o!r locality4 #c4 ,homotaxis is n to be held id5tical ) syn*ronism )\t indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,x is possible t simil>1 or ev5 id5tical1 faunae & florae 9 two diff]5t localities may be ( extremely diff]5t ages1 if ! t]m age is us$ 9 its prop] *ronological s5se4 ,i /at$ t geographical prov9ces1 or zones1 may h be5 z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic epo* z at pres5t2 & ^? seem+ly sudd5 appe>ances ( new g5]a & species :i* we ascribe to new creation1 may be simple results ( migration4 #d4 ,! op9ion t ! olde/ kn[n fossils are ! e>lie/ =ms ( life has no solid f\ndation4 #e4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to positively asc]ta9$ facts1 ! total am\nt ( *ange 9 ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( su* =ms is record$1 is small4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! =ms1 ! am\nt ( *ange is wond]fully small4 ,moreov]1 9 ea* great gr\p ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 !re are c]ta9 =ms :i* ,i t]m$ ,,p]si/5t ,,types1 :i* h rema9$1 ) b v little app>5t *ange1 f _! fir/ appe>ance to ! pres5t "t4 #f4 ,9 answ] to ! "q ,:at1 !n1 does an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( palaeontology te/ify 9 relation to ! common doctr9es ( progressive modification1 :i* suppose t modification to h tak5 place by a necess>y progress f m to less embryonic =ms1 f m to less g5]alis$ types1 )9 ! limits ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks8 ,i reply1 ,x negatives ^! doctr9es2 = x ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( su* modification1 or demon/rates su* modification z has occurr$ to h be5 v slight2 &1 z to ! nature ( t modification1 x yields no evid5ce :atsoev] t ! e>li] memb]s ( any long-cont9u$ gr\p 7 m g5]alis$ 9 /ructure ?an ! lat] ones4 ,i ?9k t ,i _c employ my la/ opportunity ( address+ y1 (ficially1 m prop]ly--,i may say m dutifully--?an 9 revis+ ^! old judgm5ts ) su* help z fur!r k & reflection1 & an extreme desire to get at ! tru?1 may af=d me4 #a4 ,) respect to ! fir/ proposition1 ,i may rem>k t :atev] may be ! case among ! physical geologi/s1 cata/rophic palaeontologi/s are practically ext9ct4 ,x is n[ no "p ( recognis$ geological doctr9e t ! species ( "o =mation all di$ out & 7 replac$ by a br&-new set 9 ! next =mation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 agre$ t ! succession ( life has be5 ! result ( a sl[ & gradual replacem5t ( species by species2 & t all appe>ances ( abruptness ( *ange are due to breaks 9 ! s]ies ( deposits1 or o!r *anges 9 physical conditions4 ,! cont9uity ( liv+ =ms has be5 unbrok5 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day4 #b1 #c4 ,! use ( ! ^w homotaxis in/ead ( syn*ronism has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 f\nd mu* fav\r 9 ! eyes ( geologi/s4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t x is a love = sci5tific caution1 & n m]e p]sonal affection = a bantl+ ( my own1 :i* leads me /ill to ?9k t ! *ange ( phrase is ( importance1 & t ! soon] x is made1 ! soon] %all we get rid ( a numb] ( pitfalls :i* beset ! reason] ^u ! facts & !ories ( geology4 ,"o ( ! late/ pieces ( =eign intellig5ce :i* has rea*$ u is ! in=mation t ! ,au/rian geologi/s h1 at la/1 succumb$ to ! weighty evid5ce :i* ,m4 ,b>r&e has accumulat$1 & h admitt$ ! doctr9e ( colonies4 ,b ! admission ( ! doctr9e ( colonies implies ! fur!r admission t ev5 id5tity ( organic rema9s is no pro( ( ! syn*ronism ( ! deposits :i* conta9 !m4 #d4 ,! discussions t\*+ ! ,eozoon1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #ahfd1 h abundantly ju/ifi$ ! f\r? proposition4 ,9 #ahfb1 ! olde/ record ( life 0 9 ! ,cambrian rocks2 b if ! ,eozoon be1 z ,pr9cipal ,dawson & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] h %[n s mu* reason = believ+1 ! rema9s ( a liv+ be+1 ! discov]y ( its true nature c>ri$ life back to a p]iod :i*1 z ,sir ,william ,logan has obs]v$1 is z remote f t dur+ :i* ! ,cambrian rocks 7 deposit$1 z ! ,cambrian epo* itself is f ! t]ti>ies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! asc]ta9$ duration ( life ^u ! globe 0 ne>ly d\bl$ at a /roke4 #e4 ,! significance ( p]si/5t types1 & ( ! small am\nt ( *ange :i* has tak5 place ev5 9 ^? =ms :i* c be %[n to h be5 modifi$1 becomes great] & great] 9 my eyes1 ! long] ,i occupy myself ) ! biology ( ! pa/4 ,consid] h[ long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,yet1 at t "t !re is reason to believe t e important gr\p 9 e ord] ( ! ,mammalia 0 repres5t$4 ,ev5 ! comp>atively scanty ,eoc5e fauna yields examples ( ! ord]s ,*eiropt]a1 ,insectivora1 ,rod5tia1 & ,p]issodactyla2 ( ,artiodactyla "u bo? ! ,rum9ant & ! ,porc9e modifications2 ( ,c>anivora1 ,cetacea1 & ,m>supialia4 ,or1 if we g back to ! old] half ( ! ,mesozoic epo*1 h[ truly surpris+ x is to f9d e ord] ( ! ,reptilia1 except ! ,ophidia1 repres5t$2 :ile "s gr\ps1 su* z ! ,orni?oseclida & ! ,pt]osauria1 m specialis$ ?an any :i* n[ exi/1 ab\nd$4 ,!re is "o division ( ! ,amphibia :i* (f]s especially important evid5ce ^u ?is po9t1 inasmu* z x bridges ov] ! gap betwe5 ! ,mesozoic & ! ,palaeozoic =mations 7(t5 suppos$ to be ( su* prodigi\s magnitude71 ext5d+1 z x does1 f ! bottom ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies to ! top ( ! ,trias1 if n into ! ,lias4 ,i ref] to ! ,labyr9?odonts4 ,z ! ,address ( #ahfb 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,i 0 able to m5tion1 9 a note1 ! discov]y ( a l>ge ,labyr9?odont1 ) well-ossifi$ v]tebrae1 9 ! ,ed9burgh coal-field4 ,s9ce t "t eight or t5 di/9ct g5]a ( ,labyr9?odonts h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 n to m5tion ! ,am]ican =ms describ$ by ,pr9cipal ,dawson & ,pr(essor ,cope4 ,s t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,labyr9?odont ,fauna ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks is m ext5sive & div]sifi$ ?an t ( ! ,trias1 :ile its *ief types1 s f> z o/eology enables u to judge1 are q z highly organis$4 ,?us x is c]ta9 t a comp>atively highly organis$ v]tebrate type1 su* z t ( ! ,labyr9?odonts1 is capable ( p]si/+1 ) no consid]able *ange1 ?r\gh ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! va/ deposits :i* con/itute ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! ,p]mian1 & ! ,triassic =mations4 ,! v rem>kable results :i* h be5 br\ght to light by ! s\nd+ & dr$g+ op]ations1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on ) su* rem>kable success by ! exp$itions s5t out by our own1 ! ,am]ican1 & ! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5ts1 "u ! sup]vision ( able naturali/s1 h a be>+ 9 ! same direction4 ,^! inve/igations h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce1 at great dep?s 9 ! ocean1 ( liv+ animals 9 "s cases id5tical )1 9 o!rs v simil> to1 ^? :i* are f\nd fossilis$ 9 ! :ite *alk4 ,! ,globig]9oe1 ,cya?oli?s1 ,coccosph]es1 ,discoli?s 9 ! "o are absolutely id5tical ) ^? 9 ! o!r2 !re are id5tical1 or closely analog\s1 species ( ,sponges1 ,e*9od]ms1 & ,bra*iopods4 ,(f ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 !re n[ lives a species ( ,b]yx1 :i*1 d\btless1 leaves its bones & scales "h & !re 9 ! ,atlantic ooze1 z its pr$ecessor left its spoils 9 ! mud ( ! sea ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,_m ye>s ago#a ,i v5tur$ to speak ( ! ,atlantic mud z mod]n *alk1 & ,i "k ( no fact inconsi/5t ) ! view :i* ,pr(essor ,wyville ,?omson has advocat$1 t ! mod]n *alk is n only ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! anci5t *alk1 b t x rema9s1 s to speak1 9 ! possession ( ! ance/ral e/ate2 & t f ! ,cretace\s p]iod 7if n mu* e>li]7 to ! pres5t day1 ! deep sea has cov]$ a l>ge "p ( :at is n[ ! area ( ! ,atlantic4 ,b if ,globig]9a1 & ,t]ebratula caput-s]p5tis & ,b]yx1 n to m5tion o!r =ms ( animals & ( plants1 ?us bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 ! pres5t & ! ,mesozoic p]iods1 is x possible t ! majority ( o!r liv+ ?+s und]w5t a sea-*ange into some?+ new & /range all at once8 ,footnote #a3 ,see an article 9 ! ,saturday ,review1 = #aheh1 on ,*alk1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 #f4 ,?us f> ,i h endeav\r$ to exp& & to en=ce by fre% argum5ts1 b n to modify 9 any important respect1 ! ideas submitt$ to y on a =m] occasion4 ,b :5 ,i come to ! propositions t\*+ progressive modification1 x appe>s to me1 ) ! help ( ! new light :i* has brok5 f v>i\s qu>t]s1 t !re is mu* gr\nd = s(t5+ ! some:at ,brutus-l sev]ity ) :i*1 9 #ahfb1 ,i dealt ) a doctr9e1 = ! tru? ( :i* ,i %\ld h be5 glad en\gh to be able to f9d a good f\ndation4 ,s f>1 inde$1 z ! ,inv]tebrata & ! l[] ,v]tebrata are conc]n$1 ! facts & ! conclusions :i* are to be drawn f !m appe> to me to rema9 :at !y 74 ,= any?+ t1 z yet1 appe>s to ! contr>y1 ! e>lie/ kn[n ,m>supials may h be5 z highly organis$ z _! liv+ cong5]s2 ! ,p]mian liz>ds %[ no signs ( inf]iority to ^? ( ! pres5t day2 ! ,labyr9?odonts _c be plac$ bel[ ! liv+ ,salam&] & ,triton2 ! ,devonian ,ganoids are closely relat$ to ,polypt]us & to ,lepidosir54 ,b :5 we turn to ! high] ,v]tebrata1 ! results ( rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev] we may sift & criticise !m1 seem to me to leave a cle> balance 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( ! evolution ( liv+ =ms "o f ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 x is v necess>y to discrim9ate c>efully betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( evid5ce f fossil rema9s :i* are br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( evolution4 ,e fossil :i* takes an int]m$iate place betwe5 =ms ( life already kn[n1 may be said1 s f> z x is int]m$iate1 to be evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution1 inasmu* z x %[s a possible road by :i* evolution may h tak5 place4 ,b ! m]e discov]y ( su* a =m does n1 9 itself1 prove t evolution took place by & ?r\gh x1 nor does x con/itute m ?an presumptive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution 9 g5]al4 ,suppose ,a1 ,b1 ,c to be ?ree =ms1 :ile ,b is int]m$iate 9 /ructure betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,!n ! doctr9e ( evolution (f]s f\r possible alt]natives4 ,a may h become ,c by way ( ,b2 or ,c may h become ,a by way ( ,b2 or ,a & ,c may be indep5d5t modifications ( ,b2 or ,a1 ,b1 & ,c may be indep5d5t modifications ( "s unkn[n ,d4 ,take ! case ( ! ,pigs1 ! ,anoplo?cridoe1 & ! ,rum9ants4 ,! ,anoplo?cridoe are int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/2 b ?is does n tell u :e!r ! ,rum9ants h come f ! ,pigs1 or ! ,pigs f ,rum9ants1 or bo? f ,anoplo?cridoe1 or :e!r ,pigs1 ,rum9ants1 & ,anoplotlicridoe alike may n h div]g$ f "s common /ock4 ,b if x c be %[n t ,a1 ,b1 & ,c exhibit successive /ages 9 ! degree ( modification1 or specialisation1 ( ! same type2 & if1 fur!r1 x c be prov$ t !y occur 9 successively new] deposits1 ,a be+ 9 ! olde/ & ,c 9 ! newe/1 !n ! int]m$iate "* ( ,b has q ano!r importance1 & ,i %\ld accept x1 )\t hesitation1 z a l9k 9 ! g5ealogy ( ,c4 ,i %\ld consid] ! burd5 ( pro( to be ?r[n ^u any "o :o d5i$ ,c to h be5 d]iv$ f ,a by way ( ,b1 or 9 "s closely analog\s fa%ion2 = x is always probable t "o may n hit ^u ! exact l9e ( filiation1 &1 9 deal+ ) fossils1 may mi/ake uncles & nephews = fa!rs & sons4 ,i ?9k x necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] classes ( int]m$iate =ms1 z int]cal>y types & l9e> types4 ,:5 ,i apply ! =m] t]m1 ,i m]ely mean to say t z a matt] ( fact1 ! =m ,b1 s nam$1 is int]m$iate betwe5 ! o!rs1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,anoplo!rium is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,pigs & ! ,rum9ants--)\t ei!r affirm+1 or d5y+1 any direct g5etic relation betwe5 ! ?ree =ms involv$4 ,:5 ,i apply ! latt] t]m1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i mean to express ! op9ion t ! =ms ,a1 ,b1 & ,c con/itute a l9e ( desc5t1 & t ,b is ?us "p ( ! l9eage ( ,c4 ,f ! "t :5 ,cuvi]'s wond]ful rese>*es ^u ! ext9ct ,mammals ( ! ,p>is gypsum fir/ made int]cal>y types kn[n1 & caus$ !m to be recognis$ z su*1 ! numb] ( su* =ms has /eadily increas$ among ! high] ,mammalia4 ,n only d we n[ "k num]\s int]cal>y =9s ( ,ungulata1 b ,m4 ,gaudry's great monograph ^u ! fossils ( ,pik]mi 7:i* /rikes me z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pieces ( palaeontological "w ,i h se5 = a long "t7 %[s u1 among ! ,primates1 ,mesopi!cus z an int]cal>y =m betwe5 ! ,semnopi!ci & ! ,macaci2 & among ! ,c>nivora1 ,hyo5ictis & ,icti!rium z int]cal>y1 or1 p]haps1 l9e> types betwe5 ! ,viv]ridoe & ! ,hyo5idoe4 ,h>dly any ord] ( ! high] ,mammalia /&s s app>5tly sep>ate & isolat$ f ! re/ z t ( ! ,cetacea2 ?\gh a c>eful consid]ation ( ! /ructure ( ! p9nip$e ,c>nivora1 or ,seals1 %[s1 9 !m1 _m an approximation t[>ds ! /ill m completely m>9e mammals4 ,! ext9ct ,zeuglodon1 h[ev]1 pres5ts u ) an int]cal>y =m betwe5 ! type ( ! ,seals & t ( ! ,:ales4 ,! skull ( ?is great ,eoc5e sea-mon/]1 9 fact1 %[s by ! n>r[ & prolong$ int]orbital region2 ! ext5sive union ( ! p>ietal bones 9 a sagittal suture2 ! well-develop$ nasal bones2 ! di/9ct & l>ge incisors implant$ 9 premaxill>y bones1 :i* take a full %>e 9 b\nd+ ! =e "p ( ! gape2 ! two-fang$ mol> tee? ) triangul> & s]rat$ cr[ns1 n exce$+ five on ea* side 9 ea* jaw2 & ! exi/5ce ( a decidu\s d5tition--its close relation ) ! ,seals4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! produc$ ro/ral =m ( ! sn\t1 ! long symphysis1 & ! l[ coron>y process ( ! m&ible are approximations to ! cetacean =m ( ^? p>ts4 ,! scapula resembles t ( ! cetacean ,hyp]oodon1 b ! supra- sp9\s fossa is l>g] & m seal-l2 z is ! hum]us1 :i* diff]s f t ( ! ,cetacea 9 pres5t+ true articul> surfaces = ! free jo9t+ ( ! bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,9 ! app>5tly complete abs5ce ( h9d] limbs1 & 9 ! *>act]s ( ! v]tebral column1 ! ,zeuglodon lies on ! cetacean side ( ! b\nd>y l9e2 s t ^u ! :ole1 ! ,zeuglodonts1 transitional z !y are1 are conv5i5tly reta9$ 9 ! cetacean ord]4 ,& ! publication1 9 #ahfd1 ( ,m4 ,van ,b5$5's memoir on ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e ,squalodon1 furni%$ mu* bett] means ?an anatomi/s previ\sly possess$ ( fitt+ 9 ano!r l9k ( ! *a9 :i* connects ! exi/+ ,cetacea ) ,zeuglodon4 ,! tee? are mu* m num]\s1 al?\gh ! mol>s exhibit ! zeuglodont d\ble fang2 ! nasal bones are v %ort1 & ! upp] surface ( ! ro/rum pres5ts ! groove1 fill$ up dur+ life by ! prolongation ( ! e?moidal c>tilage1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! majority ( ! ,cetacea4 ,x appe>s to me t1 j z among ! exi/+ ,c>nivora1 ! walruses & ! e>$ seals are int]cal>y =ms betwe5 ! fissip$e ,c>nivora & ! ord9>y seals1 s ! ,zeuglodonts are int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,c>nivora1 z a :ole1 & ! ,cetacea4 ,:e!r ! ,zeuglodonts are also l9e> types 9 _! relation to ^! two gr\ps _c be asc]ta9$1 until we h m def9ite k ?an we possess at pres5t1 respect+ ! relations 9 "t ( ! ,c>nivora & ,cetacea4 ,?us f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! int]cal>y types :i* occupy ! int]vals betwe5 ,families or ,ord]s ( ! same class2 b ! inve/igations :i* h be5 c>ri$ on by ,pr(essor ,geg5baur1 ,pr(essor ,cope1 & myself into ! /ructure & relations ( ! ext9ct reptilian =ms ( ! ,orni?oscelida 7or ,d9osauria & ,compsogna?a7 h br\ght to light ! exi/5ce ( int]cal>y =ms betwe5 :at h hi!rto be5 always reg>d$ z v di/9ct classes ( ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 namely ,reptilia & ,aves4 ,:atev] inf]5ces may1 or may n1 be drawn f ! fact1 x is n[ an e/abli%$ tru? t1 9 _m ( ^! ,orni?oscelida1 ! h9d limbs & ! pelvis are mu* m simil> to ^? ( ,birds ?an !y are to ^? ( ,reptiles1 & t ^! ,bird-reptiles1 or ,reptile-birds1 7 m or less completely bip$al4 ,:5 ,i address$ y 9 #ahfb1 ,i %\ld h be5 bold inde$ _h ,i sugge/$ t palaeontology w\ld be=e long %[ u ! possibility ( a direct transition f ! type ( ! liz>d to t ( ! o/ri*4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 we h1 9 ! ,orni?oscelida1 ! int]cal>y type1 :i* proves t transition to be some?+ m ?an a possibility2 b x is v d\btful :e!r any ( ! g5]a ( ,orni?oscelida ) :i* we are at pres5t acqua9t$ are ! actual l9e> types by :i* ! transition f ! liz>d to ! bird 0 effect$4 ,^!1 v probably1 are /ill hidd5 f u 9 ! old] =mations4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to f9d "s cases ( true l9e> types1 or =ms :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 o!rs because !y /& 9 a direct g5etic relation to !m4 ,x is no easy matt] to f9d cle> & unmi/akable evid5ce ( filiation among fossil animals2 =1 9 ord] t su* evid5ce %\ld be q satisfactory1 x is necess>y t we %\ld be acqua9t$ ) all ! mo/ important features ( ! organisation ( ! animals :i* are suppos$ to be ?us relat$1 & n m]ely ) ! fragm5ts ^u :i* ! g5]a & species ( ! palaeontologi/ are s (t5 bas$4 ,m4 ,gaudry has arrang$ ! species ( ,hyo5idoe1 ,proboscidea1 ,rh9oc]otidoe1 & ,equidoe 9 _! ord] ( filiation f _! e>lie/ appe>ance 9 ! ,mioc5e epo* to ! pres5t "t1 & ,pr(essor ,rtimey] has drawn up simil> s*emes = ! ,ox5 & o!r ,ungulata--) :at1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 is a fair & probable approximation to ! ord] ( nature4 ,b1 z no "o is bett] aw>e ?an ^! two le>n$1 acute1 & philosophical biologi/s1 all su* arrangem5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z provisional1 except 9 ^? cases 9 :i*1 by a =tunate accid5t1 l>ge s]ies ( rema9s are obta9able f a ?ick & widespread s]ies ( deposits4 ,x is easy to accumulate probabilities--h>d to make out "s p>ticul> case 9 su* a way t x w /& rigor\s criticism4 ,aft] mu* se>*1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k t su* a case is to be made out 9 fav\r ( ! p$igree ( ! ,horses4 ,! g5us ,equus is repres5t$ z f> back z ! latt] "p ( ! ,mioc5e epo*2 b 9 deposits belong+ to ! middle ( t epo* its place is tak5 by two o!r g5]a1 ,hipp>ion & ,an*i!rium2#b &1 9 ! l[e/ ,mioc5e & upp] ,eoc5e1 only ! la/ g5us occurs4 ,a species ( ,an*i!rium 0 ref]r$ by ,cuvi] to ! ,paloeo!ria "u ! "n ( ,p4 aurelian5se4 ,! gr9d+-tee? are 9 fact v simil> 9 %ape & 9 patt]n1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any ?ick lay] ( cem5t1 to ^? ( "s species ( ,paloeo!rium1 especially ,cuvi]'s ,paloeo!rium m9us1 :i* has be5 =m$ into a sep>ate g5us1 ,plagiolophus1 by ,pomel4 ,b 9 ! fact t !re are only six full- siz$ gr9d]s 9 ! l[] jaw1 ! fir/ premol> be+ v small2 t ! ant]ior gr9d]s are z l>ge z1 or r l>g] ?an1 ! po/]ior ones2 t ! second premol> has an ant]ior prolongation2 & t ! po/]ior mol> ( ! l[] jaw has1 z ,cuvi] po9t$ out1 a po/]ior lobe ( mu* small] size & diff]5t =m1 ! d5tition ( ,an*i!rium dep>ts f ! type ( ! ,paloeo!rium1 & approa*es t ( ! ,horse4 ,footnote #b3 ,h]mann von ,mey] gave ! "n ( ,an*i!rium to ,a4 ,ezqu]roe2 & 9 8 pap] on ! subject he takes great pa9s to di/+ui% ! latt] z ! type ( a new g5us1 f ,cuvi]'s ,paloeo!rium d',orlans4 ,b x is precisely ! ,paloeo!rium d',orlans :i* is ! type ( ,*ri/ol's g5us ,hipp>i!rium2 & ?us1 ?\gh ,hipp>i!rium is ( lat] date ?an ,an*i!rium1 x seem$ to me to h a sort ( equitable "r to recognition :5 ?is ,address 0 writt54 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x seems mo/ conv5i5t to adopt ,an*i!rium4 ,aga91 ! skeleton ( ,an*i!rium is extremely equ9e4 ,m4 ,*ri/ol goes s f> z to say t ! description ( ! bones ( ! horse1 or ! ass1 curr5t 9 vet]9>y works1 w\ld fit ^? ( ,an*i!rium4 ,&1 9 a g5]al way1 ?is may be true en\gh2 b !re are "s mo/ important diff]5ces1 :i*1 inde$1 are ju/ly indicat$ by ! same c>eful obs]v]4 ,?us ! ulna is complete ?r\gh\t1 & its %aft is n a m]e rudim5t1 fus$ into "o bone ) ! radius4 ,!re are ?ree toes1 "o l>ge 9 ! middle & "o small on ea* side4 ,! femur is q l t ( a horse1 & has ! *>act]i/ic fossa above ! ext]nal condyle4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a mo/ in/ructive specim5 ( ! leg-bones1 %[+ t ! fibula 0 repres5t$ by ! ext]nal malleolus & by a flat tongue ( bone1 :i* ext5ds up f x on ! out] side ( ! tibia1 & is closely ankylos$ ) ! latt] bone4#c ,! h9d toes are ?ree1 l ^? ( ! =e leg2 & ! middle metat>sal bone is mu* less compress$ f side to side ?an t ( ! horse4 ,footnote #c3 ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,g]vais = a specim5 :i* indicates t ! fibula 0 complete1 at any rate1 9 "s cases2 & = a v int]e/+ ramps ( a m&ible1 :i* %[s t1 z 9 ! ,paloeo!ria1 ! h9d]mo/ milk-mol> ( ! l[] jaw 0 devoid ( ! po/]ior lobe :i* exi/s 9 ! h9d]mo/ true mol>4 ,9 ! ,hipp>ion1 ! tee? ne>ly resemble ^? ( ! ,horses1 ?\gh ! cr[ns ( ! gr9d]s are n s long2 l ^? ( ! ,horses1 !y are abundantly coat$ ) cem5t4 ,! %aft ( ! ulna is r$uc$ to a m]e /yle1 ankylos$ ?r\gh\t ne>ly its :ole l5g? ) ! radius1 & appe>+ to be little m ?an a ridge on ! surface ( ! latt] bone until x is c>efully exam9$4 ,! front toes are /ill ?ree1 b ! out] ones are m sl5d] ?an 9 ,an*i!rium1 & _! ho(s small] 9 proportion to t ( ! middle toe2 !y are1 9 fact1 r$uc$ to m]e dew-claws1 & d n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! leg1 ! di/al end ( ! fibula is s completely unit$ ) ! tibia t x appe>s to be a m]e process ( ! latt] bone1 z 9 ! ,horses4 ,9 ,equus1 f9ally1 ! cr[ns ( ! gr9d+-tee? become long]1 & _! patt]ns are slightly modifi$2 ! middle ( ! %aft ( ! ulna usually vani%es1 & its proximal & di/al ends ankylose ) ! radius4 ,! phalanges ( ! two out] toes 9 ea* foot disappe>1 _! metac>pal & metat>sal bones be+ left z ! spl9ts4 ,! ,hipp>ion has l>ge depressions on ! face 9 front ( ! orbits1 l ^? = ! l>mi]s ( _m rum9ants2 b traces ( ^! are to be se5 9 "s ( ! fossil horses f ! ,sewalik ,hills2 &1 z ,leidy's rec5t rese>*es %[1 !y are pres]v$ 9 ,an*i!rium4 ,:5 we consid] ^! facts1 & ! fur!r circum/ance t ! ,hipp>ions1 ! rema9s ( :i* h be5 collect$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 7 subject1 z ,m4 ,gaudry & o!rs h po9t$ out1 to a great range ( v>iation1 x appe>s to me impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t ! types ( ! ,an*i!rium1 ( ! ,hipp>ion1 & ( ! anci5t ,horses con/itute ! l9eage ( ! mod]n ,horses1 ! ,hipp>ion be+ ! int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! o!r two1 & answ]+ to ,b 9 my =m] illu/ration4 ,! process by :i* ! ,an*i!rium has be5 conv]t$ into ,equus is "o ( specialisation1 or ( m & m complete deviation f :at might be call$ ! av]age =m ( an ungulate mammal4 ,9 ! ,horses1 ! r$uction ( "s p>ts ( ! limbs1 toge!r ) ! special modification ( ^? :i* are left1 is c>ri$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 any o!r ho($ mammals4 ,! r$uction is less & ! specialisation is less 9 ! ,hipp>ion1 & /ill less 9 ! ,an*i!rium2 b yet1 z comp>$ ) o!r mammals1 ! r$uction & specialisation ( p>ts 9 ! ,an*i!rium rema9 great4 ,is x n probable !n1 t1 j z 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 we f9d an ance/ral equ9e =m less modifi$ ?an ,equus1 s1 if we g back to ! ,eoc5e epo*1 we %all f9d "s quadrup$ relat$ to ! ,an*i!rium1 z ,hipp>ion is relat$ to ,equus1 & consequ5tly dep>t+ less f ! av]age =m8 ,i ?9k t ?is desid]atum is v ne>ly1 if n q1 suppli$ by ,plagiolophus1 rema9s ( :i* occur abundantly 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,eoc5e =mations4 ,! patt]ns ( ! gr9d+-tee? ( ,plagiolophus are simil> to ^? ( ,an*i!rium1 & _! cr[ns are z ?9ly cov]$ ) cem5t2 b ! gr9d]s dim9i% 9 size =w>ds1 & ! la/ l[] mol> has a l>ge h9d lobe1 convex outw>ds & concave inw>ds1 z 9 ,palueo!rium4 ,! ulna is complete & mu* l>g] ?an 9 any ( ! ,equidoe1 :ile x is m sl5d] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! true ,paloeo!ria2 x is fix$ly unit$1 b n ankylos$1 ) ! radius4 ,!re are ?ree toes 9 ! =e limb1 ! out] ones be+ sl5d]1 b less att5uat$ ?an 9 ! ,equidoe4 ,! femur is m l t ( ! ,paloeo!ria ?an t ( ! horse1 & has only a small depression above its out] condyle 9 ! place ( ! great fossa :i* is s obvi\s 9 ! ,equidoe4 ,! fibula is di/9ct1 b v sl5d]1 & its di/al end is ankylos$ ) ! tibia4 ,!re are ?ree toes on ! h9d foot hav+ simil> proportions to ^? on ! =e foot4 ,! pr9cipal metac>pal & metat>sal bones are flatt] ?an !y are 9 any ( ! ,equidoe2 & ! metac>pal bones are long] ?an ! metat>sals1 z 9 ! ,paloeo!ria4 ,9 its g5]al =m1 ,plagiolophus resembles a v small & sl5d] horse1#d & is totally unlike ! reluctant1 pig-l creature depict$ 9 ,cuvi]'s re/oration ( 8 ,paloeo!rium m9us 9 ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles4 ,footnote #d3 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! conclusion sugge/$ by ! proportions ( ! skeleton figur$ by ,cuvi] & ,de ,bla9ville2 b p]haps some?+ betwe5 a ,horse & an ,ag\ti w\ld be ne>e/ ! m>k4 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to say t ,plagiolophus is ! exact radical =m ( ! ,equ9e quadrup$s2 b ,i d n ?9k !re c be any reasonable d\bt t ! latt] animals h result$ f ! modification ( "s quadrup$ simil> to ,plagiolophus4 ,we h ?us arriv$ at ! ,middle ,eoc5e =mation1 & yet h trac$ back ! ,horses only to a ?ree-to$ /ock2 b ^! ?ree-to$ =ms1 no less ?an ! ,equ9e quadrup$s !mselves1 pres5t rudim5ts ( ! two o!r toes :i* app]ta9 to :at ,i h t]m$ ! av]age quadrup$4 ,if ! expectation rais$ by ! spl9ts ( ! ,horses t1 9 "s ance/or ( ! ,horses1 ^! spl9ts w\ld be f\nd to be complete digits1 has be5 v]ifi$1 we are furni%$ ) v /rong reasons = look+ = a no less complete v]ification ( ! expectation t ! ?ree-to$ ,plagiolophus-l avus ( ! horse mu/ h _h a five-to$ atavus at "s e>li] p]iod4 ,no su* five-to$ atavus1 h[ev]1 has yet made its appe>ance among ! few middle & old] ,eoc5e ,mammalia :i* are kn[n4 ,ano!r s]ies ( closely affiliat$ =ms1 ?\gh ! evid5ce !y af=d is p]haps less complete ?an t ( ! ,equ9e s]ies1 is pres5t$ to u by ! ,di*obune ( ! ,eoc5e epo*1 ! ,ca9o!rium ( ! ,mioc5e1 & ! ,tragulidoe1 or s-call$ ,musk- de]1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,tragulidoe2 h no incisors 9 ! upp] jaw1 & only six gr9d+-tee? on ea* side ( ea* jaw2 :ile ! can9e is mov$ up to ! out] incisor1 & !re is a dia/ema 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,!re are f\r complete toes on ! h9d foot1 b ! middle metat>sals usually become1 soon] or lat]1 ankylos$ into a cannon bone4 ,! navicul> & ! cuboid unite1 & ! di/al end ( ! fibula is ankylos$ ) ! tibia4 ,9 ,ca9o!rium & ,di*obune ! upp] incisors are fully develop$4 ,!re are sev5 gr9d]s2 ! tee? =m a cont9u\s s]ies )\t a dia/ema4 ,! metat>sals1 ! navicul> & cuboid1 & ! di/al end ( ! fibula1 rema9 free4 ,9 ! ,ca9o!rium1 also1 ! second metac>pal is develop$1 b is mu* %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 :ile ! fif? is abs5t or rudim5t>y4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles ,anoplo!rium secund>ium4 ,?is circum/ance1 & ! peculi> patt]n ( ! upp] mol>s 9 ,ca9o!rium1 lead me to hesitate 9 consid]+ x z ! actual ance/or ( ! mod]n ,tragulidoe4 ,if ,di*obune has a =e-to$ =e foot 7?\gh ,i am incl9$ to suspect t x resembles ,ca9o!rium71 x w be a bett] repres5tative ( ! olde/ =ms ( ! ,tragul9e s]ies2 b ,di*obune occurs 9 ! ,middle ,eoc5e1 & is1 9 fact1 ! olde/ kn[n artiodactyle mammal4 ,:]e1 !n1 mu/ we look = its five-to$ ance/or8 ,if we foll[ d[n o!r l9es ( rec5t & t]ti>y ,ungulata1 ! same "q pres5ts itself4 ,! ,pigs are traceable back ?r\gh ! ,mioc5e epo* to ! ,upp] ,eoc5e1 :]e !y appe> 9 ! two well-m>k$ =ms ( ,hyopopotamus & ,*o]opotamus2 b ,hyopotamus appe>s to h _h only two toes4 ,aga91 all ! great gr\ps ( ! ,rum9ants1 ! ,bovidoe1 ,antilopidoe1 ,camelop>dalidoe1 & ,c]vidoe1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 & s are ! ,camels4 ,! ,upp] ,eoc5e ,anoplo!rium1 :i* is int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,pigs & ! ,tragulidoe1 has only two1 or1 at mo/1 ?ree toes4 ,among ! scanty mammals ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e =mation we h ! p]issodactyle ,ungulata repres5t$ by ,coryphodon1 ,hyraco!rium1 & ,pliolophus4 ,suppose = a mom5t1 = ! sake ( foll[+ out ! argum5t1 t ,pliolophus repres5ts ! prim>y /ock ( ! ,p]issodactyles1 & ,di*obune t ( ! ,artiodactyles 7?\gh ,i am f> f say+ t su* is ! case71 !n we f9d1 9 ! e>lie/ fauna ( ! ,eoc5e epo* to :i* our inve/igations c>ry u1 ! two divisions ( ! ,ungulata completely diff]5tiat$1 & no trace ( any common /ock ( bo?1 or ( five-to$ pr$ecessors to ei!r4 ,) ! case ( ! ,horses be=e u1 ju/ify+ a belief 9 ! production ( new animal =ms by modification ( old ones1 ,i see no escape f ! necessity ( seek+ = ^! ance/ors ( ! ,ungulata beyond ! limits ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,i c\ld z soon admit special creation1 at once1 z suppose t ! ,p]issodactyles & ,artiodactyles _h no five-to$ ance/ors4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ l>ge a portion ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod elaps$ be=e ,an*i!rium 0 conv]t$ into ,equus1 x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t a l>ge proportion ( "t ant]ior to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod mu/ h be5 exp5d$ 9 conv]t+ ! common /ock ( ! ,ungulata into ,p]issodactyles & ,artiodactyles4 ,! same moral is inculcat$ by ! /udy ( e o!r ord] ( ,t]ti>y monodelph\s ,mammalia4 ,ea* ( ^! ord]s is repres5t$ 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*3 ! ,eoc5e =mation1 z ,i h already said1 conta9s ,*eiropt]a1 ,insectivora1 ,rod5tia1 ,ungulata1 ,c>nivora1 & ,cetacea4 ,b ! ,*eiropt]a are extreme modifications ( ! ,insectivora1 j z ! ,cetacea are extreme modifications ( ! ,c>nivor\s type2 & !re=e x is to my m9d incr$ible t monodelph\s ,insectivora & ,c>nivora %\ld n h be5 abundantly develop$1 along ) ,ungulata1 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 h[ mu* fur!r back mu/ we g to f9d ! common /ock ( ! monodelph\s ,mammalia8 ,z to ! ,didelphia1 if we may tru/ ! evid5ce :i* seems to be af=d$ by _! v scanty rema9s1 a ,hypsiprymnoid =m exi/$ at ! epo* ( ! ,trias1 contemporane\sly ) a ,c>nivor\s =m4 ,at ! epo* ( ! ,trias1 !re=e1 ! ,m>supialia mu/ h already exi/$ long en\gh to h become diff]5tiat$ into c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s =ms4 ,b ! ,monotremata are l[] =ms ?an ! ,didelphia :i* la/ are int]cal>y betwe5 ! ,orni?odelphia & ! ,monodelphia4 ,to :at po9t ( ! ,palaeozoic epo*1 !n1 mu/ we1 ^u any rational e/imate1 relegate ! orig9 ( ! ,monotremata8 ,! inve/igation ( ! occurr5ce ( ! classes & ( ! ord]s ( ! ,sauropsida 9 "t po9ts 9 exactly ! same direction4 ,if1 z !re is great reason to believe1 true ,birds exi/$ 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 ! orni?oscelid\s =ms by :i* ,reptiles pass$ into ,birds mu/ h prec$$ !m4 ,9 fact !re is1 ev5 at pres5t1 consid]able gr\nd = suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( ,d9osauria 9 ! ,p]mian =mations2 b1 9 t case1 liz>ds mu/ be ( /ill e>li] date4 ,& if ! v small diff]5ces :i* are obs]vable betwe5 ! ,crocodilia ( ! old] ,mesozoic =mations & ^? ( ! pres5t day furni% any sort ( approximation t[>ds an e/imate ( ! av]age rate ( *ange among ! ,sauropsida1 x is almo/ appall+ to reflect h[ f> back 9 ,palaeozoic times we mu/ g1 be=e we c hope to arrive at t common /ock f :i* ! ,crocodilia1 ,lac]tilia1 ,orni?oscelida1 & ,plesiosauria1 :i* _h atta9$ s great a developm5t 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 ,! ,amphibia & ,pisces tell ! same /ory4 ,!re is n a s+le class ( v]tebrat$ animals :i*1 :5 x fir/ appe>s1 is repres5t$ by analogues ( ! l[e/ kn[n memb]s ( ! same class4 ,!re=e1 if !re is any tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 e class mu/ be va/ly old] ?an ! fir/ record ( its appe>ance ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b if consid]ations ( ?is k9d compel u to place ! orig9 ( v]tebrat$ animals at a p]iod suffici5tly di/ant f ! ,upp] ,silurian1 9 :i* ! fir/ ,elasmobran*s & ,ganoids occur1 to all[ ( ! evolution ( su* fi%es z ^! f a ,v]tebrate z simple z ! ,amphioxus1 ,i c only repeat t x is appall+ to speculate ^u ! ext5t to :i* t orig9 mu/ h prec$$ ! epo* ( ! fir/ record$ appe>ance ( v]tebrate life4 ,su* is ! fur!r comm5t>y :i* ,i h to (f] ^u ! /atem5t ( ! *ief results ( palaeontology :i* ,i =m]ly v5tur$ to lay be=e y4 ,b ! gr[? ( k 9 ! int]val makes me consci\s ( an omission ( consid]able mom5t 9 t /atem5t1 inasmu* z x conta9s no ref]5ce to ! be>+s ( palaeontology ^u ! !ory ( ! di/ribution ( life2 nor takes note ( ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* ! facts ( di/ribution1 9 pres5t & pa/ times1 accord ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 especially 9 reg>d to l& animals4 ,t connection betwe5 palaeontology & geology & ! pres5t di/ribution ( t]re/rial animals1 :i* s /rik+ly impress$ ,mr4 ,d>w91 ?irty ye>s ago1 z to lead him to speak ( a law ( succession ( types1 & ( ! wond]ful relation%ip on ! same cont95t betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 has rec5tly receiv$ mu* elucidation f ! rese>*es ( ,gaudry1 ( ,rutimey]1 ( ,leidy1 & ( ,alphonse ,milne-,edw>ds1 tak5 9 connection ) ! e>li] lab\rs ( our lam5t$ colleague ,falcon]2 & x has be5 in/ructively discuss$ 9 ! ?\ghtful & +5i\s "w ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,murray ,on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals4#e ,footnote #e3 ,! pap] ,on ! ,=m & ,di/ribution ( ! ,l&tracts dur+ ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y ,p]iods respectively2 & on ! ,effect ^u ,animal ,life :i* great ,*anges 9 ,geographical ,configuration h probably produc$1 by ,mr4 ,se>les ,v4 ,wood1 jun41 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 9 #ahfb1 0 unkn[n to me :5 ?is ,address 0 writt54 ,x is well wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,i propose to lay be=e y1 z briefly z ,i c1 ! ideas to :i* a long consid]ation ( ! subject has giv5 rise 9 my m9d4 ,if ! doctr9e ( evolution is s\nd1 "o ( its imm$iate consequ5ces cle>ly is1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( life ^u ! globe is ! product ( two factors1 ! "o be+ ! di/ribution :i* obta9$ 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ epo*1 & ! o!r ! "* & ! ext5t ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 physical geography betwe5 ! "o epo* & ! o!r2 or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 ! ,fauna & ,flora ( any giv5 area1 9 any giv5 epo*1 c consi/ only ( su* =ms ( life z are directly desc5d$ f ^? :i* con/itut$ ! ,fauna & ,flora ( ! same area 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ epo*1 unless ! physical geography 7"u :i* ,i include climatal conditions7 ( ! area has be5 s alt]$ z to give rise to immigration ( liv+ =ms f "s o!r area4 ,! evolutioni/1 !re=e1 is b\nd to grapple ) ! foll[+ problem :5ev] x is cle>ly put be=e him3--,"h are ! ,faunae ( ! same area dur+ successive epo*s4 ,%[ good cause = believ+ ei!r t ^! ,faunae h be5 d]iv$ f "o ano!r by gradual modification1 or t ! ,faunae h rea*$ ! area 9 "q by migration f "s area 9 :i* !y h und]gone _! developm5t4 ,i propose to attempt to deal ) ?is problem1 s f> z x is exemplifi$ by ! di/ribution ( ! t]re/rial ,v]tebrata1 & ,i %all endeav\r to %[ y t x is capable ( solution 9 a s5se entirely fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,i h else:]e#f /at$ at l5g? ! reasons :i* lead me to recognise f\r prim>y di/ributional prov9ces = ! t]re/rial ,v]tebrata 9 ! pres5t _w1 namely1--fir/1 ! ,novozelanian1 or ,new-,zeal& prov9ce2 secondly1 ! ,au/ralian prov9ce1 includ+ ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ! ,negrito ,isl&s2 ?irdly1 ,au/ro-,columbia1 or ,s\? ,am]ica plus ,nor? ,am]ica z f> z ,mexico2 & f\r?ly1 ! re/ ( ! _w1 or ,arctogoea1 9 :i* prov9ce ,am]ica nor? ( ,mexico con/itutes "o sub-prov9ce1 ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a a second1 ,h9do/an a ?ird1 & ! rema9d] ( ! ,old ,_w a f\r?4 ,footnote #f3 ,on ! ,classification & ,di/ribution ( ! ,alectoromorphoe2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society1 #ahfh4 ,n[ ! tru? :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 p]ceiv$ & promulgat$ z ! law ( ! succession ( types is1 t1 9 all ^! prov9ces1 ! animals f\nd 9 ,plioc5e or lat] deposits are closely aff9$ to ^? :i* n[ inhabit ! same prov9ces2 & t1 conv]sely1 ! =ms *>act]i/ic ( o!r prov9ces are abs5t4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 p]haps1 pres5t "o or two exceptions to ! la/ rule1 b !y are readily susceptible ( explanation4 ,?us1 9 ,au/ralia1 ! lat] ,t]ti>y mammals are m>supials 7possibly ) ! exception ( ! ,dog & a ,rod5t or two1 z at pres5t74 ,9 ,au/ro-,columbia1 ! lat] ,t]ti>y fauna exhibits num]\s & v>i$ =ms ( ,platyrrh9e ,apes1 ,rod5ts1 ,cats1 ,dogs1 ,/ags1 ,ed5tata1 & ,opossums2 b1 z at pres5t1 no ,cat>rh9e ,apes1 no ,lemurs1 no ,insectivora1 ,ox51 ,antelopes1 ,rh9oc]oses1 nor ,didelphia o!r ?an ,opossums4 ,& 9 ! widespread ,arctogaeal prov9ce1 ! ,plioc5e & lat] mammals belong to ! same gr\ps z ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,! law ( succession ( types1 !re=e1 holds good = ! pres5t epo* z comp>$ ) its pr$ecessor4 ,does x equally well apply to ! ,plioc5e fauna :5 we comp>e x ) t ( ! ,mioc5e epo*8 ,by great good =tune1 an ext5sive mammalian fauna ( ! latt] epo* has n[ become kn[n1 9 f\r v di/ant portions ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce :i* d n diff] greatly 9 latitude4 ,?us ,falcon] & ,cautley h made kn[n ! fauna ( ! sub-,himalayas & ! ,p]im ,isl&s2 ,gaudry t ( ,attica2 _m obs]v]s t ( ,c5tral ,europe & ,france2 & ,leidy t ( ,nebraska1 on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! results are v /rik+4 ,! total ,mioc5e fauna comprises _m g5]a & species ( ,cat>rh9e ,apes1 ( ,bats1 ( ,insectivora2 ( ,arctogaeal types ( ,rod5tia2 ( ,proboscidea2 ( equ9e1 rh9oc]otic1 & tapir9e quadrup$s2 ( camel9e1 bov9e1 antilop9e1 c]v9e1 & tragul9e ,rum9ants2 ( ,pigs & ,hippopotamuses2 ( ,viv]ridoe & ,hyo5idoe among o!r ,c>nivora2 ) ,ed5tata alli$ to ! ,aretogaeal ,oryet]opus & ,manis1 & n to ! ,au/ro-,columbian ,ed5tates4 ,! only type pres5t 9 ! ,mioc5e1 b abs5t 9 ! exi/+1 fauna ( ,ea/]n ,arctogaea1 is t ( ! ,didelphidoe1 :i*1 h[ev]1 rema9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b x is v rem>kable t :ile ! ,mioc5e fauna ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce1 z a :ole1 is ( ! same "* z ! exi/+ fauna ( ! same prov9ce1 z a :ole1 ! compon5t elem5ts ( ! fauna 7 diff]5tly associat$4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 ,nor? ,am]ica possess$ ,elephants1 ,horses1 ,rh9oc]oses1 & a great numb] & v>iety ( ,rum9ants & ,pigs1 :i* are abs5t 9 ! pres5t indig5\s fauna2 ,europe _h its ,apes1 ,elephants1 ,rh9oc]oses1 ,tapirs1 ,musk-de]1 ,giraffes1 ,hya5as1 great ,cats1 ,ed5tates1 & ,opossum-l ,m>supials1 :i* h equally vani%$ f its pres5t fauna2 & 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! ,african types ( ,hippopotamuses1 ,giraffes1 & ,elephants 7 mix$ up ) :at are n[ ! ,asiatic types ( ! latt]1 & ) ,camels1 & ,semnopi!c9e & ,pi!c9e ,apes ( no less di/9ctly ,asiatic =ms4 ,9 fact ! ,mioc5e mammalian fauna ( ,europe & ! ,himalayan regions conta9s1 associat$ toge!r1 ! types :i* are at pres5t sep>ately locat$ 9 ! ,s\?-,african & ,indian sub-prov9ces ( ,arctogaea4 ,n[ !re is e reason to believe1 on o!r gr\nds1 t bo? ,h9do/an1 s\? ( ! ,ganges1 & ,africa1 s\? ( ! ,sah>a1 7 sep>at$ by a wide sea f ,europe & ,nor? ,asia dur+ ! ,middle & ,upp] ,eoc5e epo*s4 ,h5ce x becomes highly probable t ! well-kn[n simil>ities1 & no less rem>kable diff]5ces betwe5 ! pres5t ,faunae ( ,india & ,s\? ,africa h aris5 9 "s su* fa%ion z ! foll[+4 ,"s "t dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo*1 possibly :5 ! ,himalayan *a9 0 elevat$1 ! bottom ( ! nummulitic sea 0 upheav$ & conv]t$ into dry l&1 9 ! direction ( a l9e ext5d+ f ,abyss9ia to ! m\? ( ! ,ganges4 ,by ?is means1 ! ,dekhan on ! "o h&1 & ,s\? ,africa on ! o!r1 became connect$ ) ! ,mioc5e dry l& & ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,mioc5e mammals spread gradually ov] ?is int]m$iate dry l&2 & if ! condition ( its ea/]n & we/]n ends (f]$ z wide contra/s z ! valleys ( ! ,ganges & ,arabia d n[1 _m =ms :i* made _! way into ,africa mu/ h be5 diff]5t f ^? :i* rea*$ ! ,dekhan1 :ile o!rs might pass into bo? ^! sub-prov9ces4 ,t !re 0 a cont9uity ( dry l& betwe5 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,mioc5e epo*1 appe>s to me to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fact t _m g5]a ( t]re/rial mammals1 su* z ,ca/or1 ,hy/rix1 ,elephas1 ,ma/odon1 ,equus1 ,hipp>ion1 ,an*i!rium1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,c]vus1 ,amphicyon1 ,hyo5>ctos1 & ,ma*airodus1 are common to ! ,mioc5e =mations ( ! two areas1 & h z yet be5 f\nd 7except p]haps ,an*i!rium7 9 no deposit ( e>li] age4 ,:e!r ?is connection took place by ! ea/1 or by ! we/1 or by bo? sides ( ! ,old ,_w1 !re is at pres5t no c]ta9 evid5ce1 & ! "q is immat]ial to ! pres5t argum5t2 b1 z !re are good gr\nds = ! belief t ! ,au/ralian prov9ce & ! ,indian & ,s\?-,african sub-prov9ces 7 sep>at$ by sea f ! re/ ( ,arctogaea be=e ! ,mioc5e epo*1 s x has be5 r5d]$ no less probable1 by ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,c>rick ,moore & ,pr(essor ,duncan1 t ,au/ro- ,columbia 0 sep>at$ by sea f ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,x is un=tunate t we h no k ( ! ,mioc5e mammalian fauna ( ! ,au/ralian & ,au/ro-,columbian prov9ces2 b1 see+ t n a trace ( a ,platyrrh9e ,ape1 ( a ,procyon9e ,c>nivore1 ( a *>act]i/ically ,s\?-,am]ican ,rod5t1 ( a ,slo?1 an ,armadillo1 or an ,ant-eat] has yet be5 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e deposits ( ,arctogaea1 ,i _c d\bt t !y already exi/$ 9 ! ,mioc5e ,au/ro-,columbian prov9ce4 ,nor is x less probable t ! *>act]i/ic types ( ,au/ralian ,mammalia 7 already develop$ 9 t region 9 ,mioc5e times4 ,b ,au/ro-,columbia pres5ts difficulties f :i* ,au/ralia is free2 ,cantelidoe & ,tapirdoe are n[ indig5\s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z !y are 9 ,arctogaea2 &1 among ! ,plioc5e ,au/ro-,columbian mammals1 ! ,arctogaeal g5]a ,equus1 ,ma/odon1 & ,ma*airodus are numb]$4 ,are ^! ,po/mioc5e immigrants1 or ,praemioc5e natives8 ,/ill m p]plex+ are ! /range & int]e/+ =ms ,toxodon1 ,macrau*5ia1 ,typo!rium1 & a new ,anoplo!rioid mammal 7,homalodo!rhon7 :i* ,dr4 ,cunn+ham s5t ov] to me "s "t ago f ,patagonia4 ,i confess ,i am /rongly incl9$ to surmise t ^! la/1 at any rate1 are remnants ( ! population ( ,au/ro-,columbia be=e ! ,mioc5e epo*1 & 7 n d]iv$ f ,arctogaea by way ( ! nor? & ea/4 ,! fact t ?is imm5se fauna ( ,mioc5e ,arctogaea is n[ fully & ri*ly repres5t$ only 9 ,india & 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :ile x is %runk & depaup]is$ 9 ,nor? ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 becomes at once intelligible1 if we suppose t ,india & ,s\? ,africa _h b a scanty mammalian population be=e ! ,mioc5e immigration1 :ile ! conditions 7 highly fav\rable to ! new com]s4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ^! new regions (f]$ !mselves to ! ,mioc5e ,ungulates1 z ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia (f]$ !mselves to ! cattle1 %eep1 & horses ( mod]n coloni/s4 ,b1 aft] ^! great areas 7 ?us peopl$1 came ! ,glacial epo*1 dur+ :i* ! excessive cold1 to say no?+ ( depression & ice-cov]+1 mu/ h almo/ depopulat$ all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,arctogaea1 de/roy+ all ! high] mammalian =ms1 except ^? :i*1 l ! ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os1 c\ld adju/ _! coats to ! alt]$ conditions4 ,ev5 ^! mu/ h be5 driv5 away f ! great] "p ( ! area2 only ^? ,mioc5e mammals :i* _h pass$ into ,h9do/an & into ,s\? ,africa w\ld escape decimation by su* *anges 9 ! physical geography ( ,arctogaea4 ,& :5 ! nor!rn hemisph]e pass$ into its pres5t condition1 ^! lo/ tribes ( ! ,mioc5e ,fauna 7 hemm$ by ! ,himalayas1 ! ,sah>a1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,arabian des]ts1 )9 _! pres5t b\nd>ies4 ,n[1 on ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 !re is no sort ( difficulty 9 admitt+ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mioc5e =ms ( ! mammalian ,fauna & ^? :i* exi/ at pres5t are ! results ( gradual modification2 &1 s9ce su* diff]5ces 9 di/ribution z obta9 are readily expla9$ by ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! physical geography ( ! _w s9ce ! ,mioc5e epo*1 x is cle> t ! result ( ! comp>ison ( ! ,mioc5e & pres5t ,faunae is di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( evolution4 ,inde$ ,i may g fur!r4 ,i may say t ! hypo!sis ( evolution expla9s ! facts ( ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 & ,rec5t di/ribution1 & t no o!r supposition ev5 pret5ds to acc\nt = !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 a conceivable supposition t e species ( ,rh9oc]os & e species ( ,hya5a1 9 ! long succession ( =ms betwe5 ! ,mioc5e & ! pres5t species1 0 sep>ately con/ruct$ out ( du/1 or out ( no?+1 by sup]natural p[]2 b until ,i receive di/9ct evid5ce ( ! fact1 ,i refuse to run ! risk ( insult+ any sane man by suppos+ t he s]i\sly holds su* a notion4 ,let u n[ take a /ep fur!r back 9 "t1 & inquire into ! relations betwe5 ! ,mioc5e ,fauna & its pr$ecessor ( ! ,upp] ,eoc5e =mation4 ,"h x is to be regrett$ t our mat]ials = =m+ a judgm5t are no?+ to be comp>$ 9 po9t ( ext5t or v>iety ) ^? :i* are yield$ by ! ,mioc5e /rata4 ,h[ev]1 :at we d "k ( ?is ,upp] ,eoc5e ,fauna ( ,europe gives suffici5t positive in=mation to enable u to draw "s tol]ably safe inf]5ces4 ,x has yield$ repres5tatives ( ,insectivora1 ( ,*eiropt]a1 ( ,rod5tia1 ( ,c>nivora1 ( artiodactyle & p]issodactyle ,ungulata1 & ( opossum-l ,m>supials4 ,no ,au/ralian type ( ,m>supial has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e /rata1 nor any ,ed5tate mammal4 ,! g5]a 7except p]haps 9 ! case ( "s ( ! ,insectivora1 ,*eiropt]a1 & ,rod5tia7 are diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,mioc5e epo*1 b pres5t a rem>kable g5]al simil>ity to ! ,mioc5e & rec5t g5]a4 ,9 sev]al cases1 z ,i h already %[n1 x has n[ be5 cle>ly made out t ! relation betwe5 ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e =ms is su* t ! ,eoc5e =m is ! less specialis$2 :ile its ,mioc5e ally is m s1 & ! specialisation rea*es its maximum 9 ! rec5t =ms ( ! same type4 ,s f> z ! ,upp] ,eoc5e & ! ,mioc5e ,mammalian ,faunae are comp>able1 _! relations are su* z 9 no way to oppose ! hypo!sis t ! old] are ! prog5itors ( ! m rec5t =ms1 :ile1 9 "s cases1 !y di/9ctly fav\r t hypo!sis4 ,! p]iod 9 t9e & ! *anges 9 physical geography repres5t$ by ! nummulitic deposits are und\bt$ly v great1 :ile ! rema9s ( ,middle ,eoc5e & ,old] ,eoc5e ,mammals are comp>atively few4 ,! g5]al facies ( ! ,middle ,eoc5e ,fauna1 h[ev]1 is q t ( ! ,upp]4 ,! ,old] ,eoc5e pre-nummulitic mammalian ,fauna conta9s ,bats1 two g5]a ( ,c>ivora1 ?ree g5]a ( ,ungulata 7probably all p]issodactyle71 & a didelphid ,m>supial2 all ^! =ms1 except p]haps ! ,bat & ! ,opossum1 belong to g5]a :i* are n kn[n to occur out ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e =mation4 ,! ,coryphodon appe>s to h be5 alli$ to ! ,mioc5e & lat] ,tapirs1 :ile ,pliolophus1 9 its skull & d5tition1 curi\sly p>takes ( bo? artiodactyle & p]issodactyle *>act]s2 ! ?ird tro*ant] ^u its femur1 & its ?ree-to$ h9d foot1 h[ev]1 appe> def9itely to fix its position 9 ! latt] division4 ,!re is no?+1 !n1 9 :at is kn[n ( ! old] ,eoc5e mammals ( ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce to =bid ! supposition t !y /ood 9 an ance/ral relation to ^? ( ! ,calcaire ,grossi] & ! ,gypsum ( ! ,p>is bas91 & t our pres5t fauna1 !re=e1 is directly d]iv$ f t :i* already exi/$ 9 ,arctogaea at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,b if we n[ cross ! fronti] betwe5 ! ,ca9ozoic & ! ,mesozoic faunae1 z !y are pres]v$ )9 ! ,arctogaeal area1 we meet ) an a/\nd+ *ange1 & :at appe>s to be a complete & unmi/akable break 9 ! l9e ( biological cont9uity4 ,among ! twelve or f\rte5 species ( ,mammalia :i* are said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,purbecks1 n "o is a memb] ( ! ord]s ,*eiropt]a1 ,rod5tia1 ,ungulata1 or ,c>nivora1 :i* are s well repres5t$ 9 ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,no ,insectivora are c]ta9ly kn[n1 nor any opossum-l ,m>supials4 ,?us !re is a va/ negative diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ca9ozoic & ! ,mesozoic mammalian faunae ( ,europe4 ,b !re is a /ill m important positive diff]5ce1 inasmu* z all ^! ,mammalia appe> to be ,m>supials belong+ to ,au/ralian gr\ps1 & ?us app]ta9+ to a diff]5t di/ributional prov9ce f ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e m>supials1 :i* are ,au/ro-,columbian4 ,s f> z ! imp]fect mat]ials :i* exi/ enable a judgm5t to be =m$1 ! same law appe>s to h held good = all ! e>li] ,mesozoic ,mammalia4 ,( ! ,/onesfield slate mammals1 "o1 ,amphi!rium1 has a def9itely ,au/ralian "*2 "o1 ,phascolo!rium1 may be ei!r ,dasyurid or ,didelph9e2 ( a ?ird1 ,/]eogna?us1 no?+ c at pres5t be said4 ,! two mammals ( ! ,trias1 also1 appe> to belong to ,au/ralian gr\ps4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! _m curi\s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! m>9e fauna ( ! ,european ,mesozoic rocks & t :i* n[ exi/s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,b if !re 0 ?is ,au/ralian facies ab\t bo? ! t]re/rial & ! m>9e faunae ( ,mesozoic ,europe1 & if !re is ?is unacc\ntable & imm5se break betwe5 ! fauna ( ,mesozoic & t ( ,t]ti>y ,europe1 is x n a v obvi\s sugge/ion t1 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*1 ! ,au/ralian prov9ce includ$ ,europe1 & t ! ,arctogaeal prov9ce 0 conta9$ )9 o!r limits8 ,! ,arctogaeal prov9ce is at pres5t enorm\s1 :ile ! ,au/ralian is relatively small4 ,:y %\ld n ^! proportions h be5 diff]5t dur+ ! ,mesozoic epo*8 ,?us ,i am l$ to ?9k t by f> ! simple/ & mo/ rational mode ( acc\nt+ = ! great *ange :i* took place 9 ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! ,european area at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic epo*1 is ! supposition t x arose f a va/ alt]ation ( ! physical geography ( ! globe2 :]eby an area long t5ant$ by ,ca9ozoic =ms 0 br\ght into su* relations ) ! ,european area t migration f ! "o to ! o!r became possible1 & took place on a great scale4 ,?is supposition relieves u1 at once1 f ! difficulty 9 :i* we 7 left1 "s "t ago1 by ! argum5ts :i* ,i us$ to demon/rate ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce ( all ! great types ( ! ,eoc5e epo* 9 "s antec$5t p]iod4 ,x is ?is ,mesozoic cont95t 7:i* may well h la9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :at are n[ ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean7 :i* ,i suppose to h be5 occupi$ by ! ,mesozoic ,monodelphia2 & x is 9 ?is region t ,i conceive !y mu/ h gone ?r\gh ! long s]ies ( *anges by :i* !y 7 specialis$ into ! =ms :i* we ref] to diff]5t ord]s4 ,i ?9k x v probable t :at is n[ ,s\? ,am]ica may h receiv$ ! *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( its mammalian fauna dur+ ! ,mesozoic epo*2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! g5]al nature ( ! *ange :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic epo* 9 ,europe 0 ! upheaval ( ! ea/]n & nor!rn regions ( ! ,mesozoic sea-bottom into a we/w>d ext5sion ( ! ,mesozoic cont95t1 ov] :i* ! mammalian fauna1 by :i* x 0 already peopl$1 gradually spread4 ,?is invasion ( ! l& 0 prefac$ by a previ\s invasion ( ! ,cretace\s sea by mod]n =ms ( mollusca & fi%4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ an analog\s *ange might come ab\t 9 ! exi/+ _w4 ,!re is1 at pres5t1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fauna ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s & t ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,! animals :i* are leav+ _! spoils 9 ! deposits n[ =m+ 9 ^! localities are widely diff]5t4 ,h5ce1 if a gradual %ift+ ( ! deep sea1 :i* at pres5t b>s migration betwe5 ! ea/]nmo/ ( ^! isl&s & ,am]ica1 took place to ! we/w>d1 :ile ! ,am]ican side ( ! sea-bottom 0 gradually upheav$1 ! palaeontologi/ ( ! future w\ld f9d1 ov] ! ,pacific area1 exactly su* a *ange z ,i am suppos+ to h occurr$ 9 ! ,nor?-,atlantic area at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,an ,au/ralian fauna w\ld be f\nd und]ly+ an ,am]ican fauna1 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r w\ld be z abrupt z t betwe5 ! ,*alk & l[] ,t]ti>ies2 & z ! dra9age-area ( ! newly =m$ ext5sion ( ! ,am]ican cont95t gave rise to riv]s & lakes1 ! mammals mir$ 9 _! mud w\ld diff] f ^? ( l deposits on ! ,au/ralian side1 j z ! ,eoc5e mammals diff] f ^? ( ! ,purbecks4 ,h[ d simil> reason+s apply to ! o!r great *ange ( life--t :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod8 ,9 ! ,triassic epo*1 ! di/ribution ( ! dry l& & ( t]re/rial v]tebrate life appe>s to h be51 g5]ally1 simil> to t :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,mesozoic epo*2 s t ! ,triassic cont95ts & _! faunae seem to be relat$ to ! ,mesozoic l&s & _! faunae1 j z ^? ( ! ,mioc5e epo* are relat$ to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 fact1 z ,i h rec5tly endeav\r$ to prove to ! ,society1 !re 0 an ,arctogaeal cont95t & an ,arctogaeal prov9ce ( di/ribution 9 ,triassic times z !re is n[2 & ! ,sauropsida & ,m>supialia :i* con/itut$ t fauna 71 ,i d\bt n1 ! prog5itors ( ! ,sauropsida & ,m>supialia ( ! :ole ,mesozoic epo*4 ,look+ at ! pres5t t]re/rial fauna ( ,au/ralia1 x appe>s to me to be v probable t x is ess5tially a remnant ( ! fauna ( ! ,triassic1 or ev5 ( an e>li]1 age#g 9 :i* case ,au/ralia mu/ at t "t h be5 9 cont9uity ) ! ,arctogaeal cont95t4 ,footnote #g3 ,s9ce ?is ,address 0 read1 ,mr4 ,krefft has s5t u news ( ! discov]y 9 ,au/ralia ( a fre%wat] fi% ( /rangely ,palaeozoic aspect1 & app>5tly a ,ganoid int]m$iate betwe5 ,dipt]us & ,lepidosir54 ,! n[ well-kn[n ,c]atodus4 #ahid4 ,b n[ comes ! fur!r inquiry1 ,:]e 0 ! highly diff]5tiat$ ,sauropsidan fauna ( ! ,trias 9 ,palaeozoic times8 ,! supposition t ! ,d9osaurian1 ,crocodilian1 ,dicynodontian1 & to ,plesiosaurian types 7 sudd5ly creat$ at ! end ( ! ,p]mian epo* may be dismiss$1 )\t fur!r consid]ation1 z a mon/r\s & unw>rant$ assumption4 ,! supposition t all ^! types 7 rapidly diff]5tiat$ out ( ,lac]tilia 9 ! "t repres5t$ by ! passage f ! ,palaeozoic to ! ,mesozoic =mation1 appe>s to me to be h>dly m cr$ible1 to say no?+ ( ! indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ,d9osaurian =ms 9 ! ,p]mian rocks :i* h already be5 obta9$4 ,= my "p1 ,i ent]ta9 no sort ( d\bt t ! ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals ( ! ,trias are ! direct desc5dants ( ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals :i* exi/$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,palaeozoic epo*1 b n 9 any area ( ! pres5t dry l& :i* has yet be5 explor$ by ! geologi/4 ,?is may seem a bold assumption1 b x w n appe> unw>rantable to ^? :o reflect ^u ! v small ext5t ( ! e>?'s surface :i* has hi!rto exhibit$ ! rema9s ( ! great ,mammalian fauna ( ! ,eoc5e times4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,p]mian l& ,v]tebrate fauna appe>s to me to be relat$ to ! ,triassic mu* z ! ,eoc5e is to ! ,mioc5e4 ,t]re/rial reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ,p]mian rocks only 9 ?ree localities2 9 "s spots ( ,france1 & rec5tly ( ,engl&1 & ov] a m ext5sive area 9 ,g]many4 ,:o c suppose t ! few fossils yet f\nd 9 ^! regions give any suffici5t repres5tation ( ! ,p]mian fauna8 ,x may be said t ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a va/ ext5t ( dry l& 9 ! pres5t dry-l& area1 & t ! suppos$ t]re/rial ,palaeozoic ,v]tebrate ,fauna ought to h left its rema9s 9 ! ,coal-measures1 especially z !re is n[ reason to believe t mu* ( ! coal 0 =m$ by ! accumulation ( spores & sporangia on dry l&4 ,b if we consid] ! matt] m closely1 ,i ?9k t ?is app>5t objection loses its =ce4 ,x is cle> t1 dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 ! va/ area ( l& :i* is n[ cov]$ by ,coal-measures mu/ h be5 und]go+ a gradual depression4 ,! dry l& ?us depress$ mu/1 !re=e1 h exi/$1 z su*1 be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*--9 o!r words1 9 ,devonian times--& its t]re/rial population may nev] h be5 o!r ?an su* z exi/$ dur+ ! ,devonian1 or "s previ\s epo*1 al?\gh mu* high] =ms may h be5 develop$ else:]e4 ,aga91 let me say t ,i am mak+ no gratuit\s assumption ( inconceivable *anges4 ,x is cle> t ! enorm\s area ( ,polynesia is1 on ! :ole1 an area ov] :i* depression has tak5 place to an imm5se ext5t2 consequ5tly a great cont95t1 or assemblage ( subcont95tal masses ( l& mu/ h exi/$ at "s =m] "t1 & t at a rec5t p]iod1 geologically speak+1 9 ! area ( ! ,pacific4 ,b if t cont95t _h conta9$ ,mammals1 "s ( !m mu/ h rema9$ to tell ! tale2 & z x is well kn[n t ^! isl&s h no indig5\s ,mammalia1 x is safe to assume t none exi/$4 ,?us1 midway betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ea* ( :i* possesses an abundant & div]sifi$ mammalian fauna1 a mass ( l&1 :i* may h be5 z l>ge z bo? put toge!r1 mu/ h exi/$ )\t a mammalian inhabitant4 ,suppose t ! %ores ( ?is great l& 7 fr+$1 z ^? ( tropical ,au/ralia are n[1 ) belts ( mangroves1 :i* w\ld ext5d l&w>ds on ! "o side1 & be buri$ b5ea? littoral deposits on ! o!r side1 z depression w5t on2 & great b$s ( mangrove lignite might accumulate ov] ! s9k+ l&4 ,let upheaval ( ! :ole n[ take place1 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! em]g+ l& into cont9uity ) ! ,s\?-,am]ican or ,au/ralian cont95t1 &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 x w\ld be peopl$ by an ext5sion ( ! fauna ( "o ( ^! two regions--j z ,i imag9e ! ,european ,p]mian dry l& to h be5 peopl$4 ,i see no?+ :atev] aga9/ ! supposition t di/ributional prov9ces ( t]re/rial life exi/$ 9 ! ,devonian epo*1 inasmu* z ,m4 ,b>r&e has prov$ t !y exi/$ mu* e>li]4 ,i am aw>e ( no reason = d\bt+ t1 z reg>ds ! grades ( t]re/rial life conta9$ 9 !m1 "o ( ^! may h be5 relat$ to ano!r z ,new ,zeal& is to ,au/ralia1 or z ,au/ralia is to ,india1 at ! pres5t day4 ,analogy seems to me to be r 9 fav\r (1 ?an aga9/1 ! supposition t :ile only ,ganoid fi%es inhabit$ ! fre% wat]s ( our ,devonian l&1 ,amphibia & ,reptilia1 or ev5 high] =ms1 may h exi/$1 ?\gh we h n yet f\nd !m4 ,! e>lie/ ,c>bonif]\s ,amphibia n[ kn[n1 su* z ,an?racosaurus1 are s highly specialis$ t ,i c by no means conceive t !y h be5 develop$ out ( pisc9e =ms 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,devonian & ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 consid]able z t is4 ,& ,i take refuge 9 "o ( two alt]natives3 ei!r !y exi/$ 9 our own area dur+ ! ,devonian epo* & we h simply n yet f\nd !m2 or !y =m$ "p ( ! population ( "s o!r di/ributional prov9ce ( t day1 & only ent]$ our area by migration at ! end ( ! ,devonian epo*4 ,:e!r ,reptilia & ,mammalia exi/$ along ) !m is to me1 at pres5t1 a p]fectly op5 "q1 :i* is j z likely to receive an affirmative z a negative answ] f future inquir]s4 ,let me n[ ga!r toge!r ! ?reads ( my argum5tation into ! =m ( a connect$ hypo!tical view ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( liv+ & ext9ct animals has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,i conceive t di/9ct prov9ces ( ! di/ribution ( t]re/rial life h exi/$ s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iod at :i* t life is record$1 & possibly mu* e>li]2 & ,i suppose1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ! progress ( modification ( t]re/rial =ms is m rapid 9 areas ( elevation ?an 9 areas ( depression4 ,i take x to be c]ta9 t ,labyr9?odont ,amphibia exi/$ 9 ! di/ributional prov9ce :i* includ$ ! dry l& depress$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*2 & ,i conceive t1 9 "s o!r di/ributional prov9ces ( t day1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! condition ( /ation>y or ( increas+ dry l&1 ! v>i\s types ( ! t]re/rial ,sauropsida & ( ! ,mammalia 7 gradually develop+4 ,! ,p]mian epo* m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( a new movem5t ( upheaval 9 our area1 :i* dry l& exi/$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 z x does n[4 ,into ?is great new cont95tal area ! ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles develop$ dur+ ! ,palaeozoic epo* spread1 & =m$ ! great ,triassic ,arctogaeal prov9ce4 ,b1 at ! end ( ! ,triassic p]iod1 ! movem5t ( depression recomm5c$ 9 our area1 ?\gh x 0 d\btless balanc$ by elevation else:]e2 modification & developm5t1 *eck$ 9 ! "o prov9ce1 w5t on 9 t else:]e2 & ! *ief =ms ( ,mammals1 ,birds & ,reptiles1 z we "k !m1 7 evolv$ & peopl$ ! ,mesozoic cont95t4 ,i conceive ,au/ralia to h become sep>at$ f ! cont95t z e>ly z ! end ( ! ,triassic epo*1 or n mu* lat]4 ,! ,mesozoic cont95t mu/1 ,i conceive1 h la9 to ! ea/1 ab\t ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans2 & ,i am incl9$ to believe t x cont9u$ along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,pacific area to :at is n[ ! prov9ce ( ,au/ro-,columbia1 ! *>act]i/ic fauna ( :i* is probably a remnant ( ! population ( ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod ! movem5t ( upheaval ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic once m recomm5c$1 & 0 v probably accompani$ by a depression ar\nd ^? ( ! ,pacific4 ,! ,v]tebrate fauna elaborat$ 9 ! ,mesozoic cont95t mov$ we/w>d & took possession ( ! new l&s1 :i* gradually increas$ 9 ext5t up to1 & 9 "s directions aft]1 ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,x is 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 ,i ?9k1 t x is consi/5t ) ! p]si/5ce ( a g5]al uni=mity 9 ! positions ( ! great masses ( l& & wat]4 ,f ! ,devonian p]iod1 or e>li]1 to ! pres5t day1 ! f\r great oceans1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,arctic1 & ,ant>ctic1 may h occupi$ _! pres5t positions1 & only _! coa/s & *annels ( communication h und]gone an incessant alt]ation4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! hypo!sis ,i h put be=e y requires no supposition t ! rate ( *ange 9 organic life has be5 ei!r great] or less 9 anci5t times ?an x is n[2 nor any assumption1 ei!r physical or biological1 :i* has n its ju/ification 9 analog\s ph5om5a ( exi/+ nature4 ,i h n[ only to dis*>ge ! la/ duty ( my (fice1 :i* is to ?ank y1 n only = ! pati5t att5tion ) :i* y h li/5$ to me s long to-day1 b also = ! uni=m k9dness ) :i*1 = ! pa/ two ye>s1 y h r5d]$ my endeav\rs to p]=m ! important1 & (t5 labori\s1 functions ( y\r ,presid5t a pleasure in/ead ( a burd54