,,! ,,mod]n ,,educator',s ,,libr>y ,g5]al ,editor4--,pr(4 ,a4,a4 ,,cock4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,"u ,,eight ,by ,e4,r4 ,murray ,vice-,pr9cipal ,m>ia ,grey ,tra9+ ,college ,au?or ,( ,froebel ,z ,a ,pione] ,9 ,mod]n ,psy*ology1 ,etc4 ,,& ,h5rietta ,br[n ,smi? ,lectur] ,9 ,education1 ,univ]sity ,( ,london1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college ,editor ,( ,education ,by ,life ,is x n m>vell\s t an infant %\ld be ! heir ( ! :ole _w1 & see ^? my/]ies :i* ! books ( ! le>n$ nev] unfold8 ,i knew by intuition ^? ?+s :i* s9ce my apo/asy ,i collect$ aga9 by highe/ reason4 ,,?omas ,,trah]ne4 #aibj ,,! ,,mod]n ,,educator',s ,,libr>y ,! foll[+ volumes are n[ ready1 & o!rs are 9 prep>ation3-- ,education3 ,its ,data & ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,t4,p4 ,,nunn1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,moral & ,religi\s ,education4 ,by ,,sophie ,,bryant1 ,d4,sc41 ,litt4,d41 late ,headmi/ress1 ,nor? ,london ,collegiate ,s*ool = ,girls4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,mod]n ,=eign ,languages 9 ,s*ool & ,univ]sity4 ,by ,h4,g4 ,,atk9s1 ,pr(essor ( ,g]man 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 & ,h4,l4 ,,hutton1 ,s5ior ,mod]n ,language ,ma/] at ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool4 ,! ,*ild "u ,eight4 ,by ,e4,r4 ,,murray1 ,vice-,pr9cipal1 ,m>ia ,grey ,tra9+ ,college1 ,brondesbury2 & ,,h5rietta ,,br[n ,,smi?1 ,l4,l4,a41 ,lectur] 9 ,education1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,! ,organisation & ,curricula ( ,s*ools4 ,by ,w4,g4 ,,sleight1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,lit1 ,lectur] at ,grey/oke ,place ,tra9+ ,college1 ,london4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,! ,mod]n ,educator's ,libr>y has be5 design$ to give consid]$ expositions ( ! be/ !ory & practice 9 ,engli% education ( to-day4 ,x is plann$ to cov] ! pr9cipal problems ( educational !ory 9 g5]al1 ( curriculum & organisation1 ( "s unexhau/$ aspects ( ! hi/ory ( education1 & ( special bran*es ( appli$ education4 ,! ,editor & 8 colleagues h _h 9 view ! ne$s ( "y tea*]s & ( ^? tra9+ to be tea*]s1 b s9ce ! s*ool & ! s*oolma/] are n ! sole factors 9 ! educative process1 x is hop$ t educators 9 g5]al 7& :i* ( u is n 9 "s s5se or o!r an educator87 z well z ! pr(essional s*oolma/] may f9d 9 ! s]ies "s help 9 und]/&+ precept & practice 9 education ( to-day & to-morr[4 ,= we h borne 9 m9d n only :at is b :at ought to be4 ,to exhibit ! educator's "w z a vocation requir+ ! be/ possible prep>ation is ! _s 9 :i* ^! volumes h be5 writt54 ,no artificial uni=mity has be5 s\ght or impos$1 & :ile ! ,editor is responsible = ! s]ies 9 g5]al1 ! responsibility = ! op9ions express$ 9 ea* volume re/s solely ) its au?or4 ,,alb]t ,a4 ,,cook4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london1 ,,k+',s ,,college4 ,,au?ors' ,,preface ,we h made ?is book betwe5 u1 b we h n collaborat$4 ,we "k t we agree 9 all ess5tials1 ?\gh our exp]i5ce has diff]$4 ,we bo? desire to see ! be/ conditions = developm5t provid$ = all *ildr51 irrespective ( class4 ,we bo? look =w>d to ! "t :5 ! conditions ( ! ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 f ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool up1 w be su*--9 po9t ( numb]s1 9 fre$om f pressure1 9 situation ( build+1 9 space bo? )9 & )\t1 & 9 beauty ( surr\nd+s--t p>5ts ( any class w gladly let _! *ildr5 att5d x4 ,we are tea*]s & we h dealt ma9ly ) ! m5tal or1 z we pref] to call x1 ! spiritual requirem5ts ( *ildr54 ,x is f ! m$ical pr(ession t we mu/ all accept facts ab\t food values1 h\rs ( sleep1 etc41 & ! importance ( cleanl9ess & fre% air are n[ fully recognis$4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 feel t !re is room = fre% discussion ( ultimate aims & ( daily proc$ure4 ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock has said t ! great weakness ( ,engli% education is ! want ( a def9ite aim to put be=e our *ildr51 ! want ( a philosophy = ourselves4 ,)\t "s und]/&+ ( life & its purpose or mean+1 ! tea*] is at ! m]cy ( e fad & is apt to exalt me?od above pr9ciple4 ,?is book is an attempt to ga!r toge!r c]ta9 recognis$ pr9ciples1 & to %[ 9 ! light ( actual exp]i5ce h[ ^! may be appli$ to exi/+ circum/ances4 ,! day is com+ :5 all tea*]s w seek to und]/& ! true value ( ,play1 ( spontane\s activity 9 all directions4 ,its importance is emphasis$ 9 ne>ly all ! educational writ+s ( ! day1 z well 9 ! ,s5ior z 9 ! ,junior dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool1 b we ne$ a full & deep und]/&+ ( ! say+1 ,man is ,man only :5 he plays4 ,x is easy to say we believe x1 b x ne$s /rong fai?1 c\rage1 & wide intellig5ce to weave su* belief into ! w>p ( daily life 9 s*ool4 ,e4,r4 ,,murray4 ,h4 ,,br[n ,,smi?4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,& ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,murray ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,:at',s ,,9 ,a ,,"n8 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,biologi/ ,,educator ,,iii4 ,,le>n+ ,,born ,,( ,,play ,,iv4 ,,f #ahaf ,,to #aiai ,v4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,m9e ,,oy/] ,,vi4 ,,all ,,! ,,_w',s ,a ,,/age ,,vii4 ,,joy ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,viii4 ,,/ories ,,ix4 ,,9 ,,grassy ,,places ,x4 ,a ,,way ,,to ,,god ,,xi4 ,,rhy?m ,,xii4 ,,f ,,fancy ,,to ,,fact ,,xiii4 ,,new ,,ne$s ,,& ,,new ,,helps ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,by ,h4 ,,br[n ,,smi? ,i4 ,,?+s ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,xiv4 ,,c]ta9 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,gr[? ,,xv4 ,,! ,,infant ,,s*ool ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,xvi4 ,,"s ,,vital ,,pr9ciples ,,ii4 ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,vital ,,pr9ciples ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,exp]i5ce ,,xviii4 ,,ga9+ ,,exp]i5ce ,,by ,,play ,,xix4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,xx4 ,,ga9+ ,,exp]i5ce ,,?r\gh ,,fre$om ,,iii4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,aspects ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,xxi4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,human ,,conduct4 ,,xxii4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,_w ,,xxiii4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,tru?s ,,xxiv4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,do+4 ,,xxv4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,man ,,xxvi4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,record$ ,,& ,,pass$ ,,on ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,?+s ,,t ,,really ,,matt]4 ,,bibliography ,,index ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,& ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at',s ,,9 ,a ,,"n8 ,x is an appropriate "t to produce a book on ,engli% s*ools = little *ildr51 n[ t ,nurs]y ,s*ools h be5 specially select$ = notice & enc\ragem5t by an enlight5$ ,m9i/] = ,education4 ,x 0 ,madame ,mi*aelis1 :o 9 #ahij orig9ally & mo/ appropriately us$ ! t]m ,nurs]y ,s*ool z ! ,engli% equival5t ( a title sugge/$ by ,froebel#a = 8 new in/itution1 be=e he inv5t$ ! ^w ,k9d]g>t51 a title :i*1 lit]ally translat$1 ran ,in/itution = ! ,c>e ( ,little ,*ildr54 ,footnote #a3 ,froebel's ,lett]s1 trans4 ,mi*aelis & ,moore1 p4 #cj4 ,9 ,engl& ! ^w ,nurs]y1 :i* implies ! idea ( nurture1 belongs prop]ly to *ildr51 ?\gh x has be5 borr[$ by ! g>d5] = 8 "y plants4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 ! o!r way r\nd2 ,froebel _h to inv5t ! t]m *ild g>d5 to express 8 idea ( ! nurture1 z oppos$ to ! repression1 ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! *ild4 ,un=tunately ! ^w ,k9d]g>t5 :ile be+ naturalis$ 9 ,engl& _h two di/9ct mean+s atta*$ to x4 ,well-to-d p began to s5d _! *ildr5 to a new in/itution1 a *ild g>d5 or play s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! p1 h[ev]1 already att5d$ ,infant ,s*ools1 ( :i* ! *ief feature 0 :at ,mr4 ,caldwell ,cook calls sit-/ill]y1 & "h ! ^w ,k9d]g>t51 really equival5t to ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 became id5tifi$ ) c]ta9 occupations1 *ildlike 9 orig9 x is true1 b =malis$ out ( all recognition4 ,h[ a real ,k9d]g>t5 /rikes a *ild is illu/rat$ by ! rec5t rem>k f a little new boy :o _h be5 ) u = p]haps ?ree morn+s4 ,%all ,i g up to ! nurs]y n[8 he ask$4 ,! fir/ attempt at a ,k9d]g>t5 0 made 9 #ahcg1 & by #ahdh ,g]many possess$ sixte54 ,9 t ev5tful ye> came ! revolution 9 ,b]l91 :i* creat$ su* high hopes1 doom$1 alas6 to disappo9tm5t4 ,in/ead ( ! rosy dawn ( fre$om1 writes ,eb]s1#b himself an old ,keilhau boy1 9 ! ,/ate ! ex]cise ( a b\ndless arbitr>y p[]1 9 ! ,*ur* d>k intol]ance4 ,x mu/ h be5 an easy matt] to br+ *>ges ( revolution>y doctr9es aga9/ ! man :o said s innoc5tly1 ,b ,i1--,i only want$ to tra9 up free-?9k+1 indep5d5t m54 ,footnote #b3 ,au?or ( ,an ,egyptian ,pr9cess1 etc4 ,x 0 f /ony ,b]l91 z ,froebel calls x1 t ! edict w5t =? 9 ! "n ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education entirely prohibit+ ,k9d]g>t5s 9 ,prussia1 & ! prohibition soon spread4 ,at ! pres5t "t x seems to u q fitt+ t ! bitt] attack ^u ,k9d]g>t5s %\ld h be5 laun*$ by ,folsung1 a s*oolma/]1 :o began life z an artill]yman4 ,nor is x less int]e/+ to read t x 0 "u ! protection ( ,von ,moltke himself t ,ob]l9 s*ools 7 op5$ to c\nt]act ! attractions ( ! godless ,k9d]g>t54 ,little wond] t ! same man :o 9 #ahac _h s gladly tak5 up arms to resi/ ! invasion ( ,napoleon1 & :o _h rejoic$ ) su* en?usiasm 9 ! prospect ( a free & unit$ ,fa!rl&1 %\ld write 9 #ahea3 ,:]e=e ,i h made a firm resolve t if ! conditions ( ,g]man life w n all[ room = ! developm5t ( hone/ ef=ts = ! good ( humanity2 if ?is indiff]5ce to all high] ?+s cont9ues--!n x is my purpose next spr+ to seek 9 ! l& ( union & indep5d5ce a soil :]e my idea ( education may /rike deep root4 ,& to ,am]ica he might h gone _h he liv$1 b he di$ ?ree mon?s lat]1 8 end ha/5$ by grief at ! edict :i* clos$ ! ,k9d]g>t5s4 ,! ,prussian ,m9i/] ann\nc$1 9 ?is edict1 t x is evid5t t ,k9d]g>t5s =m a "p ( ! ,froebelian sociali/ic sy/em1 ! aim ( :i* is to tea* ! *ildr5 a!ism1 & ! sugge/ion t he 0 anti-,*ri/ian cut ! old man to ! he>t4 ,!re _h be5 "s confusion betwe5 ,froebel & "o ( 8 nephews1 :o _h democratic lean+s1 & no d\bt any?+ at all democratic did mean a!ism to /ony ,b]l9 & its intol]ant autocracy4 ,= a "t1 at lea/ 9 ,bav>ia1 a curi\s compromise 0 all[$4 ,if ! tea*] 7 a memb] ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 %e might h h] ,k9d]g>t51 b if %e belong$ to "o ( ! ,free ,*ur*es1 x 0 p]missible to op5 an ,infant ,s*ool1 b %e mu/ n use ! t]m ,k9d]g>t54 ,froebel 0 by no means ( ! op9ion t1 if only ! tea*] _h ! "r _s1 ! "n did n matt]4 ,r did he hold ) ,confucius1 ^: answ] to ! "q ( a disciple1 ,h[ %all ,i conv]t ! _w8 01 ,call ?+s by _! "r names4 ,he refus$ to use ! ^w s*ool1 because little *ildr51 especially ^? "u six1 d n ne$ to be s*ool$ & taught1 :at !y ne$ is opportunity = developm5t4 ,he _h great difficulty 9 select+ a "n4 ,^? orig9ally sugge/$ 7 some:at cumbr\s1 e4g4 ,in/itution = ! ,promotion ( ,spontane\s ,activity 9 ,*ildr52 ano!r 0 ,self-,tea*+ ,in/itution1 & !re 0 also ! "o :i* ,madame ,mi*aelis translat$ ,nurs]y ,s*ool = ,little ,*ildr54 ,b ! "n ,k9d]g>t5 express$ j :at he ,want$3 ,z 9 a g>d51 "u ,god's fav\r1 & by ! c>e ( a skill$ intellig5t g>d5]1 gr[+ plants are cultivat$ 9 accordance ) ,nature's laws1 s "h 9 our *ild g>d5 %all ! noble/ ( all gr[+ ?+s1 m5 7t is1 *ildr571 be cultivat$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( _! own be+1 ( ,god & ( ,nature4 ,to "o ( 8 /ud5ts he writes3 ,y rememb] well en\gh h[ h>d we work$ & h[ we _h to fight t we might elevate ! ,d>m/adt cr*e1 or r ,infant ,s*ool1 by improv$ me?ods & organisation until x became a true ,k9d]g>t54444 ,n[ :at 0 ! outcome ( all ?is1 ev5 dur+ my own /ay at ,d>m/adt8 ,:y1 ! fett]s :i* always cripple a cr*e or an ,infant ,s*ool1 & :i* seem to cl+ r\nd its v "n--^! fett]s 7 all[$ to rema9 unbrok54 ,e "o 0 pleas$ ) s fai?ful a mi/ress z y\rself1444 yet !y )held f y ! ma9 condition ( unimp$$ developm5t1 t ( ! fre$om necess>y to e "y heal?y & vigor\s plant4444 ,is !re really su* importance und]ly+ ! m]e "n ( a sy/em8--"s "o might ask4 ,yes1 !re is4444 ,x is true t any "o wat*+ y\r tea*+ w\ld obs]ve a new _s infus$ into x1 express+ & fulfill+ ! *ild's own wants & desires4 ,y w\ld /rike him z p]sonally capable1 b y w\ld fail to /rike him z prie/ess ( ! idea :i* ,god has n[ call$ to life )9 man's bosom1 & ( ! /ruggle t[>ds ! realisation ( t idea--education by developm5t--! de/9$ means ( rais+ ! :ole human race4444 ,no man c acquire fre% k1 ev5 at a s*ool1 beyond ! measure :i* 8 own /age ( developm5t fits him to receive4444 ,infant ,s*ools are no?+ b a contradiction ( *ild-nature4 ,little *ildr5 especially ^? "u s*ool age1 ought n to be s*ool$ & taught1 :at !y ne$ is opportunity = developm5t4 ,?is idea lies 9 ! v "n ( a ,k9d]g>t54444 ,& ! "n is absolutely necess>y to describe ! fir/ education ( *ildr54 ,= an actual def9ition ( :at ,froebel meant by 8 ,nurs]y ,s*ool = ,little ,*ildr5 or ,k9d]g>t51 x is only fair to g to ! f\nd] himself4 ,he has left u two def9itions or descriptions1 "o ann\nc$ %ortly be=e ! fir/ ,k9d]g>t5 0 op5$1 :i* runs3 ,an in/itution = ! fo/]+ ( human life1 ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! human in/9cts ( activity1 ( inve/igation & ( con/ruction 9 ! *ild1 z a memb] ( ! family1 ( ! nation & ( humanity2 an in/itution = ! self-in/ruction1 self-education & self-cultivation ( mank9d1 z well z = all-sid$ developm5t ( ! individual ?r\gh play1 ?r\gh creative self-activity & spontane\s self-in/ruction4 ,a second def9ition is giv5 9 ,froebel's reply to a proposal t he %\ld e/abli% my sy/em ( education--education by developm5t--9 ,london1 ,p>is or ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,we also ne$ e/abli%m5ts = tra9+ q "y *ildr5 9 _! fir/ /age ( educational developm5t1 :]e _! tra9+ & in/ruction %all be bas$ ^u _! own free action or spontaneity act+ "u prop] rules1 ^! rules n be+ arbitr>ily decre$1 b su* z mu/ arise by logical necessity f ! *ild's m5tal & bodily nature1 reg>d+ him z a memb] ( ! great human family2 su* rules z are1 9 fact1 discov]$ by ! actual obs]vation ( *ildr5 :5 associat$ toge!r 9 companies4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts be> ! "n ( ,k9d]g>t5s4 ,un=tunately !re are b few pictures ( ,froebel's own ,k9d]g>t51 b !re seems to h be5 little =mality 9 its e>lie/ developm5t4 ,an (t-told /ory is t ( ,madame von ,m>5holz 9 #ahdg go+ to wat* ! proce$+s ( an old fool1 z ! villag]s call$ him1 :o play$ games ) ! village *ildr54 ,a less well-kn[n acc\nt is giv5 by ,col4 von ,arnswald1 aga9 a ,keilhau boy1 :o visit$ ,blank5b]g 9 #ahci1 :5 ,froebel _h j op5$ 8 fir/ ,k9d]g>t54 ,arriv+ at ! place1 ,i f\nd my ,midd5dorf#c seat$ by ! pump 9 ! m>ket-place1 surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( little *ildr54 ,go+ ne> !m ,i saw t he 0 engag$ 9 m5d+ ! jacket ( a boy4 ,by 8 side sat a little girl busy ) ?read & ne$le ^u ano!r piece ( clo?+2 "o boy _h 8 feet 9 a bucket ( wat] wa%+ !m c>efully2 o!r girls & boys 7 /&+ r\nd att5tively look+ ^u ! /range pictures ( real life be=e !m1 & wait+ = some?+ to turn up to int]e/ !m p]sonally4 ,our meet+ 0 ( ! mo/ cordial k9d1 b ,midd5dorf did n int]rupt ! bus9ess 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 ',come1 *ildr51' he cri$1 'let u g into ! g>d56' & ) l\d cries ( joy ! little folk ) will+ feet foll[$ ! spl5did-look+1 tall man1 runn+ all r\nd him4 ,footnote #c3 ,"o ( ,froebel's mo/ devot$ help]s4 ,! g>d5 0 n a g>d51 h[ev]1 b a b>n1 ) a small room & an entrance hall4 ,9 ! entrance ,midd5dorf welcom$ ! *ildr5 & play$ a r\nd game ) !m1 end+ ) ! flight ( ! little ones into ! room1 :]e ea* ( !m sat d[n 9 8 place on ! b5* & took 8 box ( build+ blocks4 ,= half an h\r !y 7 all busy ) _! blocks1 & !n came ',come1 *ildr51 let u play spr+ & spr+4' ,& :5 ! game 0 f9i%$ !y w5t away full ( joy & life1 e "o giv+ 8 little h& = a grateful good-bye4 ,"h 9 ?is e>lie/ ( ,free ,k9d]g>t5s are c]ta9 ess5tials4 ,wa%+ & m5d+1 ! alt]nation ( con/ructive play ) active ex]cise1 rhy?mic game & song1 & la/ b n lea/ human k9dl9ess & c\rtesy4 ,! %elt] 0 b a b>n1 b !re are ?+s m important ?an premises4 ,froebel di$ too soon to see 8 ideals realis$1 b he _h s[n ! se$ 9 ! he>t ( at lea/ "o woman ) bra9 to grasp & w to execute4 ,z e>ly z #ahgc ! ,froebelians _h e/abli%$ some?+ m ?an ! equival5t ( ! ,montessori ,*ildr5's ,h\ses "u ! "n ( ,free ,k9d]g>t5s or ,p's ,k9d]g>t5s4 ,x w br+ ?is out m cle>ly if1 )\t ref]r+ "h to any mod]n exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 or 9 ! ,dom9ions1 we quote ! description ( an actual ,p's ,k9d]g>t5 or ,nurs]y ,s*ool z x 0 e/abli%$ ne>ly fifty ye>s ago4 ,! mov+ _s ( ?is in/itution 0 ,h5rietta ,s*rod]1 ,froebel's own gr&-niece1 tra9$ by him1 & ( :om he said t %e1 m ?an any o!r1 _h mo/ truly und]/ood 8 views4 ,! :ole in/itution 0 call$ ! ,pe/alozzi-,froebel ,h\se4 ,! ,prussian edict1 :i* aboli%$ ! ,k9d]g>t5 almo/ be=e x _h />t$1 0 n[ resc9d$1 & our own ,pr9cess ,royal#d gave w>m support to ?is new in/itution4 ,! description "h quot$ 0 actually writt5 9 #ahhg1 :5 ! in/itution _h be5 9 exi/5ce = f\rte5 ye>s3 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9cess ( ,prussia1 aft]w>ds ! ,empress ,fr$]ick4 ,! purpose ( ! ,national ,k9d]g>t5 is to provide ! necess>y & natural help :i* poor mo!rs require1 :o h to leave _! *ildr5 to !mselves4 ,! e/abli%m5t conta9s3-- 7#a7 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 prop]1 a ,national ,k9d]g>t5 ) f\r classes = *ildr5 f #b-a_/b to #f ye>s old4 7#b7 ,! ,transition ,class1 only held 9 ! morn+ = *ildr5 ab\t #f or #f-a_/b ye>s old4 7#c7 ,! ,prep>atory ,s*ool1 = *ildr5 f #f to #g or #g-a_/b ye>s old4 7#d7 ,! ,s*ool ( ,h&work1 = *ildr5 f #f to #aj or old]4 ,d9n]s are provid$ = ^? *ildr5 ^: p>5ts "w all day away f home at a trifl+ *>ge ( a halfp5ny & a p5ny4 ,also1 = a trifle1 poor *ildr5 may receive assi/ance ( v>i\s k9ds 9 illness1 or may h milk or ba?s ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! k9dr$ ',association = ! ,promotion ( ,heal? 9 ! ,h\sehold4' ,9 ! in/itution we are describ+ !re is a complete & well-furni%$ kit*51 a ba?room1 a c\rty>d ) s& = digg+1 ) pebbles & p9e-cones1 moss1 %ells & /raw1 etc41 a g>d51 & a s]ies ( rooms & halls suitably furni%$ & arrang$ = games1 occupations1 h&work & in/ruction4 ,! occupations pursu$ 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 are ! foll[+3 free play ( a *ild by itself2 free play ( sev]al *ildr5 by !mselves2 associat$ play "u ! guidance ( a tea*]2 gymna/ic ex]cises2 sev]al sorts ( h&work suit$ to little *ildr52 go+ = walks2 le>n+ music1 bo? in/rum5tal 7on ! me?od ( ,madame ,wis5$]#e7 & vocal2 le>n+ & repetition ( poetry2 /ory-tell+2 look+ at really good pictures2 aid+ 9 dome/ic occupations2 g>d5+2 & ! usual sy/ematic ord]$ occupations ( ,froebel4 ,madame ,s*rad] is /eadfa/ly oppos$ to t conception ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 :i* insi/s ^u ma!matically %ap$ mat]ials = ! ,froebelian occupations4 ,h] own words are3 ',! *ildr5 f9d 9 our in/itution e enc\ragem5t to develop _! capabilities & p[]s by use2 n by _! selfi% use to _! own p]sonal advantage1 b by _! use 9 ! lov+ s]vice ( o!rs4 ,! long+ to help p & to accompli% little pieces ( "w proportion$ to _! feeble p[]s is con/ant 9 *ildr52 & lies alongside ( _! ne$ = t free & unre/ra9$ play :i* is ! bus9ess ( _! life4 ,footnote #e3 ,f c]ta9 old photographs1 ,i suppose ?is to h be5 :at we n[ call a ,k9d]g>t5 ,b&4 ,! eld] *ildr5 are expect$ to employ !mselves 9 clean+1 tak+ c>e (1 arrang+1 keep+ 9 ord]1 & us+ ! _m v>i\s ?+s belong+ to ! h\sekeep+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,k9d]g>t52 = example1 !y set out & cle> away ! mat]ials requir$ = ! games & h&icrafts2 !y help 9 clean+ ! rooms1 furniture & ut5sils2 !y keep all ?+s 9 ord] & cleanl9ess2 !y pa/e toge!r torn wallpap]s or pictures1 !y cov] books1 & !y help 9 ! cook+ & 9 prep>ations = x2 9 lay+ ! tables1 9 wa%+ up ! plates & di%es1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 ga9 9 ?is mann] ! simple b mo/ important f\ndations ( _! lat] duties z h\sekeep]s & h\sehold]s1 & at ! same "t le>n to reg>d ^! duties z ?+s done 9 ! s]vice ( o!rs4 ,x is wor? :ile to notice ! ord] 9 :i* ! necessities ( ?is place are describ$4 ,fir/ comes a kit*5 & next a ba?room1 !n an out-(-doors playgr\nd ) abundant mat]ial = ga9+ ideas ?r\gh action--s&1 pebbles1 p9e-cones1 moss1 %ells & /raw4 ,!n comes ! g>d51 & only aft] all ^!1 ! rooms & halls = indoors games1 h&work & in/ruction4 ,x is wor? :ile also to note ! prom95ce giv5 to play1 music1 poetry & /ory-tell+ pictures1 dome/ic occupations & g>d5+1 all prec$+ ! sy/ematic & ord]$ occupations :i* to "s h seem$ s all-important4 ,if we comp>e ?is ) ! curr5t ideas ab\t ,nurs]y ,s*ools1 we d n f9d t x falls mu* bel[ ! pres5t ideal4 ,!re has be5 a "t :5 "s ( u fe>$ t only ! bodily ne$s ( ! little *ild 7 to be consid]$1 b ! ,regulations = ,nurs]y ,s*ools h bani%$ su* fe>4 ,9 ^! ! *ild is reg>d$ z a human be+1 ) spiritual z well z bodily requirem5ts4 ,to put x %ortly1 ! physical requirem5ts ( a *ild are food1 fre% air & ex]cise1 cleanl9ess & re/4 ,x is n s easy to sum up ! requirem5ts ( a human s\l4 ,! fir/ is sympa?y1 & ?\gh ?is may spr+ f p>5tal in/9ct1 x %\ld be n\ri%$ by true und]/&+4 ,next p]haps comes ! ne$ = mat]ial1 mat]ial = inve/igation1 = admiration1 = imitation & = con/ruction or creation4 ,p[] ( s5se-discrim9ation is important en\gh1 b 9 ?is case if we take c>e ( ! p\nds ( admiration & inve/igation1 ! p5ce ( s5se-discrim9ation w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,besides ^! ! *ild has ! ess5tially human ne$ = social int]c\rse1 = spee*1 = games1 = songs & /ories1 = pictures & poetry4 ,he mu/ h opportunity bo? to imitate & to %>e 9 ! "w & life ar\nd him2 he mu/ be an individual among o!r individuals1 a necess>y "p ( a :ole1 all[$ to give z well z to receive s]vice4 ,9 ! ,national ,k9d]g>t5 ( #ahgc no "o ( ^! requirem5ts is ov]look$ except ! provision = sleep1 & f old photographs we "k t ?is1 too1 0 consid]$4 ,nurs]y ,s*ools are ne$$ = *ildr5 ( all classes4 ,x is n only ! *ildr5 ( ! poor :o require sympa?y & guidance f ^? specially qualifi$ by real grasp ( ! facts ( *ild-developm5t4 ,well-to-d mo!rs1 too1 (t5 leave _! *ildr5 to ignorant & untra9$ s]vants1 or to ! equally untra9$ & h>dly less ignorant nurs]y gov]ness4 ,mo!rs 9 small h\ses h mu* to d2 mak+ b$s & wa%+ di%es1 sweep+ & du/+1 bak+ & cook+1 mak+ & m5d+1 n to m5tion t5d+ an infant or t5d+ ! sick1 leave little leisure = sympa?y ) ! adv5tur+ & inve/igat+ prop5sities natural & desirable 9 a heal?y *ild betwe5 ?ree & five4 ,!re are innum]able ,k9d]g>t5s op5 only 9 ! morn+ = ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o c af=d to pay1 & ^! c\ld well be multipli$ & assi/$ j z f> z is necess>y4 ,9 t[ns1 at lea/1 mo!rs ) b small incomes w\ld gladly pay a mod]ate fee to h _! little ones1 especially _! /urdy little boys1 gu>d$ f dang] & tra9$ to good habits1 yet all[$ fre$om = happy activity4 ,k9d]g>t5s & ,nurs]y ,s*ools ought to be z mu* z possible fre%-air s*ools4 ,!y %\ld nev] be l>ge or ! home atmosph]e mu/ disappe>4 ,!y %\ld always h grassy spaces & common fl[]s1 & !y ought to be )9 easy rea* ( ! *ildr5's homes4 ,!re mu/ = ! pres5t be c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,free ,k9d]g>t5 or ,nurs]y ,s*ool = ! poor & = ^? ^: p>5ts are fairly well-to-d4 ,9 bo? cases we mu/ supply :at ! *ildr5 ne$4 ,if ! "m mu/ g out to "w1 ! *ild requires a home = ! day1 & ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool mu/ make arrangem5ts = fe$+ ! *ildr54 ,all little *ildr5 are ! bett] = re/ & if possible = sleep dur+ ! day2 b = ^? :o live 9 ov]cr[d$ rooms1 :]e quiet & re/ful sleep 9 good air is impossible1 ! ne$ = daily sleep is v great4 ,all ,free ,k9d]g>t5s arrange = ?is4 ,mo/ important also is ! tra9+ to cleanl9ess4 ,?is is n inv>iably ! lot ev5 ( ^? :o come f app>5tly com=table homes to att5d fee-pay+ ,k9d]g>t5s1 & among ! poor1 diff]5ces 9 respect ( cleanl9ess are v great4 ,b soap & hot wat] d co/ money & wa%+ takes "t1 & ! mod]n habit ( bru%+ tee? has n yet be5 acquir$ by all classes ( ! community4 ,! ,free ,k9d]g>t5s provide = necess>y wa%+1 ea* *ild is provid$ ) its own too?-bru%2 & too?-bru% drill is a daily practice1 some:at amus+ to witness4 ,! be/ baby rooms 9 our ,infant ,s*ools c>ry out ! same practices1 & ^! are likely to be turn$ into ,nurs]y ,s*ools4 ,x _c yet be accept$ z conclusively prov$ t a completely op5-air life is ! be/ 9 our climate4 ,we h n yet suffici5t /ati/ics4 ,no d\bt *ildr5 d improve enorm\sly 9 op5-air camps1 b s !y d 9 ord9>y ,nurs]y ,s*ools1 :]e !y are clean1 happy & well f$1 & :]e !y live a regul> life ) daily sleep4 ,h\s+ conditions complicate ! problem1 & all *ildr5 mu/ suff] :o sleep 9 cr[d$1 noisy1 unv5tilat$ rooms4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ,nurs]y ,s*ools h be5 provid$ by volunt>y ef=t entirely1 & f> too little enc\ragem5t has be5 giv5 to ^? enlight5$ headmi/resses ( ,infant ,s*ools :o h tri$ to give to _! l[e/ classes ,nurs]y ,s*ool conditions4 ,s9ce ! pass+ ( ,mr4 ,fi%]'s ,education ,bill1 h[ev]1 we are entitl$ to hope t soon1 = all *ildr5 9 ! l&1 !re may be ! opportunity ( a fair />t "u ! c>e ( a p]son ) bread? ( outlook & imag9ation1 ! equival5t ( ,froebel's skill$ intellig5t g>d5]4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] an attempt is made to expla9 h[ x is t s _m ye>s ago ,froebel rea*$ 8 vision ( :at a *ild is1 & ( :at a *ild ne$s1 & ! consid]ations on :i* he bas$ 8 ,nurs]y ,s*ool = ,little ,*ildr5 or ,self-,tea*+ ,in/itution4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,biologi/ ,,educator ,progress1 man's di/9ctive m>k alone1 ,n ,god's1 & n ! bea/s'3 ,god is1 !y are1 ,man p>tly is & :olly hopes to be4 ,a l>ge bright room1 444 a s&heap 9 "o corn]1 a l[ tub or ba? ( wat] 9 ano!r1 a rope ladd]1 a sw+1 /eps to run up & d[n & su* l1 a l9e ( black or gre5 bo>d l[ d[n r\nd ! wall1 little r\gh c>ts & trolleys1 boxes :i* c be turn$ into h\ses1 or %ops1 or pret5ce %ips1 etc41 a cook+ /ove ( a v simple nature1 dolls ( all k9ds1 wood5 animals1 gr[+ plants 9 boxes1 an aqu>ium4 ,any ,froebelian w\ld recognise ?is z ! description ( a m or less ideal ,k9d]g>t5 or ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 & yet ! writ] _h probably nev] read a page t ,froebel wrote4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e %[s h] entire ignorance ( ! real ,k9d]g>t5 by call+ x pretty employm5ts devis$ by adults & impos$ at set times by au?ority4 ,! description is tak5 f a v able address on ,*ild ,nature & ,education deliv]$ "s ye>s ago by ,miss ,hoskyns ,abrahall4 ,x is quot$ "h1 because1 = h] conception ( "r surr\nd+s = "y *ildr51 ! speak] has gone to ! v s\rce f :i* ,froebel took 8 ideas--%e has gone to :at ,froebel inde$ call$ ! only true s\rce1 life itself1 & %e writes f ! po9t ( view ( ! biologi/4 ,!re exi/s at pres5t1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 a belief t ! ,k9d]g>t5 is old-fa%ion$1 out ( date1 m especially t x has no sci5tific basis4 ,x is p>tly on ?is acc\nt t ! ideas ( ,dr4 ,m>ia ,montessori1 :o has approa*$ ! "q ( ! education ( "y *ildr5 f ! po9t ( view ( m$ical sci5ce1 h be5 w>mly welcom$ by s l>ge a circle4 ,b nei!r 9 ,engl& nor 9 ,am]ica does t circle include ! ,froebelians1 & ?is = sev]al reasons4 ,= "o ?+1 mu* t ! g5]al public has accept$ z new--& 9 ?is g5]al public mu/ be includ$ weighty names1 m5 ( sci5ce1 educational au?orities1 & o!rs :o h nev] tr\bl$ to inquire into ! mean+ ( ! ,k9d]g>t5--are already matt]s ( ev]yday life to ! ,froebelian4 ,among ^! comes ! idea ( tra9+ to s]vice = ! community1 & ! provision ( suitable furniture1 little *airs & tables1 :i* ! *ildr5 c move ab\t1 & l[ cupbo>ds = mat]ials1 all ( :i* t5d to indep5d5ce & self-control4 ,x is a m s]i\s /umbl+-block to ! ,froebelian t ,dr4 ,montessori1 :ile advocat+ fre$om 9 words1 has really set /rict limits to ! natural activities ( *ildr5 by lay+ s mu* /ress on h] didactic app>atus1 ! int5tion ( :i* is =mal tra9+ 9 s5se-discrim9ation4 ,?is mat]ial1 :i* is an adaptation & enl>gem5t ( t provid$ by ,sgu9 = 8 m5tally defici5t *ildr51 is c]ta9ly op5 to ! reproa* ( hav+ be5 devis$ by adults4 ,x is =mal1 & ! *ild is n p]mitt$ to use x = 8 own purposes4 ,be=e ev]y?+ else1 h[ev]1 comes ! fact t 9 no place has ,dr4 ,montessori %[n t %e has made any /udy ( play1 or t %e atta*es special importance to ! play activities1 or natural activities ( *ildhood1 on :i* ! ,k9d]g>t5 is f\nd$4 ,?is is probably acc\nt$ = 9 t h] fir/ obs]vations 7 made on defici5t *ildr5 :o are notably want+ 9 initiative4 ,among ^! play activities we %\ld include ! *ild's p]petual imitation or pret5ce1 a matt] :i* ,dr4 ,montessori entirely fails to und]/&1 z %[n 9 h] m rec5t book1 :]e %e treats ( imag9ation4 ,"h %e ma9ta9s t only ! *ildr5 ( ! comp>atively poor ride ^u _! fa!rs' walk+-/icks or con/ruct coa*es ( *airs1 t ?is is n a pro( ( imag9ation b ( an unsatisfi$ desire1 & t ri* *ildr5 :o own ponies & :o drive out 9 motor-c>s w\ld be a/oni%$ to see ! delight ( *ildr5 :o imag9e !mselves to be drawn along by /ation>y arm*airs4 ,imitative play has1 ( c\rse1 no?+ to d ) pov]ty or ri*es1 b is1 z ,froebel said long s9ce1 ! outcome ( an initiative impulse1 sadly want+ 9 defici5t *ildr51 an impulse :i* prompts ! *ild ( all l&s1 ( all "t & ( all classes to imitate or dramatise1 & s to ga9 "s und]/&+ ( ev]y?+ & ( e p]son he sees ar\nd4 ,! "w ( ,dr4 ,montessori has help$ enorm\sly 9 ! movem5t1 begun long s9ce1 = great] fre$om 9 our ,infant ,s*ools2 fre$om1 n f judici\s guidance & au?ority1 b f rigid "t-tables & =mal lessons1 & f arbitr>y re/rictions1 z well z fre$om = ! individual z ap>t f ! class4 ,! be/ ,k9d]g>t5s & ,infant ,s*ools _h already disc>d$ "t-tables1 & ,k9d]g>t5 classes h always be5 small en\gh to give ! individual a fair *ance4 ,froebel himself con/antly urg$ t ! *ild %\ld become famili> ) bo? ! /rongly oppos$ elem5ts ( 8 life1 ! individual det]m9+ & direct+ side1 & ! g5]al ord]$ & subord9at$ side4 ,he urg$ ! e>ly developm5t ( ! social consci\sness z well z insi/+ on expansion ( individuality1 b x is always difficult to comb9e ! two1 & mo/ ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s w b5efit by le>n+ f ,dr4 ,montessori to apply ! me?od ( individual le>n+ to a great] ext5t4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 fully prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ,froebel2 ev5 9 #ahdj1 _h a wid] & a deep] realisation ( ! ne$s ( ! *ild ?an has z yet be5 atta9$ by ! ,dottoressa4#f ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 x is propos$ to comp>e ! !ories ( ,froebel ) ! conclusions ( a biologi/4 ,= biology has a wid] & a san] outlook ?an m$ical sci5ce2 x does n />t f ! abnormal1 b ) life "u normal conditions4 ,footnote #f3 ,h] late/ publication reg>d+ ! in/ruction--= x is n education--( old] *ildr5 makes ?is ev5 m pla94 ,= "h is no discussion ( :at *ildr5 at ?is /age require1 b a m]e plunge into subjects 9 :i* =mal gramm> takes a =emo/ place4 ,9 ! address1 f :i* ! op5+ words ( ?is *apt] are quot$1 x is sugge/$ t a capable biologi/ be set to deal ) education1 b he is to be fre$ f all preconceiv$ ideas d]iv$ f accept$ tradition4 ,aft] su* fundam5tals z food & w>m?1 light1 air & sleep1 ! fir/ problems consid]$ by ?is ,biologi/ ,educator are /ages ( gr[?1 _! appropriate activities1 & ! /imuli necess>y to evoke !m4 ,always he be>s 9 m9d t int]f]5ce ) a gr[+ creature is a haz>d\s bus9ess1 & takes z 8 motto ,:5 9 d\bt1 refra94 ,to discov] ! natural activities ( ! *ild1 ! biologi/ relies ^u1 fir/1 obs]vation ( ! *ild himself1 secondly1 ^u 8 k ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ?irdly1 ^u 8 k ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race4 ,f ^! he comes to a v p]t95t conclusion1 viz4 ,! g5]al outcome ( ?is is t ! safe way ( educat+ *ildr5 is by means ( ,play1 play be+ def9$ z ! natural manife/ation ( ! *ild's activities2 sy/ematic 9 t x foll[s ! l9es ( physiological developm5t1 b )\t ! h>d & fa/ r\t9e ( ! "t-table4#g ,footnote #g3 ,x is 9 ?is connection t ! ,k9d]g>t5 is /igmatis$ z pretty employm5ts devis$ by adults & impos$ at set times by au?ority1 an op9ion evid5tly ga9$ f ! way 9 :i* ! t]m has be5 misus$ 9 a type ( ,infant ,s*ool n[ fa/ disappe>+4 ,x is easy to %[ t al?\gh ,froebel 0 pre-,d>w9ian1 he _h be5 9 close t\* ) sci5ti/s :o 7 work+ at !ories ( developm5t1 & t he 0 l>gely influ5c$ by ,krause1 :o appli$ ! idea ( organic developm5t to all dep>tm5ts ( social sci5ce4 ,x 0 because ,froebel 0 himself1 ev5 9 #ahbf1 ! ,biologi/ ,educator desir+ to break ) preconceiv$ ideas & traditions t he wi%$ "o ( 8 pupils _h be5 able to call y\r "w by its prop] "n1 & s make evid5t ! real nature ( ! new _s y h introduc$4#h ,footnote #h3 ,see p4 #d4 ,b ,froebel 0 m ?an a biologi/1 he 0 a philosoph] & an ideali/4 ,su* words h sometimes be5 us$ z t]ms ( reproa*1 b wisdom c only be ju/ifi$ ( h] *ildr54 ,at ! back ( all ,froebel has to say ab\t ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,be+ lies 8 conception ( :at ! human be+ is4 ,& x is impossible fully to und]/& :y ,froebel laid s mu* /ress on spontane\s play unless we g deep] ?an ! prov9ce ( ! biologi/ )\t 9 ! lea/ m9imis+ ! importance ( biological k to educational !ory4 ,z ! biologi/ def9es play z ! natural manife/ation ( ! *ild's activities1 s ,fro$el says play at fir/ is j natural life4 ,b to him ! true inw>dness ( spontane\s play lies 9 ! fact t x is spontane\s--s f> z any?+ 9 ! univ]se c be spontane\s4 ,= spontane\s response to environm5t is self-expression1 & out ( self-expression comes selfhood1 consci\sness ( self4 ,if we are to und]/& ,froebel at all1 we mu/ beg9 ) ! answ] he f\nd1 or accept$1 f ,krause & o!rs = 8 fir/ "q1 ,:at is t self8 ,be=e rea*+ ! "q ( h[ to educate1 x seem$ to him necess>y to consid] n only ! purpose or aim ( education1 b ! purpose or aim ( human exi/5ce1 ! purpose ( all & any exi/5ce1 ev5 :e!r !re is any purpose 9 any?+2 & t br+s u to :at he calls ! gr\ndwork ( all1 ( :i* a summ>y is giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,9 ! univ]se we c p]ceive plan1 purpose or law1 & beh9d ?is !re mu/ be "s great ,m9d1 a liv+1 all-p]vad+1 en]gis+1 self-consci\s & h5ce et]nal ,unity :om we call ,god4 ,nature & all exi/+ ?+s are a revelation ( ,god4 ,z ,b]gson speaks ( ! lan vital :i* expresses itself f inf9ity to inf9ity1 s ,froebel says t beh9d ev]y?+ !re is =ce1 & t we _c conceive ( =ce )\t matt] on :i* x c ex]cise itself4 ,nei!r c we ?9k ( matt] )\t any =ce to "w ^u x1 s t =ce & matt] mutually condition "o ano!r1 we _c ?9k "o )\t ! o!r4 ,?is =ce expresses itself 9 all ways1 ! :ole univ]se is ! expression ( ! ,div9e1 b man is ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect e>?ly be+ 9 :om ! primordial =ce is spiritualis$ s t man feels1 und]/&s & kn[s 8 own p[]4 ,consci\s developm5t ( "o's own p[] is ! triumph ( _s ov] matt]1 !re=e human developm5t is spiritual developm5t4 ,s :ile man is ! mo/ p]fect e>?ly be+1 yet1 ) reg>d to spiritual developm5t he has return$ to a fir/ /age & mu/ raise himself ?r\gh asc5d+ degrees ( consci\sness to heights z yet unkn[n1 = :o has measur$ ! limits ( ,god-born mank9d8 ,self-consci\sness is ! special *>act]i/ic ( man4 ,no o!r animal has ! p[] to become consci\s ( himself because man alone has ! *ance ( failure4 ,! l[] animals h def9ite in/9cts & _c fail1 i4e4 _c le>n4#i ,man wants to d mu*1 b 8 in/9cts are less def9ite & mo/ actions h to be le>n$2 x is by /riv+ & fail+ t he le>ns to "k n only 8 limitations b ! p[] t is )9 him--8 self4 ,footnote #i3 ,?is w\ld n[adays be consid]$ too sweep+ an ass]tion4 ,accord+ to ,froebel1 ! aim ( education is ! /eady progressive developm5t ( mank9d1 !re is & c be no o!r2 &1 except z reg>ds physiological k inaccessible 9 8 day1 he is at "o ) ! biologi/ z to h[ we are to f9d out ! c\rse ( ?is developm5t4 ,fir/1 by look+ into our own pa/2 secondly1 by ! obs]vation ( *ildr5 z individuals z well z :5 associat$ toge!r1 & by comp>ison ( ! results ( obs]vation2 ?irdly1 by comp>ison ( ^! ) race hi/ory & race developm5t4 ,froebel makes mu* ( obs]vation ( *ildr54 ,he writes to a c\s9 begg+ h] to record 9 writ+ ! mo/ important facts ab\t ea* sep>ate *ild1 & adds t x seems to him mo/ necess>y = ! compreh5sion ( *ild-nature t su* obs]vations %\ld be made public1444 ( ! greate/ importance t we %\ld int]*ange ! obs]vations we make s t little by little we may come to "k ! gr\nds & conditions ( :at we obs]ve1 t we may =mulate _! laws4 ,he prote/s t ev5 9 8 day ! obs]vation1 developm5t & guidance ( *ildr5 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life up to ! prop] age ( s*ool is n up to ! exi/+ level ( ! /age ( human k or ! advance ( sci5ce & art2 & he /ates t x is an ess5tial "p ( 8 und]tak+ to call into life an in/itution = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s tra9$ = ! c>e ( *ildr5 ?r\gh obs]vation ( _! life4 ,9 speak+ ( ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! individual1 ,froebel says t !re is no ord] ( importance 9 ! /ages ( human developm5t except ! ord] ( succession1 9 :i* ! e>li] is always ! m important1 & f t po9t ( view we ought to consid] *ildhood z ! mo/ important /age1 444 a /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,godlike 9 ! e>?ly & human4 ,he also emphasises t ! vigor\s & complete developm5t & cultivation ( ea* successive /age dep5ds on ! vigor\s1 complete & *>act]i/ic developm5t ( ea* & all prec$+ /ages4 ,s ! duty ( ! p>5t is to look z deeply z possible into ! life ( ! *ild to see :at he requires = 8 pres5t /age ( developm5t1 & !n to scrut9ise ! environm5t to see :at x (f]s 444 to utilise all possibilities ( meet+ normal ne$s1 to remove :at is hurtful1 or at lea/ to admit its defects if !y _c give ! *ild :at 8 nature requires4 ,if p>5ts (f] :at ! *ild does n ne$1 he says1 !y w de/roy ! *ild's fai? 9 _! sympa!tic und]/&+4 ,! educator is to br+ ! *ild into relations & surr\nd+s 9 all respects adapt$ to him b af=d+ a m9imum ( opportunity ( injury1 gu>d+ & protect+ b n int]f]+1 unless he is c]ta9 t heal?y developm5t has already be5 int]rupt$4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ,froebel anticipat$ ev5 ! conclusions ( mod]n psy*o-analysis 9 8 views ab\t *ildi% faults4 ,! s\rces ( ^!1 he says1 are neglect to develop c]ta9 sides ( human life &1 secondly1 e>ly di/ortion ( orig9ally good human p[]s by arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ! ord]ly c\rse ( human developm5t 444 a suppress$ or p]v]t$ good quality--a good t5d5cy1 only repress$1 misund]/ood or misguid$--lies at ! bottom ( e %ortcom+4 ,h5ce ! only rem$y ev5 = wick$ness is to f9d & fo/]1 build up & guide :at has be5 repress$4 ,x may be necess>y to int]f]e & ev5 to use sev]ity1 b only :5 ! educator is sure ( unheal?y gr[?4 ,! motto ( ! biologi/ on ! subject ( int]f]5ce--,:5 9 d\bt1 refra9--exactly expresses ,froebel's doctr9e ( passive or foll[+ education1 foll[+1 t is1 ! nature ( ! *ild1 & passive z oppos$ to arbitr>y int]f]5ce4 ,free f ?is1 ! *ild w foll[ 8 natural impulses1 :i* are to be tru/$ z mu* z ^? ( any o!r "y animal2 9 o!r words1 he w play1 he w manife/ 8 natural activities4 ,! "y human be+--/ill1 z x 71 9 process ( creation--w\ld seek1 ?\gh unconsci\sly yet decid$ly & surely1 z a product ( nature t :i* is 9 itself be/1 & 9 a =m adapt$ to 8 condition1 8 disposition1 8 p[]s & 8 means4 ,?us ! duckl+ ha/5s to ! pond & into ! wat]1 :ile ! *ick5 scrat*es ! gr\nd & ! "y swall[ cat*es its food ^u ! w+4 ,we grant space & "t to "y plants & animals because we "k t1 9 accordance ) ! laws t live 9 !m1 !y w develop prop]ly & gr[ well2 arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) _! gr[? is avoid$ because x w\ld h9d] _! developm5t2 b ! "y human be+ is look$ ^u z a piece ( wax1 a lump ( clay1 :i* man c m\ld into :at he pleases4 ,o man1 :o roame/ ?r\gh g>d5 & field1 ?r\gh mead[ & grove1 :y do/ ?\ close ?y m9d to ! sil5t tea*+ ( nature8 ,behold ! we$2 gr[n among h9drances & con/ra9t1 h[ x sc>cely yields an indication ( inn] law2 behold x 9 nature1 9 field or g>d51 h[ p]fectly x con=ms to law--a beautiful sun1 a radiant />1 x has bur/ f ! e>?6 ,?us1 ,o p>5ts1 c\ld y\r *ildr51 on :om y =ce 9 t5d] ye>s =ms & aims aga9/ _! nature1 & :o1 !re=e1 walk ) y 9 morbid & unnatural de=mity--?us c\ld y\r *ildr51 too1 unfold 9 beauty & develop 9 h>mony4 ,at fir/ play is activity = ! sake ( activity1 n = ! sake ( results1 ( :i* ! *ild has z yet no idea4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 hav+ man's special capacity ( le>n+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ! *ild does ga!r ideas4 ,by ?is "t he has pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( infancy1 & n[ 8 play becomes to ! philosoph] ! highe/ /age ( human developm5t at ?is /age1 because n[ x is self-expression4 ,:5 ,froebel wrote 9 #ahbf1 !re _h be5 b little ?\ght exp5d$ on ! subject ( play1 & probably none on human in/9cts1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be nonexi/5t4 ,! hope he express$ t "s philosoph] w\ld take up ^! subjects has n[ be5 fulfill$1 & we ought n[ to turn to :at has be5 said on a subject all-important to ^? :o desire to help 9 ! education ( "y *ildr54 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,le>n+ ,,born ,,( ,,play ,play1 :i* is ! bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,!re may be no?+ new "u ! sun1 b x does seem to be a fair claim to make = ,froebel t no "o be=e or s9ce 8 "t has m fully realis$ ! value to humanity ( :at 9 *ildhood goes by ! "n ( play4 ,froebel _h di/9ct !ories ab\t play1 & he put 8 !ories into actual practice1 n only :5 he f\nd$ ! ,k9d]g>t51 b 9 8 orig9al s*ool = old] *ildr5 at ,keilhau4 ,be=e go+ into its full mean+1 x may be well fir/ to meet ! mo/ common misconception ab\t play4 ,x is n surpris+ t ^? :o h giv5 ! subject no special consid]ation %\ld reg>d play f ! ord9>y adult /&po9t1 & ?9k ( x z entirely oppos$ to "w1 z relaxation ( ef=t4 ,b ! play ( a *ild cov]s s mu* t x is />tl+ to f9d a real psy*ologi/ writ+ t education ?r\gh play is a p]nici\s proposition4#aj ,/atem5ts ( ?is k9d spr+ f ! mi/ak5 idea1 c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f obs]vation1 t play involves no ef=t1 t x runs 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & t education ?r\gh play means !re=e education )\t ef=t1 )\t tra9+ 9 self-control1 education )\t moral tra9+4 ,! case = ! ,k9d]g>t5 is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,education ?r\gh play is advocat$ j because ( ! ef=t x calls =?1 j because ( ! way 9 :i* ! *ild1 & lat] ! boy or girl1 ?r[s 8 :ole en]gy into x4 ,:at ,froebel admir$1 :at he call$ ! mo/ beautiful expression ( *ildlife1 0 ! *ild t plays ?or\ghly1 ) spontane\s det]m9ation1 p]sev]+ly1 until physical fatigue =bids--a *ild :olly absorb$ 9 8 play--a *ild t has fall5 asleep :ile s absorb$4 ,t *ild1 he said1 w\ld be a ?or\gh det]m9$ man1 capable ( self-sacrifice = ! promotion ( ! welf>e ( himself & o!rs4 ,x is because play is n trivial1 b highly s]i\s & ( deep significance1 t he appeals to mo!rs to cultivate & fo/] x1 & to fa!rs to protect & gu>d x4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,educative ,process1 p4 #bee 7,bagley74 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 position c be summ$ up 9 a s5t5ce f ,dr4 ,cl\/on's ,hygi5e ( ,m9d3 ,play is ! real "w ( *ildr54 ,froebel calls activity ( s5se & limb ! fir/ g]m1 & play-build+ & modell+ ! t5d] blossoms ( ! con/ructive impulse2 & ?is1 he says1 is ! mom5t :5 man is to be prep>$ = future indu/ry1 dilig5ce & productive activity4 ,he po9ts out1 too1 ! importance ( notic+ ! habits :i* come f spontane\s self-employm5t1 :i* may be habits ( indol5t ease if ! *ild is n all[$ to be z active z 8 nature requires4 ,!re 7 no !ories ( play 9 ,froebel's day1 b he _h c]ta9ly read ,levana1 & 9 all probability he knew :at ,s*ill] _h said 9 8 ,lett]s on ,ae/hetic ,education4 ,! play !ories are n[ too well kn[n to require m ?an a brief recapitulation4 ,x w g5]ally be all[$ t ! di/9ctive feature ( play z oppos$ to "w is t ( spontaneity4 ,! action itself is ( no consequ5ce1 "o man's play is ano!r man's "w4 ,nor does x seem to matt] :5ce comes ! feel+ ( compulsion 9 "w1 :e!r f pressure ( out] necessity1 or f an inn] necessity l ! compell+ =ce ( duty4 ,:]e !re is joy 9 creation or 9 discov]y ! "w & play ( ! g5ius approa* ! /&po9t ( ! *ild1 ,indulg+ e in/9ct ( ! s\l1 ,!re1 :]e law1 life1 joy1 impulse are "o ?+4 ,9 ! play ( e>ly *ildhood !re may be fre$om1 n only f adult au?ority1 b ev5 f ! re/rictions ( nature or ( circum/ances s9ce let's pret5d annihilates "t & space & all mat]ial consid]ations4 ,among !ories ( play fir/ comes :at is kn[n z ! ,s*ill]-,sp5c] !ory1 9 :i* play is attribut$ to ! accumulation ( surplus en]gy4 ,:5 ! human be+ has m en]gy ?an he requires 9 ord] to supply ! bodily ne$s ( himself & 8 family1 !n he feels impell$ to use x4 ,z ! activities ( 8 daily life are ! only ones kn[n to him1 he fights 8 battles ov] aga91 he simulates ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life1 & transf]s1 = in/ance1 ! incid5ts ( ! *ase into a dance4 ,9 ?is ,way he rea*es arti/ic creation1 s t play is ! fir/ poetry ( ! human be+4 ,z an opposite ( ?is we get a ,re-creation !ory1 :]e play1 if n too /r5u\s1 und]/ood z a *ange ( occupation1 re/s & re-creates4 ,ano!r !ory is t ( recapitulation1 :i* has be5 emphasis$ by ,/anley ,hall1 accord+ to :i* *ildr5 play hunt+ & *as+ games1 or f9d a fasc9ation 9 mak+ t5ts1 because !y are pass+ ?r\gh t /age ( developm5t 9 :i* _! primitive ance/ors liv$ by hunt+ or dwelt 9 t5ts4 ,la/ly1 a mo/ int]e/+ !ory is t :i* is associat$ ) ! "n ( ,groos1 & :i* is be/ express$ 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,animals d n play because !y are "y1 b !y h _! y\? because !y mu/ play1 play be+ reg>d$ z ! prep>ation = future life activities4 ,! kitt5 !re=e practises *as+ a cork1 ! puppy worries boots & gloves1 ! kid practises jump+1 & s on4 ,a full acc\nt ( play w probably embrace all ^! !ories1 & ?\gh !y 7 n =mulat$ 9 8 day1 ,froebel ov]look$ none1 ?\gh he may h laid special /ress on ! prep>ation side4 ,yet ano!r value ( play emphasis$ by ,pr(essor ,royce1 viz4 its enorm\s importance f ! po9t ( view ( m5tal initiative1 is /rongly urg$ by ,froebel4 ,pr(essor ,royce argues t 9 ! m]e p]si/5ce ( ! playful *ild "o has a factor ^: value = m5tal initiative x is h>d to ov]e/imate4 ,)\t ?is passionately p]si/5t repetition1 & )\t also ! con/ant v>y+ ( app>5tly useless activities1 ! organism1 says ,pr(essor ,royce1 w\ld rema9 ! prey ( ! environm5t4 ,to ,froebel1 z we h se51 ! human be+ is ! climax ( animal evolution & ! />t+-po9t ( psy*ical developm5t4 ,! l[] animal1 he ma9ta9$1 z all w n[ agree1 is h9d]$ by 8 def9ite in/9cts1 b ! in/9cts or in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ! human be+ are s undef9$ t !re is room = spontaneity1 = new =ms ( conduct4 ,pr(essor ,royce says t a g5]al view ( ! place :i* be+s ) m9ds occupy 9 ! physical _w /rongly sugge/s t _! organisms may especially h significance z places = ! initiation ( m or less novel types ( activity4 ,& to ,froebel ! *ief significance ( play lies 9 ?is spontaneity4 ,play is ! highe/ phase ( human developm5t at ?is /age1 because x is spontane\s expression ( :at is )9 produc$ by an inn] necessity & impulse4 ,play is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 mo/ spiritual manife/ation ( man at ?is /age1 &1 at ! same "t1 is typical ( human life z a :ole4 ,^! v>i\s !ories seem to re9=ce r ?an to contradict ea* o!r1 & x is m important to avoid runn+ any to an extreme ?an to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! case ( recapitulation1 we mu/ c]ta9ly be> 9 m9d ,froebel's w>n+ t ! *ild %\ld be treat$ z hav+ 9 himself ! pres5t1 pa/ & future4 ,s1 z ,dr4 ,drummond says3 ,if we feel con/ra9$ to pres5t him ) a t5t because ,abraham liv$ 9 "o1 he no d\bt ent]s into ! _s ( ! ?+ & accepts x joyfully4 ,b he also annexes ! ball ( /r+ & ! c(fee cani/] to fit up telephonic communication ) ! nurs]y4 ,he may play robb]s & hide & seek because he has rea*$ a hunt+ & capture /age1 b ! physiologi/ po9ts out t viol5t ex]cise is a necessity = 8 circulation & nutrition1 & to practise swift flight to safety is useful ev5 9 mod]n times4#aa ,g>d5+ may take u back to an agricultural /age1 b digg+ is mo/ useful z a muscul> ex]cise1 & wat]+ is sci5tific exp]im5t & adds to ! feel+ ( p[]1 :ile ! fl[]s !mselves appeal to ! ae/hetic side ( ! s5se-play1 :i* is n limit$ to any age1 ?\gh conspicu\s s soon4 ,footnote #aa3 ,an up-to-date riddle asks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quick & ! dead1 & answ]s1 ,! quick are ^? :o get out ( ! way ( a motor-bus & ! dead are ^? :o d n4 ,froebel recognis$ _m k9ds ( play4 ,he realis$ t mu* ( ! play ( boyhood is ex]cise ( physical p[]1 & t x mu/ be ( a competitive nature because ! boy wants to measure 8 p[]4 ,ev5 9 #ahbf he urges ! importance n only ( t[n playgr\nds b ( play lead]s1 t ! play may be full ( life4 ,among games = boys he not$ "s /ill involv+ s5se-play1 z hid+ games1 col\r games & %oot+ at a m>k1 :i* ne$ quick he>+ & sight1 intellectual plays ex]cis+ ?\ght & judgem5t1 e4g4 draughts & dramatic games4 ,"o =m ( play :i* seem$ to him mo/ important 0 con/ructive play1 :]e !re is expression ( ideas z well z expression ( p[]4 ,?is side ( play cov]s a great deal1 & w be dealt ) lat]2 its importance 9 ,froebel's eyes lies 9 ! fact t ?r\gh con/ruction1 h[ev] simple1 ! *ild ga9s k ( 8 own p[] & le>ns to ma/] himself4 ,froebel want$ p>ticul>ly to deep5 ?is feel+ ( p[]1 & says t ! little "o :o has already made "s exp]im5ts takes pleasure 9 ! use ( s& & clay1 impell$ by ! previ\sly acquir$ s5se ( p[] he seeks to ma/] ! mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to ga9 real k ( himself1 ( 8 p[]1 a *ild ne$s to comp>e 8 p[] ) t ( o!rs4 ,?is is "o reason = ! *ild's ready imitation ( all he sees done by o!rs4 ,ano!r reason = ?is is t only ?r\gh real exp]i5ce or action c a *ild ga9 ! ideas :i* he w express lat]1 !re=e he mu/ reproduce all he sees or he>s4 ,9 ! family ! *ild sees p>5ts & o!rs at "w1 produc+1 do+ some?+2 consequ5tly he1 at ?is /age1 w\ld l to repres5t :at he sees4 ,be cauti\s1 p>5ts4 ,y c at "o bl[ de/roy1 at lea/ = a long "t1 ! impulse to activity & to =mation if y repel _! help z *ildi%1 useless or ev5 z a h9drance4444 ,/r5g!n & develop ?is in/9ct2 give to y\r *ild ! highe/ he n[ ne$s1 let him add 8 p[] to y\r "w1 t he may ga9 ! consci\sness ( 8 p[] & also le>n to appreciate its limitations4 ,z ! *ild's s5se ( p[] & 8 self-consci\sness deep5 he requires possessions ( 8 v own4 ,says ,froebel3 ,! feel+ ( 8 own p[] implies & dem&s also ! possession ( 8 own space & 8 own mat]ial belong+ exclusively to him4 ,be 8 realm1 8 prov9ce1 a corn] ( ! h\se or c\rty>d1 be x ! space ( a box or ( a closet1 be x a grotto1 a hut or a g>d51 ! boy at ?is age ne$s an ext]nal po9t1 *os5 & prep>$ by himself1 to :i* he ref]s all 8 activity4 ,z ideas wid5 ! *ild's purposes enl>ge1 & he f9ds ! ne$ = t co-op]ation :i* b9ds human be+s toge!r4 ,& s by play enjoy$ 9 common1 ! feel+ ( community :i* is pres5t 9 ! little *ild is rais$ to recognition ( ! rights ( o!rs2 n only is a s5se ( ju/ice develop$1 b also =be>ance1 consid]ation & sympa?y4 ,:5 ! room to be fill$ is ext5sive1 :5 ! realm to be controll$ is l>ge1 :5 ! :ole to be produc$ is complex1 !n bro!rly union ( simil>-m9d$ p]sons is 9 place4 ,& we are invit$ to ent] an education room1 :]e boys ( sev5 to t5 are us+ build+ blocks1 s&1 sawdu/ & gre5 moss br\ght 9 f ! =e/4 ,ea* "o has f9i%$ 8 "w & he exam9es x & t ( o!rs1 & 9 ea* rises ! desire to unite all 9 "o :ole1 s roads are made f ! village ( "o boy to ! ca/le ( ano!r3 ! boy :o has made a c>dbo>d h\se unites ) ano!r :o has made m9iature %ips f nut-%ells1 ! h\se z a ca/le cr[ns ! hill1 & ! %ips float 9 ! lake bel[1 :ile ! y\nge/ br+s 8 %eph]d & %eep to graze betwe5 ! m\nta9 & ! lake1 & all /& & behold ) pleasure & satisfaction ! result ( _! h&s4 ,! educative value ( su* play has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 mod]n times 9 ,floor ,games by ,mr4 ,wells1 ,magic ,cities by ,mrs4 ,nesbit1 & notably 9 ,mr4 ,caldwell ,cook's ,play ,city 9 ,! ,play ,way4 ,jo9+ toge!r = a common purpose does n only belong to y\ng] boys4 ,:at busy tumult among ^? old] boys at ! brook6 ,!y h built canals1 sluices1 bridges1 etc4444 at ea* /ep "o trespasses on ! limits ( ano!r realm4 ,ea* "o claims 8 "r z "l & mak]1 :ile he recognises ! claims ( o!rs1 & l ,/ates1 !y b9d !mselves by /rict treaties4 ,e t[n %\ld h its own common playgr\nd = ! boys4 ,glori\s results w\ld come f ?is = ! entire community4 ,=1 at ?is p]iod1 games1 :5ev] possible1 are 9 common1 & develop ! feel+ & desire = community1 & ! laws & requirem5ts ( community4 ,! boy tries to see himself 9 8 companions1 to weigh & measure himself by !m1 to "k & f9d himself by _! help4 ,x is ! s5se ( sure & reliable p[]1 ! s5se ( its increase1 bo? z an individual & z a memb] ( ! gr\p1 t fills ! boy ) joy dur+ ^! games4444 ,ju/ice1 self-control1 loyalty1 imp>tiality1 :o c\ld fail to cat* _! fragrance & t ( /ill m delicate blossoms1 =be>ance1 consid]ation1 sympa?y & enc\ragem5t = ! weak]4444 ,?us ! games educate ! boy = life & awak5 & cultivate _m social & moral virtues4 ,9 ,engl& we h always _h respect = boys' games & m & m1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 p are realis+ ! ne$ = play places & play lead]s4 ,b all ?is 0 writt5 9 #ahbf1 :5 = t5 ye>s ,froebel _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) boys ( all ages4 ,at ,keilhau play ( all k9ds _h an hon\r$ place4 ,we read ( excursions = all k9ds ( purposes1 ( ,indian games out ( ,f5imore ,coop]1 & ( ,hom]ic battles4 ,x 0 "p ( ,froebel's plan to h u "w ) spade & pick-axe1 & e boy _h 8 own piece ( gr\nd :]e he might d :at he pleas$4 ,eb]s1 be+ lit]>y1 con/ruct$ 9 8 plot a b$ ( hea!r on :i* he lay & read or made v]ses4 ,! boys built _! own /age1 pa9t$ _! own sc5]y1 & 9 w9t] once a week !y act$ classic dramas4 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 a l>ge & complete puppet !atre belong+ to ! s*ool4 ,bookb9d+ & c>p5try 7 taught1 & at ,*ri/mas ! embryo cab9et-mak] made boxes ) locks & h+es1 f9i%$1 v5e]$ & poli%$4 ,9 ,engl& 9 #aiag we h giv5 to u ,! ,play ,way1 9 :i* "o :o has tri$ x gives ! results ( 8 own exp]im5ts 9 education ?r\gh play4 ,mr4 ,caldwell ,cook 0 n satisfi$ ) ! condition ( affairs :5 s*ool above ! ,k9d]g>t5 is a nuisance because !re is no play4 ,8 dream is t ( a ,play ,s*ool ,commonweal?1 :]e education1 :i* is ! tra9+ ( y\?1 %all be fill$ ) ! _s ( y\?1 namely1 fre%ness1 zeal1 happ9ess1 en?usiasm4 ,! next *apt] w %[ t x has tak5 u exactly a hundr$ ye>s to rea* z f> z public recognition ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool :]e play is ! only possible motive4 ,x is = ! com+ g5]ation ( tea*]s to act s t ! dream ( ! ,play ,s*ool ,commonweal? %all be realis$ m quickly4 ,x is a significant fact t ! l9es quot$ z head+ = ! next *apt] are writt5 by a mod]n s*oolma/]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,f #ahaf ,,to #aiai ,poor mites2 y /iff5 on a b5* ,& /oop y\r curls to du/y laws2 ,y\r petal f+]s curve & cl5* ,9 slav]y to p>*m5t saws2 ,y suit y\r he>ts to sall[ faces ,9 sull5 places3 ,b no p5 ,nor p$antry c make y m54 ,y\rs are ! morn+ & ! day3 ,y %\ld be taught ( w9d & light2 ,y\r le>n+ %\ld be born ( play4 7,cag$3 ,,george ,,w9?rop ,,"y47 ,_h ,engl& b hon\r$ h] own prophets1 we %\ld h _h ,nurs]y ,s*ools a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 #ahaf1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,froebel f\nd$ 8 s*ool = old] boys at ,keilhau1 ,rob]t ,ow51 ! ,sociali/1 foll[+ ! plan prescrib$ by ,nature1 op5$ a s*ool :]e *ildr51 f two to six1 7 to dance & s+1 to be out-(-doors z mu* z possible1 to le>n :5 _! curiosity induc$ !m to ask que/ions1 & n to be annoy$ ) books4 ,!y 7 to be prev5t$ f acquir+ bad habits1 to be taught :at !y c\ld und]/&1 & _! dispositions 7 to be tra9$ to mutual k9dness & a s9c]e desire to contribute all 9 _! p[] to b5efit ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 tra9$ & educat$ )\t puni%m5t or ! fe> ( x4444 ,a *ild :o act$ improp]ly 0 n consid]$ an object ( blame b ( pity1 & no unnecess>y re/ra9t 0 impos$ on ! *ildr54 ,b ! _w 0 n ready4 ,ow5's ,rational ,infant ,s*ool attract$ mu* notice1 & an ,infant ,s*ool ,society 0 f\nd$4 ,b ev5 ! enlight5$ 7 incapable ( und]/&+ t any education 0 possible )\t books1 & ! promot]s rightly1 ?\gh q unconsci\sly1 condemn$ !mselves :5 !y kept ! title ,infant ,s*ool b dropp$ ! qualify+ ,rational4 ,/ill1 ,infant ,s*ools _h be5 />t$ & int]e/ _h be5 ar\s$4 ,:5 ! edict aboli%+ ,k9d]g>t5s 0 promulgat$ 9 ,g]many1 "s ( ,froebel's disciples pass$ to o!r l&s1 & ,madame von ,m>5holz came to ,engl& 9 #ahed4 ,already "o ,k9d]g>t5 _h be5 op5$ by a ,madame ,ronge1 to :i* ,r[l& ,hill s5t 8 *ildr51 & to :i* ,dick5s paid frequ5t visits4 ,9 ! same ye> !re 0 held 9 ,london an ,int]national ,educational ,exposition & ,congress1 & to ?is ,madame von ,m>5holz s5t an exhibit1 :i* 0 expla9$ by ,madame ,ronge1 & by a ,mr4 ,h(fmann4 ,dick5s1 :o _h wat*$ ! actual work+ ( a ,k9d]g>t51 gave w>m support to ! new ideas1 & wrote an excell5t article on ,infant ,g>d5s = ,h\sehold ,words1 urg+ t s9ce *ildr5 are by ,inf9ite ,wisdom s creat$ z to f9d happ9ess 9 ! active ex]cise & developm5t ( all _! faculties1 we1 :o h *ildr5 r\nd ab\t u1 %all no long] repress _! en]gies1 tie up _! bodies1 %ut _! m\?s4444 ,! frolic ( *ildhood is n pure exub]ance & wa/e4 ',!re is (t5 a high mean+ 9 *ildi% play1' said ,froebel4 ,let u /udy x1 & act ^u ! h9ts--or m ?an h9ts--t ,nature gives4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d repres5t$ ,connecticut at ?is ,congress1 & he took ! ,k9d]g>t5 to ,am]ica1 9 ^: virg9 soil ! se$ took root1 & quickly br\ght =? abundantly4 ,b ! soil 0 virg9 & ! fields 7 ready = plant+1 = ,am]ica 9 ^! days _h no?+ correspond+ to our ,infant ,s*ools4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 0 welcom$ by p ( influ5ce4 ,dr4 ,b>n>d f\nd 8 fir/ ally 9 ,miss ,peabody1 "o ( ^: si/]s 0 m>ri$ to ,na?aniel ,haw?orne1 :ile ano!r 0 ! wife ( ,horace ,mann4 ,miss ,peabody began to tea* 9 #ahfj1 b eight ye>s lat]1 aft] a visit to ,europe1 %e gave up tea*+ = propag&a "w4 ,ow+ to h] ef=ts ! fir/ ,free ,k9d]g>t5 0 op5$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahgj4 ,philan?ropi/s soon recognis$ its importance z a social ag5cy1 & by #ahhc "o lady alone support$ ?irty-"o su* in/itutions 9 ,bo/on & its surr\nd+s4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,felix ,adl] e/abli%$ a ,free ,k9d]g>t5 9 #ahgh1 & ,tea*]s' ,college 0 influ5tial 9 help+ to =m an association :i* supports sev]al4 ,ano!r "n well kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry is t ( ,miss ,kate ,d\glas ,wigg91#ab :o 0 a ,k9d]g>t5 tea*] = _m ye>s be=e %e became kn[n z a noveli/4 ,x is ,miss ,wigg9 :o tells ( a qua9t translation ( ,k9d]g>t5 he>d by a ,san ,francisco tea*] mak+ fri5dly visits to ! mo!rs ( h] *ildr54 ,:ile %e /ood on a door-/ep sympa?is+ ) "o poor woman %e he>d a l\d1 b n unfri5dly voice f an upp] w9d[4 ,cle> ?+s f "u foot6 x peal$ 9 /5torian acc5ts4 ,! tea*] o' ! ,kids' ,gu>ds is com9' d[n ! /reet4 ,footnote #ab3 ,writ] ( ,p5elope 9 ,engl&1 etc41 & ( a capital collection ( essays entitl$ ,*ildr5's ,rights4 ,9 ,engl& ?+s 7 v diff]5t1 because ( ! ,infant ,s*ools :i* _h already be5 e/abli%$1 b :i* _h fall5 f> bel[ ! ideal set up by ,rob]t ,ow54 ,z e "o kn[s1 ! education giv5 9 ^? days to tea*]s ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 0 b meagre1 & ! results 7 (t5 s bad t1 to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( public money1 paym5t by results 0 introduc$4 ,9 #ahgj came ! ,education ,act1 & ! ye> #ahgd saw a good deal ( movem5t4 ,miss ,c>ol9e ,bi%op 0 appo9t$ to lecture to ! ,infants' tea*]s "u ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d2 ,miss ,he]w>t took *>ge ( a tra9+ college = ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s 9 connection ) ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society2 ! ,froehel ,society 0 f\nd$1 & ,madame ,mi*aelis took ! ,k9d]g>t5 into ! newly e/abli%$ ,high ,s*ools = ,girls4 ,= ! *ildr5 ( ! well-to-d ,k9d]g>t5s spread rapidly1 b = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor !re 0 no su* happ9ess2 ! ,infant ,s*ool 0 too firmly e/abli%$ z a place :]e *ildr5 le>n$ to read1 write & c\nt1 & above all to sit /ill4 ,infants' tea*]s receiv$ no special tra9+ = _! "w2 _! c\rse ( /udy1 9 :i* pr(essional tra9+ play$ b a small "p1 0 ! same z t prescrib$ = ! tea*]s ( old] *ildr54 ,"s colleges1 notably ,! ,home & ,colonial1 ,/ockwell1 & ,saffron ,wald51 did try to give _! /ud5ts "s special tra9+1 b x 0 n ( mu* avail1 & ! ^w ,k9d]g>t5 came to mean n ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 z 0 ! idea ( its f\nd]1 b dictat$ ex]cises ) ,k9d]g>t5 mat]ial1 a k9d ( manual drill suppos$ to give h& & eye tra9+1 & ) ?is mean+ x made its appe>ance on ! "t-table4 ,visitors f ,am]ica 7 %ock$ to f9d no ,k9d]g>t5s 9 ,engl&1 b only l>ge classes ( poor little automatons sitt+ erect ) h&s beh9d or worse /ill h&s on heads1 & mov+ only to ! ^w ( comm&4 ,"o lady :o ultimately f\nd h] way to our own ,k9d]g>t5 told me t %e _h be5 in=m$ at ! ,l4,c4,c4 (fices t !re 7 no ,k9d]g>t5s 9 ,london4 ,x 0 p>tly ! sc&alis$ expressions ( ^! ,am]ican tea*]s t /imulat$ ,miss ,adelaide ,wragge to take h] c\rage into h] h&s1 & 9 ! ye> #aijj to op5 ! fir/ ,mission ,k9d]g>t5 9 ,engl&4 ,%e call$ x a ,mission1 n a ,free ,k9d]g>t51 p>tly because ! p>5ts paid ! trifl+ fee ( "o p5ny p] week1 & p>tly because x 0 connect$ ) ! p>i% "w ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,woolwi*1 ( :i* h] bro!r 0 vic>4 ,! fir/ report says3 ,! neighb\rhood 0 suitable = ! exp]im5t2 little *ildr51 ne$+ j ! k9d ( tra9+ we propos$ to give !m1 ab\nd$ ev]y:]e4444 ,! ,woolwi* *ildr5 7 typical slum babies1 v>y+ 9 ages f ?ree to six ye>s2 v poor1 v dirty1 totally untra9$ 9 good habits4 ,at fir/ we only admitt$ a few1 & :5 ^! began to improve1 gradually increas$ ! numb]s to ?irty-five4 ,!y ne$$ great pati5ce & c>e1 b !y respond$ wond]fully to ! love giv5 !m1 & be=e long !y 7 real ,k9d]g>t5 *ildr51 full ( vig\r1 m]rim5t & self-activity4 ,z is done 9 connection ) all ,free ,k9d]g>t5s1 ,p>5ts' ,ev5+s 7 in/itut$ f ! fir/1 & ! mo!rs 7 help$ to und]/& _! *ildr5 by simple talks4 ,sesame ,h\se = ,home ,life ,tra9+ _h be5 op5$ six mon?s be=e ?is ,mission ,k9d]g>t54 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ! ,sesame ,club1 & at its head 0 ,miss ,s*epel1 :o = tw5ty ye>s _h be5 at ! head ( ! ,pe/alozzi ,froebel ,h\se4 ,! idea ( ,home ,life ,tra9+ attract$ /ud5ts :o 7 n oblig$ by /]n necessity to e>n _! daily bread4 ,?\gh ! me?ods 7 n q 9 l9e ) progressive ?\ght1 ! atmosph]e creat$ by ,miss ,s*epel1 w>mly second$ by ,miss ,buckton1#ac 0 "o ( en?usiasm 9 ! s]vice ( *ildr54 ,! second ,nurs]y ,s*ool 9 ,london _h its orig9 9 ?is en?usiasm4 ,miss ,maufe left ,sesame ,h\se e>ly 9 #aijc1 & />t$ a free ,*ild ,g>d5 9 ,we/ ,london4 ,f\r ye>s lat] %e mov$ to ,we/m9/] to a block ( workm5's dwell+s erect$ on ! site ( ! old ,millbank ,prison4 ,?is *ild g>d5 has a special int]e/ f ! fact t x 0 c>ri$ on actually 9 a block ( workm5's dwell+s l ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses ( a lat] date4 ,! ef=t 0 volunt>y & ! rooms 7 small1 b1 if ! exp]im5t _h be5 support$ by ! au?orities1 x w\ld h be5 easy to take d[n divid+ walls to get suffici5t space4 ,miss ,maufe gave h]self & h] income = ab\t twelve ye>s1 b difficulties creat$ by ! w>1 ! impossibility ( f9d+ effici5t help & consequ5t dra9 ^u h] own /r5g? h =c$ h] to close h] little s*ool1 to ! grief ( ! mo!rs 9 #dh ,rusk9 ,build+s4 ,ano!r ,sesame ,h\se /ud5t1 ,miss ,l4 ,h>dy1 9 h] *>m+ ,di>y ( a ,free ,k9d]g>t51 takes u f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 b ! fir/ ,free ,k9d]g>t5 9 ,ed9burgh began 9 #aijc & _h a diff]5t orig94 ,miss ,h[d5 0 an ,infants' ,mi/ress 9 "o ( ! slums1 & knew well ! ne$s ( little *ildr5 9 t wide /reet1 once deck$ ) lordly mansions1 :i* leads f ! ,ca/le to ,holyrood ,palace4 ,"s ( ! f9e h\ses are left1 b ! inhabitants are ( ! poore/1 & ,miss ,h[d5 left h] sav+s to />t a ,free ,k9d]g>t5 9 ! ,canongate4 ,! sum 0 n l>ge1 b x 0 se$ s[n 9 fai?1 & its h>ve/ has be5 abundant1 = ,ed9burgh ) its population ( "u #djj1jjj has five ,free ,k9d]g>t5s1 9 all ( :i* ! *ildr5 are wa%$ & f$ & giv5 re/ful sleep1 z well z taught & tra9$ ) intellig5ce & love4 ,london ) its population ( #f1jjj1jjj _h b eight up to ! "t ( ! outbreak ( ! w>4 ,footnote #ac3 ,au?or ( ! beautiful my/]y play ( ,eag] ,he>t4 ,9 #aijd ! ,froebel ,society took "p 9 a ,jo9t ,conf]5ce at ,brad=d1 :]e "o sitt+ 0 devot$ to ,! ,ne$ = ,nurs]y ,s*ools = ,*ildr5 f ?ree to five ye>s at pres5t att5d+ ! ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,! speak]s 7 ,mrs4 ,miall ( ,le$s1 & ,miss ,k4 ,phillips1 :o _h wide opportunities = k ( ! unsuitable conditions g5]ally provid$ = ^! little *ildr54 ,among ^? :o jo9$ 9 ?is discussion 0 ,miss ,m>g>et ,m',millan1 s well kn[n = h] pione] "w 9 connection ) ,s*ool ,cl9ics1 & m rec5tly = h] n[ fam\s ,camp ,s*ool4 ,miss ,m',millan _h already done yeoman s]vice on ! ,brad=d ,education ,committee1 b 0 n[ resid5t 9 ,london1 & %e _h be5 w>mly welcom$ on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,froebel ,society4 ,x 0 f ! date ( ?is ,conf]5ce t ! "n ,nurs]y ,s*ool became g5]al1 ?\gh x _h be5 us$ by ,madame ,mi*aelis z e>ly z #ahia4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #aije1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education publi%$ its ,reports on ,*ildr5 "u ,five ,ye>s ( ,age1 ) its prefatory memor&um /at+ t a new =m ( s*ool is necess>y = poor *ildr51 & t p>5ts :o mu/ s5d _! little ones to s*ool %\ld s5d !m to nurs]y s*ools r ?an to s*ools ( in/ruction1 to s*ools :]e !re %\ld be m play1 m sleep1 m free conv]sation1 /ory-tell+ & obs]vation4 ,x w\ld seem t ! recomm5dations ( #aije may beg9 to be c>ri$ out 9 #aiai1 a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,9 ! meantime volunt>y ef=t has done :at x c\ld4 ,birm+ham _h good reason to be 9 ! =efront1 s9ce _m ( its public-spirit$ citiz5s _h 9 _! own *ildhood ! b5efit ( ! excell5t works ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,bi%op1 a disciple ( ,frau ,s*rad]4 ,! ,birm+ham ,p's ,k9d]g>t5 ,association op5$ its fir/ ,p's ,k9d]g>t5 at ,greet1 9 #aijd1 & a second1 ! ,settlem5t ,k9d]g>t51 9 #aijg4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge spoke /rongly 9 fav\r ( ^! in/itutions1 call+ !m a prote/ aga9/ ! idea ( ! comp>ative unimportance ( *ildhood4 ,miss ,h>dy op5$ h] ,*ild ,g>d5 9 #aijf1 & t "w has gr[n s t ! *ildr5 are n[ kept till !y are eight ye>s old4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,prov9cial ,c\ncil = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s op5$ ano!r ,free ,k9d]g>t5 z a demon/ration s*ool = ,froebelian me?ods1 a practis+ s*ool = /ud5ts1 & also z an exp]im5tal s*ool1 :]e attempts might be made to solve problems z to ! education ( neglect$ *ildr5 "u s*ool age4 ,x 0 ! ,headmi/ress ( ?is s*ool1 ,miss ,hodsman1 :o inv5t$ ! net b$s n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,%e want$ some?+ hygi5ic & light en\gh to be c>ri$ easily into ! g>d51 t 9 f9e wea!r ! *ildr5 might sleep out ( doors4 ,ano!r ,sesame ,h\se /ud5t1 ,miss ,prie/man1 op5$ a ,free ,k9d]g>t5 9 ! pretty village ( ,?ornton-le-,dale1 :]e ! *ildr5 h a s&-heap 9 a little enclosure all[$ !m by ! blacksmi?1 & sail _! boats at a quiet place by ! side ( ! beck t runs ?r\gh ! village4 ,x 0 9 #aijh t ,miss ,e/h] ,lawr5ce ( ! ,froebel ,in/itute inspir$ h] old /ud5ts to help h] to op5 ,! ,mi*aelis ,free ,k9d]g>t54 ,s9ce ! w>1 ! "n has be5 alt]$ to ,! ,mi*aelis ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 :i* is 9 ,nett+ ,dale1 on ! edge ( a v poor neighb\rhood1 :]e l>ge families (t5 occupy a s+le room4 ,z 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,free ,k9d]g>t5s1 d9n] is provid$1 = :i* ! p>5ts pay "o p5ny4 ,! fir/ report tells h[ necess>y are ,nurs]y ,s*ools 9 su* surr\nd+s4 ,! little *ild :o 0 =m]ly ti$ to ! leg ( ! b$1 & left all day :ile 8 "m 0 out at "w1 is n[ enjoy+ ! happy fre$om ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,! *ild ^: clo!s 7 =m]ly sewn on to him1 to save 8 "m ! p]iodical lab\r ( sew+ on buttons1 is n[ undress$ & ba!d regul>ly4 ,! attacks on *ildr5 by drunk5 p>5ts are less frequ5t4 ,:5 ! ,k9d]g>t5 0 fir/ op5$1 _m ( ! *ildr5 7 q li/less1 !y did n "k h[ to play1 did n c>e to play4 ,n[ !y play ) pleasure & ) vig\r1 & "o c h>dly believe !y are ! li/less1 spiritless *ildr5 ( a ye> ago4 ,9 #aiaj ,miss ,lawr5ce succe$$ 9 op5+ :at 0 call$ f ! fir/ ! ,som]s ,t[n ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 :]e ! same k9d ( "w is done4 ,"o ( ! reports says3 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! *ildr5 sweep+ or du/+ a room1 wa%+ _! du/]s & dolls' clo!s1 poli%+ ! furniture1 _! %oes1 & any?+ :i* ne$s poli%+4 ,on ,friday morn+ ! 'silv]' is clean$1 & ! brilliant results give great pleasure & satisfaction to ! little poli%]s4 ',h y done y\r "w8' 0 ! "q address$ to a visitor by a ?ree-ye>-old *ild1 & ! visitor beat a ha/y retreat1 a%am$ p]haps ( be+ ! only drone 9 ! busy hive4 ,at d9n] "t f\r *ildr5 wait on ! re/1 & v well & quickly ! food is h&$ r\nd & ! plates remov$4 ,!re are o!r ,free ,k9d]g>t5s at "w4 ,"o is 9 *>ge ( ,miss ,r[l&1 & is 9 connection ) ! ,b]mondsey ,settlem5t4 ,x is ,miss ,r[l& :o tells ( ! c&id "m %e met "o ,saturday :o rem>k$1 ,i told ! *ildr5 to wa% _! faces 9 case !y met y4 ,! ,pho5ix ,p>k ,k9d]g>t5 9 ,glasg[ is int]e/+ because ! site 0 grant$ by an enlight5$ ,corporation & ! ,p>ks ,committee laid out ! g>d51 :ile ! real />t came f ! pupils ( a s*ool = girls ( well-to-d families4 ,by ?is "t o!r social ag5cies h be5 gr\p$ r\nd ! ,k9d]g>t5 z a c5tre4 ,! ,caldecott ,nurs]y ,s*ool 0 op5$ 9 #aiaa & has gr[n into ! ,caldecott ,community1 :i* has n[ tak5 its *ildr5 to live altoge!r 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is ,nurs]y ,s*ool 0 nev] int5d$ to be a ,k9d]g>t52 x 0 />t$ z an int]e/+ exp]im5t1 *iefly p]haps 9 ! hope t ! *ildr5 might enjoy t in/ruction :i* is usually absorb$ by ! *ildr5 ( ! weal?y 9 _! own nurs]ies by virtue ( _! happi] surr\nd+s4 ,& 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* we 7 plung$ into w> ,miss ,m>g>et ,m',millan put into actual %ape :at %e _h long ?\ght (1 & op5$ h] ,baby ,camp & ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 ) a place = toddl]s 9 betwe51 ! full /ory ( :i* is told 9 ,!1 ,camp ,s*ool4 ,9 ! ,camp itself ! ?+s :i* impress ! visitor mo/ are fir/ ! space & ! fre% air1 ! sky above & ! br[n e>? bel[1 & next ! family feel+ :i* is s pla9 9 spite ( ! numb]s4 ,! ,camp exi/$ long be=e x 0 a ,baby ,camp & ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 = ,miss ,m',millan began ) a ,s*ool ,cl9ic & w5t on to ,op5-,air ,camps = girls & = boys1 be=e go+ to ! prev5tive & con/ructive "w ( ! ,baby ,camp4 ,clean & heal?y bodies come fir/1 b to ,miss ,m',millan's en?usiasm ev]y?+ 9 life is educative4 ,! w> has increas$ ! supply ( ,nurs]y ,s*ools1 because ! ne$ = !m has become gl>+ly app>5t4 ,_m exp]im5ts are go+ on n[1 & x seems z if exp]im5tal "w w\ld be enc\rag$1 n hamp]$ by unyield+ regulations4 ,! ,nurs]y ,s*ool %\ld cov] ! ages = :i* ! ,k9d]g>t5 0 in/itut$1 r\ghly f ?ree to six ye>s old4 ,already !re are excell5t baby rooms 9 "s p>ts ( ,london1 & no d\bt 9 o!r t[ns1 & ! only reason = di/urb+ ^! is to provide ! *ildr5 ) m space & m fre% air1 or ) some?+ resembl+ a g>d5 r ?an a b>e y>d4 ,"o s*ool 9 ,london has a cre*e or day nurs]y1 n exactly a "p ( x1 b 9 close/ t\*1 e/abli%$ ow+ to ! ef=ts ( an en?usia/ic ,headmi/ress work+ along ) ! ,norl& ,place nurses4 ,its space is at pres5t insuffici5t1 b ! neighb\r+ build+s are condemn$1 & w come d[n aft] ! w>4 ,!y ne$ n g up aga94 ,!n ! space c\ld be us$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! ,camp ,s*ool4 ,t w\ld be to ! b5efit ( ! :ole neighb\rhood1 & !re c\ld be at lea/ "o exp]im5t :]e f cre*e to ,/&>d ,,vii4 might be 9 close connection4 ,miss ,m',millan's ideal is to h a l>ge space 9 ! c5tre ( a di/rict ) cov]$ passages radiat+ f x s t mo!rs f a l>ge area c\ld br+ _! little ones & leave !m 9 safety4 ,x w\ld be safety1 x w\ld be salvation4 ,b1 z ! ,scots prov]b has x1 ,x is a f> cry to ,lo* ,awe4 ,ano!r "q mu* debat$ is1 :o is to be 9 *>ge ( ^! *ildr54 ,! day nurs]y or cr*e mu/ und\bt$ly be /aff$ ) nurses1 b ) nurses tra9$ to c>e = *ildr51 n m]ely sick nurses4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 p :o believe t ! tra9$ nurse is ! "r p]son to be 9 *>ge ( *ildr5 up to five1 :ile o!rs ?9k t "y girls or un$ucat$ wom5 w suffice4 ,we are ?ankful t ! ,bo>d ( ,education takes up ! position t a well-educat$ & specially tra9$ tea*] is to be ! p]son responsible4 ,we c]ta9ly want ! help bo? ( ! tra9$ nurse & ( ! mo!rly woman4 ,! tra9$ nurse w be f> m use 9 detect+ & att5d+ to ! ailm5ts ( *ildr5 ?an ! tea*] c be1 & ! mo!rly woman c give f> m effici5t help 9 tra9+ *ildr5 to dec5t habits ?an any "y probation]1 useful ?\gh ^! may be4 ,b !re is always ! fe> t ! nurses may ?9k t good food & cleanl9ess are all a *ild requires1 &1 z ,miss ,m',millan says1 ,! sight ( ! toddl]s' empty h&s & mute lips does n tr\ble !m at all4 ,b e man to 8 trade1 & ?\gh ! tea*] 9 *>ge mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ail+ *ildr51 x is v d\btful if a few mon?s 9 a hospital w advantage h] mu*4 ,"h %e tr5*es on ! prov9ce ( ! real nurse1 ^: tra9+ is ?or\gh1 & ! little k1 z e "o kn[s1 is sometimes dang]\s4 ,"o ,nurs]y ,s*ool tea*]1 ) ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 says t :at %e le>n$ 9 hospital has be5 ( no use to h]1 & x is probable t att5dance at a cl9ic = *ildr5 w\ld be really m useful4 ,c]ta9ly ! ma9 conc]n ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool tea*] is sympa!tic und]/&+ ( *ildr54 ,!re mu/ be no m ( ,pun*'s ,g & see :at ,tommy is do+ 9 ! next room & tell him n to1 b ,g & see :at ,tommy is try+ to accompli%1 & make x possible = him to c>ry on 8 self-education ?r\gh t 'fo/]+ ( ! human in/9cts ( activity1 inve/igation & con/ruction' :i* con/itutes a ,k9d]g>t54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,_w',s ,,m9e ,,oy/] ,a box ( c\nt]s & a r$-ve9$ /one1 ,a piece ( glass abrad$ by ! bea*1 ,& six or sev5 %ells4 ,if e>ly education1 consi/ 9 fo/]+ natural activities1 !re c be no d\bt t ,froebel hit ^u ! activity mo/ prom95t ( all 9 ! case ( "y *ildr51 viz4 ! impulse to inve/igate4 ,= 8 cre/1 ! little *ild %\ld %>e 9 ! motto giv5 to ! mongoose family1 9 ,kipl+'s ,rikki-,tikki1 ',run & f9d out4' ,mo/ writ]s on ! education ( "y *ildr5 h emphasis$ ! importance ( :at is mo/ inadequately call$ s5se tra9+1 & x is "h t ,dr4 ,montessori takes h] /& ) h] didactic app>atus4 ,froebel's ideas seem wid]2 he realises t ! sword ) :i* ! *ild op5s 8 oy/] is a two-edg$ sword1 t he uses n only 8 s5se organs z tools = inve/igation1 b 8 :ole body4 ,8 pa?way to k1 & to p[] ov] himself & 8 surr\nd+s1 is action1 & action ( all k9ds is z necess>y to him z ! use ( 8 s5ses4 ,! *ild's fir/ utt]ance is =ce1 says ,froebel1 & 8 fir/ discov]y is ! resi/ance ( matt]1 :5 he pu%es ) 8 feet aga9/ :at resi/s !m4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts are ) 8 body1 8 fir/ toys are 8 own limbs1 & 8 fir/ play is ! use ( body1 s5ses & limbs = ! sake ( use1 n = result4 ,"o use ( 8 body is ! imitation ( any mov+ object1 & ,froebel tells ! "m3 ,if y\r *ild's to und]/& ,action 9 ! _w )\t1 ,y mu/ let 8 t9y h& ,imitative move ab\t4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,baby w1 nev] /ill1 ,imitate :atev]'s by4 ,at ?is /age ! *ild is to move freely1 & be active1 to grasp & hold ) 8 own h&s4 ,he is to /& :5 he c sit erect & draw himself up1 n to walk till he c creep1 rise freely1 ma9ta9 8 balance & proce$ by 8 own ef=t4 ,he is n to be h9d]$ by swaddl+ b&s--su* z are 9 use 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries--nor1 lat] on1 to be spoil$ by too mu* assi/ance1 words :i* e "m & tea*] %\ld write ^u h] phylact]ies4 ,b z soon z he c move himself ! surr\nd+s speak to ! *ild1 out] objects invite him to seize & grasp !m1 & if !y are di/ant1 !y invite him :o w\ld br+ !m ne>] to move t[>ds !m4 ,?is use ( ! ^w invite is wor?y ( notice1 & calls to m9d a s5t5ce us$ by a writ] on ,freud1#ad t ! activity ( a human be+ is a con/ant function ( 8 environm5t4 ,we adults1 :o are s ready ) our ,don't t\*1 mu/ endeav\r to rememb] h[ ev]y?+ is %\t+ to a *ild3 ,look at me1 li/5 to me1 come & fet* me1 & f9d out all y c ab\t me by e means 9 y\r p[]4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,freudian ,wi%1 ,edw9 ,holt4 ,if we h any?+ to d ) little *ildr51 we mu/ face ! fact t ! *ild is1 if n q a ,rob9son ,crusoe on 8 isl&1 at lea/ an explor] 9 a /range c\ntry1 & a sci5ti/ 9 8 laboratory4 ,b !re is no?+ n>r[ 9 8 outlook3 ! "n ( ?is *apt] is delib]ately *os51 ! :ole _w is ! *ild's oy/]1 8 int]e/s are all-embrac+4 ,f 8 fir/ walk he is ! geograph]4 ,ea* little walk is a t\r ( discov]y2 ea* object--! *air1 ! wall--is an ,am]ica1 a new _w1 :i* he ei!r goes ar\nd to see if x be an isl&1 or ^: coa/ he foll[s to discov] if x be a cont95t4 ,ea* new ph5om5on is a discov]y 9 ! *ild's small & yet ri* _w1 e4g4 "o may g r\nd ! *air2 "o may /& be=e x1 beh9d x1 b "o _c g beh9d ! b5* or ! wall4 ,!n comes an inquiry into ! physical prop]ties ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,! ef=t to rea* a p>ticul> object may h its s\rce 9 ! *ild's desire to hold himself firm & upright by x1 b we also obs]ve t x gives him pleasure to t\*1 to feel1 to grasp1 & p]haps also--:i* is a new phase ( activity--to be able to move x4444 ,! *air is h>d or s(t2 ! seat is smoo?2 ! corn] is po9t$2 ! edge is %>p4 ,! bus9ess ( ! adult1 ,froebel goes on to say1 is to supply ^! names1 n prim>ily to develop ! *ild's p[] ( spee*1 b to def9e 8 s5se impressions4 ,next1 ! sci5ti/ mu/ /ock 8 laboratory ) mat]ial = exp]im5t4 ,! *ild is attract$ by ! bright r\nd smoo? pebble1 by ! gaily flutt]+ bit ( pap]1 by ! smoo? bit ( bo>d1 by ! rectangul> block1 by ! brilliant qua9t leaf4 ,look at ! *ild t c sc>cely keep himself erect1 t c walk only ) ! greate/ c>e--he sees a twig1 a bit ( /raw2 pa9fully he secures x1 & l ! bird c>ries x to 8 ne/4 ,see him aga91 labori\sly /oop+ & sl[ly go+ =w>d on ! gr\nd1 "u ! eaves ( ! ro( 7! deep eaves ( ! ,?ur+ian peasant h\se74 ,! =ce ( ! ra9 has wa%$ out ( ! s& smoo? bright pebbles1 & ! ev]-obs]v+ *ild ga!rs !m z build+ /ones z x 71 z mat]ial = future build+4 ,& is he wrong8 ,is he n 9 tru? collect+ mat]ial = 8 future life build+8 ,! box ( c\nt]s1 & ! r$-ve9$ /one1 ! brilliant qua9t leaf1 ! twig1 ! bit ( /raw1 all ! *ild's treasures--^! are ! /imuli :i*1 accord+ to ! biologi/ educator1 mu/ be suppli$ if ! activities appropriate to ea* /age are to be call$ =?4 ,e "o kn[s = h[ long a p]iod a *ild c occupy himself exam9+1 comp>+ & exp]im5t+4 ,l ?+s1 says ,froebel1 mu/ be rang$ toge!r1 unlike ?+s sep>at$4444 ,! *ild loves all ?+s t ent] 8 small horizon & ext5d 8 little _w4 ,to him ! lea/ ?+ is a new discov]y1 b x mu/ n come dead into ! little _w1 nor lie dead !re91 le/ x obscure ! small horizon & cru% ! little _w4 ,!re=e ! *ild w\ld "k :y he loves ?is ?+1 he w\ld "k all its prop]ties4 ,= ?is reason he exam9es ! object on all sides2 = ?is reason he te>s & breaks x2 = ?is reason he puts x 9 8 m\? & bites x4 ,we reprove ! *ild = naught9ess & fooli%ness2 & yet he is wis] ?an we :o reprove him4 ,?is exp]im5t+ is "o side ( a *ild's play1 & ! ?+s ) :i* he ?us exp]im5ts are 8 toys1 or1 z ,froebel puts x1 play mat]ial4 ,mu* ( ?is is & ought to be self f\nd1 & :]e ! *ild c f9d 8 own toys he asks = little m4 ,! seaside supplies him ) s& & wat]1 /ones1 %ells1 rock pools1 seawe$1 & he asks u = no?+ b a spade1 :i* digs deep] ?an 8 nak$ h&s1 & a pail to c>ry wat]1 :i* h&s alone _c convey4 ,! vi/a ( ! s& is ! *ild's free l&2 :]e ! gr[n-ups seem half afraid2 ev5 nurse =gets to sniff & to call come "h z %e sits v ne> to ! f> up cliff & y v5ture alone ) y\r spade4444 ,ev5 indoors1 a *ild c\ld probably f9d = himself all ! mat]ial = inve/igation1 all ! /imuli he requires1 if x 7 n t 8 inve/igations int]f]e ) adult purposes4 ,ev5 9 v primitive times ! *ild probably exp]im5t$ ^u ! revolv+ qualities ( 8 "m's sp9dle till %e f\nd x m conv5i5t to let him h "o = himself1 & x became a toy or top4 ,froebel1 :o made s mu* ( play1 to :om x 0 spontane\s education & self realisation1 0 b\nd to see t toys 7 important4 ,! man advanc$ 9 insight1 he said1 ev5 :5 he gives 8 *ild a play?+1 mu/ make cle> to himself its purpose & ! purpose ( play?+s & occupation mat]ial 9 g5]al4 ,?is purpose is to aid ! *ild freely to express :at lies )9 him1 & to br+ ! out] _w ne>] to him1 & ?us to s]ve z m$iator betwe5 ! m9d & ! _w4 ,froebel's ,gifts 7 an attempt to supply "r play mat]ial4 ,true to 8 fai? 9 natural impulse1 ,froebel wat*$ *ildr5 to see :at play?+s !y f\nd = !mselves1 or :i*1 among ^? pres5t$ by adults1 7 mo/ appreciat$4 ,s(t little col\r$ balls seem$ "r mat]ial = a baby's t5d] h&1 & x 0 cle> t :5 ! *ild c\ld crawl ab\t he 0 ready = some?+ :i* he c\ld roll on ! floor & pursue on all f\rs4 ,z e>ly z two ye>s old he loves to take ?+s out ( boxes & to move objects ab\t1 s boxes ( bricks 7 suppli$1 grad$ 9 numb] & 9 v>iety ( =m4 ,n = a mom5t did ,froebel sugge/ t ! *ild 0 to be limit$ to ^! select$ play?+s1 he expressly /at$ ! contr>y1 & he frequ5tly said t spontaneity 0 n to be *eck$4 ,b f :at has foll[$1 f ! way 9 :i* ^! little toys h be5 misus$1 we are tempt$ to speculate on :e!r ^! ,gifts suppli$ t def9ite f\ndation )\t :i*1 9 ^! days1 no notice w\ld h be5 tak5 ( ! new ideas1 or :e!r !y h prov$ ! sunk5 rock on :i* mu* t 0 valuable has p]i%$4 ,! _w 0 n ready to believe 9 ! educational value ( play1 j pure play4 ,nor is x yet4 ,= ! new sy/em 9 its didactic app>atus out-,froebels ,froebel 9 8 mi/ake ( try+ to sy/ematise ! mat]ial = spontane\s education4 ,c>efully plann$1 z 7 ,froebel's own gifts1 ! new app>atus pres5ts a s]ies ( ex]cises 9 s5se discrim9ation1 satisfy+ no d\bt :ile unfamili>1 b suff]+ f ! defect ( ! too f9i%$ & complex play?+1 9 :i* ,froebel saw a dang] :i* slumb]s l a vip] "u ! roses4 ,! dang] is t ! *ild c beg9 no new ?+ ) x1 _c produce en\gh v>iety by its means2 8 p[] ( creative imag9ation1 8 p[] ( giv+ outw>d =m to 8 own ideas are ?us actually dead5$4 ,to realise 8 aims1 man1 & m p>ticul>ly ! *ild1 requires mat]ial1 ?\gh x be only a bit ( wood or a pebble1 ) :i* he makes some?+ or :i* he makes into some?+4 ,9 ord] to lead ! *ild to ! h&l+ ( mat]ial we give him ! ball1 ! cube & o!r bodies1 ! ,k9d]g>t5 gifts4 ,ea* ( ^! gifts incites ! *ild to free spontane\s activity1 to indep5d5t movem5t4 ,froebel w\ld h sympa?is$ deeply ) ! views ( ,pet] z express$ by ,mr4 ,wells 9 reg>d to ,ideals1 :i* he1 h[ev]1 call$ toys3 ,! !ory ( ,ideals play$ almo/ z important a "p 9 ! e>ly philosophy ( ,pet] z x did 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,b ,pet] did n call !m ,ideals1 he call$ !m 'toys4' ,toys 7 ! simplifi$ ess5ces ( ?+s1 pure1 p]fect & manageable4 ,real ?+s 7 tr\blesome1 uncontrollable1 ov]-complicat$ & l>gely irrelevant4 ,a ,real ,tra91 = example1 0 a poor1 big1 clumsy1 limit$ ?+ t 0 oblig$ to g to ,r$hill1 or ,croydon1 or ,london1 t 0 full ( unnecess>y /rang]s1 usually sitt+ firmly 9 ! w9d[ seats1 t y c\ld d no?+ ) at all4 ,a ,toy ,tra9 0 y\r v own2 x took y :]ev] y want$1 to ,fairyl&1 or ,russia1 or any:]e1 at :atev] pace y *ose4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,joan & ,pet]1 p4 #gg4 ,froebel asks :at pres5ts are mo/ priz$ by ! *ild & by mank9d 9 g5]al1 & answ]s1 ,^? :i* af=d him a means ( develop+ 8 m9d1 ( giv+ x free/ activity1 ( express+ x cle>ly4 ,= h] ideas z to educative mat]ial ,dr4 ,montessori w5t1 n to normal life1 n ev5 to *ildr51 b to :at may he call$ curative appliances1 to ! mat]ial inv5t$ by ,sgu9 to develop ! dormant p[]s ( defective *ildr54 ,%e h]self came to ! /udy ( education f ! m$ical side1 ! curative4 ,froebel1 ) 8 belief 9 human in/9ct1 naturally w5t to :at he call$ ! "m's room1 :i* we %\ld call ! nurs]y1 & to ! g>d5 :]e ! *ild f9ds 8 bright r\nd smoo? pebble & 8 brilliant qua9t leaf4 ,no "o w\ld seek to "u-value ! importance ( s5se discrim9ation1 b x c be ex]cis$ )\t =malism1 & x ne$ n be m]e discrim9ation4 ,x is 9 connection ) ! ,ta/e & ,smell games t ,froebel tells ! "m t ! high] is root$ 9 ! l[]1 morality 9 in/9ct1 ! spiritual 9 ! mat]ial4 ,! baby enjoys ! sc5t1 ?anks ! k9d _s t put x !re1 & mu/ let "m smell x too1 s f ! beg9n+ !re is a t\* ( ae/hetic pleasure & a recognition ( :at ! de> ,god is say+ outside4 ,z to h[ s5se discrim9ation may be ex]cis$ )\t =mality1 !re is a *>m+ picture 9 ,! ,camp ,s*ool3 ,& !n t s5se ( ,smell1 :i* got s little ex]cise & att5tion t x w5t to sleep altoge!r1 s t millions get no w>n+ & no joy ?r\gh x4 ,we met ! ne$ = its education 9 ! ,baby ,camp by hav+ a ,h]b ,g>d54 ,back f ! %elt]s & op5 gr\nd1 9 a %ady place1 we h plant$ f5nel1 m9t1 lav5d]1 sage1 m>joram1 ?yme1 rosem>y1 h]b g]r>d & rue4 ,& ov] & above ^! pung5tly smell+ ?+s !re are little fields ( mignonette4 ,we h balm1 inde$1 ev]y:]e 9 our g>d54 ,! toddl]s g r\nd ! b$s ( h]bs1 p9*+ ! leaves ) _! t9y f+]s & !n putt+ _! f+]s to _! noses4 ,!re are two little c\ples go+ ! r\nds j n[4 ,"o is a pair ( new com]s1 v mu* a/oni%$1 ! o!r c\ple old inhabitants1 delight$ to %[ ! wond]s ( ! place6 ,com+ back ) odor\s h&s1 !y p]haps want to tell u ab\t ! j\rney4 ,_! eyes are bright1 _! m\?s op54 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 we quot$ ! biologi/ educator's ideal conception ( ! surr\nd+s be/ suit$ to br+ ab\t "r developm5t4 ,let u n[ visit "o or two actual ,k9d]g>t5s & see if ^! conditions are 9 any way realis$ by ! foll[]s ( ,froebel4 ,! fir/ "o we ent] is c]ta9ly a l>ge bright room1 = "o side is op5 to light1 ) two l>ge w9d[s1 & betwe5 !m glass doors op5+ into ! playgr\nd4 ,!re is no heap ( s& 9 a corn]1 nor is !re a tub ( wat]2 = ! practical tea*] kn[s h[ little h&s1 if n little feet1 ) _! vigor\s b z yet uncontroll$ movem5ts w\ld spla% ! wat] & scatt] ! s& ) dire effects z to ! floor1 :i* ! !ori/ fondly imag9es w\ld always be clean en\gh to sit ^u4 ,b !re is a s&-tray big en\gh & deep en\gh = six to eight *ildr5 to use individually or toge!r4 ,z spontane\s activity1 ) its ceaseless ef=ts at exp]im5t+1 ceaselessly spills ! s&1 )9 easy rea* are little bru%es & du/pans to rem$y su* mi%aps4 ,! s&-tray is l9$ ) z9c s t ! s& c be replac$ by wat] = boats & ducks1 etc41 :5 desir$4 ,! l[ wall blackbo>d is !re ready = use4 ,bright pictures are on ! walls1 well drawn & well col\r$1 "s f nurs]y rhymes1 "s ( ,caldecott's1 a frieze ( h5 & *ick5s1 etc4 ,boxes = h\ses & %ops are n 9 evid5ce1 b _! place is tak5 by bricks ( su* size & quantity t h\ses1 %ops1 motors1 eng9es & any?+ else may be built l>ge en\gh = ! *ildr5 !mselves to be %opkeep]s or driv]s1 & !re are also pieces ( wood to use = v>i\s purposes ( con/ruction4 ,!re is no cook+ /ove1 b simple cook+ c be c>ri$ out on an op5 fire1 & :5 a bak+ ov5 is requir$1 an eag] procession makes its way to ! kit*51 :]e a k9dly h\sekeep] p]mits ! use ( h] ov54 ,!re is a doll's cot ) a few dolls ( v>i\s sizes4 ,!re are fl[]s & gr[+ bulbs4 ,!re are light l[ tables & *airs1 a family ( gu9ea pigs 9 a l>ge cage1 & !re is a cupbo>d :i* ! *ildr5 c rea*4 ,wat] is to be f\nd 9 a passage room1 betwe5 ! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! rooms = *ildr5 above t /age1 & "h1 s plac$ t ! *ildr5 !mselves c f9d & rea* ev]y?+1 are ! sawdu/1 bran & oats = ! gu9ea pigs1 ) a few c>rots & a knife to cut !m1 "s t9y scrubb+-bru%es & a wip+-up clo?4 ,"h also are /or$ ! empty boxes1 corrugat$ pap] & odds & ends 9 con/ant dem& = con/ructions4 ,9 ! cupbo>d !re are c]ta9 %elves f :i* any?+ may be tak51 & "s f :i* no?+ may be tak5 )\t leave4 ,= ! tea*] "h is ( op9ion t *ildr5 ( ev5 ?ree & f\r are n too "y to beg9 to le>n ! lesson ( meum & tuum1 & %e also ?9ks x is good to h "s treasures :i* d n come out e day1 & :i* may require m delicate h&l+ ?an ! ord9>y toy ought to ne$4 ,= ?is ought to be /rong en\gh to be> unskill$ h&l+ & vigor\s movem5ts1 = a brok5 toy ought to be a trag$y4 ,at ! same "t x is "p ( a *ild's tra9+ to le>n to use da9ty objects ) delicate h&l+1 & su* ?+s =m ! *ildr5's art gems1 %[+ beauty ( con/ruction & ( col\r4 ,*ildr5 z well z gr[n-ups h _! bad days1 :5 some?+ out ( ! usual is v welcome4 ,d y "k !re's no?+ 9 ?is _w t ,i'm n tir$ (8 0 said "o day by a boy ( six usually q cont5t$4 ,give me some?+ out ( ! cupbo>d t ,i've nev] se5 be=e1 said ano!r ^: dige/ion 0 tr\blesome4 ,! op5 %elves conta9 p5cils & pap]1 crayons1 pa9t-boxes1 boxes ( build+ blocks1 int]lock+ blocks1 wood5 animals1 jigsaw & o!r puzzles1 col\r$ tablets = patt]n lay+1 toy scales1 beads to ?read1 dom9oes1 etc41 ! only rule be+ t :at is tak5 out mu/ be tidily replac$4 ,?is ,k9d]g>t5 is "p ( a l>ge in/itution1 & ! playgr\nd1 to :i* x has direct access1 is ( consid]able ext5t4 ,!re is a big /ret* ( grass & ano!r ( asphalt1 s t 9 suitable wea!r ! tables & *airs1 ! s&-tray1 ! bricks & any?+ else t is want$ c be c>ri$ outside s t ! *ildr5 c live 9 ! op51 :i* ( c\rse is bett] ?an any room4 ,9 ! playgr\nd !re is a bank :]e ! *ildr5 c run up & d[n1 & !re are a few planks & a build]'s tre/le1#af on :i* !y c be pois$ = seesaws or slides1 & ^! are a con/ant s\rce ( pleasure4 ,footnote #af3 ,see p4 #ee4 ,9 ano!r ,k9d]g>t5 we f9d ! walls enliv5$ ) ,cecil ,ald9's fasc9at+ friezes3 "h is ,noah ) all ! animals walk+ 9 *e]ful procession1 & 9 ! next room is an attractive procession ( *ildr5 ) pu%-c>ts1 hoops & toy motor c>s4 ,:5 we make our visit ! day is f9e & ! room is empty1 ! *ildr5 are all outside4 ,! g>d5 is n l>ge1 b !re is "s space1 & "u ! %ade ( two big trees we f9d rugs spread1 on :i* ! *ildr5 are sitt+1 /&+1 kneel+ & ly+1 accord+ to _! occupation4 ,"o is build+ ) l>ge blocks1 & mu/ /& up to complete h] erection2 ano!r is ly+ flat putt+ toge!r a jigsaw2 ano!r1 a boy1 is ?read+ beads2 :ile ano!r has built railway ar*es1 & ) mu* :i/l+ & ! greate/ c>efulness is guid+ 8 tra9 ?r\gh ! tunnels4 ,! play is almo/ entirely individual1 b v (t5 y he>1 ,o ,miss ,x1 d come & see :at ,i've done6 ,aft] ab\t an h\r1 dur+ :i* a few ( ! *ildr5 h *ang$ _! occupations1 ^? :o wi% to d s jo9 "s old] *ildr5 :o are play+ games involv+ movem5t4 ,?is may be a traditional game l ,looby ,loo1 or ,r\nd & r\nd ! ,village1 or x may be "o ( ! be/ ( ! old ,k9d]g>t5 games4 ,aft] lun* ! wa%+ up is to be done 9 a beautiful new :ite s9k :i* is display$ ) pride4 ,our next visit is to a ,free ,k9d]g>t54 ,! rooms are q z attractive1 z ri* 9 *>m+ friezes z 9 ! o!rs1 & ! furni%+ 9 "s ways is mu* ! same4 ,b "h we see :at we h n se5 be=e1 = "h is a l>ge room fill$ ) t9y hammock b$s4 ,! w9d[s are wide op51 b ! bl9ds are d[n1 = ! *ildr5 are hav+ _! aft]noon sleep4 ,"h1 z 9 all ,free ,k9d]g>t5s1 ! *ildr5 are provid$ ) simple b pretty ov]alls :i* ! p>5ts are pleas$ to wa%4 ,h\se %oes are also provid$1 p>tly to m9imise ! noise f active little feet1 b pr9cipally because ! poor little boots are (t5 a pa9fully inadequate protection f wet pavem5ts4 ,! *ildr5 are tra9$ to tidy ways & to indep5d5ce4 ,!y _c read1 b by picture c>ds !y recognise _! own b$s1 pegs & o!r prop]ties4 ,!y take out & put away _! own ?+s1 & give all reasonable help 9 lay+ tables & s]v+ food1 9 wa%+1 du/+ & sweep+ up crumbs1 z is done 9 any true ,k9d]g>t54 ,9 ! g>d5 ( ?is ,free ,k9d]g>t5 !re is a l>ge s&-pit1 surr\nd$ by a l[ wood5 framework1 & hav+ a pole across ! middle s t x resembles a cucumb] frame & a cov] c be ?r[n ov] ! s& to keep x clean :5 n 9 use4 ,froebel's own li/ ( play?+s conta9s1 besides balls & build+ blocks1 col\r$ beads1 col\r$ tablets = lay+ patt]ns1 col\r$ pap]s = cutt+1 fold+ & plait+2 p5cils1 pa9ts & bru%es2 modell+ clay & s&2 col\r$ wool = sew+ patt]ns & pictures2 & su* little /icks & la?s z *ildr5 liv+ 9 a =e/ region f9d = !mselves4 ,consid]$ 9 !mselves1 ap>t f ! traditions ( =mality1 ^! are q good play mat]ial or /imuli1 & ,froebel meant ! "t to come :5 we %all speak ( ! doll & ! hobby horse z ! fir/ plays ( ! awak5+ life ( ! girl & ! boy1 b he di$ be=e he _h done s4 ,9 ! ,"m ,songs1 too1 we f9d q a good li/ ( toys :i* are n[ to be f\nd 9 mo/ ,k9d]g>t5s4 ,toys = ! playgr\nd %\ld be provid$--a s&-heap1 a seesaw1 a sub/antial :eel-b>r[1 hoops1 balls1 re9s & p]haps skipp+-ropes4 ,some?+ on :i* ! *ild c balance1 logs or planks :i* !y c move ab\t1 & a tre/le on :i* ^! c be support$1 are invaluable4 ,x 0 :ile an addition 0 be+ made to our place t we realis$ ! importance ( su* ?+s1 &1 z 9 ,froebel's case1 our tea*]s 7 ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,!y 7 s supremely happy runn+ up & d[n ! plank roads laid by ! build]s = _! :eel-b>r[s1 seesaw+ or balanc+ & slid+ on o!rs1 t we c\ld n face ! desolation ( empt9ess :i* w\ld come :5 ! workm5 remov$ _! ?+s4 ,s1 = a few p\nds1 all t ! *ildr5 ne$$ 0 secur$1 ord9>y planks = seesaw+1 n>r[] = balanc+ & a c\ple ( tre/les4 ,"o ex]cise ! *ildr5 _h specially enjoy$ 0 jump+ up & d[n on yield+ planks1 & ?is ! workm5 _h =bidd5 because ! planks might crack4 ,b a sympa!tic =eman told u :at 0 ne$$3 two planks ( special spr+y wood 7 fa/5$ toge!r by cross pieces at ea* end1 & besides mak+ excell5t slides1 ^! made mo/ excit+ spr+bo>ds4 ,= repres5tations ( real life ! *ildr5 require dolls & ! simple/ ( furniture--a b$1 :i* ne$ only be a box1 "s means ( c>ry+ out ! doll's wa%+1 h] p]sonal requirem5ts z well z h] clo!s2 "s little tea-?+s & pots & pans4 ,a doll's h\se is n necess>y1 & c only be us$ by two or ?ree *ildr51 b w be welcom$ if provid$1 & its appo9tm5ts give practice 9 da9ty h&l+4 ,tra9s & signals ( "s k9d1 home-made or o!rwise2 animals = f>m or ,zoo2 a pair ( scales = a %op1 & "s sort ( deliv]y van1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 may be home-made4 ,!re mu/ also be provision = increase ( skill & possibility ( creation4 ,if ! ,k9d]g>t5 c af=d x1 "s ( ! ,montessori mat]ial may be provid$2 !re is no reason1 except exp5se1 :y x %\ld n be us$ if ! *ildr5 l x1 & if x does n take up too mu* room4 ,b x has no creative possibilities1 & ev5 at ?ree ye>s old ?is is requir$4 ,scissors are an important tool1 & an old book ( sample wall-pap]s is mo/ useful2 old mat*-boxes & us$ mat*es1 pa/e & bru%es & "s old magaz9es to cut4 ,blackbo>d *alks & crayons1 pa9t-boxes ) f\r to six important col\rs1 "s ,k9d]g>t5 fold+ pap]s1 all ^! supply col\r4 ,c]ta9 toys seem specially suit$ to give h& control1 e4g4 a ,noah's ,ark1 :]e ! small animals are to be set out c>efully1 tops or teetotums & tiddlyw9ks1 at :i* "s little *ildr5 become pr(ici5t4 ,! puzzle int]e/ mu/ n be =gott51 & simple jigsaw pictures give great pleasure4 ,x is int]e/+ to note "h t ! y\nge/ *ildr5 fit ^! puzzles n by ! picture b by =m1 ?\gh !y "k !y are mak+ a picture & are pleas$ :5 x is f9i%$4 ,! puzzle ) six pictures on ! sides ( cubes is mu* m difficult ?an a simple jigsaw4 ,all sorts ( odds & ends come 9 useful1 & especially = ! poor] *ildr5 ^! %\ld be provid$4 ,any "o :o rememb]s ! pleasure d]iv$ f col\r$ envelope b&s1 f transp>5t pap] f crack]s1 & f c]ta9 adv]tisem5ts1 w save ^! = *ildr5 to ^: homes su* treasures nev] come4 ,a box conta9+ scraps ( s(t clo?1 possibly a bit ( velvet1 "s bits ( smoo? & %9+ col\r$ silk give ! pleasure ( s5se discrim9ation )\t ! =mality ( ! ,montessori grad$ boxes1 & are easi] to replace4 ,"s sub/itute = "m's button box1 a box ( %ells or col\r$ se$s1 a box ( fea!rs1 all ^! ?+s w be play$ )1 :i* means obs]vation & discrim9ation1 comp>ison & contra/1 & 9 addition1 :]e col\r is involv$1 !re is ae/hetic pleasure1 & ?is also ent]s into ! t\*+ ( smoo? or s(t surfaces4 ,s(tness is a joy to *ildr51 z is %[n 9 ! woolly lambs1 etc41 provid$ = babies4 ,a little "o ( my acqua9tance _h a bit ( blanket :i* com=t$ _m woes1 & :5 once ,i (f]$ h] a fea!r boa z a sub/itute %e sobb$ out3 ,x isn't s s(t z ! blanket6 ,9 "o ( ,miss ,mc,millan's e>ly books %e wrote3 ,v e>ly ! *ild beg9s m or less consci\sly to ex]cise ! basal s5se--! s5se ( t\*4 ,on wak+ f sleep he puts 8 t9y h&s to grasp some?+1 or turns 8 head on ! firm s(t pill[4 ,he t\*es r ?an looks1 at fir/ 7= 8 h&s & f+]s p]=m a great _m movem5ts long be=e he le>ns to turn 8 eyeballs 9 v>i\s directions or foll[ ! passage ev5 ( a light71 & ?r\gh t\*+ _m ?+s he beg9s 8 education4 ,if he is ! nursl+ ( weal?y p>5ts1 x is possible t 8 fir/ ex]cises are r re/rict$4 ,he t\*es silk1 ivory1 musl9 & f9e l954 ,t is all1 & t is n mu*4 ,b ! *ild ( ! cottag] is (t5 bett] (f1 = 8 "m gives him a great v>iety ( objects to keep him quiet4 ,! ridicul\s comm&1 ',d n t\*1' _c be impos$ on him :ile he is scream+ 9 8 cradle or prote/+ 9 8 d9n] *air2 & s all mann] ( ?+s--reels1 r+s1 boxes1 t9s1 t is to say a v>iety ( surfaces--is (f]$ to him1 to 8 great delight & advantage4 ,& le/ he %\ld n get ! full b5efit ( su* privilege he c>ries ev]y?+ to 8 m\?1 :]e ! s5se ( t\* is v ke54#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,e>ly ,*ildhood3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e91 publi%$ #aijj4 ,among ! treasures kept = special occasions !re may be pipes = soap-bubbles1 a prism ( "s k9d ) :i* to make ra9b[s1 a t9y mirror to make light-birds on ! wall & ceil+1 & a magnet ) ! "t-hon\r$ ducks & fi%1 if ^! are /ill to be b\ght1 along ) o!r articles1 delicately made or col\r$1 :i* require c>e4 ,pictures & picture-books %\ld also be consid]$2 "s be+ 9 con/ant use1 "s only br\ght out occasionally4 ,= ! v smalle/ *ildr5 "s may be rag books1 b always *ildr5 %\ld be taught to treat books c>efully4 ,! pictures on ! walls ought to be *ang$1 sometimes ) ! *ildr5's help1 sometimes z a surprise & discov]y4 ,= t purpose x is conv5i5t to h s]ies ( pictures 9 frames ) movable backs1 b br[n-pap] frames w d q well4 ,! pictures belong+ to ! /ories :i* h be5 told to ! *ildr5 ought to h a prom95t place1 & if ! little ones desire to h "o retold !y w ask = x4 ,x is ( c\rse n at all ei!r necess>y or ev5 desirable = any "o s*ool to h ev]y?+1 & *ildr5 %\ld n h too mu* )9 ! range ( _! att5tion at "o "t4 ,individual tea*]s w make _! own selections1 b 9 all cases !re mu/ be suffici5t v>iety ( mat]ial = ea* *ild to c>ry out 8 natural desire = obs]vation1 exp]im5t & con/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,all ,,! ,,_w',s ,a ,,/age ,a w$d+ or a fe/ival1 a m\rn+ or a fun]al444 ,z if 8 :ole vocation 7 endless imitation4 ,9 e c\ntry & 9 e age ^? :o h eyes to see h wat*$ ! same little dramas4 ,:at ,wordswor? saw 0 se5 n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! ,syrian m>ket-place1 :]e ! *ildr5 compla9$ ( _! unresponsive companions3 ,we h pip$ ! glad *aunt ( ! m>riage1 b ye h n danc$1 we h wail$ our lam5tation1 b ye h n jo9$ our m\rn+ procession4 ,s9ce ! v "n ,k9d]g>t5 is to imply a tea*+ :i* fulfils ! *ild's own wants & desires1 x mu/ supply abundant provision = ! dramatic repres5tation ( life4 ,adults h always be5 ready to use = _! own purposes ! /rong t5d5cy to imitate1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( all normal *ildr51 b few ev5 n[ realise to :at ext5t a *ild pr(its by 8 imitative play4 ,! explanation t ,froebel f\nd = ?is w n[ be g5]ally accept$1 viz4 t only by act+ x out c a *ild fully grasp an idea1 ,= :at he tries to repres5t or d1 he beg9s to und]/&4 ,he ?9ks 9 action1 or z "o writ] put x1 he app]ceives ) 8 muscles4 ,?is explanation seems to cov] imitative play1 f ! little *ild's imitative wave ( ! h& up to su* elaborate imitations z are describ$ 9 ,/anley ,hall's ,/ory ( a ,s& ,pile1#ah or 9 ,dewey's ,s*ools ( ,to-morr[4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( ! joy ( su* imag9ative play z t ( ,r$ ,indians1 %ipwrecks & des]t isl&s1 we feel t ^! %[ a crav+ = exp]i5ce1 = life1 su* a crav+ z causes ! adult to lose himself 9 a book ( travels or 9 a dramatic p]=mance1 & :i* expla9s ! ph5om5al success ( ! c9ema1 poor /uff z x is4 ,footnote #ah3 ,or t delightful ,play ,t[n 9 ,! ,play ,way4 ,we ?ir/ = exp]i5ces1 ev5 = ^? :i* are unpleasant2 we wond] h[ x feels to be up 9 an a]oplane or d[n 9 a subm>9e4 ,we are f> inde$ f desir+ air-raids1 b if su* ?+s mu/ be1 !re is a curi\s satisfaction 9 be+ 9 x4 ,& ?\gh ! exp]i5ces !y desire may be matt]s ( ev]yday occurr5ce to u1 *ildr5 probably feel ! crav+ ev5 m ke5ly4 ,y may write :at y l1 said a tea*]1 & a some:at in>ticulate *ild wrote1 ,i 0 out la/ night1 x 0 late4 ,:y1 ,jack1 said ano!r1 y've pa9t$ y\r c[ gre52 did y ev] see a gre5 c[8 ,no1 said ,jack1 b ,i'd l to4 ,9 e>ly ,k9d]g>t5 days ?is imitative & dramatic t5d5cy 0 *iefly met 9 games1 & ! *ildr5 7 by turns butt]flies & bees1 bak]s & c>p5t]s1 clocks & w9dmills4 ,! programme 0 sugge/$ by ,froebel's ,"m ,songs1 9 :i* he deals ) ! *ild's ne>e/ environm5t4 ,too (t51 inde$1 ! realities to :i* ,froebel ref]r$ 7 n realities to ,engli% *ildr51 b t 0 recognis$ z a defect1 & ! ideas !mselves 7 suitable4 ,*ick5s1 pigeons & f>my>d animals2 ! homely pussy cat or can>y bird2 ! work]s to :om ! *ild is indebt$1 f>m]1 bak]1 m9]1 build] or c>p5t]2 ! sun1 ! ra91 ! ra9b[ & ! light-bird--su* ideas 7 *os5 z suitable c5tres1 & /ories & songs1 games & h&work clu/]$ r\nd4 ,:at 0 ! reason = ?is b9d+ ( ?+s toge!r8 ,:y did ,froebel con/antly plead = unity ev5 = ! t9y *ild1 & tell u to l9k toge!r 8 baby f+]-games or 8 fir/ weak ef=ts at build+ ) 8 blocks *airs1 tables1 b$s1 walls & ladd]s8 ,look+ back ov] ! ye>s1 x seems z if ?is idea ( jo9+ toge!r has be5 try+ to ass]t itself "u v>i\s =ms1 ea* ( :i* has reign$ = its day1 has be5 c>ri$ to extremes & be5 disc>d$1 only to come up aga9 9 a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,x has always seem$ to aim at ext5d+ & ord]+ ! m9d cont5t ( *ildr54 ,= ! ,froebelian x 0 express$ 9 su* words z unity1 connect$ness & cont9uity1 :ile ! ,h]b>tians call$ x correlation4 ,"u ^! t]ms mu* "w has be51 & is /ill be+1 c>ri$ out1 "s v good & "s v fooli%4 ,ideas cat* on1 h[ev]1 because ( ! tru? t is 9 !m1 n because ( ! error :i* is likely to be mix$ ) x1 & ev5 ! weake/ ef=t aft] connection embodies an important tru?4 ,:5 we smile ov] absurd /ories ( =c$ correlation1 we seldom /op to ?9k ( :at w5t on be=e ! ,k9d]g>t5 exi/$1 = in/ance ! /ill m absurd & totally disconnect$ li/s ( object lessons4 ,"o actual li/ = *ildr5 ( f\r ye>s old ran3 ,soda1 ,elephant1 ,tea1 ,pig1 ,wax1 ,c[1 ,sug>1 ,spid]1 ,potatoes1 ,%eep1 ,salt1 ,m\se1 ,bread1 ,camel4 ,k9d]g>t5 practice 0 f> ahead ( ?is1 = "h ! tea*] 0 expect$ to *oose h] mat]ial accord+ to 7#a7 ,"t ( ,ye>2 7#b7 ,local ,conditions1 su* z ! pursuits ( ! p2 7#c7 ,social ,cu/oms4 ,:5 x 0 possible ! *ildr5 w5t to see ! real blacksmi? or ! real c[1 & to let game or h&work be an expression1 & a re-ord]+ ( ideas ga9$ 0 natural & "r4 ,connect$ness1 h[ev]1 meant m ?an ?is1 x meant t ! mat]ial itself 0 to be treat$ s t ! *ildr5 w\ld be help$ to t real und]/&+ :i* comes f see+ ?+s 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,z ,lloyd ,morgan puts x1 ,we are ma9ly at "w ^u ! m5tal backgr\nd4 ,x is our object to make ?is backgr\nd z ri* & full & ord]ly z possible1 s t :atev] is br\ght to ! focus ( consci\sness %all be set 9 a relational backgr\nd1 :i* %all give x mean+2 & s t our pupils may be able to feel ! tru? :i* ,br[n+ puts into ! m\? ( ,fra ,lippo ,lippi3 ,?is _w's no blot = u ,nor blank2 x means int5sely & means good3 ,to f9d its mean+ is my meat & dr9k4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dewey1 "s su* l9k+ or jo9+ is necess>y to fo/] t s5se :i* is at ! basis ( att5tion & ( all intellectual gr[?1 ! s5se ( cont9uity4 ,! ,h]b>tian correlation 0 design$ to fur!r t well-connect$ circle ( ?\ght out ( :i* w\ld come ! firm w1 guid$ by "r insight1 inspir$ by true feel+1 :i* is _! aim 9 education4 ,froebelian unity & connect$ness h1 l ! o!rs1 an intellectual & a moral aspect4 ,intellectually ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( in/ruction is ! treatm5t ( individual ?+s 9 _! relation%ips2 morally1 ! idea ( unity is t we are all memb]s "o ( ano!r4 ,! *ild :o1 ?r\gh unh9d]$ activity1 has rea*$ ! /age ( self-consci\sness is to g on to feel himself a "p1 a memb] ( an ev]-increas+ :ole--family1 s*ool1 t[n%ip1 c\ntry1 humanity--! ,all2 to be "o ) ,nature1 man & ,god4 ,e "o has he>d some?+ ( ! new tea*+--:i*1 by ! way1 %$s cle>] light ov] ,froebel's w>n+ aga9/ arbitr>y int]f]5ce--viz4 t a great "p ( ! n]v\s in/ability :i* affects our g5]ation is due to ! ?w>t+ & *eck+ ( ! natural impulses ( e>ly ye>s4 ,b ?is new s*ool also gives u some?+ positive1 & re9=ces old] doctr9es by tell+ u to integrate behavi\r4 ,?is matt] ( ! un?w>t$ lifelong progress ( behavi\r integration is ( pr(\nd importance1 = x is ! transition f behavi\r to conduct4 ,! m integrat$ behavi\r is h>moni\s & consi/5t behavi\r t[>d a l>g] & m compreh5sive situation1 t[>d a bigg] section ( ! univ]se2 x is lucidity & bread? ( purpose4 ,! *ild play+ ) fire is only wrong conduct because x is behavi\r t does n take into acc\nt consequ5ces2 x is n adju/$ to en\gh ( ! environm5t2 x w be made "r by an enl>gem5t ( its scope & rea*4#ai ,all selfi% conduct1 all rud5ess & r\ghness come f ignorance2 we are all m or less self-c5tr$1 & ! *ild's consci\sness ( self has to be wid5$1 8 scope has to be enl>g$ to sympa?y ) ! ?\ghts1 feel+s & desires ( o!r selves4 ,! sane man is ! man :o 7h[ev] limit$ ! scope ( 8 behavi\r7 has no su* suppression incorporat$ 9 him4 ,! wise man mu/ be sane & mu/ h scope z well4#bj ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,freudian ,wi%1 ,edw9 ,holt4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! ,freudian ,wi%1 ,edw9 ,holt4 ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes always us$ to describe ! *ild m9d z scrappy4 ,h[ c we be/ aid developm5t into ! :ol5ess or heal?9ess & ! scope ( sanity & wisdom8 ,= x may well be t ?is wid5+ & ord]+ ( exp]i5ce1 ( consci\sness1 ( behavi\r into moral behavi\r is our mo/ important task z tea*]s4 ,froebel emphasis$ ! cry+ ne$ = connection ( s*ool & life1 po9t+ out h[ ! little *ild desires to imitate & ! old] to %>e 9 all t1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey puts x1 is sur*>g$ ) a s5se ( ! my/]i\s values t atta* to :atev] _! eld]s are conc]n$ )4 ,?is is "o ( ! po9ts to :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey call$ att5tion 9 8 summ+ up ( ,froebel's educational pr9ciples1 ?is lett+ ! *ild reproduce on 8 own plane ! typical do+s & occupations ( ! l>g]1 matur] society into :i* he is f9ally to g =?4 ,x is 9 ?is connection t he says ! ,k9d]g>t5 tea*] has ! opportunity to fo/] t mo/ important s5se ( cont9uity4 ,9 simple reproduction ( ! home life :ile !re is abundant v>iety1 s9ce daily life may br+ u into contact ) all ! life ( ! city or ( ! c\ntry1 yet1 because ! "w is )9 a :ole1 !re is opportunity to fo/] t s5se :i* is at ! basis ( att5tion & ( all intellectual gr[?1 a s5se ( cont9uity4 ,s9ce ,pr(essor ,dewey gave to ! _w ! results ( 8 exp]im5tal s*ool1 all ! ,k9d]g>t5s & mo/ ( ! ,infant ,s*ools 9 ,engl& h tri$ to c>ry out _! accu/om$ reproduction ( home surr\nd+s1 m or less on ! l9es ( ! ,prim>y ,dep>tm5t ( 8 exp]im5tal s*ool4 ,!y h ext5d$ _! scope1 & 9 addition to ! mat]ial already tak5 f workman & %op1 f g>d5 & f>m1 h also ) mu* pr(it to old] *ildr5 us$ 8 sugge/ions ab\t primitive indu/ries4 ,reproduction ( home surr\nd+s c be done 9 _m ways1 "o ( :i* is to help ! *ildr5 to furni% & to play ) a doll's h\se4 ,b ! play mu/ be play4 ,x is n en\gh to use ! drama z m]ely (f]+ sugge/ions = h&work1 & "o small doll's h\se does n all[ ( real play = m ?an "o or two *ildr54 ,our own *ildr5 us$ to settle ?is by tak+ out ! furniture1 etc41 & arrang+ diff]5t homes ar\nd ! room4 ,i c rememb] ! nev]-end+ pleasure giv5 by simil> play 9 my own nurs]y days1 :5 ! actors 7 ! m5 & boys suppli$ by tailors' adv]tisem5ts4 ,_m & v>i$ 7 ! exp]i5ces ( ^! pap] families1 families1 x may be not$1 none ( :om demean$ !mselves s f> z to possess any womank9d4 ,= t nurs]y p>ty ( five _h lo/ its "m sadly e>ly & 0 rul$ by two boys1 :o evid5tly ?\ght little ( ! o!r sex4 ,pr(essor ,dewey tells u t no?+ is m absurd ?an to suppose t !re is no middle t]m betwe5 leav+ a *ild to 8 unguid$ fancies1 or controll+ 8 activities by a =mal succession ( dictat$ directions4 ,x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess to "k :at is /riv+ = utt]ance & to supply ! ne$$ /imulus & mat]ials4 ,to %[ h[ "u ! inspiration ( a ?or\ghly capable tea*] ?is cont9uity may be secur$ & prolong$ = q a long p]iod1 an example may be tak5 f ! "w ( ,miss ,janet ,payne1 :o is rem>kably successful 9 meet+ & /imulat+1 )\t 9 any way =c+ ! /riv+ = utt]ance m5tion$ by ,dewey4 ,on ?is occasion ,miss ,payne produc$ a doll ab\t t5 in*es high1 dress$ to resemble ! *ildr5's fa!rs1 & sugge/$ t a home %\ld be made = him4 ,! *ildr5 adopt$ him ) zeal1 nam$ him ,mr4 ,bird1 & 8 c>e] la/$ = two ye>s4 ,mr4 ,bird requir$ a family1 s ,mrs4 ,bird _h to be produc$ ) h] little girl ,w9nie1 & lat] a baby 0 add$ to ! family4 ,b$s1 tables & *airs1 includ+ a high *air = ,w9nie1 7 made ( scraps f ! wood box1 & = a long "t ,mr4 ,bird 0 mo/ dome/icat$4 ,miss ,payne _h us$ ord9>y dolls' heads1 b _h con/ruct$ ! bodies h]self 9 su* a way t ! dolls c\ld sit & /&1 & use _! arms to wield a broom or hold ! baby4 ,aft] "s "t1 "o *ild said1 ,mr4 ,bird ought to g to bus9ess1 & aft] mu* delib]ation he became a groc]4 ,8 %op 0 made & /ock$1 & he att5d$ x e day1 go+ home to d9n] regul>ly4 ,"o day he appe>$ to be hav+ a meal on ! %op c\nt]1 & x 0 expla9$ t he _h be5 r 9 a hurry 9 ! morn+1 s ,mrs4 ,bird _h giv5 him 8 breakfa/ to take ) him4 ,! ,bird family _h v>i\s adv5tures1 !y _h spr+ clean+s1 removals1 visit$ ! ,zoo & w5t to ! seaside4 ,"o morn+ a little fell[ sat 9 a trolley ) ! ,bird family beside him = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r evid5tly imag9+4 ,i did inquire 9 pass+ if x 0 a drive or a picnic1 b ! answ] 0 s brief1 t ,i knew ,i 0 an int]ruption & retir$4 ,b a y\ng] & bold] inquir]1 :o want$ to conduct an exp]im5t 9 modell+1 v5tur$ to ask if ,mr4 ,bird want$ any?+ t c\ld be made at clay modell+4 ,yes1 he wants "s ink-pots = 8 po/-(fice %op1 0 ! answ]1 ) ! slightly irate addition1 b ,i wi% y'd call x ! *9a factory4 ,:5 ^! *ildr5 mov$ to an upp] class1 ,mr4 ,bird 0 laid away1 b ! *ildr5 reque/$ 8 pres5ce4 ,s he ent]$ ! new room & became a f>m]4 ,he _h n[ to write lett]s1 to arrange r5ts1 etc41 & ! money _h to be made & c\nt$4 ,! lett]s s]v$ = writ+ & read+ lessons1 & ,miss ,payne 0 c>eful to s5d ! answ]s ?r\gh ! real po/1 prop]ly address$ to ,mr4 ,bird ) ! "n ( class & s*ool4 ,mr4 ,bird hir$ lab\r]s1 ! *ildr5 grew corn1 & ?ra%$ x & s5t x to ! mill4 ,a mill] _h to be produc$1 & ! *ildr51 n[ 8 assi/ants1 gr\nd ! :eat1 & ,mr4 ,bird came 9 8 c>t to fet* ! sacks ( fl\r1 :i* ultimately became ! ,birds' ,*ri/mas pudd+ & 0 eat5 by ! lab\r]s1 n[ gue/s at ! fea/4 ,9 spr+1 aft] c>eful provision = _! com=t1 ,mr4 ,bird w5t to ! cattle m>ket & b\ght c[s4 ,?\gh ! milk+ _h to be pret5ce1 ! butt] & *eese 7 really made4 ,! fir/ "q ( ! summ] t]m 01 ,:at's ,mr4 ,bird go+ to d ?is t]m8 ,l o!r tea*]s inspir$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey1 we h f\nd our *ildr5 mo/ responsive to ! sugge/ion ( play+ out primitive man4 ,b ) "s1 n ( c\rse ) ! brighte/1 x is too great a /ret* to g at "o /ep f ! pres5t to ! mo/ primitive times1 & we (t5 sp5d a t]m ov] some?+ ( ! nature ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 :]e ! situation pres5ts *>act]s accu/om$ to mod]n civilisation & depriv$ ( all its conv5i5ces4 ,miss ,payne is c>eful to give ! *ildr5 full opportunity = sugge/ions--"o dull little boy puzzl$ 8 "m by tell+ h] ,i made a v good 'ge/ion' to-day--s ?\gh %e _h n contemplat$ ! r5ew$ appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,bird %e said1 ,:at d y want him to d8 ,let him g out & %oot be>s1 cri$ an embryo sportsman4 ,some:at tak5 aback1 ,miss ,payne temporis$ )1 ,he w\ldn't f9d !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!n let him g to ,india1 cri$ "o *ild1 b ano!r call$ out1 ,no1 no1 let him g to a des]t isl&6 & t 0 c>ri$ ) acclamation4 ,mr4 ,bird's v>i\s homes 7 on a m9iature scale1 & 7 conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( z9c trays1 :i* we h _h made to fit ! available tables & cupbo>d tops4 ,we f9d ^! trays conv5i5t1 z a new "o c be add$ :5 m scope is requir$ to c>ry out new ideas4 ,! foll[+ acc\nts tak5 f ! notes ( ,miss ,hilda ,be]1 :ile a /ud5t 9 tra9+1 %[ ano!r k9d ( play :]e ! *ildr5 !mselves act ! drama4 ,! notes only cov] a %ort p]iod1 b !y %[ h[ ! play may arise q incid5tally4 ,mon41 ,june #ah4--;,z ! gr\nd is too damp = out-(-doors "w1 if ! *ildr5 7 n ready ) plans1 ,i meant to sugge/ build+ a railway /ation1 tunnel1 etc41 & lat]1 ,i ?\ght p]haps we might pa9t adv]tisem5ts ( seaside resorts = our /ation4 ,b ! *ildr5 br\ght sev]al ?+s ) !m1 & ,doro?y br\ght h] own doll4 ,m>ie _h left ! baby doll f ! o!r room 9 ! cot1 s ,doro?y & ,sylvia said !y mu/ look aft] ! babies4 ,s ,cecil1 ,josie & ,i swept & du/$4 ,!n we began to play h\se4 ,cecil & ,doro?y 7 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>ry1 ,sylvia 0 ,mrs4 ,loo 7husb& at ! w>74 ,josie 0 ,nurse & ,i 0 ,aunt ,lizzie4 ,! dolls 7 ,w9nie ,h>ry1 & ,jack & ,dore5 ,loo4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>ry built !mselves a h\se & s did we4 ,cecil said1 ,b :at is ! "n ( ! road8 ,mrs4 ,h>ry *ose #be ,brookfield ,av5ue1 & ,mr4 ,h>ry #g ,victoria ,/reet1 b he gave 9 & ,mrs4 ,loo took 8 "n = h] h\se4 ,we _h to put numb]s on ! h\ses2 ,sylvia c\ld make #g1 b ! o!rs c\ld n make #be1 s ,i put x on ! bo>d & !y copi$ x4 ,josie hav+ also made a #g want$ to use x1 b ,mrs4 ,loo object$1 & said1 ,! "m is m important ?an ! nurse1 s ,josie fix$ h] #g on ! h\se opposite4 ,aft] lun* we ba!d ! babies & put !m to sleep1 & z x 0 "t = ! *ildr5's own re/1 we all w5t to b$4 ,:5 re/ 0 ov]1 we wa%$ & dress$1 & !n ,mrs4 ,h>ry ask$ = clay to make a wat]-tap = h] h\se4 ,t made all ! *ildr5 want to make ?+s 9 clay1 s we made cups & sauc]s1 plates1 & a baby's bottle1 !n scones & sponge-cakes1 bread & a bread-bo>d1 & "o ( ! *ildr5 said we mu/ put a ,b on t4 ,!n ,mrs4 ,loo said1 ,b we hav5't any %elves4 ,i _h to leave my class 9 ,miss ,payne's *>ge1 & !y sp5t ! re/ ( ! "t fitt+ 9 %elves1 wat]-taps1 & s9ks4 ,june #ai4--;,aft] sweep+1 du/+1 & wa%+ & dress+ ! dolls1 ,i read to ! *ildr5 ,h[ ! ,h\se 0 built4 ,!n we all pret5d$ to bake1 mak+ rolls & cakes z next day 0 to be ! doll ,w9nie's bir?day4 ,we bak$ our cakes on a piece ( wood on ! empty fireplace4 ,! o!r *ildr5 7 invit$ to ,w9nie's p>ty1 s we w5t out to %op4 ,! *ildr5 want$ lettuces f _! own g>d51 b ! grass 0 too wet1 s we pret5d$4 ,! %op 0 on ! edge ( ! grass & we talk$ to imag9>y %opm51 ,cecil (t5 exclaim+1 ,eightp5ce6 :y1 x's n wor? x6 ,z nei!r ( ! h\ses w\ld hold all ! gue/s invit$ to ! p>ty1 we _h to h a picnic in/ead4 ,june #bj4--;,i mu/ see t ,sylvia & ,doro?y d ! sweep+ to-morr[1 & let ,josie ba? ! doll2 %e is v good-natur$1 & ,i see t !y give h] ! less attractive occupation4 ,i ?9k too t ! food "q has play$ too l>ge a "p1 s if ! *ildr5 sugge/ m cook+ ,i %all look 9 ! l>d] & say t really we mu/ n buy or bake z food goes bad 9 hot wea!r1 & we mu/ n wa/e 9 w> "t4 ,! *ildr5 h sugge/$ mak+ cu%ions1 pa9t+ pictures1 & mak+ knives & =ks1 b we h n _h "t4 ,report4--,doro?y & ,sylvia swept1 ,cecil m5d$ ! wall ( ! h\se1 ,josie took ! *ildr5 d[n to ! bea* 7! s& tray71 & ,i du/$4 ,we look$ into ! l>d] & f\nd t ye/]day's gre5s 7 go+ bad1 s decid$ n to buy m4 ,!n we took ! babies = a walk4 ,we notic$ h[ _m na/urtiums 7 out1 h[ ! blackb]ry bu%es 7 9 fl[] & 9 bud1 & ! runn]-bean 0 9 fl[]1 & ! r$ fl[]s look$ s pretty 9 ! gre5 leaves4 ,we look$ at ! hollyhocks1 because ,i h told ! *ildr5 t !y w gr[ tall] ?an ,i am1 & !y are always wond]+ h[ soon ?is w be4 ,! *ildr5 f\nd "s *]ries :i* _h fall51 & ,doro?y said h[ pretty !y 7 on ! tree4 ,i call$ att5tion to "o bran* t 0 lad5 ) fruit1 & look$ p>ticul>ly pretty ) ! sun %9+ on x4 ,we also look$ at ! pe> tree & ! almond4 ,ev]y?+ has come on s fa/1 & ! *ildr5 7 ready to say x 0 because ( ! ra94 ,aft] re/1 we w5t to ! ,hall to see ! *ick5s4 ,to-day !y 7 mu* bigg]1 & ,sylvia said _h bigg] w+s4 ,we 7 able to wat* !m dr9k+1 h[ !y hold up _! heads to let ! wat] run d[n4 ,! re/ ( ! morn+ we made curta9s1 & ! *ildr5 lov$ x4 ,!re 0 mu* discussion & at fir/ ! *ildr5 sugge/$ mak+ !m all diff]5t1 b !y agre$ t curta9s at w9d[s 7 usually alike4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>ry ne>ly qu>rell$1 z "o want$ gre5 & ! o!r p9k4 ,i sugge/$ trimm+ ! gre5 ) a /rip ( p9k1 & !y 7 q pleas$4 ,mrs4 ,loo & ,nurse *ose gre5 :i* 0 to be sewn ) r$ silk4 ,sylvia said1 ,a patt]n1 & ,i said1 ,y saw some?+ r$ & gre5 to-day1 & %e call$ out1 ,oh6 *]ries4 ,%e cut out a r\nd ( pap] & tri$ to sew r\nd x1 hold+ x 9 place ) h] o!r h&4 ,i sugge/$ putt+ 9 a /it* to hold ! pap]4 ,cecil 0 absorb$ 9 sew+1 & x seem$ quiet+ = su* an excitable boy & good = 8 weak h&s4 ,"o *ild said1 ,fancy a boy sew+1 s ,i told h[ soldi]s & sailors sew$4 ,!y sew$ j z !y lik$4 ,^! notes are cont9u$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 :]e !y are us$ to %[ *ildr5's attitude t[>ds ,nature4 ,?\gh sep>at$ "h = a special purpose x is cle> t !re nei!r is nor ought to be any real sep>ation 9 ! lives ( ! *ildr54 ,_! lives are :oles & !y cont9ually pass f "o subject to ano!r1 because life & its circum/ances are mak+ new dem&s4 ,if x ra9s & y _c ga!r ! lettuces y h gr[n f se$1 y take refuge 9 happy pret5ce2 if x cle>s & ! sun calls y out ( doors1 y take y\r doll-babies = _! walk4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,joy ,,9 ,,mak+ ,i1 too1 w some?+ make1 & joy 9 ! mak+4 ,,rob]t ,,bridges4 ,built by t only ,law1 t ,use be sugge/] ( ,beauty4 ,,ar?ur ,,cl\gh4 ,!re has always be5 mak+ 9 ! ,k9d]g>t51 s9ce to ,froebel ! impulse to create 0 a *>act]i/ic ( self-consci\s humanity4 ,/op=d ,brooke po9ts out t ,br[n+'s ,caliban1 ?\gh almo/ brute1 %[s himself human1 9 t1 besides ?9k+ out 8 natural religion1 he also dramatises & creates1 falls to make some?+4 ',tis solace mak+ baubles1 ay1 & sport4 ,ta/e?1 himself1 no f9] good i' ! _w ,?an try+ :at to d ) wit & /r5g?-- ,:at does a *ild ga9 f 8 ceaseless attempts at mak+8 ,froebel's answ] 0 t intellectually1 ?r\gh mak+ he ga9s ideas1 :i*1 receiv$ 9 words1 rema9 m]e words4 ,to le>n ?r\gh life & action is m develop+ ?an to le>n ?r\gh words3 expression 9 pla/ic mat]ial1 unit$ ) ?\ght & spee*1 is f> m develop+ ?an m]e repetition ( words4 ,morally1 x is ?r\gh impress+ himself on 8 surr\nd+s1 t ! *ild rea*es ! human attributes ( self-consci\sness & self-control4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important passages ,froebel ev] wrote is ?is3 ,! deepe/ crav+ ( ! *ild's life is to see itself mirror$ 9 "s ext]nal object4 ,?r\gh su* reflection1 he le>ns to "k 8 own activity1 its ess5ce1 direction & aim1 & le>ns to det]m9e 8 activity 9 accordance ) out] ?+s4 ,su* mirror+ ( ! inn] life is ess5tial1 = ?r\gh x ! *ild comes to self-consci\sness1 & le>ns to ord]1 det]m9e & ma/] himself4 ,x is f ! po9t ( view ( expression alone t ,froebel reg>ds ,art1 & draw+1 he takes to be ! fir/ revelation ( ! creative p[] )9 ! *ild4 ,! v e>lie/ draw+ to :i* he ref]s is :at he calls sket*+ ! object on itself1 t is1 ! trac+ r\nd ! outl9es ( ?+s1 :]eby ! *ild le>ns =m by co-ord9at+ sight & motor p]ceptions1 a /age on :i* ,dr4 ,montessori has also laid mu* /ress4 ,besides not+ h[ *ildr5 draw r\nd scissors & boxes1 leaves & twigs1 _! own h&s1 & ev5 %ad[s1 he sees t f exp]im5tation ) any po9t$ /ick or scrap ( r$ /one or *alk1 may come :at ,mr4 ,e4 ,cooke call$ a language ( l9e1 & n[ ! horse ( l9es1 ! man ( l9es w give mu* pleasure4 ,aft] ?is x is true t :atev] a *ild kn[s he w put into 8 draw+1 & ! tea*]'s bus9ess is to see t he has abundant p]ceptions & images to express4 ,ano!r k9d ( draw+ :i* *ildr5 seem to f9d = !mselves is :at !y call mak+ patt]ns4 ,out ( ?is came ! old-fa%ion$ *equ] draw+1 n[ condemn$ z injuri\s to eyesight & ( little value4 ,:5 *ildr5 see any?+ ri* 9 col\r ! g5]al cry is ,let's pa9t x1 :i* is _! way ( tak+ 9 ! beauty4 ,we %\ld n1 says ,froebel1 give !m pa9ts & bru%es inconsid]ately1 to ?r[ ab\t1 b give !m ! help !y ne$1 & he describes q a s5sible lesson giv5 to boys ^: own pa9t+ did n seem to pa9t !m long4 ,tea*]s :o want real help 9 ! art tra9+ ( *ildr5 %\ld read ! excell5t pap]s by ,miss ,f9dlay 9 ,s*ool & ,life1 :]e we are told t we mu/ rescue ! t]m design f ! limit$ uses to :i* x is (t5 condemn$ 9 ! draw+ class1 viz4 ! con/ruction ( pleas+ arrangem5ts ( col\r & =m = surface decoration4 ,we %all use x 9 its full popul> significance 9 con/ructive "w4444 ,! t]m w cov] build+ h\ses1 mak+ kettles1 lay+ out /reets1 plann+ rooms1 dress+ hair1 z well z mak+ patt]ns = cu%ion cov]s & ca!dral w9d[s4444 ,9 ?us wid5+ our art /udies1 we %all be h>k+ back 9 a slight degree to ! k9d ( tra9+ t 9 pa/ ages produc$ ! great ma/]s4444 ,giotto design$ 8 ,campanile prim>ily = ! bells t 7 to summon ! ,flor5t9es to _! ca!dral2 ! ,v5etians want$ faades = _! palaces1 & made faades to delight _! eyes2 ! ,japanese h want$ small furniture = _! small rooms1 & h develop$ wond]ful skill & ta/e 9 design+ x4 ,nei!r art nor sci5ce c rema9 long afloat 9 high ab/ract regions above ! ne$s & int]e/s ( human life4 ,to quote ,a4,h4 ,cl\gh3 ',a ,ca!dral ,pure & ,p]fect4 ,built by t only ,law1 t ,use be sugge/] ( ,beauty2 ,no?+ conceal$ t is1 done1 b all ?+s done to adornm5t2 ,meane/ utilities seiz$ z occasions to grace & embelli%4' ,if ?is is true ( ! int]e/s ( ! pr(essional arti/1 mu* m mu/ x be true ( ! art tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,we mu/ n !n despise ! r\gh & ready productions ( a *ild1 nor =ce ^u him a /&>d = :i* he is n ready4 ,be=e any o!r con/ruction is possible to him1 a *ild c make ) s&1 & ?is is a con/ant joy1 f ! endless pudd+s t are turn$ out ( patty pans1 up to su* models z t ( ! :ole ,isle ( ,wight ) its tunnell$ cliffs & sy/em ( railways1 made by an ex-,k9d]g>t5 boy z yet innoc5t ( geography lessons4 ,! *ild !n :o is mak+1 especially mak+ = use1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t develop+ himself z an arti/4 ,! little boys at ,keilhau 7 well provid$ ) s&1 moss1 etc41 to use ) _! build+ blocks1 & x 0 a =m] ,keilhau boy :o sugge/$ to 8 old ma/] t "s k9d ( s&-box w\ld make a good play?+ = ! *ildr5 9 8 new ,k9d]g>t54 ,miss ,wigg9 tells u t indirectly we owe ! *ildr5's s&-heaps 9 ! public p>ks to ,froebel1 s9ce ^! 7 ! result ( a sugge/ion made by ,frau ,s*rad] to ! ,empress ,fr$]ick1 & ! idea 0 c>ri$ out dur+ h] husb&'s too brief reign4 ,ano!r v e>ly mak+ is ! arrang+ ( furniture = %ops1 c>riages1 tra9s1 & ! %ips ^u ! /airs1 :i* made bright pictures 9 ,/ev5son's memory4 ,build+ blocks are truly1 z ,froebel puts x1 ! f9e/ & mo/ v>iable mat]ial t c be (f]$ a boy = purposes ( repres5tation4 ,! little boxes associat$ ) ! ,k9d]g>t5 7 orig9ally plann$ = ! use ( nurs]y *ildr5 two to ?ree ye>s ( age1 & 9 mo/ if n 9 all ,k9d]g>t5s ^! h be5 replac$ by l>g] bricks4 ,x is _m ye>s n[ s9ce1 at ,miss ,payne's sugge/ion1 we b\ght "s hundr$s ( road pav+ blocks1 & ^! are su* a s\rce ( pleasure t ! *ildr5 (t5 dream ab\t !m4 ,liv+ out ! life ar\nd pres5ts mu* opportunity = mak+1 :i* may be done ) blocks1 b :i* ev5 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 c be done ) tools4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 b *ildr5 h q a /rong in/9ct = self-pres]vation1 & if %[n h[ real workm5 h&le _! tools1 !y are (t5 m c>eful ?an at a mu* lat] /age4 ,to make a workable railway signal is m int]e/+ & mu* m educative ?an to use "o t came f a %op4 ,! tea*] may make illum9at+ discov]ies 9 ! process1 z :5 "o set ( *ildr5 desir$ to make a c\nt] = a %op1 & arrang$ _! piece ( wood v]tically s t ! c\nt] _h no top4 ,x 0 f\nd t to ^! v little p ! mo/ important "p 0 ! high front aga9/ :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to /&1 n ! flat top :i* !y seldom saw4 ,ano!r set ( *ildr5 made a c>t on :i* ! f>m] 0 to c>ry 8 corn1 & exemplifi$ ,dewey's concrete logic ( action4 ,at fir/ !y only want$ a bo>d on :eels1 b ! corn fell (f1 s !y nail$ on sides1 b ! c>t nev] _h ei!r back or front & resembl$ "s se5 9 ,e>ly ,engli% pictures4 ,any k9d ( cook+ t c be done is a mo/ important k9d ( mak+2 ev5 ! v little ones c help1 & !y ?or\ghly enjoy wat*+4 ,h] h&s 7 9 ! d\gh f ?ree ye>s old1 said a nor?-c\ntry "m1 s ,i taught h] h[ to bake1 & n[ 7at sev57 %e c bake z well z ,i c4 ,*ildr5 delight 9 c>ry+ out ! processes involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( fl\r1 & !y c easily ?ra% a little :eat1 !n w9n[1 gr9d betwe5 /ones & sift x4 ,_! be/ ef=ts produce b a t9y quantity ( fl\r1 b ! exp]i5ce is real1 int]e/ is great1 & a new significance atta*es to ! %op fl\r f :i* bread is ultimately produc$4 ,butt] & *eese c easily be made1 also jam1 & ev5 a ,*ri/mas pudd+4 ,9 v e>ly ,k9d]g>t5s we read ( ! gr[+1 digg+ & cook+ ( potatoes1 & ( ! extraction ( />* to be us$ z pa/e4 ,special anniv]s>ies require special mak+4 ,we possess a doll ( #agid to :om h] old "m bequea!d h] bir?day4 ,! doll's bir?day is a great ev5t1 & on ! previ\s day ea* class 9 turn bakes t9y loaves1 or cakes or pa/ry = ! p>ty4 ,*ri/mas creates a ne$ = decorations1 ,*ri/mas c>ds & pres5ts1 & ,empire ,day & ,trafalg> ,day = flags1 :ile 9 _m places !re is an annual sale on behalf ( a *>ity4 ,x does n d to be too mod]n & to despise all ! old-fa%ion$ mak+s1 :i* gave su* pleasure "s ye>s ago4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,pap]-fold+ has fall5 into an undes]v$ oblivion4 ,! mak+ ( boats or cock$-hats f old newspap] is a great a*ievem5t = a *ild1 & to make pigs & purses1 corn] cupbo>ds & *airs = pap] dolls is /ill a delight1 & calls =? real conc5tration & ef=t4 ,mak+ 9 connection ) "s :ole1 su* z ! cont9u\s repres5tation ( life ar\nd u1 &1 at a lat] /age1 ! re-inv5t+ ( primitive indu/ries1 or mak+ :i* arises out ( "s special int]e/ may h a high] educational value1 b ap>t f ?is1 *ildr5 want to make = mak+'s sake4 ,c't ,i make some?+ 9 wood l ,boy does8 ask$ a little girl4 ,!re is joy 9 ! mak+1 joy 9 be+ a cause1 & = ?is ! *ildr5 ne$ opportunity1 space & "t4 ,!re is a lesson to _m ( u 9 "s v]ses by ,miss ,f4 ,%>pley1 lately publi%$ 7,educational ,h&work71 :i* %\ld be entitl$1 ,:5 c ,i make my little ,%ip8 ,i'd l to cut1 & cut1 & cut1 ,& ov] ! b>e floor ,to /rew my pap]s all ab\t1 ,& !n to cut "s m4 ,i'd sweep !m up s neatly1 too1 ,b "m says1 ,oh no6 ,!re is no "t1 x's sev5 o'clock2 ,to b$ y quickly g6 ,9 s*ool1 ,i'd j begun to make ,a pretty little %ip1 ,b ,i 0 sl[1 & all ! re/ ,/ood up to dance & skip4 ,:5 %all ,i make my little %ip8 ,at home !re is no gloy1 ,& fa!r builds x by himself ,or goes to buy a toy4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,/ories ,let me tell ! /ories & ,i c>e n :o makes ! textbooks4 ,,/anley ,,hall4 ,is x ,bible /ory to-day or any k9d ( a /ory8 0 ! greet+ ( an eag] *ild "o morn+4 ,usually !y 7 p]suad+ him to tell /ories1 writes ,eb]s1 f 8 recollections ( ,froebel z an old man at ,keilhau4 ,he 0 nev] se5 cross+ ! c\rty>d )\t a gr\p ( ! y\ng] pupils hang+ to 8 coat tails & clasp+ 8 arms4 ,usually !y 7 p]suad+ him to tell /ories1 & :5 he condesc5d$ to d s1 ! old] ones flock$ ar\nd him1 too1 & !y 7 nev] disappo9t$4 ,:at fire1 :at animation ! old man _h reta9$6 ,s ,froebel c\ld write ) feel+ ( ! joyful faces1 ! sp>kl+ eyes1 ! m]ry %\ts t welcome ! g5u9e /ory-tell]2 he _h a "r to pron\nce t ! *ild's desire & crav+ = tales1 = leg5ds1 = all k9ds ( /ories1 & lat] on = hi/orical acc\nts1 is v int5se4 ,surely !re 0 nev] a little "o :o did n crave = /ories1 ?\gh "h & !re may be f\nd an old] *ild1 :o got none at ! "r "t1 & :o1 !re=e1 lo/ t mo/ heal?y ( appetites4 ,mo/ ( u w agree t !re is some?+ wrong ) ! *ild :o does n l /ories1 b x may be t ! some?+ wrong belong$ to ! "m4 ,"o su* said to ! ,abb ,kle9 "o day1 ,my *ildr5 h nev] ask$ = /ories4 ,b1 madame1 0 ! reply1 nei!r w\ld !y ask = cake if !y _h nev] eat5 x1 or ev5 se5 x4 ,x is easy = u to f9d reasons :y we %\ld tell /ories4 ,we c bru% aside m9or aims su* z increas+ ! *ild's vocabul>y4 ,und\bt$ly 8 vocabul>y does increase enorm\sly f li/5+ to /ories1 b x is difficult to imag9e t any "o c\ld rise to real heights 9 /ory-tell+ ) ?is z an aim or end4 ,t ! n>rator %\ld clo! 8 liv+ /ory 9 words expressive ( its atmosph]e1 & t ! li/5] %\ld 9 ?is way ga9 su* p[] ov] language1 t he1 too1 c fitly express himself is q ano!r matt]4 ,fir/1 !n1 we tell /ories because we love to tell !m & because ! *ildr5 love to li/54 ,we *oose /ories t appeal to our audi5ce4 ,x is some?+ beautiful1 humor\s1 h]oic or witty t we h f\nd1 & be+ social animals we want to %>e x4 ,z educators ) an aim be=e u1 we delib]ately tell /ories 9 ord] to place be=e our *ildr5 ideals ( unselfi%ness1 c\rage & tru?4 ,we "k f our own exp]i5ce1 n only 9 *ildhood1 b all ?r\gh life h[ ! /ory rea*es our feel+s z no s]mon or moralis+ ev] does1 & we h le>n$ t out ( ! he>t are ! issues ( life4 ,unguid$ feel+s may be a dang]1 b ! /ory does m ?an r\se feel+s--x gives opportunity = ! ex]cise ( moral judgem5t1 = ! ex]cise ( judgem5t ^u que/ions ( "r & wrong4 ,feel+ is ar\s$1 b x is n usually a p]sonal feel+1 s judgem5t is likely to be unbiass$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be biass$ by ! tone absorb$ f ! environm5t ev5 9 *ildhood1 z :5 ! "m makes m ( table etiquette ?an ( k9dness1 & ! *ild1 in/ead ( condemn+ ,jacob's refusal to fe$ 8 hungry bro!r ) ! r$ pottage1 z all natural *ildr5 d condemn1 says3 ,no1 ,esau %\ldn't h got x1 'cause he ask$ = x4 ,z a rule1 ! *ildr5's /&>d is correct en\gh1 & approval or condemnation is ju/ly be/[$1 provid$ t ! /ory has be5 *os5 to suit ! *ild's /age ( developm5t4 ,"o little girl object$ /rongly to ,macaulay's ideal ,roman1 :o 9 ,rome's qu>rel1 sp>$ nei!r l& nor gold1 nor son nor wife4 ,t wasn't "r1 %e said /\tly1 he ought to ?9k ( 8 own wife & *ildr5 fir/4 ,%e 0 satisfi$1 h[ev]1 :5 x 0 expla9$ to h] t ,horatius might be able to save _m fa!rs to _m wives & *ildr54 ,9 my e>lie/ tea*+ days1 hav+ f\nd c]ta9 hi/ory /ories successful ) *ildr5 ( sev51 ,i tri$ ! same ) *ildr5 ( six1 b only once4 ,edmund ( ,ea/ ,anglia dy+ = 8 fai? fell v flat4 ,:at 0 ! good ( t8 said "o little fell[1 'cause if y're dead y c't d any?+6 ,b if y're alive1 y c get m soldi]s & w9 a victory4 ,! majority ( ! class1 h[ev]1 seem$ to feel ) ano!r :o ask$1 ,:y didn't he promise :ile ! ,danes 7 !re8 ,he ne$n't h kept x :5 !y w5t away4 ,ano!r way ( /at+ our aim 9 tell+ /ories to *ildr5 is t a /ory pres5ts morality 9 ! concrete4 ,virtues & vices p] se nei!r attract nor repel1 !y simply mean no?+ to a *ild1 until !y are pres5t$ z ! de$s ( man or woman1 boy or girl1 liv+ & act+ 9 a _w recognis$ z real4 ,"o tell+ /ory is t ( ! boy :o got hold ( ,miss ,edgewor?'s ,p>5t's ,assi/ant & :o said to 8 "m1 ,"m1 ,i've be5 read+ ',! ,little ,m]*ants' & ,i "k n[ h[ horrid x is to *eat & tell lies4 ,i h be5 tell+ y t ev] s9ce y c\ld speak1 said 8 "m1 to :i* ! boy answ]$1 ,yes1 ,i "k1 b t didn't int]e/ me4 ,our *ildr5 _h be5 told ! /ory ( h[ ! ,c\ntess ( ,bu*an cr[n$ ! ,bruce1 a duty :i* %\ld h be5 p]=m$ by h] bro!r ! ,e>l ( ,fife1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 too mu* afraid ( ! wra? ( ,engli% ,edw>d4 ,a few days aft]1 an argum5t arose & "o little girl 0 he>d to say1 ,i don't want to be brave1 & a boy rejo9$1 ,girls don't ne$ to be brave4 ,i said1 ,:i* w\ld y r be1 ! ,c\ntess :o put ! cr[n on ! ,k+'s head1 or ! bro!r :o ran away8 ,& quickly came ! answ]1 ,oh6 ! brave ,c\ntess1 f ! v *ild :o didn't want to be brave6 ,froebel sums up ! tea*]'s aim 9 ! words3 ,! tell+ ( /ories is a truly /r5g!n+ _s-ba?1 x gives opportunity = ! ex]cise ( all m5tal p[]s1 opportunity = te/+ individual judgem5t & individual feel+s4 ,b :y is x t *ildr5 crave = /ories8 ,education1 says ,miss ,bl[1 a vet]an ,froebelian1 is a s]ies ( responses to indicat$ ne$s1 & und\bt$ly ! ne$ = /ories is z press+ z ! ne$ to explore1 to exp]im5t & to con/ruct4 ,:at is ! unconsci\s ne$ t is express$ 9 ?is crav+1 :y is ?is desire s deeply implant$ by ,nature8 ,s f>1 no "o seems to h giv5 a bett] answ] ?an ,froebel has done1 :5 he says t ! desire = /ories comes out ( ! ne$ to und]/& life1 t x is 9 fact root$ 9 ! in/9ct ( inve/igation4 ,only ! /udy ( ! life ( o!rs c furni% po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! life ! boy himself has exp]i5c$4 ,! /ory conc]ns o!r m51 o!r circum/ances1 o!r times & places1 yet ! he>] seeks 8 own image1 he beholds x & no "o kn[s t he sees x4 ,man _c be ma/] ( 8 surr\nd+s till he inve/igates & s ga!rs k4 ,b he has to adapt himself n only to ! physical b to ! human environm5t 9 :i* he lives4 ,9 /ories ( all k9ds1 *ildr5 /udy human life 9 all k9ds ( circum/ances1 nay1 if ! /ory is suffici5tly graphic !y almo/ g ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces n>rat$1 almo/ live ! new life4 ,) v "y *ildr5 ! mo/ popul> ( all /ories is ! ,! ,?ree ,be>s & x is wor? a little analysis4 ,a little girl runs away1 & runn+ away is a great temptation to little girls & boys1 z great an adv5ture z runn+ (f to sea w be at a lat] /age4 ,%e goes into a wood & meets be>s3 :at else c\ld y expect6 ,! /ory !n deals ) really int]e/+ ?+s1 porridge1 bas9s1 *airs & b$s4 ,! /rong contra/ ( ! be>s' voices fasc9ates *ildr51 & j :5 retribution might desc5d ^u h]1 ! h]o9e escapes & gets safe home4 ,*ildr5 revel 9 ! famili> details1 b ^! alone w\ld n suffice1 !re mu/ be adv5ture1 excitem5t1 romance4 ,"o feels t ,s\!y _h ! assi/ance ( a *ild 9 mak+ 8 /ory s complete1 & we c he> ! que/ions3 ,h[ did ! big be> "k t ! little girl _h ta/$ 8 porridge8 ,oh1 because %e _h left ! spoon4 ,h[ did he "k t %e _h sat 9 8 *air8 ,because %e left ! cu%ion untidy1 & z = ! little be>'s *air1 :y1 %e sat t "r out4 ,t q little *ildr5 desire fre% exp]i5ces or adv5tures & really excit+ ones1 is %[n by ! foll[+ /ories made by *ildr54 ,! fir/ two are by a little girl ( two-&-a-half1 ! ?ird is tak5 f ,lady ,gl5conn]'s rec5tly publi%$ ,! ,say+s ( ! ,*ildr54 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a giant & a little girl1 & he told a little girl n to kiss a be> acos he w\ld bite h]1 & ! little girl climb$ "r on 8 back & %e jump$ "r d[n ! /airs & ! be> came walk+ aft] ! little girl & kiss+ h]1 & %e call$ x a little be> & x 0 a big be>6 7imm5se amusem5t74 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a little piggy & he 0 "r 9 a big gre5 & :ite fire & he didn't hurt hisself1 & 7told z a trem5d\s secret7 he t\*$ a fire ) 8 h&ie4 ',:at a naughty piggy1' said ,auntie1 '& :at next8' ,he jump$ "r out ( a fire4 ,auntie1 c y smile8 7,= aunties _c smile :5 p are naughty47 ,! ?ird /ory is said to h be5 fill$ ) pauses due to a c]ta9 sl[ness ( spee*1 b ! pauses are lit by ! lightn+ fla% ( a fly+ eyebr[1 & ! impressive nodd+ ( a silk5 head4 ,once1 y "k1 !re 0 a fight betwe5 a little pony & a lion1 & ! lion sprang aga9/ ! pony & ! pony put 8 back aga9/ a /ack & bit$ t[>ds ! lion1 & ! lion roll$ ov] & ! pony jump$ up1 & he ran up 444 & ! pony turn$ r\nd & ! lion 444 ,8 "m felt %e _h lo/ ! ?read4 ,:i* won8 %e ask$4 ,:i* won6 he repeat$ & aft] a mom5t's pause he said1 ,oh6 ! little be>4 ,?is surpris+ conclusion po9ts to a /age :5 x is difficult = a *ild to hold ! ?read ( a n>rative1 & at ?is /age1 along ) simple /ories ( little ones l !mselves1 repetition or accumulation /ories seem to give mo/ pleasure4 ,h5ny ,p5ny & ,billy ,bobtail--told by ,jacobs z ,h[ ,jack w5t to seek 8 ,=tune--are prime fav\rites4 ,repetition ( rhy?mic phrases has a great attraction1 z 9 ,?ree ,little ,pigs1 ) its delightful repetition ( ,little pig1 little pig1 let me come 91 ,no1 no1 by ! hair ( my *9ny *9 *91 ,!n ,i'll huff & ,i'll puff & ,i'll bl[ y\r h\se 94 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 ! *ildr5 are ready = ! "t-hon\r$ fairy-tale or folk-tale4 ,! or?odox beg9n+1 ,once ^u a "t1 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry !re liv$ 4441 fits ! /age :5 nei!r "t nor place is ( any consequ5ce4 ,animals speak1 well :y n1 we c6 ,! fairies accompli% wond]s1 aga9 :y n8 ,wond]ful ?+s d happ5 & !y mu/ h a wond]ful cause1 &1 z "o *ild said1 if !re nev] _h be5 any fairies1 h[ c\ld p h writt5 /ories ab\t !m8 ,goodness is rew>d$ & wick$ness is puni%$1 z is only "r 9 ! *ild's eyes1 & goodness usually means k9dness1 ! virtue be/ und]/ood ( *ildr54 ,ob$i5ce is no d\bt ! nurs]y virtue 9 ! eyes ( au?ority1 b k9dness is mu* m human & attractive4 ,bo? *ild & man1 says ,froebel1 desire to "k ! significance ( :at happ5s ar\nd !m2 ?is is ! f\ndation ( ,greek *oruses1 especially 9 trag$y1 & ( _m productions 9 ! realm ( leg5ds & fairy-tales4 ,x is ! result ( ! deep-root$ consci\sness1 ! slumb]+ premonition ( be+ surr\nd$ by t :i* is high] & m consci\s ?an ourselves4 ,! fairy tale is ! *ild's my/]y l&1 8 recognition t !re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 our philosophy or 9 our sci5ce4 ,dr4 ,montessori prote/s aga9/ ! idea t fairy-tales h any?+ to d ) ! religi\s s5se1 say+ t fai? & fable are z ! poles ap>t4 ,%e does n und]/& t x is = _! tru? t we value fairy-tales4 ,! tru?s !y tea* are su* z t c\rage & intellig5ce c conqu] brute /r5g?1 t love c brave & c ov]come all dang]s & always f9ds ! lo/1 t k9dness begets k9dness & always w9s 9 ! end4 ,! good & ! fai?ful m>ries ! pr9cess--or ! pr9ce--& lives happy ev] aft]4 ,& assur$ly if he does n m>ry 8 pr9cess1 he w n live happy1 & if %e does n m>ry ! pr9ce1 %e w live 9 no beautiful palace4 ,& !re is m4 ,take = in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,toads & ,diamonds4 ,! c\rte\s maid5 :o goes d[n ! well1 :o gives help :]e x is ne$$1 & :o works fai?fully = ,"m ,holle1#ba comes home aga9 dropp+ gold & diamonds :5 %e speaks4 ,h] sil5ce may be silv]1 b h] spee* is gold51 & h] words give light 9 d>k places4 ,! selfi% & lazy girl1 :o refuses help & ^: "w is unfai?ful & only done = rew>d1 has h] rew>d4 ,h5ce=?1 :5 %e speaks1 d[n fall toads & snakes h] words are cold z %e is1 !y may glitt] b !y /+4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is v]sion is probably a mixture ( ! v]sions ( ,p]rault & ,grimm b ,"m ,holle %ak+ h] fea!rs is wor? br++ 94 ,fairy- & folk-tales give :olesome food to ! desire = adv5ture1 :]eas 9 :at we may call reali/ic /ories1 adv5ture is *iefly conf9$ to ! naughty *ild1 :o is !re=e m attractive ?an ! good & /odgy4 ,ev5 among fairy-tales we may select4 ,beauty & ! ,bea/ & ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty & ,sn[-:ite & ,rose-r$ are di/9ctly pref]able to ,jack ! ,giant ,kill] or ,puss 9 ,boots1 :ile ,bluebe>d _c be told4 ,x seems to me t *ildr5 c (t5 safely read = !mselves /ories ! adult _c well tell4 ,! *ild's notion ( ju/ice is crude1 bad is bad1 & :e!r embodi$ 9 an ogre or 9 ,ph>aoh ( ,egypt1 x mu/ be got rid (1 put out ( ! /ory4 ,no *ild is sorry = ! giant :5 ,jack's axe cleaves ! bean/alk1 & z = ,ph>aoh1 ,well1 x's a good ?+ he's dr[n$1 = he 0 a bad man1 wasn't he8 ,dea? means no?+ to *ildr51 z a rule1 except disappe>ance4 ,:5 *ildr5 c read = !mselves1 !y w take f _! /ories :at suits _! /age ( developm5t1 _! /&>d ( judgem5t1 & we ne$ n int]f]e1 ev5 ?\gh !y reg>d ) p]fect calm :at seems gruesome to ! adult4 ,z a valuable addition to ! be/-kn[n fairy-tales1 we may m5tion "o or two o!rs3 ,grannie's ,wond]ful ,*air is a delightful set ( /ories1 full ( *>m+ pictures1 ?\gh ! writ]1 ,frances ,br[n1 0 born bl9d4 ,mrs4 ,ew+'s /ories = *ildr51 ,! ,br[nies1 ) ,amelia & ! ,dw>fs & ,timo?y's ,%oes1 are inimitable1 & h] ,old-,fa%ion$ ,fairy ,tales are v good1 b n = v "y *ildr54 ,h] o!r /ories are c]ta9ly ab\t *ildr51 b are1 z a rule1 writt5 = adults4 ,george ,macdonald's /ories are all too well kn[n & too univ]sally belov$ to ne$ recomm5dation4 ,b 9 tell+ !m1 e4g4 ,! ,pr9cess & ! ,gobl9s or ,at ! ,back ( ! ,nor? ,w9d1 ! "y tea*] mu/ rememb] t !y are beautiful allegories4 ,be=e %e v5tures to tell !m1 ! beg9n] %\ld pond] well :at ! poet--= ^! are prose poems--means1 & :o is repres5t$ by ! beautiful ,great-great-gr&mo!r always old & always "y1 or ,nor? ,w9d :o mu/ s9k ! %ip b is able to be> ! cry f x1 because ( ! s\nd ( a f>-(f song1 :i* seems to swall[ up all fe> & pa9 & to set ! suff]+ s++ x ) ! re/4 ,wat]-,babies is a bridge betwe5 ! fairy-tale ( a *ild & equally wond]ful & beautiful fairy-tales ( ,nature1 & x1 too1 is full ( mean+4 ,if ! tea*] has ga9$ ?is1 ! *ildr5 w n lag beh9d4 ,x 0 a *ild ( backw>d developm5t1 :o1 :5 %e he>d ( ,"m ,c>ey1 :o made ?+s make !mselves1 said1 ,oh6 ,i "k :o t 01 t 0 ,god4 ,su* /ories mu/ be spread out ov] _m days ( tell+1 b !y ga9 r ?an lose f t1 ?\gh = q "y *ildr5 ! /ories d require to be %ort & simple1 & (t5 repeat$4 ,if *ildr5 get pl5ty ( ^!1 ! /age = long] /ories is rea*$ wond]fully soon4 ,pseudo-sci5tific /ories1 9 :i*1 = example1 a drop ( wat] discusses evaporation & cond5sation1 are n /ories at all1 b a k9d ( m5tal meat loz5ge1 mo/ unsatisfy+ & probably n ev5 fulfill+ _! task ( supply+ n\ri%m5t 9 =m ( facts4 ,fables usually deal ) ! faults & fail+s ( gr[n-ups1 & may be left = *ildr5 to read = !mselves1 to extract :at suits !m4 ,illu/rations are n always necess>y1 b if well *os5 !y are always a help4 ,w>ne has publi%$ "s delightfully illu/rat$ /ories = little *ildr51 ,! ,?ree ,pigs1 ,hop o' my ,?umb1 ,beauty & ! ,bea/1 etc4 ,!y are illu/rat$ by ,h4,m4 ,brock & by ,leslie ,brooke1 & !y really are illu/rat$4 ,! arti/s h enjoy$ ! /ories & *ildr5 equally enjoy ! pictures4 ,! tea*] mu/ consid] :at ideas %e is pres5t+ & :e!r words alone c convey !m prop]ly4 ,we mu/ rememb] t mo/ *ildr5 visualise & t !y c only d s f :at !y h se54 ,s1 )\t illu/rations1 a ca/le may be a suburban h\se ) ,nott+ham lace curta9s & an aspidi/ra1 :ile ,p]seus or ,moses may diff] little f ! *ild's own fa!r or bro!rs4 ,aga91 t[n *ildr5 _c visualise hill & valley1 =e/ & moor1 brook & riv]1 n to m5tion jungles & sn[fields & ! trackless ocean4 ,x is n easy to f9d pictures to give any idea ( su* sc5es1 b x is wor? :ile to look = !m1 & x is also wor? :ile = ! tea*] to visualise1 & to practise vivid describ+ ( :at %e sees4 ,*ildr51 ( c\rse1 only want description :5 x is really a "p ( ! /ory1 z :5 ,tom crosses ! moor1 desc5ds ,lew?waite ,crag1 or travels f brook to riv] & f riv] to sea4 ,z to h[ a /ory %\ld be told1 op9ions diff]4 ,x mu/ be well told ) a well-modulat$ voice & ) slight b effective ge/ure4 ,b ! model %\ld be ! /ory z told 9 ! home1 n ! /ory told f a plat=m4 ,! *ildr5 ne$ n be spellb\nd all ! "t1 b %\ld be free to ask s5sible que/ions & to make *ildlike comm5ts 9 mod]ation4 ,! language %\ld fit ! subject2 beautiful ?\ghts ne$ beauty ( expression1 high & noble de$s mu/ be told 9 noble language4 ,a tea*] :o wi%es to be a really good tell] ( /ories mu/ h]self read good lit]ature1 & %e w d well n only to prep>e h] /ories ) c>e1 b to consid] ! language %e uses 9 daily life4 ,!re is a happy m$ium betwe5 p$antry & ! late/ v>iety ( slang1 & if daily spee* is c>eless & slip%od1 x is difficult to *ange x = special occasions4 ,our /ories %\ld n only prep>e = lit]ature1 !y %\ld be lit]ature1 & ^? :o realise :at ! /ory may d = *ildr5 w n grudge "t sp5t 9 prep>ation4 ,if ! /ory is to pres5t an ideal1 let u see t we pres5t a wor?y "o2 if x is to lead ! *ildr5 to judge ( "r & wrong1 let u see t we give !m "t & opportunity to judge & t we d n =ce _! judgem5t4 ,la/ly1 if ! /ory is to make ! *ildr5 feel1 let u see t ! feel+ is on ! "r side1 t !y %r9k f all t is mean1 selfi%1 cruel & c[>dly1 & sympa?ise ) :atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,9 ,,grassy ,,places ,my he>t leaps up :5 ,i behold ,a ra9b[ 9 ! sky1 ,s 0 x :5 my life began ,s be x :5 ,i %all gr[ old1 ,or let me die4 ,:at is ! real aim ( :at we call ,nature-lessons1 ,nature-tea*+1 ,nature-"w8 ,x is surely to fo/] delight 9 beauty1 s t our he>ts %all leap up at sight ( ! ra9b[ until we die4 ,=1 inde$1 if we lose t uplift ( ! he>t1 "s "p ( u has di$ already4 ,yet ev5 ,wordswor? m\rns t no?+ c br+ back ! h\r ( spl5d\r 9 ! grass & glory 9 ! fl[]6 ,9 its answ] to ! "q ,:at is ! *ief end ( man8 ! old ,%ort] ,cate*ism has a gr& beg9n+3 ,man's *ief end is to glorify ,god & to enjoy ,him = ev]4 ,d we lose ! vision because we are n bold en\gh to take t enjoym5t z our *ief end8 ,to enjoy good is to enjoy ,god4 ,our ends or aims are our desires1 & ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock1 9 8 ,ultimate ,belief1 urges tea*]s to recognise t ! _s ( man has ?ree desires1 ?ree ends1 & t x _c be satisfi$ till x atta9s all ?ree4 ,man desires to d "r1 s f> z he sees x1 = ! sake ( do+ "r2 he desires to ga9 k or to "k = ! sake ( kn[+1 = ! sake ( tru?2 & he desires beauty4 ,we d n value t :i* we call beautiful because x is true1 or because x is good1 b because x is beautiful4 ,!re is a glory ( ! univ]se :i* we call tru? :i* we discov] & appreh5d1 & a glory ( ! univ]se :i* we call beauty & :i* we discov] or appreh5d4 ,froebel beg9s 8 ,education ( ,man by an inquiry into ! reason = our exi/5ce & 8 answ] is t all ?+s exi/ to make manife/ ! _s1 ! lan vital1 :i* br\ght !m into be+4 ,sursum corda1 says ,/ev5son1 ,lift up y\r he>ts ,art & ,blue ,heav5 ,april & ,god's ,l>ks ,gre5 re$s & sky scatt]+ riv] ,a ,/ately ,music ,ent] ,god4 ,& ,br[n+8 ,if y get simple beauty & n\ght else1 y get ab\t ! be/ ?+ ,god inv5ts4 ,to let *ildr5 get t beauty %\ld be our aim1 & !y mu/ get x 9 _! own way4 ,life 9 & ) ,nature & ) ! fair sil5t ?+s ( ,nature1 %\ld be fo/]$ by p>5ts & o!rs1 ,froebel tells u1 z a *ief fulcrum ( *ild-life1 & ?is is accompli%$ *iefly 9 play1 :i* is at fir/ simply natural life4 ,let u surm\nt ! ruts ( our tea*+ exp]i5ce & climb high en\gh to look back ^u our own *ildhood1 to see :]e beauty call$ to u1 :]e we atta9$ to beauty4 ,among my own e>lie/ recollections come a fir/ view ( ! />ry sky & ! discov]y ( ,heav54 ,no "o call$ att5tion to ! />s1 !y spoke !mselves to a *ild ( f\r or five & decl>$ ! glory ( ,god4 ,heav5 0 n on high among ^! glori\s />s1 h[ev]4 ,x 0 a grassy place ) fl[]s & sun%9e4 ,x _h to be ,heav5 because y w5t ?r\gh ! cemet]y to rea* x1 & because x 0 s bright & fl[]y & !re 7 no graves 9 x4 ,i nev] f\nd x aga91 because ,i _h =gott5 h[ to get !re4 ,ano!r v e>ly memory is "o ( grief1 to see f ! w9d[ h[ ! g>d5] 0 m[+ d[n all ! daisies1 & !re 7 s _m1 9 ! grass2 & yet ano!r is ( a high1 grassy1 sunny field ) a little /ream runn+ f> d[n bel[4 ,x 0 n really f> & !re 0 no?+ p>ticul>ly beautiful 9 ! place to gr[n-up eyes1 b ! behold] 0 v small & lov$ x de>ly4 ,to 8 ,art & ,blue ,heav5 ,/ev5son might h add$ ,sun & ,gre5 ,grass4 ,= he knew :at grassy places are to ! *ild1 & t happy play 9 grassy places might well be ,heav5 to ! little "o4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ little book call$ ,:at is a ,k9d]g>t58#bb 0 publi%$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is writt5 by a l&scape g>d5]1 & conta9s mo/ valuable sugge/ions z to h[ be/ to use = a ,k9d]g>t5 or ,nurs]y ,s*ool plots ( gr\nd :i* may be secur$ = t purpose4 ,naturally ! writ] has mu* to say on ! lay+ out & /ock+ ! available space to ! be/ advantage1 *oos+ ! mo/ suitable positions = ! h\se1 :]e ! tea*] mu/ live1 he says1 to supply ! atmosph]e ( a home2 = animal hut*es1 = s&-heaps & seesaws2 = ! necess>y %elt]1 = ! *ildr5's g>d5s1 & = ! lawn1 = ev5 on 8 smalle/ plan1 a tw5ty-five-foot lot1 we f9d room = a spot ( gre54 ,lat] he expla9s t = ?is gre5 "o mu/ use :at w gr[1 & if grass w n p]haps clov] w4 ,! way 9 :i* ! trees & plants are *os5 is mo/ sugge/ive4 ,beauty & suitability are always consid]$1 b he rememb]s 8 own y\?1 & also consid]s ! special joys ( *ildhood4 ,= x is n ,nature lessons t come into 8 calculations b ! m]e association ( plants & *ildr54 ,s ! bir* tree is *os51 p>tly = its grace & beauty1 b also because ( its b>k1 = "o c scribble on its pap]y surface2 ! hazel1 because *ildr5 delight 9 ! catk9s ) _! %[]s ( gold5 du/1 & ! nut hidd5 9 its cap ( frills & tucks4 ,& he adds3 ,h[ mu* m allur+ ?an ! nak$ fruit f ! groc]'s sack are ^! nuts1 especially :5 dots = eyes & m\? are add$1 & a :ole little face is tuck$ )9 ?is natural bonnet4 ,footnote #bb3 ,g4 ,hans51 pub4 ,eld]1 ,morgan ,%eph]d1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahia4 ,9 addition to ! fl[]s *os5 = beauty ( col\r1 ?is lov] ( *ildr5 & ( g>d5s wants ,cant]bury ,bells to r+1 ,=get-me-nots because !y c /& s mu* wat]+1 & fl[]s ) faces1 pansies1 sweet-peas1 lup9s1 snapdragons1 monkey fl[]s1 r$ & :ite dead nettles1 & r$ clov] to br+ ! bees4 ,"s ( ^! are *os5 because ! *ild c d some?+ ) !m1 c f9d _! own uses = !m1 c play ) !m4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally1 play+ ) !m is ! *ild's way ( appreciat+ bo? plant & animal4 ,pick+ fea!ry grasses1 r$-tipp$ daisies1 sweet-smell+ clov] & gold5 d&elions2 fe$+ snapdragons ) fall5 petals1 f9d+ :at's o'clock by bl[+ d&elion fruits1 pay+ = dock tea out ( a fairy purse1 %ad+ poppy dolls ) woodruff p>asols1 t is h[ a *ild enjoys ! beauty ( col\r1 sc5t & =m4 ,he gets n m b less beauty :5 he mu/ sit 9 a class & answ] =mal que/ions4 ,mu/ we talk ab\t !m be=e we take ! fl[]s home8 ask$ a *ild "o day2 !y are s pretty4 ,cle>ly1 ! talk 0 go+ to less51 n to deep5 ! beauty4 ,& animals8 ,! *ild plays ) cat & dog1 he fe$s ! *ick5s1 ! horse & ! donkey1 he wat*es ) ! utmo/ int]e/ cat]pill>1 snail & spid]1 b he does n want to be ask$ que/ions ab\t !m--he does want to talk & p]haps to ask ! que/ions himself--nor does he always want ev5 to draw1 pa9t or model !m4 ,mo/ly he wants to wat*1 & p]haps j to /ir !m up a little if !y d n p]=m to 8 satisfaction4 ,he does n necess>ily mean to tease1 only :y %\ld he wat* an animal t does no?+8 ,! animals hav5't any habits :5 ,i wat* !m1 a little girl once said to ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,?omson4 ,all *ildr5 %\ld live 9 ! c\ntry at lea/ = "p ( ! ye>4 ,!y %\ld "k fields & g>d5s1 & h int]c\rse ) h5s & *ick5s1 c[s & calves1 %eep & lambs2 %\ld make hay & see ! corn cut4 ,!y w\ld /ill want ! wisely sympa!tic tea*]1 n to ar\se int]e/--t is n necess>y1 b to keep x alive by keep+ pace ) ! *ild's natural developm5t4 ,x is n m]ely liv+ 9 ! c\ntry t develops ! little *ild's int]e/ 9 %ape & col\r & sc5t into some?+ deep]4 ,p /ill sp5d all _! "t 9 ! fields & =e/s & see & feel no?+ ( ! beauties ( ,nature1 & ( _! influ5ce on ! human he>t2 & ?is1 said ,froebel--& x is j :at ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock is say+ n[--is because ! *ild fails to f9d ! same feel+s among adults4 ,two effects foll[3 ! *ild feels ! want ( sympa?y & loses "s respect = ! eld]1 & also he loses 8 orig9al joy 9 ,nature4 ,!re is 9 e human be+ ! passionate desire = ?is self-=getfulness--to :i* x atta9s :5 x is aw>e ( beauty--& a passionate delight 9 x :5 x comes4 ,! *ild feels t delight among spr+ fl[]s2 we c all rememb] h[ we felt x 9 ! fir/ appreh5sion ( "s new beauty ( ! univ]se1 :5 we ceas$ to be little animals & became aw>e t !re 0 ?is beauty outside u to be lov$4 ,& mo/ ( u mu/ rememb]1 too1 ! /range indiff]5ce ( our eld]s4 ,!y 7 n consid]+ ! lilies ( ! field2 !y did n want u to get our feet wet among !m4 ,we might be =gett+ ourselves1 b !y 7 rememb]+ u2 & we became sudd5ly aw>e ( ! bitt]ness ( life & ! tyranny ( facts4 ,n[ p>5ts & nurses 7& tea*]s7 h1 ( c\rse1 to rememb] *ildr5 :5 !y =get !mselves4 ,b !y ought to be aw>e t ! *ild1 :5 he =gets himself 9 ! beauty ( ! _w1 is pass+ ?r\gh a sacr$ exp]i5ce :i* w enri* & glorify ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,*ildr51 because !y are n engag$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 are m capable ( ?is ae/hetic self-=getfulness ?an !y w aft]w>ds be2 & !y ne$ all ( x t !y c get1 s t !y may rememb] x & prize x 9 lat] ye>s4 ,9 ^! heav5-s5t mom5ts !y "k :at dis9t]e/$ness is4 ,!y h a te/ by :i* !y c value all future exp]i5ce & "k ! dullness & /al5ess ( worldly success4 ,!re=e x is a s9 to *eck1 m ?an ne$ be1 _! ae/hetic delight 7,! ,ultimate ,belief74 ,we _c all give to our *ildr5 ! exp]i5ces we %\ld l to supply1 b if we are cle> t we are aim+ at enjoym5t ( ,nature1 & n at supply+ in=mation1 we %all come ne>] to :at is desirable4 ,= ye>s1 almo/ s9ce x op5$ 9 #aijh1 ,miss ,re$ ( ! ,mi*aelis ,free ,k9d]g>t5 has tak5 h] *ildr5 to ! c\ntry4 ,x means a great deal ( "w & responsibility1 x means collect+ funds & giv+ up "o's scanty leisure1 x means devot$ s]vice1 b x has be5 done1 & x has be5 kept up ev5 dur+ w> "t1 ?\gh ) great difficulty z to funds1 because ( ! ine/imable b5efit to ! *ildr54 ,miss ,/okes ( ! ,som]s ,t[n ,nurs]y ,s*ool secur$ a c\ntry holiday = h] little ones 9 v>i\s ways1 p>tly ?r\gh ! ,*ildr5's ,c\ntry ,holiday ,fund1 b s9ce ! w> %e has be5 unable to secure help ( t k9d1 & has manag$ to take ! *ildr5 away to a c\ntry cottage4 ,a p>agraph 9 ! report says3 ,! *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry _h a delightful "t1 & :at 0 se5 & done dur+ _! holiday is /ill talk$ ab\t cont9ually4 ,^! joys ent]$ into all ! "w ( ! nurs]y s*ool & help$ ! *ildr5 = mon?s to reta9 a brea? ( ! c\ntry 9 _! ,london surr\nd+s4 ,!y realis$ mu* f t visit4 ,c[s n[ h horns1 wasps h w+s & fly--alas !y /+ also4 ,h5s sit on eggs1 an almo/ unbelievable ?+4 ,fi%es1 newts1 tadpoles1 7 all met ) & greet$ z fri5ds4 ,*ildr5 & help]s alike return$ home full ( heal? & vig\r & long+ = ! next "t4 ,"o little maid wept bitt]ly1 & !re seem$ no joy 9 life at home until %e came across ! s*ool rabbit1 :i* 0 t5d]ly c>ess$1 & consol$ h] ) memories ( ! c\ntry & hopes = future visits4 ,9 ! days :5 tea*]s argu$ ab\t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,object-lessons & ,nature-lessons1 "o po9t insi/$ ^u 0 t ! ,nature-lesson f> surpass$ ! ,object-lesson because x dealt ) life4 ,we h le>n$ n[ t we %\ld z mu* z we c surr\nd our *ildr5 ) life & gr[?4 ,ev5 indoors x is easy to give ! joy ( gr[+ se$s & bulbs & ( op5+ *e/nut bran*es3 )\t any cruelty we c let !m enjoy wat*+ snails & worms & we c keep cat]pill>s or silkworms & s let !m dr9k _! fill ( ! miracle ( developm5t4 ,b beauty comes to *ildr5 9 v diff]5t ways1 & always x is ,nature1 ?\gh x may n be life4 ,*ildr5 revel 9 col\r1 col\r = its own sake1 & %\ld be all[$ to create x4 ,9 a mod]n novel !re is a description ( a "m do+ h] wa%+ 9 ! op5 air & at h] feet sat a baby int5t ^u ! assimilation ( a g+]bread elephant1 b n[ & !n tugg+ at h] skirts & hold+ up a fat h&4 ,ea* "t he 0 rew>d$ by a dab ( soapsuds1 :i* %e deposit$ good-natur$ly 9 8 palm4 ,he receiv$ x ) solemn delight2 wat*+ ! roseate play ( col\r z ! bubbles %rank & broke1 & ! lovely iridesc5t treasure vani%$ 9 a sme> ( dirty wetness :ile he look$4 ,!n he w\ld beat 8 fi/s delight$ly aga9/ 8 "m's dress & pres5tly dem& ano!r h&ful4 ,! foll[+ notes f ano!r /ud5t's report %[ h[ ?is may spr+ naturally out ( ! *ildr5's life3#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,miss ,edi? ,jones4 ,we 7 sp9n+ ! teetotum ye/]day & x did n sp9 well s we made new ones4 ,:ile ! *ildr5 7 pa9t+ _! tops1 ,oliv] grew v eag] :5 he f\nd he c\ld fill 9 all ! spaces 9 diff]5t col\rs1 b ,betty made h] col\rs v insipid4 ,i want !m to get ! feel+ ( beautiful col\r1 s ,i %all %[ !m a book ) ! col\rs grad$ 9 x1 & we %all ea* h a pap] & pa9t on x all ! ri* col\rs we c ?9k (4 ,! col\rs w probably run into ea* o!r1 & s ! *ildr5 w get ideas ab\t ! bl5d+ ( col\rs1 b ,i w wat* to see t !y d n get ! col\r too wet4 ,if !y are n tir$ ( pa9t+ ,i want to %[ !m a pa9t$ circle to turn on a /r+ & !y c make ^! = !mselves1 us+ ! col\rs !y h already us$4 ,i want ! *ildr5 to d "s gr\p "w1 & ,i ?\ght we might make a village ) %ops & h\ses "u ! trees 9 ! g>d5 & h little m5 & wom5 to repres5t ourselves4 ,! sugge/ion w probably h to come f ! tea*]1 b ! *ildr5 w probably h ! desire :5 x is sugge/$1 & ,i hope we %all be able to g on enl>g+ our t[n on ! patt]n ( ! t[ns ! *ildr5 "k4 ,if !y want bricks = _! h\ses !y c dig clay 9 ! g>d54 ,report4--,! *ildr5 want$ to make a tea-set1 s we c>ri$ our clay outside4 ,!y began discuss+ :y _! *9a w\ld n be s f9e z ! *9a at home1 & ,i said ! clay might be diff]5t4 ,!n ,b]n>d ask$ :at sort ( *9a we %\ld get f ! clay 9 ! g>d51 & ,i told him t k9d ( clay 0 g5]ally made into bricks1 & sugge/$ mak+ bricks4 ,f t we w5t on to ! use ( bricks1 & to-morr[ we are go+ to dig1 & make bricks to build a t[n4 ,b]n>d is anxi\s to "k h[ we %all make mort>4 ,j !n x />t$ to ra91 & ,b]n>d said t if ! sun kept %9+ & x ra9$ h>d en\gh we %\ld h a ra9b[1 & he wi%$ x w\ld come s z to see ! beautiful col\rs4 ,i ?\ght ?is r a co9cid5ce1 & told him ,i _h a book ) all ! ra9b[ col\rs 9 x4 ,!y ask$ to see x1 s ,i %[$ x & sugge/$ pa9t+ ! col\rs ourselves4 ,^? :o _h f9i%$ _! di%es />t$1 & we talk$ ab\t ! ri*ness ( ! col\rs4 ,"o or two *ildr5 />t$ ) v wat]y col\r1 s ,i %[$ !m ! book & began to pa9t myself4 ,!y all enjoy$ x v mu*1 especially ! diff]5t col\rs made :]e ! col\rs ran into ea* o!r4 ,! results pleas$ !m & !y are to be us$ z wall-pap]s to sell 9 our t[n1 b ,sybil wants to h a toy %op1 & %e is go+ to make a pa9t$ circle = x l ! "o ,i %[$4 ,?is is cle>ly ! "t to %[ a glass prism & to let ^! *ildr5 make ra9b[s = !mselves1 to tell ! /ory ( ,iris1 & to use any col\r mat]ial1 ,milton ,bradley spectrum pap]s1 ,montessori silks1 col\r top1 & any?+ else s long z ! *ildr5 keep up _! int]e/4 ,! int]e/ 9 col\r ne$ nev] die out2 x w probably %[ itself n[ 9 f9] discrim9ation1 & m c>eful reproduction ( ! col\rs ( fl[]s & leaves1 & ! sympa?y giv5 w height5 int]e/ & increase enjoym5t4 ,"h are "s notes %[+ *ildr5's num]\s activities 9 a suburban g>d5 :]e !y 7 all[$ to visit a h5 & *ick5s4 ,monday#bd--,to-day ! *ildr5 took up _! mu/>d & cress1 dug & rak$ ! gr\nd ready = transplant+ ! lettuces4 ,aft] _! re/ we w5t to see ! *ick5s at ! ,hall 7! ,/ud5ts' ,ho/el71 & ! ,hall g>d5 seem$ to !m a wond]ful place4 ,!y wat*$ ! tra9s g 9 & out ( ! /ation at ! foot ( ! g>d51 & explor$ all ! side doors1 go+ up & d[n all ! /eps & into ! cycle %$4 ,!y help$ ,miss ,s4 to /ir ! soot wat]1 !n !y w5t to ! grassy bank & ran d[n x1 slid d[n x1 & roll$ d[n x4 ,!y peep$ ov] ! wall into ! next g>d51 !y peep$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! f5ces & f9i%$ up ) a sw+ 9 ! hammock4 ,ea* *ild _h tw5ty sw+s1 & !y enjoy$ c\nt+ 9 "t ) ! sway+ ( ! hammock1 & sway$ _! own bodies z !y pu%$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,^! notes are "p ( ^? already giv5 on pp4 #fh-ga4 ,ano!r example ( love & rhy?m 0 :5 !y w5t to say good-bye to ! h5 & *ick5s1 & kept on repeat+ ',good-bye1 good-bye' all toge!r1 nodd+ _! heads at ! same "t4 ,i did n "k if ,i %\ld h let !m d s mu*1 b ,i 0 n sure t we %\ld be all[$ to come back & ,i want$ !m to enjoy ! g>d54 ,w$nesday4--,fir/ we wat]$ ! lettuces we _h transplant$1 & transplant$ m4 ,!n1 z we _h p]mission to come aga91 we took "s ( our lettuces to ! *ick5s4 ,we saw ! "m h5 ) "o w+ spread "r out1 & ! *ildr5 7 mu* surpris$ to see h[ l>ge x 04 ,we look$ at ! roses1 & saw h[ ! bud ( ye/]day 0 full bl[n to-day4 ,! *ildr5 aga9 ran d[n & roll$ d[n ! bank1 & _h turns 9 ! hammock1 ?is "t to ! rhy?m ( ,m>g]y ,daw sung twice ?r\gh1 & !n c\nt+ up to tw5ty4 ,v (t5 !y w5t to wat* ! tra9s4 ,cecil is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 !m1 & want$ to "k h[ long 0 ! "t betwe54 ,he said ?ree m9utes1 ,i guess$ n9e1 b we f\nd !y 7 irregul>4 ,9 ! int]vals :ile wait+ = a tra9 to pass1 we play$ a 'li/5+' game1 li/5+ to :at s\nds we c\ld he>4 ,a ?ru% came & sang "r ov] our heads1 s ! li/5+ 0 conc5trat$ on 8 song1 & we tri$ to say :at we ?\ght he meant to say4 ,"o *ild said1 ',he says1 ,come "h1 come "h1' b !y f\nd ?is too difficult4 ,we also wat*$ a boy clean+ ! /ation w9d[s1 & ,doro?y said1 ',miss ,be]1 isn't x wond]ful t y c see ?r\gh glass8' ,i agre$1 b made no o!r rem>k because ,i did n "k :at to say4 ,we re/$ outside to-day "u an almond tree4 ,i po9t$ out h[ pretty ! sky look$ :5 y only saw x peep+ ?r\gh ! leaves4 ,aft] re/ ! *ildr5 notic$ fea!ry grasses1 & sp5t ! re/ ( ! morn+ ga!r+ !m4 ,i sugge/$ t !y %\ld see h[ _m k9ds !y c\ld f9d4 ,!y f\nd ?ree1 b 7 n en?usia/ic ab\t x1 be+ cont5t j to pluck1 b !y 7 delight$ :5 !y f\nd specially long & beautiful grasses hidd5 deep "u a leafy bu%4 ,!y also f\nd clov] leaves1 & ,i told !m its "n & sang to !m ! v]se f ',! ,bee1' ) ',! sweet-smell+ clov]1 he1 humm+1 hangs ov]4' ,?ursday4--,bru%$ & du/$ ! room1 gave fre% wat] to ! fl[]s1 & !n w5t to g>d5+4 ,! *ildr5 7 delight$ to f9d ladybirds on ! lettuces !y 7 transplant+1 & we also notic$ h[ ! *]ries 7 rip5+4 ,!y jo9$ ! ,transition ,class = games4 ,lat]1 :ile play+ ) ! s&1 ,cecil made a discov]y4 ,he said1 ',miss ,be]1 d y "k1 ,i "k :at s& is1 x's little t9y t9y /ones4' ,x may be wor? :ile to notice "s ?+s 9 ^! notes4 ,fir/ ! pleasure 9 explor+ ! new surr\nd+s & !n ! v>iety ( delights4 ,our l&scape g>d5] m5tions t any slope to our gr\nds %\ld be welcom$4444 ,= z we leave ! level l& & flee to ! m\nta9s to sp5d our vacation1 s w a *ild avoid ! /reet & seek ! gutt] & ! bank on ! unimprov$ lot to enjoy its pa/ime4 ,our own *ildr5 h be5 =tunate en\gh to h a bank = _! play1 & ?\gh1 un=tunately1 ext5sion ( build+s has tak5 away mu* ( ?is1 we h _h abundant opportunity to see ! value ( slop+ gr\nd4 ,!n !re are ! discov]ies1 ! fea!ry grasses1 especially ^? :i* 7 hidd51 ! ladybirds1 t s& is really t9y t9y /ones--has e adult notic$ t1 or is s& j s&8--& ! wond] t we c see ?r\gh glass1 a wond] realis$ by a little girl ( f\r ye>s old4 ,also we c notice :at ! *ildr5 did n desire4 ,!y lik$ li/5+ to ! ?ru%1 b to make out :at ! ?ru% 0 say+ 0 beyond !m4 ,!y lik$ ga!r+ fea!ry grasses1 b to sort ^! into diff]5t k9ds gave no pleasure1 ?\gh old] *ildr5 w\ld h enjoy$ try+ to f9d _m v>ieties4 ,p]haps tea*]s ) a fair am\nt ( exp]i5ce might h felt l ! beg9n] :o frankly says1 ,i didn't say any?+ m because ,i didn't "k :at to say1 :5 ,doro?y discov]$ ! wond]fulness ( glass4 ,p]haps we are sil5t because ! *ild has gone ahead ( u4 ,x is wond]ful1 b we h nev] ?\ght ab\t x4 ,9 su* cases we mu/1 z ,froebel says1 become a le>n] ) ! *ild & humbly1 ) real sympa?y & e>ne/ness1 ask1 ,is x wond]ful1 ,i suppose x is1 b ,i nev] ?\ght ab\t x1 :y d y call x wond]ful8 ,if ! *ild answ]s1 x is well1 if n ! tea*] c g on ?9k+ al\d1 ?9k+ ) ! *ild4 ,let's ?9k :at o!r ?+s we c see ?r\gh4 ,we c nev] und]/& x1 we c only rea* ! fact ( transp>5cy z a wond]ful prop]ty ( c]ta9 sub/ances & consid] :i* possess ?is magic quality4 ,!re is wat] ( c\rse1 & !re is jelly or gelat9e1 b ^! are n h>d1 !y are n /ones z glass seems to be4 ,! *ild w be pleas$ too to see a cry/al or a bit ( mica1 b ! ma9 ?+ is t we %\ld n imag9e we h dispos$ ( ! wond] by a m]e "n ) a glib1 ,oh1 t's j because x's transp>5t1 b t we realise1 & re9=ce & deep5 ! *ild's s5se ( wond]fulness4 ,s tea*] & *ild ent] into ! ?\ghts ( ,him ,:o endlessly 0 tea*+ ,above my spirits utmo/ rea*+1 ,:at love c d 9 ! leaf or /one1 ,s t to ma/] ?is alone1 ,?is done 9 ! /one or leaf = me1 ,i mu/ g on le>n+ endlessly4 ,,*apt] ,x ,a ,,way ,,to ,,god ,wond]s *iefly at himself ,:o c tell him :at he is ,or h[ meet 9 human elf ,com+ & pa/ et]nities4 ,,em]son4 ,x is ( set purpose t ?is %ort *apt]1 ref]r+ to :at we specially call religion1 is plac$ imm$iately aft] t on ! *ild's attitude to ,nature4 ,! actual ^w religion1 :i*1 to him1 express$ be+ b\nd1 did n appeal to ,froebel s mu* z "o :i* express$ ,"o-ness ) ,god4 ,z a son c %>e ! aspirations ( 8 fa!r1 s man a ?\ght ( ,god c aspire ,f e>?'s level :]e bl9dly creep ,?+s p]fect$ m or less ,to ! heav5's height f> & /eep4 ,b we beg9 at e>?'s level1 & a *ild's religion mu/ be l>gely a natural religion4 ,h[ to introduce a *ild to religion is a problem :i* mu/ h _m solutions4 ,9 ,froebel's orig9al tra9+ c\rse1 8 ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s 7 to be tra9$ to ! obs]vation & c>e ( ! e>lie/ g]ms ( ! religi\s in/9ct 9 man4 ,^! e>lie/ beg9n+s he f\nd 9 diff]5t s\rces4 ,fir/ come ! relations betwe5 ! *ild & ! family1 beg9n+ ) ! "m2 fa!rhood & mo!rhood mu/ be realis$ be=e ! *ild c rea* up to ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,!n !re is ! atmosph]e ( ! home1 ! real rev]5ce = high] ?+s1 if x exi/s1 affects ev5 a little *ild m ?an is usually suppos$1 b *ildr5 are quick to di/+ui% reality f m]e conv5tionality ?\gh ! di/9ction is only half consci\s4 ,reality impresses1 :ile conv5tionality is apt to bore4 ,ev5 to q "y *ildr5 ,froebel's ideal "m w\ld beg9 to %[ ,god 9 nature4 ,"s "o put into ! fl[]s ! sc5t & col\r t delight ! *ild--"s "o :om he _c see4 ,! sun1 moon & />s give light & beauty1 & love is :at !y mean to %[4 ,?is "m tea*es h] little "o "s sort ( pray]1 & ! ge/ure ( rev]5ce1 ! fold$ h&s1 affects ! *ild ev5 if ! words mean little or no?+4 ,ak9 to ! feel+ ( community betwe5 ! *ild & 8 family is ! jo9+ 9 religi\s wor%ip 9 *ur*1 ! entrance 9 a common life1 & ! emotional effect ( ! deep tones ( ! organ4 ,!n !re is ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! univ]se3 ! baby is to ?ank ,j5ny = 8 bread & milk1 ,pet] = m[+ ! grass = ! c[1 until y come to ! la/ r+ ( all1 ,god's fa!r love = all4 ,next to ?is comes ! *ild's s]vice2 o!rs "w = him & he also mu/ s]ve4 ,e age has its duties1 & duties are n burd5s1 & x is necess>y t feel+ %\ld h expression1 = ev5 a *ild's love unfo/]$ 7by action 9 =m ( s]vice7 droops & dies away4 ,!re is also ! desire = approbation4 ,! *ild mu/ be r\s$ to good by incl9ation1 love1 & respect1 ?r\gh ! op9ion ( o!rs ab\t him1 & ?is %\ld be guid$ until he le>ns to c>e *iefly = ! approval ( ! ,god )94 ,"r ideals mu/ be provid$3 religion is a cont9ually advanc+ endeav\r1 & its rew>d mu/ n be a mat]ial rew>d4 ,we ought to lift & /r5g!n human nature1 b we degrade & weak5 x :5 we seek to lead x to good conduct by a bait1 ev5 if ?is bait beckons to a future _w4 ,! consci\sness ( hav+ liv$ wor?ily %\ld be our highe/ rew>d4 ,froebel goes s f> z to say t in/ead ( tea*+ ! good w be happy1 & leav+ *ildr5 to imag9e t ?is means an out] or mat]ial happ9ess1 we ought r to tea* t 9 seek+ ! highe/ we may lose ! l[]4 ,r5unciation1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! out] = ! sake ( secur+ ! inn]1 is ! condition = atta9+ highe/ developm5t4 ,dogmatic religi\s in/ruction %\ld r %[ t :oev] truly & e>ne/ly seeks ! good1 mu/ ne$s expose himself to a life ( out] oppression1 pa9 & want1 anxiety & c>e4 ,ev5 a *ild1 ?\gh n a baby1 c be l$ to see t to d good = out] rew>d is b enlight5$ selfi%ness4 ,^! sugge/ions are tak5 = ! mo/ "p f ! ,"m ,songs1 "s f ,! ,education ( ,man4 ,ea* p>5t or tea*] mu/ use :at seems to h] or to him mo/ valuable4 ,"s may f ! beg9n+ desire to tea* ! *ild a baby pray]1 or at lea/ to let him he> ,god bless y4 ,o!rs may pref] to wait = a m intellig5t /age1 p]haps :5 ! *ild beg9s to ask ! inv>iable que/ions--:o made ! fl[]s1 ! animals2 :o made me8 ,if s1 we mu/ rememb] t *ildr5 see1 & he>1 & ?9k1 t (t5 9 ?\ghtless ejaculations1 or 9 ^? ( he>tfelt ?ankfulness1 *ildr5 may he> ! "n ( ,god2 t a simple /ory may h some?+ t /irs ?\ght2 t *ur*es are mu* 9 evid5ce2 & t ! conv]sation ( little playfell[s may take an unexpect$ turn4 ,to me x seems a great mi/ake to put be=e "y *ildr5 ideas :i* are really beyond ! conception ( an adult4 ,!re are _m /ories told ( h[ *ildr5 receive tea*+ ab\t ! ,omnisci5ce or ,omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,! /ories s\nd irrev]5t1 & are (t5 repeat$ z highly amus+1 b !y are really m pa!tic4 ,miss ,%9n tells ( "o poor mite :o res5t$ be+ con/antly wat*$ & said1 ,i w n be s tagg$1 & ano!r said1 ,!n ,i ?9k ,he's a v rude man1 :51 9 reply to h] puzzl$ que/ions1 %e 0 told t ,god c\ld see h] ev5 9 h] ba?4 ,& ! boy :o said1 ,if ,i _h done a ?+1 c\ld ,god make x t ,i hadn't8 mu/ h made 8 in/ructor feel some:at fooli%4 ,x nev] does h>m = u hone/ly to confess our own limitations & our ignorance1 & t is bett] ?an weak mat]iali/ic explanations1 :i* aft] all expla9 no?+4 ,to tell a *ild t ! ,great ,fa!r is always griev$ :5 we are unk9d or c[>dly1 always ready to help u & to put k9dness & brav]y into our he>ts1 t we "k ,he has p[] to d t if we w let ,him1 b t ,8 p[] is beyond our und]/&+3 to say t ,he is able to keep u 9 all dang]1 & t ev5 if we are kill$ we are safe 9 ,8 keep+1 surely t is en\gh4 ,he :o bless$ ! *ildr5 utt]$ /rong words aga9/ him :o caus$ ! little ones to /umble4 ,f e po9t1 f e object ( nature & life !re is a way to ,god4444 ,! ?+s ( nature =m a m beautiful ladd] betwe5 heav5 & e>? ?an t se5 by ,jacob4444 ,x is deck$ ) fl[]s1 & angels ) *ildr5's eyes beckon u t[>d x4 ,?is is true1 b x does n mean t we are always to be try+ to make ?+s sacr$1 b t we are to realise t all beauty & all k & all sympa?y are already sacr$1 & t to love su* ?+s is to love some?+ :]eby ! ,creator makes ,himself kn[n to u1 t to enjoy !m is to enjoy ,god4 ,religion is n always expla9$ z imply+ ! idea ( be+ b\nd1 b sometimes z be+ set free f ! bonds ( ! l[] or animal nature4 ,9 ?is s5se ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock may well call x a sacr$ exp]i5ce = ! *ild1 :5 he =gets himself 9 ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,if we c\ld all rise to a wid] conception ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w religion1 we %\ld "k t x comes into all ! "w ( ! day1 t x does n dep5d alone ^u t special ,scripture lesson :i* may become m]e r\t9e4 ,! greate/ ,tea*] ( all taught by /ories1 & :5 any /ory deep5s our feel+s = human nature & our recognition ( ! heights to :i* x c rise1 :5 x makes u long = fai?1 c\rage1 & love to g & d likewise1 :o %all say t ?is is n religi\s tea*+1 tea*+ :i* helps to deliv] u f ! bonds t hamp] spiritual asc5t4 ,_m ( u w feel ) ,froebel t ! fairy-tale1 ) its slumb]+ premonition ( be+ surr\nd$ by t :i* is high] & m consci\s ?an ourselves1#be has its place1 & an important place1 9 religi\s developm5t4 ,footnote #be3 ,p4 #he4 ,! fairy s5se1 says ,dr4 ,greville ,macdonald1 is innate z ! religi\s s5se itself 444 ! fairy /ories be/ belov$ are ^? /eep$ 9 mean+--! unfa?omable mean+ ( life 444 su* /ories tea*--ev5 ?\gh no lesson 0 int5d$--! wisdom ( ! ,book ( ,job3 wisdom t by ?is "t surely %\ld h made religi\s tea*+ san]1 & !re=e m acceptable4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,! ,fairy-,tale 9 ,education1 by ,greville ,macdonald1 ,m4,d41 ,*ild ,life1 ,dec4 #aiah4 ,fairies1 l angels1 may be ,god's mess5g]s4 ,a *ild :o _h he>d ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t z a %eph]d boy be+ c>ri$ home f ! hillside :5 hurt1 by a man on a :ite horse1 repeat$ ! /ory 9 h] own words1 & he ?\ght x 0 a fairy ( ,god's s5t to help him4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ ! *ildr5 love m ?an ! ,bible /ory1 ! /ory :i* %[s1 s simply1 humanity /ruggl+ z ! *ildr5 /ruggle1 fail+ z ! *ildr5 fail1 & believ+ & tru/+ z ! *ildr5 believe1 & z we at lea/ /rive to d1 9 ! ultimate victory ( ,"r ov] ,wrong1 ( ,good ov] ,evil4 ,b j because ! /ories are (t5 s beautiful & s inspir+1 ! tea*] %\ld h fre$om to deal ) !m z ! _s moves h]4 ,:at exp]i5ce has taught me 9 ?is way has already be5 pass$ on to y\ng] tea*]s 9 ,education by ,life1 & !re seems little m to add4 ,wond]s *iefly at himself ,:o c tell him :at he is4 ,x is = u to tell ! *ild :at he is1 t he1 too1 l all ! ?+s he loves1 is a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,i am a be+ alive & consci\s ^u ?is e>?2 a desc5dant ( ance/ors :o rose by gradual processes f l[] =ms ( animal life1 & ) /ruggle & suff]+ became man4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,! ,sub/ance ( ,fai? ,alli$ ) ,sci5ce1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 7,me?u574 ,! colossal rema9s ( %att]$ m\nta9 *a9s speak ( ! greatness ( ,god2 & man is enc\rag$ & lifts himself up by !m1 feel+ )9 himself ! same _s & p[]4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,education ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rhy?m ,lo ) ! anci5t roots ( ,man's nature ,tw9es ! et]nal passion ( song4 ,! v exi/5ce ( lullabies1 n to m5tion _! abundance 9 all c\ntries1 ! v rock]s on ! cradles te/ify to ! rhy?mic nature ( man 9 infancy4 ,9 8 ,"m ,songs1 ,froebel c\ples rhy?m ) h>mony ( all k9ds1 n only musical h>mony b h>mony ( proportion & col\r1 & 9 urg+ ! v e>ly tra9+ ( ! g]ms ( all ?is1 he gives p]haps ! *ief reason = tra9+4 ,if ^! g]ms d n develop & take %ape z indep5d5t =mations 9 ea* individual1 !y at lea/ tea* h[ to und]/& & to recognise ^? ( o!r p4 ,?is is life-ga9 en\gh1 x makes "o's life ri*]1 ri*] by ! lives ( o!rs4 ,x is to ! g5ius ( ,m4 ,jacques ,dalcroze t ! _w ( to-day owes "s idea ( :at may be effect$ by rhy?mic tra9+1 & ,m4 ,dalcroze />t$ 8 "w ) ! same aim t ,froebel set be=e ! "m1 t ( mak+ ! *ild capable ( appreciation1 capable ( be+ made ri*] by ! lives ( o!rs4 ,b ,froebel prophesi$ t f> m ?an appreciation w\ld come f prop] rhy?mic tra9+1 & ?is ,m4 ,dalcroze has amply prov$4 ,?r\gh movem5t ! "m tries to lead ! *ild to consci\sness ( 8 own life4 ,by regul> rhy?mic movem5t--?is is ( special importance--%e br+s ?is p[] )9 ! *ild's own consci\s control :5 %e d&les him 9 h] arms 9 rhy?mic movem5ts & to rhy?mic s\nds1 cauti\sly foll[+ ! sl[ly develop+ life 9 ! *ild1 ar\s+ x to great] activity1 & s develop+ x4 ,^? :o reg>d ! *ild z empty1 :o wi% to fill 8 m9d f )\t1 neglect ! means ( cultivation 9 ^w & tone :i* %\ld lead to a s5se ( rhy?m & ob$i5ce to law 9 all human expression4 ,b an e>ly developm5t ( rhy?mic movem5t w\ld prove mo/ :olesome1 & w\ld remove mu* wilfulness1 impropriety & co>s5ess f 8 life1 movem5ts1 & action1 & w\ld secure = him h>mony & mod]ation1 &1 lat] on1 a high] appreciation ( nature1 music1 poetry1 & art 7,education ( ,man74 ,"h1 !n1 is an aim mo/ pla9ly /at$1 high] appreciation ( nature1 music1 poetry & art1 & if we adopt x1 we mu/ make sure t we />t on a road lead+ to t end4 ,to ,k9d]g>t5 *ildr51 ap>t f movem5t1 rhy?m comes fir/ 9 nurs]y rhymes1 & if we hone/ly foll[ ! me?ods ( ! "m we %all n tea* ^!1 b say or s+ !m ov] & ov] aga91 lett+ ! *ildr5 select _! fav\rites & jo9 9 :5 & :]e !y l4 ,?is is ! true ,babies' ,op]a1 z ,walt] ,crane ju/ly names an illu/rat$ collection4 ,froebel's ,"m ,songs1 ?\gh conta9+ a deal ( s\nd wisdom 9 its mottoes & explanations1 is an annotat$1 expurgat$1 & decid$ly p$antic v]sion ( ! nurs]y rhymes ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,t ^! %\ld ev] h be5 introduc$ to our *ildr5 arose f ! fact t ! fir/ ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s1 be+ =eign]s1 did n "k our own home-gr[n productions4 ,long s9ce we h %ak5 (f ! =eign product1 9 fav\r ( our own ,s+ a ,song ( ,sixp5ce1 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep & _! refre%+ly *e]ful compe]s4 ,froebel's book sugge/s songs to suit all subjects & all frames ( m9d--! w9d1 ! moon1 & />s1 ! f>m ) its c[s & %eep1 its h5s & *ick5s1 ! bak] & c>p5t]1 fi% 9 ! brook & birds 9 ne/s1 ! g>d5 & ! ,*ri/mas fair4 ,we c supply good v]ses = all ^! if we take pa9s to se>*1 & if we es*ew ignorant & unpoetic mod]n dogg]el z we es*ew poison4 ,besides ! nurs]y rhymes1 we h ,/ev5son1 ) 8 ,w9d1 ,%ad[1 & ,sw+1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti's ,wr5s & ,rob9s1 h] ,ra9b[ ,v]ses & ,br[nie1 ,br[nie1 let d[n y\r milk1 ,:ite z swansd[n1 smoo? z silk4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 & a rec5t *>m+ addition to our /ock is ,*imneys & ,fairies1 by ,rose ,fyleman4 ,"o ?+ we %\ld n neglect1 & t is ! *ild's s5se ( hum\r4 ,= ! v "y ?is is probably satisfi$ by ! c[ t jumps ov] ! moon1 ! di% t runs aft] ! spoon1 ,jill tumbl+ aft] ,jack1 & ,miss ,muffet runn+ away f ! spid]4 ,b old] *ildr5 mu* enjoy nons5se v]ses by ,lewis ,c>roll or by ,le>1 & ,john ,gilp9 is ano!r fav\rite4 ,x is a mi/ake to keep /rictly )9 ! limits ( a *ild's und]/&+ ( ! words4 ,:at we want "h1 z 9 ! realm ( ,nature1 is joy & delight1 ! delight t comes f musical words & rhy?m1 z well z f ! pictures t may be call$ up4 ,ev5 a *ild ( f\r c enjoy ! poetry ( ! ,psalms )\t ask+ = mu* und]/&+4 ,! "m repeats h] rhymes & v]ses solely to give pleasure1 & if our aim is ! deep5+ ( appreciation1 !re is no reason = leav+ ! gre5 & grassy pa? t ,nature has %[$ to ! "m = ! h>d & beat5 track ( recitation4 ,9 our own ,k9d]g>t5 !re has nev] be5 ei!r rote le>n+ or recitation4 ,! old] *ildr5 le>n ! words ( _! songs1 b n to a ^w-p]fect /age1 because words & music sugge/ ea* o!r4 ,except = t we j enjoy our v]ses1 ! *ildr5 ask+ = _! fav\rites & gett+ new ones sometimes by reque/ sometimes n4 ,any?+ n enjoy$ is laid aside4 ,we ne$ v>iety1 b ev]y?+ mu/ be good ( its k9d1 & v]ses ab\t *ildr5 are seldom = *ildr54 ,because *ildr5 love babies1 !y love ,:]e did y come f1 baby de>8 b no?+ l ,t5nyson's ,baby1 wait a little long]1 & especially no?+ ( ! ,toddlek9s type has any place 9 ! collection ( a self-respect+ *ild4 ,x is d\btful if ,eug5e ,field's v]ses are really good en\gh = *ildr54 ,all *ildr5 enjoy s++1 b "h1 z 9 ev]y?+1 we mu/ keep pace ) developm5t1 or ! old] ones1 especially ! boys1 may get bor$ by :at suits ! less adv5tur\s4 ,9 all cases ! music %\ld be good & tuneful1 modell$ n on ! mod]n draw+-room inanity1 b on ! heal?y & vigor\s nurs]y rhyme or folk song4 ,*ildr5 also enjoy in/rum5tal music1 & w li/5 to piano or viol9 :ile quietly occupi$1 = example if !y are draw+4 ,"o ,nurs]y ,s*ool tea*] plays s(t music to get h] babies to sleep1 & our little ones fidget less if "s "o s+s s(tly dur+ _! compulsory re/4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 ,b& is ano!r way 9 :i* *ildr5 c jo9 9 rhy?m4 ,x came to u f ,miss ,bi%op & is probably ! music ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( ! ,pe/alozzi-,froebel ,h\se4 ,! *ildr5 are provid$ ) drums1 cymbals1 tamb\r9es1 & triangles1 & keep "t to music play$ on ! piano4 ,!y c d "s analysis 9 *oos+ :i* in/rum5ts are mo/ suitable to accompany diff]5t melodies or *anges f grave to gay1 etc4 ,a full acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ,*ild ,life = ,may #aiag4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 kn[+ no?+ ( ,m4 ,dalcroze1 ,miss ,m>ie ,salt began an exp]im5t1 ! results ( :i* are likely to be f>-spread+ & ( great b5efit4 ,desir+ to help *ildr5 to appreciation ( good music1 ,miss ,salt exp]im5t$ delib]ately ) ! ,froebelian le>n ?r\gh action1 & h] success has be5 rem>kable4 ,because ( its fre$om f any k9d ( =mality1 ?is sy/em is p]haps bett] suit$ to little *ildr5 ?an ! ,dalcroze "w1 unless t is 9 ! h&s ( an exceptionally gift$ tea*]4 ,m4 ,dalcroze himself is delightfully sympa!tic ) little ones4 ,miss ,salt tells h] own /ory 9 an app5dix to ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,macph]son's ,aural ,culture bas$ on ,musical ,appreciation4 ,good music is play$ & ! *ildr5 li/5 & move freely 9 "t to x1 sometimes m>*+ or danc+ 9 circles1 sometimes q freely express+ :atev] feel+ ! music calls =? 9 !m4 ,! /ress is laid on li/5+2 if y see a picture y reproduce x1 if ! music makes y ?9k ( trees or w9d1 ?und] or gobl9s1 y become :at y ?9k (4 ,x is a/oni%+ to see h[ little *ildr5 le>n 9 ?is way to c>e = music by ,s*umann1 ,m5delssohn1 ,grieg1 ,dvork1 ,brahms1 ,*op91 & ,bee?ov54 ,! music is ( c\rse select$ ) skill1 & c>e is tak5 t ! expression %all n make ! *ildr5 fooli%ly self-consci\s4 ,emphasis is always plac$ on li/5+1 & ! *ildr5's appreciation is app>5t4 ,su* appreciation mu/ enri* _! lives4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,f ,,fancy ,,to ,,fact ,creeps ev] on f fancy to ! fact4 ,fairy tales suit little *ildr5 because _! k is s limit$1 t ! fairies mu/ h done x is reg>d$ z a satisfactory answ] to e>ly problems1 j z x satisfi$ *ildlike ,man4 ,?+s t to u are wond]ful1 *ildr5 accept z commonplace1 :ile o!rs commonplace to u are m>vels to ! *ild4 ,b fairy tales d n cont9ue to satisfy all ne$s4 ,z k gr[s ! *ild beg9s to di/+ui% betwe5 :at may & :at may n happ51 ?\gh !re w always be individual diff]5ces1 & ! m poetic s\ls are apt to suff] :5 ! outru% ( _! imag9ation is *eck$ by a b>b$ wire ( fact4 ,! "q ,is x true8 & ! desire = true /ories arise 9 ! av]age *ild ( sev5 to eight ye>s1 & at t age hi/ory /ories are enjoy$4 ,real hi/ory is ( c\rse impossible to "y *ildr51 ^: idea ( "t is /ill v vague1 & ^: und]/&+ ( ! motives & actions ( ^? imm$iately ar\nd !m is b embryonic4 ,!y /ill crave = adv5ture & romance1 & !y ?rill to de$s ( brav]y4 ,brav]y 9 ! fight appeals to all boys & to mo/ girls1 & x is a "q = s]i\s consid]ation h[ ?is admiration is to be guid$1 x c]ta9ly _c be ignor$4 ,x is legitimate to admire knights :o ride ab\t r$ress+ human wrongs1 fight+ dragons & rescu+ fair ladies f wick$ giants1 & at ?is /age !re is no ne$ to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 hi/ory & leg5d>y lit]ature4 ,x is good to introduce *ildr51 especially boys1 to "s ( ! ,ar?urian leg5ds if only to impress ! ideal1 ,live pure1 speak true1 "r wrong1 else :]e=e born8 ,/ories %\ld always help *ildr5 to und]/& human be+s1 m5 & wom5 ) desires & feel+s l our own4 ,b 9 hi/ory & geography /ories we deal p>ticul>ly ) p :o are diff]5t f ourselves1 & we %\ld help *ildr5 to und]/&1 & to sympa?ise ) ^? ^: surr\nd+s & cu/oms are n ours4 ,!y may h liv$ c5turies ago1 or !y may be liv+ n[ b af> (f1 !y may be f> f u 9 "t or space1 b our /ories %\ld %[ ! reasons = _! cu/oms & actions1 & %\ld t5d to less5 ! natural t5d5cy to feel sup]ior to ^? :o h few] advantages1 & gradually to sub/itute = t a s5se ( responsibility4 ,b ! n>ration ( /ories is n ! only way 9 :i* we c treat hi/ory4 ,our pres5t ,m9i/] ( ,education says t hi/ory tea*+ ought to give discipl9e 9 practical reason+ & help 9 =m+ judgem5ts1 n m]ely 9 rememb]+ facts4 ,inde$ he w5t s f> z to say elim9ate dates & facts by :i*1 ( c\rse1 he only meant t ! p[] ( reason+1 ! p[] ( =m+ judgem5ts is ( f> m consequ5ce ?an ! m]e possession ( any quantity ( facts & dates4 ,tra9+ 9 reason+1 h[ev]1 mu/ involve tra9+ 9 v]ification ( facts be=e pron\nc+ judgem5t4 ,tra9+ 9 practical reason+ takes a prom95t place 9 t =m ( hi/ory tea*+ introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,accord+ to him1 hi/ory is wor? no?+ unless x is an indirect sociology1 an acc\nt ( h[ human be+s h le>n$1 s f> z ! _w has yet le>n$ ! lesson1 to co-op]ate ) "o ano!r1 a /udy ( ! gr[? ( society & :at helps & h9d]s4 ,s he f9ds 8 beg9n+s 9 primitive life1 & al?\gh !re is mu* 9 ?is t w appeal to any age1 !re is no d\bt t *ildr5 ( sev5 to t5 or elev5 revel 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,if us$ at all x %\ld be us$ z ?9k+ mat]ial--"h is man )\t tools1 )\t k1 ev]y?+ mu/ be ?\ght out4 ,x does n d mu* good to h& ov] ! mat]ial z a /ory1 z "s tea*]s use ! ,dopp s]ies ( books4 ,^! books d all ! *ildr5's ?9k+ = !m4 ,e set ( *ildr5 mu/ "w ?+s out = !mselves1 us+ _! own environm5ts & _! own advantages4 ,! tea*] mu/ read to be ready ) help if ! *ildr5 fail1 & also to be ready ) ! actual problems4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ ke5 ! *ildr5 are1 & h[ (t5 !y sugge/ j :at has really happ5$4 ,:]e !re is space out-(-doors & ! *ildr5 c f9d bran*es = huts1 clay = pots1 etc41 ! "w is mu* easi] = ! tea*] & m satisfactory4 ,b ev5 :]e t is impossible & :]e "o has sometimes to be cont5t ) m9iature reproductions1 ! int]e/ is mo/ ke54 ,*ildr5 "u eight _c really produce fire f fl9ts or rubb+ /icks1 nor c !y make useable wooll5 ?reads ) :i* to d mu* weav+4 ,b ev5 !y c get sp>ks f fl9t1 make a little ?read f wool1 inv5t looms & weave en\gh to get ! ideas4 ,! romance ( long ago ought to be tak5 advantage ( to deep5 respect = ! dignity ( lab\r4 ,our lives are s v %ort t we are apt to get out ( p]spective 9 ! ages4 ,read+ & writ+ are s new--x is only ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! fir/ book 0 pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,roman occupation la/$ z long1 & :o ?9ks ( t z a long p]iod8 ,p]haps x is because we are 9 ! read+ & writ+ age t our boys & girls mu/ become braw1 braw cl]ks1 in/ead ( liv+ on & by ! l&4 ,hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly primitive hi/ory1 %\ld help u all to be grateful to ^? unkn[n pione]s ( ! human race to ^: /ruggles & suff]+1 discov]ies & en]gies our pres5t fav\r$ mode ( exi/5ce on ! planet is due4 ,! m p realise ! ef=t t has prec$$ !m & made !m possible1 ! m are !y likely to endeav\r to be wor?y ( x3 ! m pitiful also w !y feel :5 !y see individuals fail+ 9 ! /ruggle upw>d & fall+ back t[>d a brute condition2 & ! m hopeful !y w ultimately become = ! brilliant future ( a race :i* f su* l[ly & unpromis+ beg9n+s has produc$ ! mat]ial vehicle necess>y = ^? great m5 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! rec5t p]iod :i* we speak ( z antiquity4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,sub/ance ( ,fai?1 p4 #ah4 ,pr(essor ,dewey urges t ! indu/rial hi/ory ( man is n a mat]iali/ic or m]ely utilit>ian affair1 b a matt] ( intellig5ce1 a record ( h[ m5 le>n$ to ?9k1 & also an e?ical record1 ! acc\nt ( ! conditions :i* m5 h pati5tly wr\ght out to s]ve _! ends4 ,?is int]e/ 9 h[ human be+s h creat$ !mselves & _! surr\nd+s ought to be deeply int]e/+ to any & e age4 ,"y *ildr5 c rea* s little t "o hopes ! int]e/ ar\s$ w be la/+ & lead to fruitful "w lat]4 ,b x c]ta9ly makes a good f\ndation = ! /udy ( hi/ory & geography1 if hi/ory is treat$ z sociology & if geography is recognis$ z ! /udy ( man 9 8 environm5t4 ,com+ n[ to practical details1 9 our own "w we h foll[$ fairly closely ! sugge/ions made by ,pr(essor ,dewey1 b ev]y?+ mu/ v>y f ye> to ye> accord+ to ! sugge/ions ( ! *ildr5 or _! app>5t ne$s4 ,"o extra /ep we h f\nd necess>y1 & t is to sp5d "s "t ov] a des]t isl& or ,rob9son ,crusoe /age4 ,"s *ildr5 c d )\t x1 b all enjoy x1 & ! dull] *ildr5 f9d x difficult to imag9e a "t :5 y c\ld buy x 9 a %op does n fit all difficulties4 ,!y c easily grasp ! idea ( sail+ away to a l& :]e no man _h ev] be5 be=e1 & play+ at des]t isl& has always be5 a joy4 ,! />t+-po9ts = primitive life h be5 v>i\s2 sometimes ! "w has f\nd its beg9n+ 9 *ance conv]sation1 z :5 a *ild ask$1 ,are m5 animals8 & ! class took to ! sugge/ion t man meant ?9k+ animal1 & began to consid] :at he _h ?\ght4 ,(t5 aft] ,rob9son ,crusoe !re has be5 a direct "q1 ,h[ did ,rob9son ,crusoe "k h[ to make 8 ?+s2 _h any "o taught him8 ,:o made ! ?+s he _h se52 :o made ! v fir/ & h[ did he "k8 ,"o answ] inv>iably comes1 ,god taught !m1 :i* c be met by say+ ?is is true1 b t ,god tea*es by putt+ ?+s into ! _w & giv+ m5 p[] to ?9k4 ,?is leads to a discussion ab\t ?+s natural1 :at ,god makes & :at man makes1 :i* is sometimes illum9at+ on ! limit$ conceptions ( t[n *ildr54 ,ye>s ago we nam$ primitive man ! ,long-,ago ,p1 & ! title has seem$ to give satisfaction1 ?\gh once we _h ! sugge/ion ( ,old-,"t ,m54 ,we always />t ) ! ne$ = food1 & ! *ildr5 sugge/ all ! wild fruits !y "k1 (t5 leav+ out nuts till ask$ if !re is any?+ t c be /or$ = w9t]4 ,roots are n always giv51 b buds ( trees is a frequ5t answ]4 ,*ildr5 9 ! c\ntry ought to explore & to dig1 & 9 our own playgr\nd we f9d at lea/ wild b>ley1 blackb]ries ( a sort1 *]ries1 h>d pe>s1 almonds & *]ry gum4 ,kill+ animals = food is sugge/$1 & ! *ildr5 h to be told t ! animals 7 fi]ce & to realise t 9 ^! times man 0 hunt$1 n hunt]4 ,little heads are q ready to tackle ! problem ( def5ce & attack4 ,!y c\ld ?r[ /ones1 use /icks t ! w9d blew d[n1 pull up a "y tree1 or a lot ( p c\ld hang on to a bran* & get x d[n4 ,:5 "o *ild sugge/$ f9d+ a dead animal & us+ x = food1 "s 7 disgu/$1 b a little girl said1 ,i don't suppose !y w\ld m9d1 !y w\ldn't be v p>ticul>4 ,! idea ( ?r[+ /ones />ts ! exam9ation ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* h to be provid$ = ! purpose4 ,fl9t is inv>iably select$1 & = mon?s ! *ildr5 keep br++ lovely %>p fl9ts1 b !re is mu* c>eful obs]vation1 obs]vation :i* has a motive4 ,i w\ld put a /one 9 a /ick & *uck x at !m is foll[$ by mu* exp]im5t at fix+4 ,/r+ is ( c\rse taboo1 b bass is all[$ because x gr[s1 also /rips ( sk94 ,we v (t5 get ! sugge/ion !y might f9d a /one ) a hole 9 x1 :i* leads to r5ew$ se>*+ & to ! endeav\r to make holes4 ,to make a hole 9 fl9t is beyond u1 b 9 a s(t] /one x c be done4 ,!n may come ! "q ( safety & tree-climb+1 & h[ to manage ) ! babies4 ,*ildr5 g5]ally "k t t9y babies c hold v tight1 & h v>i\s ideas = ! "m4 ,h[ to keep ! baby f fall+ br+s ! idea ( twi/+ 9 extra bran*es1 :i* is recognis$ z a cradle 9 ! tree1 & ! *ildr5 delight 9 ?is z a mean+ = ,rock-a-bye1 baby1 9 ! tree-top4 ,! possibility ( tree-%elt]s comes 91 & v>i\s exp]im5ts are made1 sometimes 9 m9iature1 sometimes 9 ! g>d54 ,out ( ?is comes ! discussion ( clo!s4 ,animals' sk9s is an inv>iable sugge/ion1 ?\gh all *ildr5 d n realise t :at !y call fur means sk94 ,sk9 is provid$1 & mu* "t is tak5 9 exp]im5t+ to see if x c be cut ) bits ( fl9t4 ,h[ c\ld ! long-ago p fa/5 on ! sk9s1 br+s ! answ]s by ?orns1 tie ) n>r[ pieces1 & ! *ildr5 are pleas$ to see t _! own lea!r belts are /rips or /raps4 ,sometimes mu* "t is tak5 up 9 cutt+ out sk9s to we> f pap] or *eap calico1 ! *ildr5 work+ 9 pairs1 "o kneel+ d[n :ile ! o!r fits on ! calico to see :]e ! head & legs come4 ,! sk9s are pa9t$ or *alk$1 & pictures are consult$ to see :e!r ! *os5 animals are /rip$ or spott$4 ,x may be /at$ "h t we are n v rigid ab\t p]iods or climates1 & t our long-ago p are ( a g5]alis$ type4 ,our bus9ess is n to supply correct in=mation on an?ropological que/ions1 b to call =? ?\ght & orig9ality1 to pres5t opportunities = clos] obs]vation ?an 0 ev] evok$ by obs]vation lessons1 & = exp]im5ts full ( mean+ & full ( ze/4 ,naturally we d n despise correct in=mation1 b ^! *ildr5 are v "y & all ?is "w is t5tative4 ,we are nev] dogmatic1 x is all ,d y ?9k !y might h 444 or ,well1 ,i "k :at ,i %\ld h done2 ,i %\ld h 444 & ! tea*]'s reply is usually ,suppose we try4 ,*ildr5 are apt ( c\rse to make />tl+ rem>ks1 b x is only ! tea*] :o is />tl$ by3 ,0 all ?is be=e ,god's bir?day8 ,i don't ?9k ,god _h le>n$ to be v clev] !n4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 b or?odox op9ion has only twice 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s br\ght up ,adam & ,eve4 ,probably ?is is because we nev] talk ab\t ! fir/ man1 b ab\t h[ ?+s 7 discov]$4 ,! fir/ "t ! "q did come up ,miss ,payne 0 tak+ ! subject1 & %e sugge/$ t ,adam & ,eve 7 nev] 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* dispos$ ( difficulties s well t ,i gave ! same answ] ! only "t ,i ev] _h to deal ) ! "q4 ,:5 we come to ! problem ( fire1 we always use p>ts ( ,miss ,dopp's /ory ( ,! ,tree-,dwell]s4 ,if ! *ildr5 are ask$ if !y ev] he>d ( fire t comes by itself1 or ( ?+s be+ burn$ by fire t no human be+ _h any?+ to d )1 "o or two are sure to sugge/ lightn+4 ,!y w tell t lightn+ sometimes sets trees on fire1 t ?und]/orms g5]ally come aft] hot dry wea!r1 & t if lightn+ /ruck a tree ) dry /uff ab\t ! fire w\ld spread1 & ! long-ago p w\ld run away4 ,a "q f ! tea*] z to :at ^! p might ?9k ab\t x may br+ ! sugge/ion ( a mon/]2 if n1 "o only has to say t x mu/ h seem$ z if x 0 eat+ ! trees to get ,!y w\ld ?9k x 0 a dreadful animal4 ,!n ! /ory c be told ( h[ ! boy call$ ,bodo /opp$ to look & saw ! mon/] gr[ small]1 s he w5t clos]1 f$ x on wood1 & lik$ to feel its w>m brea? aft] ! heavy ra9 t foll[s ?und]--:y _h ! mon/] gr[n small]8--f\nd t no animal w\ld come ne> x & s on4 ,we nev] tell ( ! fire c\ntry1 ?\gh sometimes ! *ildr5 read ! book = !mselves a little lat]4 ,we h nev] succe$$ 9 mak+ flames1 b x is ?rill+ to get sp>ks f fl9t4 ,once a *ild br\ght an old t9d] box ) /eel & fl9t1 b ev5 !n we 7 n skilful en\gh to get up a flame4 ,/ill x is some?+ to h tri$1 & we are left ) a respectful admiration = ^? :o c\ld s easily d )\t mat*es4 ,:at made ^! long-ago p ?9k ( us+ _! fire to cook food8 ,our *ildr5 h sugge/$ t a bit ( raw meat fell into ! fire by accid5t1 & we h also work$ x out 9 ?is way4 ,we 7 pret5d+ to w>m ourselves by ! fire1 & ,i said my froz5 meat 0 s cold t x hurt my tee?4 ,hold x to ! fire !n4 ,we burn$ our f+]s1 & /icks 7 sugge/$1 b we suck$ ! burnt f+]s1 & ,i said1 x ta/es good1 & ! *ildr5 %\t$ ) glee ,because ! meat's roa/$ really4 ,!n some?+ 0 suppos$ to drop1 & ! cry 0 ,gravy6 cat* x 9 a %ell1 dip y\r f+] 9 & let y\r baby suck x4 ,a small %ell 0 sugge/$1 & ! boy :o said ,& put a /ick 9 = a h&le 0 dubb$ ! spoon-mak]4 ,at t "t we 7 e>n+ names = ourselves by sugge/ions2 we />t$ ) ,fair ,hair1 ,curly ,hair1 ,big ,tee?1 ,long ,legs1 & arriv$ at ,quick ,runn]1 ,climb]1 & ev5 ,?9k]4 ,we h got at pott]y 9 a simil> way4 ,! meat 0 suppos$ to be t\gh4 ,soak x came at once1 & ,c\ld y get hot wat]8 ,!n came sugge/ions3 a /one saucepan1 scoop out a /one & put x on ! fire1 build a /one pan & fix ! /ones ) *]ry gum1 dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd & put fire "u2 t w\ld be a k9d ( ov54 ,:5 ask$ if wat] w\ld /ay 9 ! hole1 & if any k9d ( e>? w\ld hold wat]1 ! answ] may be1 ,no1 no?+ b clay1 & y'd h to make t4 ,no6 y get clay r\nd a well4 ,my c\s9 has a well1 & !re's clay r\nd x4 ,:y1 !re's clay 9 ! playgr\nd4 ,y c\ld put ! meat into a sk9 bag or a basket4 ,ask$ if ! sk9 or basket c\ld be set on ! fire1 or if any?+ c\ld be done to keep ! basket f cat*+ fire1 ! answ] comes1 ,yes1 dab clay r\nd x4 ,!n1 joyfully1 x w\ld hold wat] & y c\ld boil4 ,:at w\ld happ5 to ! clay :5 x 0 put on ! fire8 ,?is has to be discov]$ by a quick exp]im5t1 b ! *ildr5 readily guess t :5 ! hot wat] is tak5 (f ! fire !re w\ld be a sort ( clay bas94 ,!n !y c\ld make m6 & plates & cups6 ,exp]im5ts dep5d ^u circum/ances & ^u ! age ( ! *ildr54 ,a ?ick & t9y bas9 put into a hot "p ( an ord9>y fire does h>d5 & hold wat] to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 )\t glaz+4 ,b elaborate bak+ may also be done4 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to take weav+ z a bridge to hi/ory /ories1 by us+ ,sir ,fr$]ick ,leighton's picture ( ! ,pho5icians b>t]+ clo? = sk9s ) ! e>ly ,britons4 ,! *ildr5 are told t ! p dress$ 9 clo? come f ne> ! ,bible-/ory c\ntry1 & ^? dress$ 9 sk9s are ! long-ago p ( ?is v c\ntry4 ,:at w\ld ^! p ?9k ( ! clo?8 ,!y w\ld ?9k x 0 animals' sk9s4 ,& :at w\ld !y d8 ,!y'd feel x & look at x4 ,s clo? is produc$ & we pull x to pieces1 fir/ into ?reads & !n into hairs1 & ! *ildr5 say ! hairs are l fur4 ,!n %eep's wool is produc$ & we try to make ?read4 ,attempts at ?read-mak+ & !n at weav+ la/ a long "t1 & along ) ?is come "s hi/ory /ories1 probably aris+ out ( ! "q1 ,h[ did p "k ab\t all ?is8 ,! *ildr5 are told ab\t ! writ+s ( ,julius ,caes>1 & pictures ( ,roman %ips & h\ses are %[n1 beside pictures ( coracles & bee-hive dwell+s1 etc4 ,old co9s1 a fl9t battle-axe1 "s ,roman pott]y are also %[n1 along ) descriptions & pictures ( ! ,roman villa at ,brad+ & o!r ,roman rema9s4 ,! *ildr5 are ?us help$ to realise t o!r c\ntries exi/ :]e ! p 7 f> ahead ( ^? 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !y c beg9 to und]/& h[ social conditions v>y1 & h[ nations act ^u ea* o!r4 ,! "w v>ies consid]ably f ye> to ye>1 accord+ to h[ x takes hold ^u ! *ildr5's int]e/4 ,b *ildr5 ( eight to n9e are usually consid]$ ready = broad ideas ( ! _w z a :ole1 & ! inquiry into :]e ,julius ,caes> came f1 & :y he came1 gives a fair />t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,new ,,ne$s ,,& ,,new ,,helps ,i am old1 s old1 ,i c write a lett]4 ,writ+ & read+ h no place 9 ! actual ,k9d]g>t51 mu* less ari?metic4 ,! /ories are told to ! *ild2 draw+1 modell+ & su*-l w express all he wants to express 9 any p]man5t =m1 & spee*1 z ,froebel says1 is ! elem5t 9 :i* he lives4 ,8 c\nt+ is ( ! simple/1 & ! ma9 ?+ is to see t he does n m]ely repeat a s]ies :ile he h&les mat]ial1 b t ! s]ies corresponds ) ! objects4 ,ev5 ?is c be left alone if x seems to annoy ! little "o4 ,9 ! s*ool he is on a v diff]5t level1 he has atta9$ to ! ab/ract1 he c use signs3 he c express ?\ghts :i* he c\ld n draw1 & c communicate ) ^? :o are abs5t4 ,he c read any lett] receiv$ & he is no long] dep5d5t on gr[n-ups = /ories4 ,he c c\nt 8 own money & c get correct *ange 9 small transactions1 & he c probably d a v>iety ( sums :i* are ( no use to him at all4 ,betwe5 ^! two comes :at ,froebel call$ ! ,transition or ,connect+ ,class1 9 :i* ! *ild le>ns ! mean+ ( ! signs :i* /& = spee*1 & ^? :i* make calculation less ardu\s = weak memories4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 z to :5 & h[ *ildr5 are to be taught to read4 ,"s great au?orities w\ld put x (f till eight or ev5 t54 ,/anley ,hall says betwe5 six & eight1 :ile ,dr4 ,montessori tea*es *ildr5 ( five & ev5 ( f\r4 ,froebel w\ld h support$ ,/anley ,hall & w\ld wait till ! age ( six4 ,! /ronge/ reason = keep+ *ildr5 back f books is a physiological "o4 ,9 ! ,psy*ology & ,physiology ( ,read+#cj /rong argum5ts are adduc$ aga9/ e>ly read+ z v injuri\s to eyesight1 s x is surpris+ t ,dr4 ,montessori beg9s s soon4 ,x has be5 said t h] *ildr5 only le>n to write1 n to read1 b x is to be suppos$ t !y c read :at !y write1 & !re=e c read o!r mat]ial4 ,footnote #cj3 ,macmillan4 ,if we agree n to beg9 until six ye>s old1 ! next "q is ! me?od4 ,! alphabetic1 :]eby *ildr5 7 taught ! lett] names & !n memoris$ ! spell+ ( ea* s+le ^w1 has no support]s4 ,b controv]sy /ill goes on z to :e!r *ildr5 %all beg9 ) ^w :oles or ) ! phonic s\nds4 ,x is n a matt] ( vital importance1 = ! *ildr5 :o beg9 ) words come to phonics lat]1 & s f> z ,engli% is conc]n$1 ! *ildr5 :o beg9 ) phonics _c g f> )\t meet+ irregul>ities1 unless inde$ !y are limit$ to books l ^? ( ,miss ,dale4 ,9 o!r languages :i* are phonic ! difficulties are m9imis$4 ,*ildr5 9 ! ord9>y ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ,italy1 ?\gh taught 9 l>ge classes1 c write long s5t5ces to dictation 9 f\r or five mon?s4#ca ,b 9 ,italian ea* lett] has its def9ite s\nd & e lett] is s\nd$4 ,x is true t ^! *ildr5 appe> to sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 =mal "w4 ,footnote #ca3 ,a class ( *ildr5 :o began 9 ! middle ( ,octob] wrote correctly to dictation on ,m>* #bh1 ,patria e lavoro siamo1 miei c>i bamb9i1 p>ole sante p] voi4 ,amate la no/ra c>a e bella ,italia1 crescete one/i e laboriosi e s>ete degni di lei4 ,! ,froebelian :o believes 9 le>n+ by action w1 ( c\rse1 expect ! *ildr5 to make or write f ! beg9n+ z a me?od ( le>n+1 :e!r %e beg9s ) words or ) s\nds4 ,b 9 ,engli%1 unless simplifi$ spell+ is introduc$1 ! "t mu/ soon come :5 reproduction mu/ lag beh9d recognition4 ,"o *ild said ) pa?os "o day1 ,may we spell z we l to-day1 = ,i've got su* a lot to say8 ,! phonic me?od dates back to ab\t #aecj4 ,! v>iety us$ 9 ! ,pe/alozzi-,froebel ,h\se is said to h orig9at$ ) ,jacotot 7#aghj-ahdj74 ,x is call$ ! ,obs]v+-,speak+-,writ+ & ,read+ ,me?od4 ,froebel's own adaptation 0 simpl]2 x 0 8 pr9ciple to beg9 ) a desire on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & he gives 8 me?od 9 /ory =m1 ,h[ ,l9a le>n$ to write & read4 ,l9a is six1 %e has left ! ,k9d]g>t5 & is pres5tly to att5d ! ,prim>y ,s*ool4 ,%e notices ) :at pleasure h] fa!r1 p]haps a some:at exceptional p>5t1 receives & answ]s lett]s4 ,%e desires to write & h] "m makes h] say h] own "n c>efully1 notic+ fir/ ! op5 or v[el s\nds & !n by not+ ! position ( h] tongue %e f9ds ! clos$ s\nds4 ,z %e he>s ! s\nd %e is %[n h[ to make x4 ,h] fa!r leaves home at ! "r mom5t1 ,l9a writes to him1 receives & is able to read 8 answ]1 pr9t$ l h] own 9 ,roman capitals4 ,he s5ds h] a picture book & %e is help$ to see h[ ! lett]s resemble ^? %e has le>n$ & ! read+ is accompli%$4 ,9 ,engl& ! phonic me?od be/ kn[n is probably ,miss ,dale's4 ,x is v +5i\s1 ! analysis is ?or\gh & ! books are prettily got up1 b to ^? :o feel t read+1 ?\gh a mo/ valuable tool1 /ill is b a tool & "o n ne$$ = *ildr5 "u sev51 ! me?od seems ov]-elaborate4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! tea*] b to see fifty *ildr5 sitt+ /ill :ile "o *ild places ! lett]s 9 _! places on ! bo>d sugge/s a great deal ( lo/ "t4 ,! sy/em is also s rigidly phonic t x is a long "t be=e a *ild c pick up an ord9>y book ) any pr(it4 ,/anley ,hall holds t x is be/ to comb9e me?ods1 & probably mo/ ( u d ?is4 ,! gr[+ agreem5t is1 he says1 t !re is no "o & only or?odox way ( tea*+ & le>n+ ?is greate/ & h>de/ ( all ! arts1 9 :i* e>1 m\?1 eye & h& mu/ ea* 9 turn tra9 ! o!rs to automatic p]fection1 9 ways h>d & easy1 by devices old & new1 me*anically & consci\sly1 actively & passively 444 ?is is a great ga9 & seems n[ secure4 ,:ile a good p$agogic me?od is "o ( ! mo/ economic--bo? ( lab\r & ( money--( all inv5tions1 we %\ld nev] =get t ! brighte/ *ildr51 & inde$ mo/ *ildr51 if taught individually or at home1 ne$ b v few ref9em5ts ( me?od4 ,idiots1 z ,mr4 ,segu9 fir/ %[$1 ne$ & pr(it greatly by v elaborat$ me?ods 9 le>n+ h[ to walk1 fe$ & dress !mselves1 :i* w\ld only ret>d a normal *ild4 ,above all x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! /at$ use ( any me?od does n preclude ! incid5tal use ( any & p]haps ( all o!rs4 ,an adaptation ( phonic comb9$ ) ! ^w me?od c be f\nd 9 ,education by ,life4 ,x is simpl] ?an ,miss ,dale's1 & be+ comb9$ ) ! ^w me?od1 *ildr5 get mu* m quickly to real /ories4 ,/anley ,hall advocates ! individual tea*+ ( read+1 & s9ce ,dr4 ,montessori call$ e "o's att5tion to ?is we h us$ x mu* m freely1 & h f\nd t once ! *ildr5 "k "s s\nds1 !re is a great advantage 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( individual le>n+1 b class tea*+ has its own advantages & x seems be/ to h a comb9ation4 ,long s9ce we taught a boy :o 0 m5tally defici5t & incapable ( intellig5t analysis1 by :ole words & correspond+ pictures4 ,miss ,payne has develop$ ?is to a great ext5t4 ,x is practically an appeal to ! int]e/ 9 solv+ puzzles4 ,! *ildr5 *oose _! own pictures & are suppli$ ) envelopes conta9+ ei!r s+le s\nds1 or :ole words correspond+ ) ! picture4 ,!y lay h on ! h\se1 g on ! girl1 p on ! pond1 & lat] d ! same ) words4 ,!y c]ta9ly enjoy x1 & no "o is ev] kept wait+4 ,sometimes ! puzzle is to set 9 ord] ! words ( a nurs]y rhyme :i* !y already "k1 sometimes x is to read & draw ev]y?+ m5tion$4 ,x is n only h[ *ildr5 le>n to read t is important3 ev5 m s is :at !y read4 ,mu* un9tellig5t read+ 9 lat] life is due to ! read+ prim] 9 :i* !re 0 no?+ to und]/&4 ,*ildr5 %\ld read books1 z adults d1 to get some?+ out ( !m4 ,! "t (t5 wa/$ 9 tea*+ read+ too soon w\ld be f> bett] employ$ 9 cultivat+ a ta/e = good read+ by tell+ or read+ to ! *ildr5 good /ories & v]ses4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,x is difficult to f9d easy mat]ial t is wor? giv+ to intellig5t *ildr51 & we h be5 glad to f9d ,br[n's ,"y ,arti/s' ,read]s1 ,s]ies ,a4 ,a revolution is go+ on j n[ 9 ! me?od ( tea*+ writ+4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t mu* "t & ef=t h be5 wa/$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to jo9 lett]s :i* are easi] to read unjo9$4 ,a v int]e/+ article appe>$ 9 ! ,field5 ,s*ool ,demon/ration ,record ,no4 ,,ii41 & ,mr4 ,graily ,hewitt has br\ght ! subject ( writ+ z x 0 done be=e copp]plate 0 inv5t$ v mu* to ! =e4 ,! ,*ild ,/udy ,society has publi%$ a little monograph on ! subject giv+ ! exp]i5ce ( diff]5t tea*]s & specim5s ( ! writ+4 ,little ,m>jorie ,flem+ 0 a voraci\s read] ) a rem>kable capacity = writ+4 ,h] spell+ 0 unconv5tional at times1 b !re 0 nev] any d\bt ab\t h] mean+4 ,%e express$ h]self /rongly on _m subjects1 & "o ( ^! 0 ari?metic4 ,i am n[ go+ to tell y ! horrible & wret*$ plaege 7plague7 t my multiplication gives me y cant conceive x ! mo/ ,devili% ?+ is #h times #h & #g times #g x is :at nature itself cant endure4 ,yet if y speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & angels & make n m5tion ( ari?metic x pr(ite? y no?+1 says ,miss ,wigg94 ,!re are a few little *ildr5 :o are really fond ( numb] "w4 ,!re are n _m ( !m1 & !y w\ld probably le>n m if !y 7 left to !mselves4 ,!re are ev5 a few ma!matical g5iuses :o h>dly want tea*+1 b :o are wor?y ( be+ taught by a ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 always suppos+ t he is wor?y ( !m4 ,b ! majority ( *ildr5 w\ld probably be f>!r advanc$ at t5 or twelve if !y _h no tea*+ till !y 7 sev54 ,!y ought to le>n ?r\gh actual numb] games1 ?r\gh keep+ score = o!r games1 & ?r\gh any k9d ( calculation t is ne$$ = con/ruction or 9 real life4 ,!re are b few true numb] games1 b dom9oes & c>d games introduce ! numb] gr\ps4 ,9 ,old maid ! *ildr5 pair ! gr\ps & s le>n to recognise !m2 9 dom9oes !y use ?is k1 :ile ,snap involves quick recognition4 ,any "o c make up a game 9 :i* scor+ is necess>y4 ,n9ep9s or skittles is a numb] game1 & "o c score by us+ numb] gr\ps1 or by fet*+ c\nt]s1 %ells1 beads1 etc41 z rem9d]s4 ,! numb] gr\ps are important2 !y =m :at ,miss ,punnett calls a s*eme = ^? :o h no great visualis+ p[]1 & !y comb9e ! smalle/ gr\ps into l>ge ones4 ,x ought to be rememb]$ t ! repetition ( a gr\p is an easi] ?+ to deal ) ?an ! comb9ation ( two gr\ps1 t is1 six is a "n = two ?rees & eight = two f\rs1 b five & sev5 h n s def9ite a mean+4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,?is v morn+ a *ild cutt+ out br[n pap] p5nies = a %op said1 ',look6 !re are two sixes2 t w\ld be a big numb]6' ,! ,tilli* bricks are good play?+s1 & s is c>dbo>d money--%ill+s1 sixp5ces1 ?reep5ces1 p5ce & halfp5ce4 ,:5 ! names h a mean+ ! *ildr5 w want signs1 i4e4 figures4 ,clock figures 7,roman7 c be us$ fir/ z simple/1 %[+ ! clos$ f+]s & ! ?umb = ,v2 ! only difficulty is ,,ix4 ,! ,arabic figures c be made by draw+ r\nd ! numb] gr\ps1 or by lay+ out _! %apes 9 little /icks4 #e & #h %[ v pla9ly h[ to arrange five & eight /icks2 = two & ?ree !y are plac$ horizontally1 ! curves m]ely jo9+ ! l9es4 ,9 tea*+ *ildr5 to c\nt1 ! decimal sy/em %\ld be kept well 9 m9d1 & ! tea*] %\ld see t ?irte5 means ?ree-t51 & t ! *ildr5 c t\* ! ?ree & ! t5 z !y speak ! ^w4 ,elev5 & twelve ought to be call$ onete5 & twote51 half 9 joke4 ,! idea ( gr\p+ %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (1 & l>g] numb]s %\ld at fir/ be names = s _m ?rees1 f\rs1 fives1 etc4 ,9 ord] to keep ! mean+ cle> ! *ildr5 %\ld say ?reety1 f\rty & fivety1 b !re %\ld be no ne$ to write ^! numb]s4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 /icks ti$ 9 bundles ( t5 are q conv5i5t c\nt+ mat]ial :5 any c\nt+ is necess>y4 ,tram tickets & cig>ette pictures c be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! decimal notation is a great ?+ to le>n1 h[ great any "o w discov] :o w take ! tr\ble to "w a simple addition sum1 involv+ hundr$s1 9 ,roman figures4 ,*ildr5 are always taught ! numb] ( ! h\se !y live 91 :i* makes a />t+-po9t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 #ce is comp>$ ) ,,xxxv a mean+ is giv5 to ! #c4 ,_m tea*]s make =mal sums ( numb]s :i* c\ld q well be add$ )\t any writ+ at all4 ,by us+ any k9d ( mat]ial by :i* t5 c be made pla9 z a high] unit--bundles ( /icks or tickets1 ,sonn5s*e9's app>atus1 ,miss ,punnett's numb] s*eme1 or ! new ,montessori app>atus ) its *a9s ( beads3 ! mat]ial us$ is ( no great consequ5ce--*ildr5 %\ld be able to deal z easily ) t5s z ) ones1 & !re is no ne$ = little =mal sums :i* h no mean+4 ,ev]y?+ 9 daily life %\ld be us$ be=e =mal "w is attempt$4 ,measure1 reckon1 weigh1 comp>e1 said ,r\sseau4 ,*ildr5 love to measure1 :e!r by l9eal or liquid measure1 or by le>n+ to tell ! "t or to use a pair ( scales4 ,!re are a few occasions :5 int]e/ is 9 actual numb] relations1 z :5 a *ild = himself discov]s t two sixes is six twos4 ,"o boy on 8 own acc\nt comp>$ a %ill+ & an h\r1 & said t he c\ld set out a %ill+ 9 five p>ts by ! clock4 ,he look$ at ! clock & *ose out a sixp5ce1 a ?reep5ce1 & #c p5nies4 ,b usually :at is ab/ract belongs to a /age f>!r on4 ,s we c end :]e we began1 by lett+ ,froebel once m def9e ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,cr*es & ,infant ,s*ools mu/ be rais$ into ,k9d]g>t5s :]e9 ! *ild is treat$ & tra9$ accord+ to 8 :ole nature1 s t ! claims ( 8 body1 8 he>t & 8 head1 8 active1 moral & intellectual p[]s1 are all satisfi$ & develop$4 ,n ! tra9+ ( ! memory1 n le>n+ by rote1 n famili>ity ) ! appe>ances ( ?+s1 b culture by means ( action1 realities & life itself1 br+ a bless+ ^u ! individual1 & !reby a bless+ ^u ! :ole community2 s9ce ea* "o1 be he ! highe/ or ! humble/1 is a memb] ( ! community4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,i4 ,,?+s ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,c]ta9 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,gr[? ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury two m51 mov$ by v diff]5t impulses1 f\nd$ :at might be consid]$ ! beg9n+s ( ! ,infant ,s*ool4 ,= ne>ly fifty ye>s _! "w grew sep>ately1 b n[ !y are m]g$ toge!r into some?+ t seems to be p]man5t4 ,9 a bleak ,lan>k%ire factory village 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 ,rob]t ,ow51 mill[n]1 sociali/ & ,wel%man1 f\nd t unless he c\ld provide = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( 8 factory h&s1 no p>5ts w\ld cons5t to settle 9 ! di/rict & he w\ld be )\t work]s 9 8 mill4 ,z a consequ5ce ,ow5 f\nd himself 9 ! position ( education au?ority1 privy purse & organis]1 & he did n fl9* f ! situation2 he impos$ no *eap make%ift1 because he believ$ 9 education z an end & n z an economic means2 a tw(old in/itution 0 !re=e e/abli%$ by him 9 #ahaf1 "o "p = ! *ildr5 ( recognis$ s*ool age1 presumably ov] six1 & "o = ^? "u s*ool age1 ^: only entrance te/ 0 _! ability to walk4 ,x is ) ! latt] t we are conc]n$4 ,! in/ructions giv5 by ,ow5 to ! man & ! wom5 he *ose = 8 ,infant ,s*ool may s]ve to %[ 8 g5]al aim2 ! babies "u _! c>e 7 above all to be happy1 to lead a natural life1 outdoor or indoor z wea!r p]mitt$2 le>n+ _! surr\nd+s1 play+1 s++1 danc+1 n annoy$ ) books1 n %ad[$ by ! ne$s ( ! upp] s*ool1 b liv+ ! life _! age dem&$4 ,9 ! light ( ! #aiah ,education ,bill ?is seems almo/ prophetic4 ,_! gu>dians 7 select$ solely on ! gr\nds ( p]sonality1 & expect$ to "w 9 ! _s 9 :i* ,ow5 conceiv$ ! s*ool4 ,!y 7 g5tle1 )\t p]sonal ambition1 fond ( *ildr51 c>+ only = _! welf>e2 b ! sole guid+ pr9ciple 0 ,ow51 & ?is 0 at once ! success & doom ( ! s*ool1 = ! p]sonality ( ,ow5 0 ?us made ! pivot r\nd :i* ! s*ool revolv$2 )\t him !re 0 no?+ to take hold (4 ,v soon ! exp]im5t became kn[n3 p]sons ) ! /amp ( au?ority came to see x1 & ev5 (ficial he>ts 7 mov$ by ! reality ( ! *ildr5's happ9ess & _! consequ5t developm5t4 ,! visitors felt1 r ?an knew1 t ! ?+ 0 "r4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made to e/abli% simil> in/itutions 9 ,london1 & aft] "o or two exp]im5ts1 a p]man5t "o 0 f\nd$ :i* 0 "u ! control ( a man nam$ ,wild]sp94 ,wild]sp9's contribution to education is difficult to e/imate2 c]ta9ly he nev] caught ,ow5's _s1 or realis$ 8 simple purpose3 he _h ambitions rea*+ beyond ! happ9ess ( ! *ildr52 & f> f try+ to make _! education suit _! /age ( gr[?1 he s\ght to produce ! ,infant ,prodigy1 j z a contempor>y ( 8 s\ght to produce ! ,infant ,sa9t4 ,f :at we c see1 8 aim 0 :at he hone/ly believ$ to be "r1 z f> z 8 light w5t2 b he s\ght = no light beyond 8 own2 & 8 outlook 0 n s n>r[ z 8 application 0 un9tellig5t4 ,ow5 0 /ill 9 ,lan>k%ire to be consult$2 ,r\sseau _h already writt5 mile1 ,pe/alozzi's "w 0 by ?is "t fairly well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ! *ildr5 7 !re to be /udi$1 b ,wild]sp9 pursu$ 8 limit$ & un5light5$ "w1 until ! ,infant ,s*ool 0 almo/ a dead ?+ 9 8 h&s & 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o foll[$4 ,! foll[+ is ,bir*5\gh's acc\nt3 ,! s*ool 0 9 *>ge ( a ma/] & a female assi/ant1 presumably 8 wife4 ,mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to tra9+ *ildr5 9 good p]sonal habits1 cleanl9ess1 tid9ess1 punctuality1 etc41 & to moral tra9+4 ,great /ress 0 laid on in=mation4444 ,! curriculum includ$ read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 geometry1 lessons on common objects1 geography1 s++ & religion1 & an ef=t 0 made to make ! "w int]e/+ & 'concrete4' ,to ?is end mu* importance 0 atta*$ to object-lessons1 to ! use ( illu/rations1 to que/ion+ & exposition1 :ile ! memory 0 aid$ by means ( didactic v]se4444 ,! real tea*+ devolv$ ^u ! ma/] & mi/ress4 ,?is 0 ( two k9ds3 class tea*+ to a section ( ! *ildr5 ( approximately equal atta9m5ts ei!r on ! floor or 9 ! class-room1 & collective tea*+ to ! :ole s*ool1 reg>dless ( age1 on ! gall]y4 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t 9 #ahaf1 ! ye> ( ,ow5's exp]im5t1 a humble educational exp]im5t 0 begun by ,fr$]ick ,froebel 9 a v small village 9 ! he>t ( ! ,?ur+ian =e/4 ,l ,ow51 8 aim 0 education solely = its own sake1 & he _h a simple fai? 9 ! human goodness ( ! old] ,g]many4 ,b he came to education z a philosoph] r ?an a social re=m]1 ) a /rong belief 9 its p[] to improve humanity4 ,?is belief rema9$ ) him2 x is embodi$ 9 8 aim1 & leav5$ all 8 "w4 ,! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 exp]i5ce conv9c$ ,froebel t ! neglect or mismanagem5t ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( a *ild's life r5d]$ useless all t 0 done lat]4 ,:at came to ,ow5 z an inspiration grew 9 ,froebel to be a reason$ tru?1 & l ,ow5 he put x into practice4 ,9 #ahcg ! little ,k9d]g>t5 at ,blank5burg 0 begun1 ) ! village *ildr5 z pupils2 ! beautiful surr\nd+s ( =e/-cov]$ hills & gre5 slopes made a v diff]5t backgr\nd f ! bleak little ,lan>k%ire village1 ov]%ad[$ by ! factory1 :]e ,ow5's s*ool /ood1 b ! _s 0 ! same2 ! *ildr5 7 9 surr\nd+s suitable = _! gr[?1 & ! v "n ( ,k9d]g>t5 does m to make ,froebel's aim cle> ?an any explanation4 ,he liv$ to see o!r ,k9d]g>t5s e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,?ur+ia1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s ( 8 tea*]s came to ,engl&1 & did simil> "w 9 ,london1 ,croydon & ,man*e/]4 ,! private ,k9d]g>t5 became an e/abli%$ ?+1 & educationali/s came to und]/& some?+ ( its mean+4 ,9 #ahgj ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d sugge/$ t ! ,k9d]g>t5 sy/em %\ld be introduc$ into _! ,infant ,s*ools1 & 9 do+ s !y 7 unconsci\sly ! factors 9 br++ toge!r ! "w initiat$ by ,ow5 & by ,froebel4 ,! ,infant ,s*ool ( ,wild]sp91 already briefly describ$1 0 almo/ a dead ?+1 ) its gall]ies & its me*anical prodigies1 its object-lessons & its !ology2 n[ x 0 brea!d ^u by ! _s ( ! man :o said3 ,play is ! highe/ phase ( *ild developm5t1 ( human developm5t at ?is p]iod3 = x is ! spontane\s repres5tation ( ! inn]1 f inn] necessity & impulse4 ,play is ! pure/1 mo/ spiritual activity ( man4 ,! plays ( *ildhood are ! g]m9al leaves ( all lat] life4 ,if ! *ild is injur$ at ?is p]iod1 if ! g]m9al leaves ( ! future tree ( 8 life are m>r$ at ?is "t1 he w only ) ! greate/ difficulty & ! utmo/ ef=t gr[ into /rong manhood4 ,x is p]haps n altoge!r to be wond]$ at t tea*]s at fir/ seiz$ ! app>atus r ?an ! _s ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 :5 we rememb] t we h n accept$ 9 any?+ l its fulness ! tea*+ ( ,froebel4 ,=malism & mat]ialism always die sl[ly3 play 9 ! ,bo>d ,s*ool 0 int]pret$ z some?+ t _h to be dictat$ & taught3 ! gifts1 occupations & games 7 organis$1 & appe>$ on ! "t-table z subjects side by side ) ,wild]sp9's !ology & object-lessons4 ,! comb9ation mu/ h be5 curi\s1 b ev5 ) its =malism ! *ange 0 welcome to ! *ildr53 at lea/ !y c\ld use _! h&s & d some?+2 at lea/ !y c\ld leave _! back-break+ gall]ies & dance & skip1 ev5 ?\gh ! do+ & ! danc+ 7 accord+ to /rict rule4 ,! *ange 0 n welcome to all tea*]s4 ,z late z #aijg a headmi/ress :o 0 a product ( ! tra9+ ( t "t rem>k$3 ,we h ,k9d]g>t5 on ,w$nesday aft]noons & !n x is ov] = ! week4 ,b !re 7 tea*]s :o saw b5ea? ! bricks & /icks & pretty movem5ts1 :o felt ! spiritual side & kept !mselves alive till great] opportunities came4 ,:at 0 imp]i%able has rema9$2 ! sy/em ( prescrib$ activities is ne>ly dead1 b ! _s ( ! true ,k9d]g>t5 is m alive ?an ev]4 ,! *ange f ! e>ly 'eighties till n[ is difficult to describe1 because x is a gr[? ( _s1 a gradual *ange ( values1 r ?an a *ange 9 outw>d =m2 !re has be5 no def9ite ?r[+ (f1 & no def9ite adoption1 ( any "o sy/em or !ory2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ ,infant ,s*ools ( #ahhj & ! be/ ,infant ,s*ools ( to-day is *iefly a diff]5ce 9 outlook4 ,! old] s*ools aim$ at copy+ a me?od1 :ile ! s*ools ( to-day are m conc]n$ ) realis+ ! _s4 ,at pres5t we are try+ to recon/ruct education = ! new _w aft] ! w>1 & s x is conv5i5t to reg>d ! int]v5+ p]iod ( ne>ly half a c5tury z a transition p]iod3 dur+ t "t ! education ( ! *ild "u eight has *ang$ mu* m ?an ! education ( old] *ildr51 at lea/ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool2 & !re h be5 c]ta9 m>k$ phases t1 ?\gh app>5tly insignificant 9 !mselves1 h m>k$ /ages ( progress 9 ?\ght4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant & mo/ important ( ^! 0 ! effect ( ! *ild-/udy movem5t on ! =mal & ext]nal side ( ,k9d]g>t5 "w4 ,x is fir/ ( all to ,am]ica t we owe ?is1 to ! pione] ,/anley ,hall1 & m especially "h to ,mr4 ,e>l ,b>nes4 ,v sl[ly1 b surely1 x 0 evid5t to ! m enlight5$ tea*]s t *ildr5 _h _! own way ( le>n+ & do+1 & ! adult-impos$ sy/em meant work+ aga9/ nature4 ,= ! logical me?od ( pres5t+ mat]ial f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 0 sub/itut$ ! psy*ological me?od ( wat*+ ! *ildr5's way ( le>n+ & develop+4 ,tea*]s f\nd t :at !y consid]$ to be ! simple 0 n ! simple to *ildr52 :at !y took to be ! kn[n 0 ! unfamili> to *ildr54 ,= in/ance1 ! simple 9 geography1 9 ! adult s5se1 0 ! def9ition ( an isl&1 ) :i* mo/ ( u began t /udy1 & 9 geometry x 0 ! po9t4 ,to *ildr5 ( ! ord9>y type1 bo? are f>-away ideas1 & n relat$ to ev]yday exp]i5ces2 ! kn[n 9 ari?metic1 = example1 0 to tea*]s ! previ\s lesson1 q reg>dless ( ! fact t ari?metic ent]s into _m problems ( life outside s*ool4 ,! life 9 s*ool & ! life outside s*ool 71 9 ^! e>ly days ( infant tea*+1 two sep>ate ?+s1 & only occasionally did a tea*] /oop to take an example f ev]yday life4 ,a little girl 9 "o ( ! poore/ s*ools br\ght h] baby to %[ h] tea*]1 & pr\dly display$ ! baby's p[]s ( spee*--,say a p9t ( 'alf-an-'alf = tea*]1 said ! little girl to ! baby by way ( enc\ragem5t to bo?4 ,?is is ! k9d ( rude awak5+ tea*]s get1 f "t to "t1 :5 !y realise h[ mu* ( ! real *ild eludes !m4 ,psy*ology has made x cle> t life is a unity & mu/ be s reg>d$4 ,"p ( ?is *ild-/udy movem5t has result$ 9 ! sl[ b sure dea? ( =malism3 l>ge classes1 mat]ial results1 & a lack ( psy*ology made =malism ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,pa9t+ became blobb+1 con/ructive "w 0 int]pret$ z c\rses ( pap] fold+1 cutt+1 te>+2 books ( ^! c\rses 7 publi%$ ) m9ute directions = a graduat$ sequ5ce4 ,! aim 0 ob$i5t imitation on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & ! imag9$ virtues accru+ to him 9 consequ5ce 7 good habits1 pati5ce1 accuracy & te*nical skill4 ,self-expression & creativ5ess 7 /ill only !ories4 ,a second int]e/+ phase ( ! transition p]iod 0 ! me?od adopt$ = ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses4 ,f ! days ( ,com5ius till n[ ! importance ( ?is has held its place firmly1 b ! means h greatly *ang$4 ,pe/alozzi's object-lesson 0 adopt$ by ,wild]sp9 & ?or\ghly /]ilis$2 _m tea*]s /ill rememb] ! lessons on ! orange1 lea!r1 camphor1 pap]1 sug>1 9 :i* ! tea*]'s s5ses 7 tra9$1 = only %e came 9 contact ) ! object1 & ! *ildr5 f _! gall]ies answ]$ que/ions on an object remote f mo/ ( _! s5ses1 & only dimly visible to _! eyes4 ,simil> lessons 7 giv5 aft] #ahgj on ,froebel's gift ,,ii4 9 :i* ! ball1 cyl9d] & cube 7 treat$ 9 ! same mann]3 progress 0 sl[1 b sometimes ! *ildr5 foll[$ nature's prompt+s & play$ ) _! specim5s2 ?is 0 foll[$ by books ( gift-plays1 :]e organis$ play took ! place ( organis$ obs]vation4 ,ab\t #ahij or !reab\ts ! ,nature ,/udy movem5t swept ov] ! s*ools1 & nature specim5s !n became ! mat]ial = s5se tra9+3 z f> z possible ea* *ild _h a specim51 & by ! m9ute exam9ation ( ^!1 /imulat$ _! s5ses & /ifl$ _! appreciation ( all t 0 beautiful4 ,"q & answ] /ill dom9at$ ! activity2 ! poor little )]$ sn[drop took ! place ( ! dead camphor or lea!r4 ,b und]ly+ all ! p>alys+ organisation ! tru? 0 sl[ly gr[+1 & ! *ildr5 7 be+ br\ght ne>] to real ?+s4 ,a ?ird phase 9 ?is transition p]iod is t kn[n z correlation2 mo/ tea*]s rememb] ! elaborate programmes ( "w t drove !m to extremes 9 f9d+ connections4 ,! foll[+1 tak5 f a reputable book ( ! "t1 w exemplify ! pr9ciple3 ,a ,,week',s ,,programme ,object ,lesson ,! ,horse4 ,phonetics ,! ,foal1 oa s\nd4 ,numb] ,problems on ! "w ( horses4 ,/ory ,! ,bell ( ,atri /ory ( a horse r++ a bell4 ,song ,busy ,blacksmi? %oe+ a horse4 ,game ,! ,blacksmi?'s ,%op4 ,read+ ,on ! ,horse4 ,poetry ,k9dness to ,animals4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,! ,bell ( ,atri4 ,pap] ,fold+ ,a ,tr\gh4 ,free-arm ,draw+ ,a ,horse%oe4 ,clay ,modell+ ,a ,c>rot = ! ,horse4 ,bru%work ,a ,turnip = ! ,horse4 ,br[n ,pap] ,draw+ ,a ,/able4 ,und]nea? x all ! tru? 0 gr[+1 namely1 ! ne$ ( mak+ associations & s unify+ ! *ildr5's l9es4 ,b ! process ( f9d+ ! tru? 0 sl[ & cumb]some4 ,a f\r? phase ( ! e>ly ,infant ,s*ool 0 ! /rong belief ( bo? tea*]s & inspectors 9 uni=mity ( "w & ( results4 ,x is difficult to dis5tangle ?is f ! p>alys+ influ5ces ( paym5t by results & l>ge classes3 x 0 probably ! tea*]s' unconsci\s expression ( ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 :5 work+ aga9/ ! heavie/ odds4 ,b x 0 con/antly evid5t to ! tea*] t any attempt on a *ild's "p to be an individual1 ei!r 9 "w or 9 conduct1 _h to be arre/$3 & ! !ory ( individual developm5t 0 reg>d$ z s ,utopian t ! idea itself 0 lo/4 ,goodness 0 synonym\s ) uni=m ob$i5ce & sil5ce2 naught9ess ) individuality1 spontaneity & desire to inve/igate4 ,a frequ5tly-he>d admonition on ! "p ( ! tea*] 01 ,tea*] didn't tell y to d x t way--t's a naughty way2 b su* an attitude ( m9d 0 d\btless g5]at$ by ! report ( ! inspector :5 he comm5d$ a class by say+3 ,! "w ( ! class %[$ a satisfactory uni=mity4 ,to obta9 uni=m results practice _h to come be=e actual p]=mance1 & _m we>y h\rs 7 sp5t ov] drill 9 read+1 drill 9 numb]1 drill 9 h&work1 drill 9 ne$lework4 ,! extreme po9t 0 rea*$ :5 babies ( ?ree _h ?imble & ne$le drill long be=e !y began ne$lework4 ,!re 7 also conduct drills2 ,miss ,grant1 ( ,devons ,road ,s*ool1 rememb]s a s*ool :]e ! babies practis$ _! conduct be=e ! visit ( ! spectre1 z !y call$ him1 he be+ repres5t$ z a /ick set up on a *air4 ,!re is a curi\s symbolism 9 ! :ole occasion4 ,x is difficult to see ! good und]ly+ ?is phase1 b x 0 !re4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a place = practice1 ?\gh n be=e p]=mance1 & uni=mity 0 und\bt$ly ! g]m ( an ideal4 ,all ^! phases /& = bo? progress & arre/4 ,! av]age p]son is readi] to accept me?ods ?an inve/igate pr9ciples2 b we mu/ recognise t all /ruggles & se>*+s aft] tru? h made ! road ( progress %ort] = u by _m a mile4 ,p]haps ! *ief cause ( /umbl+ lay 9 ! fact t !re 0 no cle>ly realis$ aim or policy except t ( mat]ial results4 ,!re 7 _m f9e-s\nd+ pr9ciples 9 ! air1 b !y 7 unrelat$ to ea* o!r2 & ! conditions ( tea*+ 7 likely to cru% ! f9e/ endeav\rs1 & to make impossible a tea*+ t c\ld be call$ educative4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,infant ,,s*ool ,,( ,,to-,,day ,tak+ nei!r ! be/ nor ! wor/1 b ! av]age s*ool ( to-day1 x w be pr(itable to review %ortly :]e x /&s1 to consid] h[ f> x has le>nt ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & :at k9d ( ideal x has set be=e itself4 ,9 ext]nals !re h be5 _m improvem5ts4 ,mod]n build+s are bett] 9 _m ways2 !re is m space & light1 & ! surr\nd+s are m attractive4 ,mo/ ( ! gall]ies h disappe>$1 b ! furniture consi/s *iefly ( dual desks1 fix$ & heavy1 s t ! arrangem5t ( ! room _c be *ang$4 ,! impression giv5 to a visitor is t x is plann$ = li/5+ & answ]+1 except 9 ! ,baby ,room1 :]e !re are g5]ally light tables & *airs1 & consequ5tly no monoton\s r[s ( *ildr51 unless a tea*] arranges !m ?us f %e] habit4 ,9 ea* room is a high n>r[ cupbo>d ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! necess>y size = all t education dem&s2 mo/ education au?orities provide "s good pictures1 b ! be/ are usually hung on ! class-room wall beh9d ! *ildr51 & all are above ! *ildr5's eye level4 ,oh1 tea*]1 my neck d a*e6 0 ! only appreciative rem>k made by a *ild aft] a t\r made ( ! s*ool pictures1 :i* 7 really beautiful4 ,z a rule ! w9d[s are too high = ! *ildr5 to see f1 & ! l[] "p is g5]ally fro/$4 ,9 a new s*ool :i* _h a view up "o ( ! lovelie/ valleys 9 ,great ,brita91 ! w9d[s 7 ( ?is description2 ! head ( ! s*ool expla9$ t x 0 a precaution 9 case ! *ildr5 might see :at 0 outside2 9 o!r words1 !y might make ! mi/ake ( see+ a real riv] valley in/ead ( li/5+ to a description ( x4 ,9 c\ntry s*ools ( ! old] type ! accommodation is n s good1 b ! new] ones are (t5 v attractive 9 appe>ance1 & h bo? space & light4 ,! s*ool g>d5 is a common feature 9 ! c\ntry1 & x is to be regrett$ s few ev5 ( ! plot description are to be f\nd 9 t[n s*ools4 ,( late ye>s ! app>atus has improv$1 ?\gh !re is /ill mu* to be done 9 ?is direction4 ,in/ead ( ! orig9al t9y boxes ( gifts we h frequ5tly real nurs]y bricks ( a l>g] & m v>i$ "*1 & _m o!r nurs]y toys4 ,"o ( ! be/ signs ( a progressive policy is t l>ge numb]s ( little toys h tak5 ! place ( ! big exp5sive ones t only an occasional *ild c\ld use4 ,x is a pity t ! use ( toys comes to s sudd5 an end1 & t le>n+ by ?is me?od does n foll[ ! babies aft] !y h (ficially ceas$ to be babies1 z is ! cu/om 9 real life4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *anges = ! bett] is ! evid5ce ( c>e ( ! *ildr5's heal?1 ( :i* "s ( ! ext]nal signs are doctor1 nurse & c>e committee4 ,a s5se ( responsibility 9 ?is respect is gradually gr[+ 9 ! s*ools2 a fair numb] provide = sleep1 a few try to tra9 ! *ildr5 to eat lun* sl[ly & c>efully1 & "s try to arrange = milk or cod-liv] oil 9 ! case ( v delicate *ildr54 ,?\gh ^! in/ances are v mu* 9 ! m9ority1 !y repres5t a *ange ( _s4 ,?is is "o ( ! /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! new ,education ,bill4 ,a legacy f ! old =malism lies 9 ! fact t e room has a highly organis$ "t-table1 except p]haps 9 ! ,babies' ,room1 :]e ! *ildr5's actual ne$s are sometimes consid]$ fir/4 ,! morn+ 9 mo/ classes is occupi$ ) ,scripture1 ,read+1 ,ari?metic1 ,writ+1 & "s less =mal "w1 su* z ,nature lesson or ,recitation2 "s =m ( ,physical ,ex]cise is always tak54 ,! aft]noons are mo/ly devot$ to ,games1 ,/ories1 ,h&work & ,s++3 ?is ord] is n univ]sal1 b ! g5]al pr9ciple holds1 ( tak+ ! m difficult & =mal subjects 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ! ,babies' ,room "s prep>ation = read+ is /ill too frequ5t4 ,! lessons are %ort & ! ord] v>i$1 b 9 "o s+le morn+ or aft]noon !re is a bewild]+ numb] ( *anges4 ,"s ye>s ago ! un=tunate pr9ciple 0 laid d[n 9 ! ,code1 t fifte5 m9utes 0 suffici5t "t = a lesson 9 an ,infant ,s*ool1 & ?\gh ?is is n /rictly foll[$ ! lessons are %ort & num]\s1 giv+ an unsettl$ "* to ! "w2 *ildr5 appe> to be swung at a mom5t's notice f topic to topic )\t an app>5t l9k or reason3 = example1 ! day's "w may beg9 ) ! /ory ( a little boy s5t by tra9 to ! c\ntry1 settl$ at a f>m & tak5 out to see ! c[ & ! s[3 soon ?is is f\nd to be a read+ lesson on words end+ 9 ow1 b aft] a %ort "t ! :ole class is told q sudd5ly1 t "o %ill+ is to be sp5t at a %op 9 t[n1 & :ile !y are /ill int]e/$ 9 calculat+ ! *ange1 pa9ts are di/ribut$1 & ! *ildr5 are pa9t+ ! bluebell4 ,! :ole day is apt to be ( ?is brok5 "*1 :i* c]ta9ly does n make = tra9+ 9 m5tal conc5tration1 or = a realisation ( ! unity ( life4 ,"s tea*]s /ill aim at correlation1 b 9 a r half-he>t$ way3 o!rs h entirely disc>d$ x because ( its /ra9$ applications1 b no?+ v def9ite has tak5 its place4 ,! curriculum :i* has be5 giv5 is v>i$ 9 "*1 & sometimes includes a free p]iod4 ,except 9 ! ,babies' ,class ! ?ree ,r's occupy a prom95t place1 & *ildr5 "u six sp5d relatively a great deal ( "t 9 =mal subjects1 :ile *ildr5 betwe5 six & sev51 if !y are /ill 9 ! ,infant ,s*ool1 are taught to put d[n sums on pap]1 :i* !y c\ld ne>ly always calculate )\t su* help4 ,z soon z a *ild c read well1 & "w a fair numb] ( sums on pap]1 he is consid]$ fit = promotion1 & ! "q ( :e!r he und]/&s ! me?od ( work+ su* sums1 is n consid]$ s important z accuracy & quickness4 ,! te/ ( s-call$ intellig5ce = promotion is read+ & numb]1 b x is really ! te/ ( conv5i5ce1 s t l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 may be taught toge!r & br\ght1 aga9/ ! laws ( nature1 to a uni=m /&>d4 ,?is poison ( ! promotion & uni=mity te/ works d[n ?r\gh ! ,infant ,s*ool3 x c be se5 :5 ! babies are div]t$ f _! natural activities to le>n read+1 or :5 !y are exam9$3 x c be se5 :5 a tea*] yields up h] bright *ildr5 to fill a few empty desks1 x c be se5 9 ! gr9d at read+ & =mal ari?metic ( ! *ildr5 "u six1 :5 we>y & useless h\rs are sp5t 9 work+ aga9/ nature1 & preci\s "t is wa/$ t w nev] come back4 ,yet we say we believe t ,*ildr5 h _! y\? t !y may play1 & t ,play is ! pure/1 mo/ spiritual activity ( man at ?is /age *ildhood4 ,! lack ( any cle> aim %[s itself 9 ! fluid nature ( ! t]m results2 to "s tea*]s x signifies read9ess = promotion1 or a piece ( "w t pres5ts a satisfactory ext]nal appe>ance1 su* z good writ+1 neat h&work1 an ord]ly game1 flu5t read+4 ,to o!rs x means some?+ deep]1 :i* !y discov] 9 "s *ance rem>k ( a *ild's t m>ks ! gr[? ( ! _s1 or ! awak5+ ( ! int]e/ ( a *ild ^: developm5t is late1 or ! quick5$ p[] ( a *ild to express2 or evid5ce ( indep5d5t ?\ght & ! p[] to use x1 9 "s piece ( h&work1 or appreciation ( music or lit]ature4 ,accord+ to ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m results s ! me?od ( ! tea*] mu/ v>y2 b "o gets ! g5]al impression t 9 ?is respect matt]s are 9 a transitional /ate2 ! fir/ k9d ( tea*] is always a little unc]ta9 ( h] gr\nd & a little fe>ful t %e is n q up-to-date1 :ile ! second class ( tea*] is sometimes a little timid1 & n q sure t %e is prep>$ to acc\nt = ! r subtle & intangible outcome ( h] "w4 ,! same transitional "* holds 9 ! case ( discipl9e3 :ile :at is kn[n z milit>y discipl9e /ill prevails 9 _m s*ools1 !re are a v fair numb] ) :om ! grip has relax$2 b x is a c\rage\s tea*] t w admit ! t]m free discipl9e :i* has ne>ly z bad a reputation z free ?\ght us$ to h1 & few are prep>$ to g all ! way4 ,probably ! reason lies 9 ! vagu5ess ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 & ! fact t its value is n cle>ly realis$ because x is n cle>ly und]/ood4 ,tea*]s h n fac$ ! "q squ>ely3 ,:at am ,i aim+ at 9 promot+ free discipl9e4 ,tak+ a g5]al view ( ! pres5t s*ool1 "o gets ! impression ( a con/ant *ange ( activity on ! "p ( ! *ildr51 b v little *ange ( position1 a good deal ( provision = g5]al class int]e/1 b little = individual int]e/2 ( less dem& ?an =m]ly = uni=mity ( results1 b ! exi/5ce ( a good deal ( uni=mity ( me?od1 arre/+ ! tea*]'s own initiative2 ( v con/ant tea*+ on ! "p ( ! tea*] & a good deal ( li/5+ & oral expression on ! "p ( ! *ildr51 ( _m lessons & little indep5d5t individual "w4 ,bel[ all ?is !re is evid5t a v fri5dly relation%ip betwe5 ! tea*] & ! *ildr51 a good deal ( p]sonal k ( ! *ildr5 on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 & a good deal ( affection on bo? sides4 ,!re is less fe> & m love ?an 9 ! e>li] days1 less gov]nm5t & m tra9+1 less re/ra9t & m fre$om4 ,& ! *ildr5 are greatly atta*$ to _! s*ool4 ,f consid]ation ( ! =ego+ summ>y x w be se5 t education 9 ! ,infant ,s*ool is a ?+ ( curi\s pat*es1 ( /r5g? & weakness1 ( light & %ade2 p]haps ! greate/ weakness is its lack ( cohesion1 ( unification3 on ! "o h& we f9d mu* provision = ! *ildr5's real ne$s1 mu* s+l5ess ( purpose 9 ! tea*]'s "w1 su* a g5u9e _s ( :ole-he>t$ desire = _! education3 on ! o!r h&1 an unreason+ s5se ( ha/e1 ( pu%+ on1 ( introduc+ prematurely "w = :i* ! *ildr5 admitt$ly are unready2 an acceptance ( new ?+s on popul> report1 )\t sci5tific basis1 & a lack ( c\rage to ma9ta9 ! tru? = its own sake1 9 ! face ( s-call$ au?ority1 & a crav+ to be mod]n4 ,at ! root ( all ?is inconsi/5cy & possibly its cause1 is ! lack ( a guid+ policy or aim1 ! lack ( belief 9 ! sci5tific or psy*ological basis ( education1 & consequ5tly ! want ( t /rong belief 9 absolute tru? :i* helps ! tea*] to pass all b>ri]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,"s ,,vital ,,pr9ciples ,if x be true t ! ,infant ,s*ool ( to-day suff]s f lack ( a cle> basis = its g5]al policy1 x w be pr(itable to h cle>ly be=e u su* pr9ciples z great educators h f\nd to be mo/ vital to ! education ( "y *ildr54 ,we all believe t we h an aim & a high aim be=e u3 x has be5 v>i\sly express$ by pa/ educationali/s1 b 9 ! ma9 !y all agree t ! aim ( education is conduct4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 we act too (t5 z if we only c>$ = economic values4 ,if we are to live up to our educational pr(ession1 we mu/ look our aim 9 ! face & hone/ly practise :at we believe4 ,:ile tra9+ ( "* & conduct is ! accept$ aim = education 9 g5]al1 to make ?is useful & practical ea* tea*] mu/ fix h] att5tion on h[ ?is ultimate aim affects h] own special "p ( ! :ole "w4 ,by wat*+ ! free *ild %e w discov] h[ be/ %e c help him3 he kn[s 8 own bus9ess1 & :5 unfett]$ by advice or comm& %[s pla9ly t he is *iefly conc]n$ ) ga9+ exp]i5ce4 ,he f9ds himself 9 :at is to him a new & complex _w ( p & ?+s2 actual exp]i5ce is ! f\ndation = complete liv+1 & ! /rong] ! f\ndation ! bett] ! result ( lat] build+4 ,! fir/ vital pr9ciple !n is t ! tea*] ( "y *ildr5 mu/ provide life 9 m9iature2 t is1 %e mu/ provide abundant raw mat]ial & opportunities = exp]i5ce4 ,! next "q is t ( ! be/ me?od ( ga9+ ?is actual exp]i5ce4 ,! *ild is unaw>e t he is lay+ f\ndations1 he is only vaguely consci\s t he f9ds great pleasure 9 c]ta9 activities1 & t some?+ impels him 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,he realises no def9ite future1 he is cont5t ) ! pres5t2 he _c "w = a purpose o!r ?an ! pleasure ( ! mom5t2 )\t ?is /imulus conc5tration is impossible4 ,9 ! activities ( ?is /age he probably assimilates m actual matt] ?an at any o!r p]iod ( 8 life1 & x is ! same ) 8 acquirem5ts ( skill4 ,9 happy unconsci\sness he ga9s k ( 8 own body & ( its p[]1 ( ! ext]nal _w1 ( 8 "m tongue & ( 8 relations to o!r p3 he makes mi/akes & commits faults1 b ^! d n necess>ily cripple or incrim9ate him4 ,he is n consid]$ a social outca/ because he once kick$ or bit1 or because he ?rew 8 milk ov] ! table2 he le>ns to balance & adju/ 8 muscles on a seesaw1 :5 a fall on s(t grass is a matt] ( little importance1 & ?is is bett] ?an wait+ till he is compell$ ha/ily to cross a riv] on a n>r[ plank4 ,x is all a k9d ( joy\s rehe>sal ( life :i* we call ,play4 ,we c =ce a *ild to passivity1 to =mal repetitions ( second-h& k1 to ! acquisition ( t = :i* he has no app>5t ne$1 b we c nev] educate him by ^! ?+s4 ,*ildr5 d n play because !y are "y1 !y h _! y\? t !y may play1 z surely z !y h _! legs t !y may walk4 ,! second pr9ciple is !re=e t ! me?od ( ga9+ exp]i5ce lies ?r\gh ,play1 & t by ?is road we c be/ rea* "w4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple is ! nature ( ! exp]i5ce t a *ild seeks to ga9--! life he desires to live4 ,h[ c we he sure t ! surr\nd+s we provide & ! activities we enc\rage are 9 accord ) *ildr5's ne$s8 ,let u imag9e a *ild ( ab\t five to six ye>s ( age1 "o ( a family1 liv+ 9 a small h\se to :i* a g>d5 is atta*$2 inside he has ! run ( ! h\se1 b keeps 8 own toys1 picture books & collections ( treasures4 ,we w suppose t n be+ at s*ool he is free to arrange 8 own day1 sometimes alone1 & sometimes ) o!r *ildr51 or ) 8 p>5ts4 ,:at does he d8 ,he is int]e/$ 9 inanimate ?+s1 especially 9 us+ !m1 & s he plays ) 8 toys4 ,he builds bricks1 runs eng9es1 solves simple puzzle pictures1 asks to "w ) 8 fa!r's g>d5+ tools1 or 8 "m's cook+ ut5sils4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! life ( ! g>d51 9 ! gr[+ ?+s1 9 ! snail or spid] he f9ds1 9 ! cat1 dog or rabbit ( ! family2 he wants to dig1 wat] & fe$ ^! v>i\s ?+s1 b he decl9es regul> responsibility2 8 int]e/ is 9 spurts4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 s\nds1 bo? 9 ^? he c produce & 9 ^? produc$ by o!rs3 soon he is int]e/$ 9 music1 he w li/5 to x = consid]able p]iods1 & may jo9 9 x3 at fir/ m especially on ! rhy?mical side4 ,s1 too1 he likes ! rhy?m ( poetry & ! melody s\nds ( words4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 mak+ ?+s2 on a wet day he w ask = scissors & pa/e1 or br+ out 8 pa9t box or *alks2 on a f9e day he mixes s& or mud ) wat]1 or builds a %elt] ) poles & %awls2 at any "t :5 he has an opportunity he %uts himself into ! ba?room & exp]im5ts ) ! taps1 sails boats1 col\rs wat]1 bl[s bubbles1 tries to mix ?+s1 wet & dry4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! do+s ( o!r p1 9 _! conduct & 9 8 own2 he is m int]e/$ 9 _! badness ?an 9 _! goodness3 ,tell me m ( ! bad ?+s y\r *ildr5 d1 said a little boy to 8 tea*] aunt1 & ! reque/ is significant & g5]al2 we le>n s little by m]e uncontra/$ goodness4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! words t clo! n>rations & 9 _! /yle1 he is impati5t ( a *ange 9 =m ( an accept$ piece ( prose or poetry4 ,he is hungry = ! s\nds ( tell+ words & phrases4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 reproduc+ ! do+s ( o!r p s t he may exp]i5ce !m m fully1 & ?is involves m9ute obs]vation1 c>eful & intellig5t imitation1 & vivid imag9ation4 ,8 own ^w = x is pret5ce4 ,!re are o!r ?+s t he grasps at m vaguely & lat]2 he is dimly aw>e t p h liv$ be=e1 & he is less dimly aw>e t p live 9 places diff]5t f 8 own surr\nd+s4 ,he realises t "s ( ! /ories1 su* z ! fairy /ories1 are true 9 "o s5se1 a s5se t responds to some?+ )9 himself2 t "s are true 9 ano!r m mat]ial1 & ext]nal s5se1 "o conc]n$ ) ?+s t really happ54 ,he he>s ( black m51 & ( %ips t c>ry p across ! sea1 & ( ?+s t come back 9 ^? %ips4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ! immat]ial _w sugge/$ by ! my/]ies ( woods & g>d5s1 he has a dim conception t !re is "s life beyond ! visible1 he feels a p[] beh9d life & he reveals ?is 9 8 e>ly que/ions4 ,he is ke5ly int]e/$ 9 que/ions ( bir? & dea?1 & sometimes comes into close contact ) !m4 ,he feels t o!r wond]s mu/ be acc\nt$ =--! sn[1 ?und] & lightn+1 ! col\rs ( summ]1 ! *angeful sea4 ,at fir/ ! _w ( fairy lore may satisfy him1 lat] comes ! life ( ! undy+ _s1 b ! two are cont9u\s4 ,he may att5d religi\s obs]vances1 & ^! may help or !y may h9d]4 ,he is ke5ly int]e/$ 9 games1 :e!r !y are games ( physical skill1 ( m5tal skill1 or games ( pret5ce4 ,"h mo/ especially he comes into contact ) o!r p1 & "h he realises "s ( ! exp]i5ces ( social life4 ,su* are ! mo/ usual sides ( life s\ght by ! ord9>y *ild1 & on su* mu/ we base ! surr\nd+s we provide = our *ildr5 9 s*ool1 & ! aspects ( life to :i* we introduce !m1 commonly call$ subjects ( ! curriculum4 ,our ?ird pr9ciple is !re=e1 evid5t3 we f9d1 9 ! *ild's spontane\s *oice1 ! nature ( ! surr\nd+s & ( ! activities t he craves =2 9 o!r words1 he makes 8 own curriculum & selects 8 own subject matt]4 ,! next consid]ation is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* a *ild c be/ develop "* by means ( ^! exp]i5ces4 ,a "y *ild is a /rang] 9 an unkn[n1 untri$ c\ntry3 he has _m /range prompt+s t seek = satisfaction2 he has /rong emotions aris+ f 8 in/9cts1 he feels crudely & fi]cely & he mu/ act )\t delay1 z a result ( ^! emotions4 ,he is l a t\ri/ 9 a new /range c\ntry1 fre% & eag]1 & ) a simil> holiday _s ( adv5ture3 ! /imulation ( ! new ar\ses a desire to int]pret1 to inve/igate & to ask que/ions3 x ar\ses /rong emotions to l or dislike1 to fe>1 to be curi\s2 x leads to c]ta9 modes ( conduct1 z a result ( ^! emotions4 ,picture su* a "y t\ri/ buttonhol$ by a blas guide1 :o _h =gott5 :at fir/ impressions meant1 :o insi/$ on accompany+ him :]ev] he w5t1 regulat+ 8 proc$ure by tell+ him j :at %\ld be obs]v$ & h[ to d s1 p\r+ out in=mation s premature z to be obnoxi\s1 correct+ 8 ta/e1 subdu+ 8 en?usiasm1 & modify+ ev5 8 behavi\r4 ,! t\ri/ w\ld presumably pay (f ! unwelcome guide1 b ! *ildr5 _c pay (f ! tea*]3 !y c & d rebel1 b docility & adaptability seem to play a l>ge "p 9 self-pres]vation4 ,= ! "y *ild fre$om mu/ prec$e docility1 because ! only reasonable & pr(itable docility is "o t comes aft] initiative & exp]im5t h be5 satisfi$1 & :5 ! *ild feels t he ne$s help4 ,! _w t ! free *ild *ooses repres5ts e side ( life t he is ready to assimilate1 & 8 fre$om mu/ be intellectual1 emotional & moral fre$om4 ,9 ! s*ool ) ! rigidly organis$ "t-table1 :]e ! rem>ks ( ! *ildr5 provoke ! con/antly repeat$ reproa*3 ,we are n talk+ ( t j n[1 :]e ! app>atus is =mal & ! me?od ( us+ x prescrib$1 :]e home life & /reet life are ignor$1 :]e !re are nei!r g>d5 nor picture books1 :]e *ildi% que/ions are pass$ ov] or ha/ily answ]$1 :]e ! room is full ( desks & ! normal attitude is sitt+1 :]e ! tea*] is tea*+ m (t5 ?an ! *ildr5 are do+1 !re is no intellectual fre$om4 ,:]e passion & excitem5t are in/antly arre/$1 :]e appreciation = /rong col\rs1 fi]ce puni%m5ts1 l\d noises1 is kill$1 :]e fe> is ridicul$1 :]e primitive likes & dislikes are int]pret$ z co>s5ess1 !re is no emotional fre$om4 ,a *ild mu/ h ^! exp]i5ces if he is to come to 8 own lat]3 ?is is n ! "t to /amp out b only to deflect & guide2 o!rwise he becomes a weak & pale reflection ( 8 eld]s1 ) little res\rce or en?usiasm4 ,:]e x is almo/ impossible to be op5ly naughty1 :]e !re is no opportunity = *oice or = mak+ mi/akes1 :]e control is all f ! tea*] & self-control has no place1 !re is no moral fre$om4 ,! s*ool is n = ! righte\s b = ! s-call$ s9n]1 :o is only a *ild le>n+ self-control by exp]i5ce4 ,self-control is a habit ga9$ ?r\gh habits2 a *ild mu/ acquire ! habit ( arre/+ desire1 ( hold+ ! physical side 9 *eck1 ! habit ( reflection1 ( *oice1 & mo/ ( all ! habit ( ei!r act+ or hold+ back1 z a result ( all ?is4 ,if 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s 8 w is 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 & he has ! habit ( ob$i5ce to ! exclusion ( all o!r habits1 !n 8 developm5t z a self-reliant individual is arre/$1 & may be p]man5tly weak5$4 ,!re is no o!r way to le>n life1 & build up an ideal f ! raw mat]ial he has ga9$ 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ! rehe>sal ( life at s*ool he c d ?is )\t s]i\s h>m2 b e "t a mode ( conduct is impos$ ^u him :5 he might h *os51 e "t he is ext]nally controll$ :5 he might h controll$ himself1 e "t he is balk$ 9 mak+ a mi/ake t w\ld h be5 exp]i5ce to him1 he w be proportionally less fit to *oose1 to ex]cise self-control1 to le>n by exp]i5ce1 & ^! are ! *ief lessons at ?is impressionable p]iod4 ,! f\r? pr9ciple !re=e is t ! atmosph]e ( fre$om is ! only atmosph]e 9 :i* a *ild c ga9 exp]i5ces t w help to develop "* & control conduct4 ,^! f\r vital pr9ciples w be appli$ to practical "w 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,ii4 ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,vital ,,pr9ciples ,be=e apply+ ^! pr9ciples x is necess>y = practical consid]ations to set out cle>ly ! v>i\s /ages ( ?is p]iod4 ,dur+ ! fir/ eight ye>s ( life1 developm5t is v rapid & n always relatively cont9u\s4 ,sometimes x takes leaps1 & sometimes appe>s = a "t to be quiesc5t4 ,b r\ghly ! fir/ /age1 ( a *ild's develop+ life ends :5 he c walk1 eat m or less ord9>y food1 & is indep5d5t ( 8 "m4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool /age beg9s3 ! *ild is le>n+ = himself 8 _w by exp]i5ce1 & ?r\gh play he *ooses 8 raw mat]ial 9 an atmosph]e ( fre$om4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( play pure & simple beg9s to gr[ into a desire to d ?+s bett]1 to le>n & practise = a m remote end--9 o!r words1 :5 ! *ild beg9s to be will+ to be taught1 ! transitional p]iod f play to "w beg9s4 ,x c nev] be said to end1 b ! relative am\nt ( play to "w gradually def9es ! life ( ! s*ool3 & s ! transitional p]iod m]ges into ! s*ool p]iod4 ,?us we are conc]n$ fir/ ) ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool p]iod :i* corresponds to :at ,froebel meant by 8 ,k9d]g>t5 & ,ow5 by 8 ,infant ,s*ool2 secondly1 ) ! transitional p]iod :i* has be5 f> too long neglect$ or ru%$ ov]1 & :i* r\ghly corresponds to ! ,/&>d ,i4 ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool2 & ?irdly1 we h ! beg9n+s ( ! ,junior ,s*ool :]e "w is ! pr$om9ant factor4 ,9 spite ( ,%akespe>e's ass]tion1 !re is mu* 9 a "n1 & if ^! names 7 def9itely adopt$1 tea*]s w\ld realise bett] ! nature ( _! bus9ess4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s seek to apply practically ! f\r vital pr9ciples to ^! p]iods ( a *ild's life1 b 9 _m cases ! ,transition ,classes & ! ,junior ,s*ool are consid]$ toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,exp]i5ce ,! fir/ vital pr9ciple is t ! tea*] ( "y *ildr5 mu/ provide = !m life 9 m9iature1 i4e4 %e mu/ provide abundant raw mat]ial & opportunities = acquir+ exp]i5ce4 ,! practical translation ( ?is 9 ! words ( ! tea*] ( to-day is1 ,i mu/ *oose furniture1 & requisition app>atus4 ,! tea*] ( to-morr[ w say to h] *ildr51 ,i w br+ ! _w into ! s*ool = y to le>n4 ,! ,local ,education ,au?ority ( to-day says1 ,we mu/ build a s*ool = in/ruction4 ,! ,local ,education ,au?ority ( to-morr[ w say1 ,we mu/ make a m9iature _w = our *ildr54 ,! _w ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool *ild probably requires ! mo/ c>eful ?\ght 9 ?is respect3 a l>ge room ) sunlight & air1 l[ cle> w9d[s1 a door lead+ to a g>d5 & playgr\nd1 l[ cupbo>ds full ( toys1 l[-hung pictures1 light *airs & tables t c be pu%$ into a corn]1 /ret*] b$s equally disposable1 a dress] ) pretty ut5sils = food2 ^! are ! *ief requirem5ts = satisfy+ physical ne$s1 app>5t 9 ! actual room4 ,physical habits w be consid]$ lat]1 "u ano!r head+4 ,outside1 9 ! playgr\nd1 !re %\ld be opportunities = physical developm5t1 = its own sake3 sw+s1 giant /rides1 ladd]s laid flat1 slightly slop+ planks1 & a seesaw %\ld all be available = con/ant use2 if ! *ildr5 are n w>n$ or giv5 con/ant advice ab\t _! own safety1 !re is little fe> ( accid5ts4 ,?us ! purely physical side ( ! *ildr5 is provid$ =1 ! side t !y are1 if heal?y1 q unconsci\s (2 :at else does exp]i5ce dem& at ?is /age8 ,r\ghly classifi$1 ! raw exp]i5ce ( ?is /age may be divid$ into ! exp]i5ce ( ! natural _w ( liv+ ?+s1 ! _w ( inanimate ?+s1 & ! social _w4 ,= ! natural _w !re %\ld be ! g>d5 outside1 ) its trees1 grass & fl[] b$s2 ) its dovecot & rabbit hut*1 & possibly a cat sunn+ h]self on its pa?s2 inside !re w be plants & fl[]s to c>e =2 ! elem5ts1 especially wat]1 e>? & air1 are v de> to a "y *ild1 & x is q possible to satisfy 8 crav+s ) a l>ge s&-heap ( dry & wet s&2 a l>ge flat ba? = sail+ boats & te/+ ! !ory ( s9k+ & float+2 a b9 ( clay2 a pair ( bell[s & sev]al fans to set ! air 9 motion4 ,!re is always ! fire to gaze at on ! "r side ( ! fire-gu>d1 & appreciation ( ! beauty ( ?is elem5t %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,! _w ( inanimate ?+s includes mo/ ( ! toys t /imulate activity & give ideas4 ,! *ief t %\ld be f\nd 9 ! cupbo>ds1 r\nd ! walls1 or scatt]$ ab\t ! room1 are bricks ( all sizes & %apes1 skittles1 balls & bats or rackets1 hoops1 re9s1 spades & o!r g>d5 tools2 pails & patty pans = ! s&-heap2 pipes = bubbles1 %ells1 fir-cones1 buttons1 acorns1 & any collection ( small articles = h&l+2 all k9ds ( vehicles t c be pu%$1 su* z c>ts1 b>r[s1 prams1 eng9es2 drums & o!r musical in/rum5ts2 mat]ials = con/ruction & expression1 su* z *alks1 bo>ds1 pa9ts & pap]4 ,= exp]i5ces ( ! social _w1 :i* is n v real at ?is individuali/ic p]iod1 come ! dolls & doll's h\se1 horses & /ables1 tea-?+s1 cook+ ut5sils1 ,noah's ark1 scales = a %op1 boats1 soldi]s & =ts3 a v important item 9 ?is connection is ! collection ( picture-books3 !y mu/ be *os5 ) ! greate/ c>e1 & only pictures ( su* m]it z ^? ( ,caldecott1 ,leslie ,brooke & ,jessie ,wilcox ,smi? %\ld be select$4 ,pictures =m "o ( ! ri*e/ s\rces ( exp]i5ce at ?is /age1 z inde$ at any /age ( life1 & tru?1 beauty & sugge/iv5ess mu/ be _! *ief factors4 ,! toys %\ld be above all ?+s durable1 & if possible wa%able4 ,brok5 & dirty toys make immoral *ildr54 ,besides ! mat]ial surr\nd+s !re are opportunities1 ! seiz+ ( :i* gives valuable exp]i5ces4 ,^! belong to ! social _w1 & lie *iefly 9 ! tra9+ 9 life's social obs]vances & ! developm5t ( good habits4 ,?is side ( life is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 & ne$s mat]ial help4 ,! lavatories & cloakrooms %\ld be con/ruct$ s t !re is e *ance = a *ild to become self-reliant & fa/idi\s4 ,! cloakrooms %\ld be provid$ ) l[ pegs1 boot holes1 clo!s bru%es & %oe bru%es3 !re %\ld be l[ bas9s ) hot & cold wat]1 enamel mugs & too? bru%es = ea* *ild1 nail bru%es1 pl5ty ( t[els1 & :]e ! di/rict ne$s x1 ba?s4 ,! type provid$ by ! ,middlesex ,education ,au?ority at ,gre5=d ,av5ue ,s*ool1 ,hanwell1 gives a %[] ba? to a :ole gr\p ( *ildr5 at once1 ?us mak+ a m frequ5t ba? possible4 ,p]haps = v small *ildr5 ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool age sep>ate ba?s are m suitable4 ,?is is a "q = future exp]i5ce on ! "p ( tea*]s4 ,!re %\ld be pl5ty ( "t = ! *ildr5 to le>n to wa% & dress !mselves4 ,9 ! s*ool-room !re %\ld ei!r be tableclo?s1 or ! tables %\ld be capable ( be+ scrubb$ by ! *ildr5 aft] ea* meal4 ,_! almo/ inevitable lack ( mann]s at table gives an invaluable opportunity = tra9+1 & aga9 9 su* a case !re %\ld be no "q ( ha/e4 ,! meals %\ld be laid1 wait$ on & cle>$ away1 & ! di%es wa%$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 & !y %\ld be responsible = ! g5]al tid9ess ( ! room4 ,?is involves tea-clo?s1 mops1 du/]s1 wa%+ b[ls1 bru%es & du/pans4 ,9 ! ,transition ,classes & ,junior ,s*ool ! furniture & app>atus c be to a great ext5t v mu* ! same1 _! diff]5ce ly+ *iefly 9 degree4 ,x is a pity to br+ ! age ( toys to an abrupt conclusion2 9 real life ! old] *ildr5 /ill borr[ ! toys ( ! y\ng] ones :ile !re are "s def9itely _! own3 su* are1 jigsaw & o!r puzzles1 dom9oes1 articles = dramatic repres5tation1 play+ c>ds1 toys = games ( physical skill1 su* z tops1 kites1 skipp+ ropes1 etc4 ,su* prep>$ con/ructive mat]ials z meccano--& a great mass ( raw mat]ial = con/ruction1 g5]ally t]m$ wa/e4 ,!re %\ld be a s]ies ( boxes or %elves :]e su* wa/e products ( ! home1 or ( ! woods1 or ( ! sea%ore1 or ( ! %op1 might be /or$ 9 "s classifi$ ord]3 ! collective in/9ct is /rong] ?an ! m civilis$ habit ( ord]l9ess3 "h is an opportunity = develop+ a habit f an in/9ct4 ,!re %\ld also be mat]ials = expression1 su* z clay1 pap]1 *alk1 p5cil1 pa9ts1 weav+ mat]ials1 c>dbo>d1 & sc5]y mat]ials2 & su* tools z scissors1 c>dbo>d knives1 ne$lework tools1 pa/e bru%es1 & o!rs t may be necess>y & suitable4 ,! rooms %\ld be l>ge & suitable = mu* mov+ ab\t3 ! mo/ usual conditions %\ld be a scatt]$ class & n a seat$ li/5+ class4 ,?is means light *airs & tables or b5*es :]e h&work c be done2 l[ cupbo>ds & lock]s s t ea* *ild c get at 8 own ?+s2 broad w9d[-sills = plants & fl[]s & a bookcase = read+ & picture books4 ,"h aga9 good picture-books are z ess5tial z1 ev5 m ess5tial ?an1 read]s 9 ! ,transition ,class4 ,!y w be a little m advanc$ ?an 9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 & w be ( ! type ( ! ,pi$ ,pip] illu/rat$1 or pictures ( *ildr5 ( o!r l&s & times4 ,"s ( ,rackham's1 ( ,h>old ,copp+'s1 ( ! publications by ,black 9 ,peeps at ,_m ,l&s1 are suitable = ?is /age4 ,read]s %\ld be *os5 = _! lit]>y value f ! recognis$ *ildr5's classics1 su* z ! ,pet] ,rabbit type1 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 ,wat]-,babies1 & n made up = ! sake ( read+ practice4 ,! pictures on ! walls %\ld be hung at ! "r eye-level1 & ! w9d[s l[ en\gh = look+ at ! outside _w--:atev] x may be4 ,! tea*]'s desk %\ld be 9 a corn]1 n 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! room1 = %e mu/ rememb] t ! *ildr5 are /ill 9 ! ma9 seek+ exp]i5ce1 n li/5+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ano!r4 ,!y %\ld h access to ! g>d5 & playgr\nd1 & all ! incitem5ts to activity %\ld be !re--simil> to ^? ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 or ^? provid$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 9 p>ks4 ,! b>e wild]ness ( playgr\nd n[ s famili>1 :]e !re is nei!r "t nor opportunity = *ildr5 to be o!r ?an primitive savages1 does n repres5t ! outside _w ( beauty & ( adv5ture4 ,! l[] classes ( ,junior ,s*ool %\ld diff] v little 9 _! m9iature _w4 ,life is /ill activity to ! *ild ( eight1 & consequ5tly %\ld conta9 no immovable furniture4 ,!re w be m books1 & ! *ildr5 may be 9 _! seats = long] p]iods2 ! atmosph]e ( guid$ b /ill spontane\s "w is m def9ite1 b ! aim 9 *oice ( bo? furniture & app>atus is /ill ! ga9+ ( exp]i5ce ( life1 by direct contact 9 ! ma94 ,su* is ! ,requisition ,%eet to be pres5t$ to ! ,/ores ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,local ,education ,au?ority 9 ! future1 ) an explanatory note /at+ t 9 a g5]al way :at is actually requir$ is ! _w 9 m9iature6 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,ga9+ ,,exp]i5ce ,,by ,,play ,! ,second ,pr9ciple is t ! me?od ( ga9+ exp]i5ce lies ?r\gh ,play & t by ?is road we c be/ rea* "w4 ,play is m>k$ (f f "w *iefly by ! abs5ce ( any outside pressure1 & pleasure 9 ! activity is ! *>act]i/ic ( play pure & simple3 if a *ild has =c$ ^u him a h9t ( any ult]ior motive t may be 9 ! m9d ( 8 tea*]1 ! pleasure is spoilt = him & ! intr9sic value ( ! play is lo/4 ,9 br++ *ildr5 into s*ool dur+ _! play p]iod1 probably ! mo/ important =mative p]iod ( _! lives1 & 9 utilis+ _! play consci\sly1 we are int]f]+ ) "o ( _! mo/ preci\s possessions :5 !y are /ill too helpless to res5t x directly4 ,too _m ( u make play a means ( conceal+ ! :olesome b unwelcome morsel ( in=mation 9 jam1 & we try to =ce x on ! *ildr5 prematurely & surreptiti\sly1 b ,nature g5]ally defeats u4 ,! only s\nd ?+ to d is to play ! game = all x is wor?1 & recognise t 9 do+ s education w look aft] itself4 ,to und]/& ! nature ( play1 & to h ! c\rage to foll[ x1 is ! bus9ess ( e tea*] ( "y *ildr54 ,! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 especially if x consi/s *iefly ( *ildr5 "u five1 pres5ts at fir/ v h>d problems to ! tea*]2 h[ev] /rong h] belief 9 play may be1 x receives sev]e te/s4 ,s mu* ( ! play at fir/ seems to be aimless runn+ & %\t+1 or ?r[+ ab\t ( toys & break+ !m if possible1 s mu* qu>rell+ & fight+ & weep+ seem involv$ ) any attempts at social life on ! "p ( ! *ildr52 !re seems v little desire to co-op]ate1 & v little desire to con/ruct2 z a rule1 a *ild roams f "o ?+ to ano!r ) app>5tly only a fleet+ attempt to play ) x2 yet on ! o!r h&1 to make ! problem m baffl+1 a *ild w sp5d a :ole morn+ at "o ?+3 q lately "o *ild ann\nc$ t he meant to play ) wat] all day1 & he did2 ano!r nev] left ! s&-heap1 & app>5tly repeat$ ! same k9d ( activity dur+ a complete morn+2 visitors said 9 a r disappo9t$ tone1 !y j play all ! "t by !mselves4 ,"o tea*] br\ght out an attractive picture & :5 a gr\p ( *ildr5 ga!r$ r\nd x %e proce$$ to tell ! /ory2 !y li/5$ politely = a few m9utes1 & !n ! gr\p gradually melt$ away2 !y 7 n ready = conc5trat$ ef=t4 ,if ^? *ildr5 _h be5 9 ! ord9>y ,baby ,room ( a s*ool !y w\ld h be5 q docile1 sitt+ 9 _! places app>5tly li/5+ to ! /ory1 amiably us+ _! bricks or o!r mat]ials accord+ to ! tea*]'s directions1 b !y w\ld n1 9 ! real s5se1 h be5 play+4 ,?is is an example ( ! ne$ = bo? pr9ciple & c\rage4 ,x is into ?is *aotic me?od ( ga9+ exp]i5ce t ! tea*] comes ) h] int]pretive p[]--%e sees 9 x ! beg9n+s ( all ! big ?+s ( life--& l a bigg] *ild %e jo9s1 & l a bigg] *ild %e improves4 ,%e sees 9 ! app>5t *aos an attempt to get exp]i5ce ( ! diff]5t aspects ( life1 9 ! app>5tly aimless activity an attempt to realise & develop ! bodily p[]s1 9 ! fight+ & qu>rell+ an attempt to e/abli% a place 9 social life4 ,x is all unconsci\s on ! "p ( a *ild1 b a necess>y phase ( real developm5t4 ,gradually ! little primitive man beg9s to yield to civilisation4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 ?+s = long] & asks = /ories1 music & rhymes1 & :at does ?is mean8 ,z he develops a *ild le>ns mu* ab\t life 9 8 c>e ( ! g>d51 ab\t language 9 8 games1 ab\t human conduct f /ories2 b he does ^! ?+s because he wants to d !m1 & because !re is a play ne$ beh9d x all1 :i* = him is a life ne$2 9 ord] to build a /raight wall he mu/ classify 8 bricks1 9 ord] to be a real %opman he mu/ "k 8 weights1 9 ord] to be a good workman he mu/ measure 8 pap]2 all ! ideas ga9$ f ^! ?+s come to him along ) s5se activity2 !y are associat$ ) ! ne$s & int]e/s ( daily life2 & because ( ?is he puts into ! activity all ! ef=t ( :i* he is capable1 or z ,dewey has express$ x1 ! maximum ( consci\sness into ! exp]i5ce :i* is 8 play4 ,?is is real s5se tra9+1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ! tra9+ giv5 by ! ,montessori mat]ial1 :i* has no appeal to life int]e/1 aims at ex]cis+ ! s5ses sep>ately1 & disc\rages play ) ! app>atus4 ,x is activity )\t a body1 practice )\t an end1 & no?+ develops f x ( a con/ructive or expressive nature4 ,9 ! nurs]y class !re=e our curriculum is life1 our app>atus all t a *ild's _w includes1 & our me?od ! "o ( joyful inve/igation1 by means ( :i* ideas & skill are be+ acquir$4 ,! tea*] is play] 9 *ief1 ready to sugge/1 co-op]ate1 supply in=mation1 lead or foll[ z circum/ances dem&3 responsibility mu/ /ill belong to ! *ildr51 = :ile mo/ ( !m "k q naturally h[ to play1 !re are _m :o w nev] get beyond a r n>r[ limit1 ?r\gh lack ( exp]i5ce or ( initiative4 ,x is q safe to let exp]i5ce take its *ance ?r\gh play1 b !re are c]ta9 ?+s t mu/ be dealt ) q def9itely1 :5 ! tea*] is n !re z a playmate1 b z some?+ m 9 ! capacity ( a "m4 ,x is impossible to tra9 all ! habits necess>y at ?is "t1 ?r\gh ! spontane\s play1 al?\gh incid5tally _m w be greatly help$ & made significant by x4 ,if ! *ildr5 come f poor homes :]e spee* is imp]fect1 probably m]e imitation ( ! tea*]1 :i* is ! *ief factor 9 ord9>y language tra9+1 w be insuffici5t4 ,x w be necess>y to inv5t ways1 *iefly games1 by :i* ! vocal organs may be us$2 ?is may be consid]$ play1 b x is m artificial & less spontane\s ?an ! in=mal activity already describ$4 ,x is well to be cle> z to ! k9d ( ex]cises be/ suit$ to make ! vocal organs supple1 & !n to make ^! ! basis ( a game3 = example1 little *ildr5 con/antly imitate ! cries ( ord9>y life2 t[n *ildr5 c\ld dramatise a railway /ation :]e ! s\nds produc$ by eng9es & by port]s give a valuable tra9+2 !y c\ld imitate /reet cries1 ! s\nd ( ! w9d1 ( motor hoot]s1 sir5s1 or ( *ur* bells4 ,c\ntry *ildr5 c\ld use ! s\nds ( ! f>m-y>d1 ! birds1 or ! w9d4 ,9 ! recognition ( s\nd1 :i* is z necess>y z its production1 su* a guess+ game c\ld be taught z ,i s5t my son to be a groc] & ! fir/ ?+ he sold began ) s & end$ ) p1 us+ ! s\nds1 n names ( ! lett]s4 ,= ! acquisition ( a vocabul>y1 su* a game z ! ,family ,coa* might be play$ & turn$ into _m o!r vehicles or objects ab\t :i* _m /ories c\ld be told4 ,all ! "t ! game mu/ be play$ ) ! same fidelity to ! _s ( play z previ\sly1 b ! introduction mu/ be recognis$ z m artificial & =c$1 & ?is c be ju/ifi$ because s _m *ildr5 are n normal ) reg>d to spee*1 & only :]e ?is is ! case %\ld language tra9+ be =c$ ^u !m4 ,habits ( c\rtesy1 ( behavi\r at table1 ( position1 ( dress+ & undress+1 ( wa%+ h&s & bru%+ tee?1 & _m o!rs1 mu/ all be taught1 b taught at ! "t :5 ! ne$ comes4 ,occasions w c]ta9ly occur dur+ play1 b ! *ances ( repetition are n suffici5t to c\nt on4 ,?us we summ>ise ! *ief bus9ess ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool tea*] :5 we say t x is conc]n$ *iefly ) habits & play & "r surr\nd+s4 ,play 9 ! ,transition ,class is less in=mal4 ,aft] ! age ( six c]ta9 ambitions gr[ & mu/ be satisfi$4 ,! aspects ( life are m sep>at$1 & conc5tration on individual ones is common]2 ?is means m sep>ation into subjects1 & ?us a *ild is m will+ to be organis$1 & to h 8 day to "s ext5t arrang$ = him4 ,:ile 9 ! nurs]y class only :at 0 absolutely necess>y 0 fix$1 9 ! ,transition ,class x is conv5i5t to fix r m1 = ! sake ( e/abli%+ c]ta9 regul> habits1 & because x is necess>y to give ! fre%e/ h\rs to ! "w t requires mo/ conc5tration4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t x is a transition class1 & n set up a completely fa%ion$ "t-table = ! :ole day4 ,read+ & ari?metic mu/ be acquir$ bo? z k & skill1 ! "m tongue requires def9ite practice1 !re mu/ be a "t = physical activity1 & liv+ ?+s mu/ n be att5d$ to spasmodically4 ,!re=e x seems be/ t ^! ?+s be tak5 9 ! morn+ h\rs1 :ile ! aft]noon is /ill a "t = free *oice ( activity4 ,! foll[+ is a plan = ! ,transition ,class1 %[+ ! bridge betwe5 absolute fre$om & a fully organis$ "t-table-- ,,morn+4 ,,aft]noon4 ,monday ,nature ,read+ ,/ories f ,organis$ games & "w4 & ,numb]4,scripture or o!r h&work4 ---------,c>e -----------lit]ature1 & ----------------------- ,tuesday ( ! ,read+ /ories ( social ,music & h&work4 room4 & ,numb]4life2 music & ---------,nature -----------s++2 indu/rial----------------------- ,w$nesday*>t ,read+ activities su* z ,excursion or h&work4 & & ,numb]4solv+ puzzles1 ---------,g5]al-----------play+ games ( ----------------------- ,?ursday talk4 ,read+ skill1 look+ at ,dramatic repres5tation & ,numb]4pictures1 arrang+includ+ prep>ations4 --------- -----------collections4 ----------------------- ,friday ,read+ ,g>d5+ or h&work4 & ,numb]4 ,grant+ ?is arrangem5t we mu/ be cle> h[ play z a me?od c /ill hold4 ,x does n hold 9 ! in=mal incid5tal s5se ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool3 !re are p]iods 9 ! ,transition ,class :5 ! *ildr5 "k t !y are work+ = a def9ite purpose :i* is n direct play--z 9 read+2 & !re are times :5 !y are dissatisfi$ ) _! p]=mances ( skill & ask to be %[n a bett] way1 & volunt>ily practise to secure ! end1 z 9 h&work1 ari?metic & "s k9ds ( physical games4 ,! rema9d] is probably /ill pursu$ = its own sake4 ,h[ !n c ?is play _s be ma9ta9$ side by side ) "w8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! *ildr5 %\ld n be requir$ to d any?+ )\t hav+ beh9d x a purpose t appeals to !m2 x may n be ! ultimate purpose ( _! good1 b a second>y reason may be giv5 to :i* !y w respond readily1 g5]ally ! pret5ce reason4 ,ari?metic to ! ord9>y p]son is a ?+ ( real life2 we c\nt *iefly 9 connection ) money1 ) mak+ ?+s1 ) di/ribut+ ?+s1 or ) arrang+ ?+s1 & we c\nt c>efully :5 we keep scores 9 games2 9 adult life we seldom or nev] c\nt or p]=m ari?metical op]ations = %e] pleasure 9 ! activity1 b !re are _m *ildr5 :o d s 9 ! same _s z we play pati5ce or *ess4 ,& all ?is is our basis4 ,! ari?metical activities 9 ! ,transition ,class %\ld !re=e be bas$ on su* ev]yday exp]i5ces z h be5 m5tion$1 else !re w be no associations made betwe5 ! exp]i5ces ( s*ool & ^? ( life outside4 ,! two mu/ m]ge4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ari?metic pure & simple = *ildr5 unless !y seek x2 !y mu/ play at real life1 & ! real life t !y are n[ capable ( appreciat+4 ,skill 9 calculation1 accuracy & quickness c be acquir$ by a k9d ( practice t *ildr5 are q ready =1 if x comes :5 !y realise ! ne$2 mo/ *ildr5 feel t _! p[] to score = games is (t5 too sl[ & inaccurate2 z /ore cl]ks !y are unc]ta9 9 _! calculations2 !y w be will+ to practise quick additions1 subtractions1 multiplications & divisions1 9 pure ari?metical =m1 if ! pret5ce purpose is cle>ly 9 view1 :i* to !m is a real purpose2 ! same ?+ occurs 9 writ+ :i* %\ld be consid]$ a side issue ( read+2 mean+less words or s5t5ces are writt5 we>ily & )\t pa9s1 b to write ! "n ( a picture y h pa9t$1 at ! bottom ( x1 or to write some?+ t ,c9d]ella's ,godmo!r said1 or bit by bit to write a lett]1 w be hav+ a purpose t gives life to an app>5tly mean+less act1 & ?or\ghness to ! ef=t4 ,9 h&work1 too1 at ?is /age1 practice takes an important place3 a *ild is will+ to hem1 to try c]ta9 bru% /rokes1 to cut ev5ly1 & lat] on to use 8 c>dbo>d knife to effect = ! sake ( a future result if he has already exp]im5t$ freely4 ,?is is 9 full h>mony ) ! _s ( play1 :5 we ?9k ( ! practic$ /rokes & ?r[s ( ! lat] games1 b x is a m advanc$ quality ( play1 because !re is ! beg9n+ ( a purpose :i* is sep>at$ f imm$iate pleasure 9 ! activity1 !re is ! h9t ( an end 9 view ?\gh x is a *ild's end1 & n ! adult or economic "o4 ,! tra9+ ( ! "m tongue c be made v effective by means ( games3 9 ! days :5 *ildr5's p>ties 7 simple1 & family life 0 unit$1 language games 9 ! long d>k ev5+s gave to _m a grip ( words & expressions4 ,*ildr5 le>nt to describe accurately1 to be v fa/idi\s 9 *oice ( words1 to ask direct que/ions1 to give v]bal =m to ?\ght1 all ?r\gh ! /ress ( su* games--,man & 8 ,%ad[1 ,clumps1 ,subject & ,object1 ,russian ,sc&al1 ! ,m9i/]'s ,cat1 ,i see a ,light1 ,*>ades1 & act+ ( all k9ds4 ,no numb] ( picture talks1 oral compositions1 or obs]vations c compete 9 real value ) ^! games1 because beh9d !m 0 a purpose or ne$ = language t compell$ ! greate/ ef=ts4 ,physical developm5t & its adju/m5t to m5tal control owes its greate/ /imulus to games4 ,:5 physical /r5g?1 spe$1 or nimble adju/ability is ! pivot ^u :i* ! game dep5ds1 special muscles are made subs]vi5t to w3 beh9d ! game !re is ! /imulus ( /rong emotion1 & "h is ! greate/ factor 9 e/abli%+ p]man5t associations betwe5 body & m9d2 psy*ologi/s see 9 _m ( ^! games ( physical activity ! evolution ( ! race3 drill pure & simple has its place p>tly 9 ! same s5se z practice 9 numb] or h&work1 & p>tly z a corrective to our fallaci\s sy/em ( education by li/5+1 in/ead ( by activity3 & we _c 9 a lifetime acquire ! p[]s ( ! race except by conc5trat$ practice4 ,b no am\nt ( drill c give ! all-r\nd exp]i5ce necess>y = physical read9ess = an em]g5cy1 physical & m5tal p[] to endure1 active co-op]ation1 :]e self-control holds 9 *eck ambiti\s p]sonal impulses3 & no drill seems to give grace & beauty ( motion t ! natural activity ( danc+ c give4 ,x is ?r\gh ! games t ,briti% *ildr5 inh]it1 & by means ( :i* !y h unconsci\sly rehe>s$ _m ( ! situations ( life1 t !y h be5 able to take _! place readily 9 ! life ( ! nation & ev5 to help to save x4 ,aga91 z 9 o!r directions1 *ildr5 mu/ be made to play ! game 9 its ?or\ghness1 = a well-play$ game gives ! "r balance to ! activities3 drill is m specialis$1 & has specialisation = its end3 a game calls on ! :ole ( an individual3 he mu/ be al]t m5tally & physically2 & at ! same "t ! s5se ( fairness _c be too /rongly insi/$ on2 no game c be tol]at$ z "p ( education :]e !re is loos5ess 9 ?is direction1 f ! skittles ( ! nurs]y class to ! cricket & hockey ( ! sev5? /&>d1 & no?+ w s entirely outrage ! *ildr5's feel+s z a tea*]'s c>eless arbitration4 ,9 physical games1 too1 ! social side is /rongly develop$3 lead]%ip1 self-effacem5t & co-op]ation are m valuable lessons ( exp]i5ce ?an flu5t read+ or neat writ+ or accurate additions3 b !y h n c\nt$ z su* 9 our economic sy/em ( education2 !y h tak5 _! *ance3 few inspectors ask to see :e!r *ildr5 "k h[ to play ! game1 & yet !y are s soon to play ! indep5d5t game ( life4 ,b ! individual output ( read+ & sums ( a sneak+ & c[>dly1 or ass]tive & selfi% *ild1 is z good probably z t ( a *ild t has ! mak+s ( a h]o 9 him4 ,& !n we wond] at ! prop5sities ( ! l[] classes4 ,x is because we h nev] made sure t !y c play ! game4 ,to summ>ise3 play 9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool /age is unorganis$1 in=mal1 & pursu$ ) no motive b pleasure 9 ! activity itself2 x is ma9ly individual4 ,play 9 ! ,transition ,class is m def9itely 9 ! =m ( games1 i4e4 organis$ play1 ef=ts ( skill1 m5tal or physical2 x becomes social4 ,play 9 ! ,junior ,s*ool is almo/ an occasional me?od1 because ! "w motive is by ?is "t gett+ /rong]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,we f9d 9 ! *ild's spontane\s *oice ! nature ( ! surr\nd+s & ( ! activities he craves =2 9 o!r words1 he makes 8 own curriculum1 & selects 8 own subject matt]4 ,! next problem we h to solve is h[ to unify ! bewild]+ v>iety ( ideas & activities t a *ild seeks contact ) dur+ a day4 ,we f\nd t ! curriculum ( ! ,infant ,s*ool ( to-day pres5t$ a r confus+ v>iety ( ideas1 n necess>ily arrang$ z ! *ildr5 w\ld h *os52 !y w\ld c]ta9ly n h *os5 to break (f "s int5se int]e/1 because an arbitr>y timetable hurri$ !m to some?+ else1 & !y w\ld h be5 "r4 ,if we ask$ ! *ildr5 _! reasons = *oos+1 we w\ld f9d no clue except t !y *ose :at !y want$ to1 nei!r c\ld !y tell u :y !y sp5t s mu* m "t ov] "o ?+ ?an ano!r4 ,if a simil> /udy 7 to be made ( a *ild f a slum also free to arrange 8 day1 we %\ld f9d t :ile c]ta9 g5]al features 7 ! same o!rs w\ld be diff]5t3 he w\ld ask = diff]5t /ories1 probably play diff]5t games1 or ! same games 9 a diff]5t way1 8 back-y>d w\ld pres5t diff]5t aspects1 ! ?+s he made w\ld be diff]5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! old correlation me?od has little or no?+ to d ) ! matt]2 a *ild may or may n draw ! rabbit he fe$s1 he c]ta9ly does n play a rabbit game because ( ! rabbit he has f$1 nor does he build a rabbit-hut* ) 8 bricks4 ,he might try to make a real "o if ! rabbit really ne$$ x1 b t arises out ( an obvi\s necessity4 ,if he c\ld put 8 unconsci\s prompt+s into words1 he w\ld say he did ! ?+s because he want$ to1 because somebody else did !m1 or because ( some?+ he saw ye/]day1 & s on2 b he w\ld always ref] back to himself4 ,! c5tral l9k 9 ea* case is 9 ! *ild1 ) 8 special /ore ( exp]i5ces d]iv$ f 8 own p>ticul> surr\nd+s2 he br+s to new exp]i5ces 8 /ore ( pres5t exp]i5ces1 8 int]e/s n always satisfi$1 8 p[]s v>i\sly us$1 he int]prets ! new by ^!1 & seeks = m 9 ! l9e ( ! old4 ,x is life he has exp]i5c$1 & he seeks = m life4 ,h[ !n c we secure = him t ! new exp]i5ces pres5t$ to him 9 s*ool w be 9 l9e ) ! old8 ,we w take ?ree typical cases ( *ildr5 to illu/rate ! real nature ( ?is problem4 ,! fir/ is ! case ( a *ild liv+ 9 a v poor di/rict ( ,london or ( any l>ge t[n4 ,! s*ool is presumably situat$ 9 a n>r[ /reet runn+ (f ! ,high ,/reet ( ! di/rict1 ! /reet :]e all ! %opp+ is done2 at ! corn] is a hide factory ) an evil smell4 ,mo/ ( ! dwell+-h\ses abut on ! pavem5t1 "s ) a v small y>d beh9d1 "s )\t any4 ,sev]al families live 9 "o h\se1 & (t5 "o room is all a family c af=d2 z t has to be paid = 9 advance ! family address may *ange frequ5tly4 ,! fa!r may be a dock lab\r] ) unc]ta9 pay1 a co/]1 a rag & bone m]*ant1 or he may foll[ "s unskill$ occupation ( a simil>ly prec>i\s nature2 9 consequ5ce ! "m has frequ5tly to d daily "w1 ! home is lock$ up till ev5+1 & %e (t5 leaves be=e ! *ildr5 />t = morn+ s*ool4 ,x is a curi\s b v common fact t1 free ?\gh ^! *ildr5 are1 !y "k only a v small radius ar\nd _! own homes4 ,!y are accu/om$ to be s5t %opp+ into ,high ,/reet1 :]e h\sehold /ores are b\ght 9 p5nywor?s or twop5nywor?s1 ow+ to unc]ta9 f9ance & no /orage accommodation4 ,g5]ally !re is "o tap & "o s9k 9 ! basem5t = ! ne$s ( all ! families 9 ! h\se4 ,!re is usually a p>k some:]e )9 rea*1 b x may be a mile away2 9 x w\ld1 at lea/1 be trees1 a pond1 grass1 fl[]s4 ,b an excursion !re1 unless x is und]tak5 by ! s*ool1 c only be hop$ = on a f9e ,bank ,holiday2 !re is nei!r "t nor money to g on a ,saturday1 & ,sunday _c be said to beg9 till d9n]-"t1 ab\t #c ,p4,m41 :5 ! public-h\ses close1 & ! fa!r comes home to d9n]4 ,x is difficult to imag9e ! conv]sation ( su* a h\sehold2 family life exi/s only on ,sunday at d9n]-"t2 ! *ild's backgr\nd ( family life is a room :i* is at once a b$room1 liv+ room & laundry4 ,!re is ne>ly always "s "p ( a meal on ! table1 & "s wa%+ hang+ up4 ,outside !re are ! d+y /reet1 ! cr[d$ %ops1 ! pavem5t to play on1 & bo? outside & 91 ! bleak] & m sordid aspects ( life1 sometimes mis]able1 sometimes excit+4 ,on ,saturday night ! lights are brilliant & life is at lea/ int5se4 ,b$ is a v cr[d$ affair1 9 :i* _m half-undress$ *ildr5 sleep cov]$ ) ! rema9d] ( ! day's w>drobe4 ,:at /ore ( exp]i5ces does a *ild f su* a neighb\rhood br+ to s*ool1 to be assimilat$ ) ! new exp]i5ces provid$ !re8 ,:at d su* t]ms z home1 d9n]1 b$1 ba?1 bir?1 dea?1 c\ntry1 mean to him8 ,!y mean some?+4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,*ild ,life1 ,octob] #aiaf4 ,n a mile away we may come to a v respectable suburb ( ! av]age type2 & :at is said ( x may apply 9 "s degree to a prov9cial or c\ntry t[n or1 at lea/1 ! application c easily be made4 ,! s*ool probably /&s at ! top corn] ( a road ( h\ses r5t$1 at #be to #ce p] annum1 ) g>d5s 9 front & beh9d4 ,! road g5]ally runs into a ma9 road ) %ops & traffic4 ,"h & !re 9 ! resid5tial road are little oases ( %ops1 patronis$ by ! neighb\rhood1 & "s ( ! *ildr5 may live ov] ^!4 ,! home life is m ord9>y & ne$s less descriptive detail1 b !re are "s features t mu/ be consid]$4 ,! dec5cies1 n to say ref9em5ts ( eat+1 sleep+ & wa%+ are tak5 = grant$3 !re is (t5 a ba?-room & always a kit*54 ,! fa!r's occupation may be local1 b a good _m fa!rs w g to t[n2 !re is g5]ally a family holiday to ! sea1 or less (t5 to ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! h\se ! degree ( ref9em5t v>ies2 !re are ne>ly always pictures ( a sort1 books ( a sort1 & ! *ildr5 are suppli$ ) toys ( a sort4 ,!y visit ea* o!r's h\ses1 & ! obs]vances ( social life are kept v>i\sly4 ,(t5 ! horizon is v n>r[2 ! "m's int]e/ is v local & timid2 ! fa!r's bus9ess life may be absolutely ap>t f 8 home life & nev] m5tion$ !re4 ,! family conv]sation :ile q amiable & agreeable may be r\nd v few topics1 & ! vocabul>y1 :ile q respectable1 may be mo/ limit$4 ,*ildr5's que/ions may be put aside z ei!r trivial or unsuitable4 ,9 "o s5se ! slum *ild may be said to h a broad] backgr\nd1 ! realities ( life are b>e to him on _! mo/ sordid side1 !re is nei!r my/]y nor beauty ar\nd life1 or dea?1 or ! natural affections4 ,! suburban *ild may on ! contr>y be balk$ & re/rict$ s t unnecess>y my/]y gives an un:olesome int]e/ to ^! ?+s & conv5tionality a di%one/ res]ve4 ,a suburb ( ?is type is describ$ by ,b]es=d 9 ,h\semates3--,9 su* di/ricts 7z ,gospel ,oak7 ,i am depress$ by ! flatness ( an awful monotony4 ,! slums vex me f> less4 ,!re ,i f9d adv5ture & je/ :atev] ! squalor2 ! m>ks ( ! primitive /ruggle ?r\gh dirt & d>kness t[>ds release4 ,^? horrible l9es ( moody1 complac5t /reets repres5t n /ruggle1 b ! a*ievem5t ( a wor?less aspiration4 ,! h\ses1 ) _! deadly simil>ity1 _! smug1 false ext]iors1 _! con=mity to an ideal :i* is typifi$ by _! poor imitative decoration1 c\ld only be inhabit$ by p :o h no ?\ght or desire = expression4444 ,! dwell]s 9 su* di/ricts are cramp$ into ! vice ( _! environm5t4 ,_! homes repres5t ! dull concession to a /ate rule2 & _! lives take tone f ! grey1 smoke-grim$ repetition ( "o endlessly repeat$ design4 ,! same fooli% ornam5tation on e h\se reit]ates ! same sugge/ion4 ,_! places ( wor%ip1 ! blank *apels & pseudo-,go?ic *ur*es re> !mselves head & %\ld]s above ! dull level1 only to repeat ! same ?reat ( ob$i5ce to a gloomy law4444 ,! ?\ght ( ,gospel ,oak & its l is ! ?\ght ( imitation1 ( imitation fall+ back & becom+ /]eotyp$1 until ! mean+ ( ! ?+ s p]si/5tly copi$ has be5 lo/ & =gott54 ,a ?ird case is t ( ! c\ntry *ild1 ! *ild :o att5ds ! village s*ool4 ,_m villages lie sev]al miles f a railway /ation1 s t ! y\ng] *ildr5 may n see a railway tra9 m ?an once or twice a ye>4 ,! fa!rs may be engag$ 9 village trades1 su* z a %oemak]1 c>p5t]1 g>d5]1 g5]al %op m]*ant1 f>m lab\r]1 or f>m]4 ,! village h\ses are (t5 cramp$ & small1 b !re is :olesome space outside1 & g5]ally a good g>d5 :i* supplies "s ( ! family food2 milk & eggs are easily obta9able1 & conditions ( liv+ are seldom z cr[d$ z 9 a t[n4 ,! c\ntry *ildr5 see m ( life 9 complete m9iature ?an ! slum or ! suburban *ild c d1 = ! :ole life ( ! village lies be=e him4 ,! s*ool is g5]ally 9 ! c5tre1 ) a good playgr\nd1 & ( late ye>s a good s*ool g>d5 is frequ5t4 ,! village *ur*1 g5]ally old1 is ano!r c5tre ( life1 & !re is at lea/ ! vic>age to give a type ( life "u diff]5t social conditions4 ,! home intellectual backgr\nd may v>y1 b on ! :ole _c be reckon$ on v mu*2 ?\gh 9 "s ways x is m n>r[ ?an ! suburban "o1 x is (t5 less sup]ficial4 ,9 a diff]5t way f ! slum *ild1 b none ! less def9itely1 ! c\ntry *ild comes face to face ) ! realities ( life1 9 a m natural & desirable way ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,x is difficult to e/imate "s ( ! effects ( liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( real nature on *ildr52 unconsci\sly1 !y acquire mu* deep k impossible to le>n ?r\gh nature /udy1 h[ev] good1 a k9d ( k t is "p ( _! be+2 b h[ f> x affects !m emotionally or ent]s into _! s*eme ( life1 is h>d to say4 ,z !y gr[ up mu* ( x is m]ely economic acquirem5t3 if !y are to "w on ! l&1 or re> cattle1 or drive a van ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 x is all to ! good2 b "o ?+ is noticeable1 t !y take v quickly to su* allurem5ts ( t[n life z a c9ema1 or a picture pap] or gramophone1 & ?is po9ts to unsatisfi$ crav+s ( "s sort1 n necess>ily s unwor?y or sup]ficial z ! means s\ght to satisfy !m4 ,f ^! r extreme cases we get ne> ! solution ( ! problem2 x is q evid5t t ea* ( ^! *ildr5 br+s to s*ool v diff]5t contributions ( exp]i5ce on :i* to build1 ?\gh _! g5]al ne$s & int]e/s are simil>4 ,!re=e ! curriculum ( ! s*ool w dep5d on ! g5]al surr\nd+s & circum/ances ( ! *ildr51 & all programmes ( "w & _m que/ions ( organisation w be built on ?is4 ,! model programme s de> to "s tea*]s mu/ be bani%$1 z a doctor w\ld bani% a g5]al prescription2 no hone/ tea*] c all[ ?is "p ( h] "w to be done = h] by any "o else4 ,!re=e ! c5tral po9t is ! *ild's previ\s exp]i5ce1 & on ?is ! exp]i5ce provid$ by s*ool1 i4e4 curriculum & subject matt]1 dep5ds4 ,"o or two examples ( ! work+ out ( ?is might make ! application cle>]4 ,probably ! realities ( life 9 relation to money diff] greatly4 ,! k9d ( problem pres5t$ to ! poor t[n *ild w deal ) %opp+ 9 p5nywor?s or ounces1 ) gett+ coals 9 p\nd bagfuls4 ,clo!s are g5]ally second-h&1 & s ord9>y /&>d prices are out ( ! "q4 ,bread is b\ght /ale & !re=e *eap]1 e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,pres]v$ milk only is b\ght1 & t 9 halfp5ny quantities4 ,only problems bas$ on ^! w be real to ?is *ild at fir/4 ,! suburban *ild's economic exp]i5ce may be bas$ on 8 pocket-money1 money 9 ! bank1 & ! normal %opp+ ( ord9>y life4 ,! c\ntry *ild is frequ5tly v ignorant ( money values2 probably x w be necess>y to take ! c\ntry g5]al %op z ! basis4 ,he c\ld also beg9 to e/imate ! produce ( ! s*ool g>d54 ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,s*ool ,,programme ,x is q obvi\s f ! nature ( play at ?is /age t a "t-table is out ( ! "q & 9 fact an outrage aga9/ nature4 ,only = social conv5i5ce & = ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9 physical habits c !re be fix$ h\rs4 ,!re mu/ be approximate limits z to ! times ( arrival & dep>ture1 b no?+ ( ! nature ( m>k+ regi/]s to record exact m9utes4 ,little *ildr5 sometimes sleep late1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo!rs may h to leave home v e>ly2 all ?is mu/ be all[$ =4 ,!re %\ld be fix$ times = meals & = sleep1 & ^! %\ld be rigidly obs]v$1 & !re %\ld be regul> times = ! *ildr5 to g to ! lavatories2 all ^! e/abli% regul>ity & self-control1 z well z improv+ g5]al heal?4 ,b any?+ 9 ! nature ( /ory p]iods1 games p]iods1 h&work p]iods1 only imp$es ! v>i\sly develop+ *ildr5 9 _! hung] = exp]i5ces4 ,_! curriculum is life z ! tea*] has spread x out be=e !m2 !re are no subjects at ?is /age2 ! v>i\s aspects ought to be ( ! nature ( a glori\s fea/ to ^! "y *ildr54 ,trah]ne says 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury3-- ,w y see ! infancy ( ?is sublime & cele/ial greatness8 ,^? pure & virg9 appreh5sions ,i _h 9 my infancy1 & t div9e light :]e) ,i 0 born1 are ! be/ unto ?is day :]e9 ,i c see ! ,univ]se4444 ,v]ily !y =m ! greate/ gift ,8 wisdom c be/[1 = )\t !m all o!r gifts _h be5 dead & va94 ,!y are unatta9able by books & !re=e w ,i tea* !m by exp]i5ce4444 ,c]ta9ly ,adam 9 ,p>adise _h n m sweet & curi\s appreh5sions ( ! _w ?an ,i :5 ,i 0 a *ild4 ,all appe>$ new & /range at fir/1 inexpressibly r>e & delightful & beautiful4 ,i 0 a little /rang] :i* at my entrance into ! _w 0 salut$ & surr\nd$ ) innum]able joys4444 ,i knew by intuition ^? ?+s :i* s9ce my apo/asy ,i collect$ aga9 by ! highe/ reason4444 ,all ?+s 7 spotless & pure & glori\s2 yea1 & inf9itely m9e1 & joyful & preci\s4444 ,i saw 9 all ! peace ( ,ed54444 ,is x n t an infant %\ld be heir ( ! :ole _w1 & see ^? my/]ies :i* ! books ( ! le>n$ nev] unfold8 ,! corn 0 ori5t & immortal :eat :i* nev] %\ld be reap$1 nor 0 ev] s[n4 ,i ?\ght x /ood f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+4 ,! du/ & /ones ( ! /reet 7 z preci\s z gold3 ! gates 7 at fir/ ! end ( ! _w4 ,! gre5 trees :5 ,i saw !m fir/ ?r\gh "o ( ! gates transport$ & ravi%$ me3 444 ! skies 7 m9e1 & s 7 ! sun & moon & />s1 & all ! _w 0 m9e3 & ,i ! only spectator & enjoy] ( x4444 ,s t ) mu* ado ,i 0 corrupt$ & made to le>n ! dirty devices ( ?is _w1 :i* ,i n[ unle>n1 & become1 z x 71 a little *ild aga9 t ,i may ent] into ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,if ?is is :at life means to ! "y *ild1 & ,trah]ne only records :at _m ( u h =gott5 !re is little ne$ = int]f]5ce3 we c only spread ! fea/ & /& aside to wat* = opportunities4 ,! foll[+ extract is giv5 f a tea*]'s note-book3 x %[s h[ _m possibilities op5 out to a tea*]1 & h[ impossible x is to keep to a "t-table1 or ev5 to try to "n ! activities4 ,! *ildr5 conc]n$ 7 ab\t five ye>s old1 newly admitt$ to a poor s*ool 9 ,s4,e4 ,london4 ,! records are select$ f a cont9u\s p]iod1 & d n apply to "o day3-- ,,plans ,,= ,,! ,,day ,,:at ,,actually ,,happ5$ ,numb] ,occupations4--,?is w ,! *ildr5 play$1 freely be entirely free & ! *ildr5 *alk+ mo/ ( ! "t2 ^? w *oose _! own toys & ?read+ beads 7 mo/ put !m away4 int]e/$4 ,aga9 ,i notic$ ! lack ( idea ( col\r2 ,i f\nd "o new boy plac+ 8 /icks accord+ to col\r1 )\t kn[+ ! names ( ! col\rs4 ,! boys ?\ght ! soldi]s belong$ to !m1 & laugh$ at a little girl = *oos+ !m4 ,language ,tra9+4--,i h ,i realis$ ?is 0 a failure1 discov]$ t !y love to = ,i ask$ ! *ildr5 to use imitate s\nds1 s we w play _! bo>ds & *alks = a at ?is4 ,!y c\ld draw a cat def9ite draw+1 & !y %\ld & say miauw1 & a duck & h _h ! "t to use !m say quack4 ,!y c\ld also freely & discov] _! use4 ,i imitate ! w9d4 got v little in=mation ab\t _! vocabul>y4 ,language ,tra9+ 7ano!r ,i f\nd t _m *ildr5 day74--,i %all try to induce ! pron\nc$ words s /rangely *ildr5 to speak to me ab\t _! t ,i c\ld only ) difficulty homes1 9 ord] to discov] any recognise !m4 ,"o said %e difficulties ( pronunciation & _h a bress] ) clates to make !m m flu5t4 on x & knies ,o!rs spoke ( manckle1 firebrace1 =ts4 ,"o *ild speak+ ( curly hair call$ x killey]4 ,we _h no "t = ! /ory4 ,play+ ) ,toys4--,! ,noah's arks1 dolls1 & bricks *ildr5 w *oose _! own toys1 7 us$1 & ,i f\nd t ! & z f> z possible ,i w put girls :o _h no dolls at home a *ild :o kn[s h[ to use !m 7 delight$ to be able to dress next to "o :o desires to sit & undress !m & put !m /ill4 to b$4 ,"o little girl walk$ backw>ds & =w>ds be=e ! class gett+ h] doll to sleep2 ! boys 7 mak+ a noise ) _! arks & %e rem>k$ on ?is1 s we induc$ !m to be sil5t :ile ! dolls 7 put to sleep4 ,! boys arrang$ _! animals 9 long l9es4 ,! bricks 7 mu* m c>efully put away to-day4 ,,! ,,transition ,,& ,,! ,,junior ,,s*ool ,,programme ,ev5 aft] ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool p]iod mu* ( ! curriculum & subject matt] is 9 ! h&s ( ! *ildr5 !mselves1 ?\gh ! relative proportions w v>y accord+ to ! *ildr5's exp]i5ces4 ,x is pretty evid5t to ! hone/-m9d$ tea*] t ! subjects are1 9 s*ool t]ms1 nature "w & elem5t>y sci5ce1 ma!matics1 con/ructive & expressive "w1 lit]ature1 music1 language1 physical ex]cise & religion4 ,! bus9ess ( ! y\ng] *ild is ) real ?+s & activity1 n ) symbols & passivity1 !re=e he is n really 9 ne$ ( read+1 writ+1 or ari?metic4 ,we he> argum5ts f ambiti\s tea*]s t *ildr5 are fond ( read+ lessons because !y enjoy ! fantasies 9 :i* ^! lessons are wrapp$1 or ! ef=ts made by ! tea*] to create int]e/2 we he> t *ildr5 ask to be taught to read2 !y also ask to be taught to drive a tram or to cook a d9n]2 b x is all "p ( ! pret5ce game ( play+ at be+ gr[n up4 ,!y d n ne$ to read :ile /ories & poetry c be told or read to !m2 !y are n ready to make ! ef=t ( work+ = a remote economic end1 :]e !re is no real pleasure 9 ! activity1 & no opportunity ( putt+ _! p[]s to use4 ,no *ild "u six wants to sit d[n & read1 & x w\ld be v h>mful if he did2 8 bus9ess is ) real ?+s & ) 8 vocabul>y1 :i* is n ne>ly ready to put into symbols yet4 ,if read+ is delay$1 h\rs ( we>y drudg]y w be sav$ & en]gy /or$ = m preci\s atta9m5ts4 ,!re=e 9 ! transition class 7i4e4 *ildr5 ov] six at l[e/7 ! only addition to ! curriculum already set out = ! nurs]y class1 w\ld be ari?metic & read+1 includ+ writ+4 ,! o!r diff]5ces w\ld be 9 degree only4 ,9 ! junior class 7) *ildr5 ov] sev5 at l[e/7 a desire to "k some?+ ( ! do+s ( p 9 o!r c\ntries1 to he> ab\t o!r p>ts ( our own l&1 w lead to ! beg9n+s ( geography2 :ile ) ?is less imag9ative & m lit]al p]iod comes ! reque/ = /ories t are m v]bally true1 & que/ions ab\t orig9s1 lead+ to ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory4 ,x is v mu* easi] to give ! g5]al curriculum ?an to deal ) ! *oice ( actual mat]ial1 because t is involv$ l>gely ) ! pr9ciple ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 &1 z we "k1 exp]i5ces v>y4 ,! normal t[n & c\ntry *ild1 & ! abnormal *ild ( pov]ty h all c]ta9 human crav+s 9 common1 & ^! are provid$ = 9 ! aspects ( life or subjects t h be5 nam$--b ?is is f> too g5]al an application to be ! end ( ! matt]2 ea* subject has _m sides to (f]4 ,!re may be = example ! pott]y t[n1 ! weav+ t[n1 ! c\ntry t[n1 ! fi%+ t[n1 ! colli]y t[n3 9 ! c\ntry !re is ! di/rict ( ! dairy f>m]1 ( ! %eep f>m]1 ( ! gra9 gr[] & mill]1 ( ! fruit f>m]1 ( ! hop gr[]1 & _m di/ricts may p>take ( m ?an "o *>act]i/ic4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s anomaly ( exp]i5ce is t ( ! *ild ( ! ,london slums :o goes hopp+ into "s ( ! lovelie/ p>ts ( ,k5t1 9 e>ly autumn4 ,& s 9 a g5]al way at lea/ ! conc5trat$ exp]i5ce ( s*ool mu/ fill gaps & supply exp]i5ces t life has n provid$ =4 ,"o ( ! pott]y t[ns 9 ,/af=d%ire is built on v unf]tile clay2 !re are sev]al pott]ies 9 ! t[n bel*+ out smoke1 &1 9 addition1 r[s ( monoton\s smoke-black5$ h\ses2 almo/ always a yell[ pall ( smoke hangs ov] ! :ole di/rict1 & ev5 :]e ! edge ( ! c\ntry might beg91 ! grass & trees are poor & black5$1 & di/ant views are se5 ?r\gh a haze4 ,!re are almo/ no g>d5s 9 ! t[n1 & v little attempt has be5 made to beautify x1 because ! results are s disappo9t+4 ,beauty1 !re=e1 9 v>i\s =ms mu/ be a l>ge "p ( ! curriculum3 already design is a common int]e/ 9 ! pott]y museums ( ! di/rict1 & ?is c\ld be made a motive = ! old] *ildr52 b 9 ! ,junior & ,nurs]y ,s*ool pictures ( natural beauty1 wild fl[]s if x is possible to get !m1 music1 pa9t+ & draw+1 & lit]ature %\ld bulk l>gely en\gh to make a p]man5t impression on ! *ildr54 ,9 a v remote c\ntry village :]e life seems to g sl[ly1 & days are long1 *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$1 by means ( ! s*ool influ5ce1 to make ?+s t absorb ?\ght & int]e/1 to tell & he> /ories4 ,/orytell+ 9 ! ev5+ r\nd ! fire is a habit ( ! pa/1 & might well supply "s ( ! crav+s t h to be satisfi$ by ! pictures4 ,mo/ ( u h to keep ourselves well 9 h& :5 we li/5 to a recitation 9 mu* ! same way z :5 a slate p5cil us$ to creak2 x w\ld be v mu* bett] if ! art ( /orytell+ 7 cultivat$ at s*ool1 enc\rag$ at home1 & appli$ to ent]ta9m5ts4 ,inde$ ! ent]ta9m5ts ( a village s*ool1 in/ead ( be+ ! unnatural & fev]i% production ( h\rs ( ov]time1 might well be ! ord9>y outcome ( "w bo? at s*ool & at home--& ?us a motive = leisure is naturally suppli$ & probably a hobby initiat$4 ,x is pr(itable sometimes to gr\p ! subjects ( exp]i5ce 9 ord] to pres]ve balance4 ,all gett+ ( exp]i5ce is active1 b "s k9ds m obvi\sly ?an o!rs4 ,und\bt$ly 9 he>+ /ories & poetry1 9 wat*+ a snail or a bee1 9 li/5+ to music1 ! activity is m5tal r ?an physical & assimilation ( ideas is m direct2 9 discov]+ exp]i5ces by means ( con/ruction1 expression1 exp]im5t or imitation1 assimilation is less direct b (t5 m p]man5t & secure4 ,froebel discrim9ates betwe5 impression & expression1 or tak+ 9 & giv+ out1 & al?\gh he con/antly emphasis$ t ! *ild takes 9 by giv+1 x is conv5i5t to recognise ?is di/9ction4 ,ano!r helpful gr\p+ is ! m objective "o4 ,"s subjects ref] m p>ticul>ly to human conduct1 ! enl>gem5t ( exp]i5ces ( human be+s1 & ! build+ up ( ! ideal3 ^! are lit]ature1 music1 hi/ory & geography2 o!rs ref] to life o!r ?an t ( human be+s1 commonly kn[n z nature /udy & sci5ce2 o!rs to ! prop]ties ( inanimate ?+s1 & to que/ions ?r\gh\t all life ( measurem5t1 size & =ce--?is is kn[n z ma!matics2 o!rs ( ! life beh9d ! mat]ial & ! spiritual _w--?is is kn[n z religion4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,ga9+ ,,exp]i5ce ,,?r\gh ,,fre$om ,! atmosph]e ( fre$om is ! only atmosph]e 9 :i* a *ild c ga9 exp]i5ces t w help to develop "*4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,fre$om und]lies all ! activities ( ! s*ool & does n ref] to conduct simply2 intellectual & emotional aspects ( discipl9e are too (t5 ignor$ & we h z a product ! commonplace1 n>r[1 imitative p]son1 too timid or too indol5t to ?9k a new ?\ght1 or to feel /rongly en\gh to /& = a cause4 ,self-control is ! goal ( discipl9e1 b indep5d5t ?9k+1 en?usiasm & initiative are all includ$ 9 ! t]m4 ,x w be well to discrim9ate betwe5 ! occasions1 bo? 9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool & 9 ! transition & junior classes1 :5 a *ild %\ld be free to le>n by exp]i5ce & :5 he %\ld be controll$ f )\t4 ,we %all probably f9d occasions :i* p>take ( ! nature ( ea*4 ,! ,nurs]y ,s*ool is a collection ( individuals presumably f #b-a_/b to #e-a_/b ye>s ( age4 ,!y "k no social life beyond ! family life1 & family exp]i5ce is relative to ! size ( ! family4 ,9 any case !y h n yet measur$ !mselves aga9/ _! pe]s1 ) ! exception ( ! occasional tw94 ,a few mon?s ago ab\t tw5ty *ildr5 ( ?is description =m$ ! nucleus ( a new ,nurs]y ,s*ool :]e1 z f> z possible1 ! _w 9 m9iature 0 spread out be=e !m1 & !y 7 guid$ 9 _! entrance to x by an exp]i5c$ tea*] & a "y help]4 ,= ! fir/ few weeks ! *ief *>act]i/ic 0 noise2 ! *ildr5 ru%$ up & d[n ! l>ge room1 %\t+1 & pu%+ any portable toys !y c\ld f9d4 ,"o little boy ( #b-a_/b employ$ himself 9 :at c only be call$ pun*+ ! o!r *ildr51 snat*+ _! possessions away f !m & respond+ to ! tea*] by ! law ( contra-sugge/ion4 ,he 0 ! mo/ intellig5t *ild 9 ! s*ool4 ,he g5]ally left a l9e ( weep+ *ildr5 beh9d him1 & sev]al began to imitate him4 ,! pugnaci\s in/9ct requires little enc\ragem5t4 ,lun* 0 a p]iod ( snat*+1 spill+1 & mak+ plans to get ! be/4 ,_m ( ! toys provid$ 7 c>elessly trampl$ ^u & brok53 reque/s to put away ?+s at ! end ( ! day 7 almo/ unavail+4 ,:5 ! "t = sleep+ came 9 ! aft]noon _m ( ! *ildr5 refus$ to lie d[n3 "s cons5t$ b only to s+ & talk z !y lay4 ,only "o1 a *ild ( #b-a_/b1 slept1 because he cri$ himself to sleep f %e] /rang5ess4 ,?is app>5tly unbeautiful picture is only ! fir/ battle ( ! individual on 8 entrance to ! life ( ! community4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 int]vals ( ke5 joy3 wat]1 s& & clay *iefly absorb$ ! y\ng] *ildr53 ! old] ones want$ to wa% up & scrub1 & _m sp5t a good deal ( "t look+ at picture-books4 ,?is 0 ! raw mat]ial = ! tea*] to beg9 )3 ! *ildr5 came f com=table suburban homes3 none 7 really poor1 & _m _h kn[n no privation4 ,!y 7 ke5 = exp]i5ces & dispos$ to be v fri5dly to h]4 ,aft] five mon?s !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _s4 ,! noise is modifi$ because ! *ildr5 f\nd o!r absorb+ int]e/s1 ?\gh at times nature /ill dem&s voice production4 ,dur+ lun* "t & sleep+ "t !re is quiet1 b ! tea*] has nev] ask$ = sil5ce unless !re 0 "s su* evid5t reason4 ,!re is no sil5ce game4 ,! diff]5ce has come f )9 ! *ildr54 ,all n[ lie d[n 9 ! aft]noon quietly1 & ! great] numb] sleep2 b !re has be5 no comm& or any k9d ( g5]al plan3 aga9 ! desire has gradually come to individuals f sugge/ion & imitation4 ,lun* is q ord]ly1 b n yet )\t an occasional accid5t or /ruggle4 ,!re is mu* less fight+1 b primitive man is /ill !re4 ,! mo/ m>k$ developm5t is 9 ! gr[? ( ! idea ( tak+ turns2 ! *ildr5 h begun to ma/] ?is all-important lesson ( life4 ,! /rong pugnaci\s habit 9 ! little pun*+ boy rea*$ a po9t t %[$ he 0 unable to conqu] x f )93 ab\t two mon?s aft] 8 arrival ! tea*] consult$ 8 "m1 :o confirm$ all t ! tea*] _h exp]i5c$3 h] prescription 0 smack+4 ,aft] a good deal ( ?\ght & _m ineffectual talks & exp]im5ts ) ! boy1 ! tea*] came to ! conclusion t ! "m 0 "r3 %e took him to ! cloakroom aft] ! next outbreak & smack$ 8 h&s3 he 0 surpris$ & a little hurt1 b v soon =got & cont9u$ 8 practices3 on ! next occasion ! tea*] repeat$ ! puni%m5t & x 0 nev] aga9 necess>y4 ,= a few days he 0 at a loss = an occupation because pun*+ _h become a confirm$ habit1 b soon o!r int]e/s appeal$ to him3 he has nev] *ang$ 9 8 tru/ 9 8 tea*] ( :om he is noticeably v fond1 & he has n[ realis$ t he mu/ control a bad habit4 ,?is example has be5 giv5 at l5g? to illu/rate ! relation ( gov]nm5t to fre$om4 ,if ^! *ildr5 _h be5 9 ! ord9>y ,baby ,room1 subject to a "t-table1 to con/ant plans by ! tea*] = _! activities1 few or none ( ^! occasions w\ld h occurr$3 ! incipi5t s-call$ naught9ess w\ld h be5 display$ only outside1 9 ! playgr\nd or at home3 !re w\ld h be5 little *ance ( *aos1 ( fight+1 ( pun*+1 ( try+ to get ! be/ ?+ & =emo/ place1 !re w\ld h be5 little opportunity = *oice & less real absorption1 because ( ! "t-table4 ,! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 happy en\gh1 b !y w\ld n h be5 tra9$ to live z individuals4 ,outw>d docility is a fatal trait & v common 9 "y *ildr52 probably x is a =m ( self-pres]vation4 ,b ! real *ild only lies 9 wait to make opportunities out ( s*ool4 ,! s*ool is !re=e n prep>+ him = life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fre$om 9 ! transition & ! junior s*ool mu/ be diff]5tly appli$3 individual life beg9s to m]ge into community life1 & ! *ildr5 beg9 to le>n t ?+s "r = individuals may be wrong = ! community4 ,b ! problem ( fre$om is n z easy z ! problem ( au?ority3 /&>ds mu/ be greatly alt]$ & outw>d docility no long] mi/ak5 = tra9+ 9 self-control4 ,individual tra9+ _c sudd5ly become class discipl9e1 nei!r c *ildr5 be swit*$ f ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool to a full-bl[n class sy/em4 ,! idea ( class tea*+ mu/ be po/pon$1 = out ( x come mo/ ( ! difficulties ( discipl9e1 & x is n ! natural arrangem5t at ?is transitional p]iod4 ,a tea*] is impos+ on a numb] ( v diff]5t individuals a sy/em t says _! difficulties are alike1 t !y mu/ all "w at "o rate & 9 "o way3 & s we h ! we>y read+ r\nd class1 :5 ! sl[ ones /ruggle & ! quick ones f9d o!r & unlawful occupation3 we h ! numb] lessons brok5 by ! tea*]'s brea?less attempts to see t all ! class foll[s3 we h ! h&work t imposes an av]age /&>d ( "w t fits nobody exactly4 ,intellectual fre$om c only come by individual or gr\p "w1 :ile class tea*+ is only = su* occasions z a lit]ature or a s++ lesson1 or ! pres5tation ( an occasional new idea 9 numb]4 ,individual & gr\p "w ne$ mu* organisation1 b :ile classes consi/ ( ov] =ty *ildr5 !re is no o!r way to p]mit intellectual & moral fre$om4 ,( c\rse ! furniture ( ! room w greatly help to make ?is m possible1 & x is hop$ t an enlight5$ au?ority w n cont9ue to supply heavy iron-fram$ desks = ! junior s*ool1 ^? describ$ z desks = li/5+4 ,! prevail+ atmosph]e %\ld be a busy noise & n sil5ce--x %\ld be ! noise ( *ildr5 work+1 (t5] ?an ( ! tea*] tea*+1 i4e4 tea*+ ! :ole class4 ,! tea*] %\ld be m frequ5tly among ! *ildr5 ?an at h] desk1 & ! *ildr5's voices %\ld be he>d m (t5 ?an h]s4 ,su* *ildr5 w inevitably become intellectually indep5d5t & morally self-controll$4 ,mo/ ( ! ord] %\ld be tak5 9 h& by *ildr5 9 (fice1 & !y %\ld be di/+ui%$ by a badge3 mo/ que/ions ( puni%m5t %\ld be ref]r$ to !m4 ,?is means a con/ant appeal to ! law t is beh9d bo? tea*] & *ildr5 & :i* !y le>n to rea* ap>t f ! tea*]'s control4 ,:]e '?\ %alt' ( ! law becomes ',i w' ( ! do]1 !n we are free4 ,,iii4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,aspects ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,! aim ( ! foll[+ *apt]s is to %[ h[ pr9ciples may be appli$ to :at are usually kn[n z subjects ( ! curriculum1 & :at place ^! subjects take 9 ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce4 ,an exhau/ive or detail$ treatm5t ( me?od is n int5d$1 b m]ely ! e/abli%m5t ( a po9t ( view & me?od ( application4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,human ,,conduct ,x is always difficult to see ! beg9n+s ( ?+s3 we "k t /ories =m ! raw mat]ial ( morality1 x is n easy to trace morality 9 ,little ,black ,sambo1 ,! ,?ree ,be>s1 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 or ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty1 b nev]!less morality is !re if we recognise morality 9 ev]yday ?+s4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ev]ybody %\ld h an ideal1 ev5 a burgl>3 8 ideal is to be a good & ?or\gh burgl>1 & probably if he is a burgl> ( ! f9] sort1 x is to play fair to ! :ole gang4 ,x is bett] to be a burgl> ) an ideal ?an a blameless p]son ) v little s\l or p]sonality1 :o j slides ?r\gh life accept+ ?+s3 x is bett] to h a co/]'s ideal ( a holiday ?an to be too indiff]5t or /upid to c>e or to "k :at y want4 ,n[ ideals are suppos$ to be ! ess5ce ( morality & morality comes to u ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 & only exp]i5ce te/s its tru?4 ,! /ory ) a moral is g5]ally nei!r lit]ature nor morality1 except su* unique examples z ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress or ,ev]yman4 ,! k9d ( exp]i5ce ) :i* morality is conc]n$ is exp]i5ce ( human life 9 v>i\s circum/ances1 & ! way p behave "u ^? circum/ances4 ,! beg9n+ ( su* exp]i5ce is our own behavi\r & ! behavi\r ( o!r p we "k1 b ?is is too limit$ an exp]i5ce to produce a satisfactory ideal2 s we crave = some?+ wid]4 ,x is curi\s h[ /rong is ! crav+ = ?is k9d ( exp]i5ce 9 all normal *ildr51 9 :om "o w\ld suppose s5se exp]i5ces & especially muscul> exp]i5ces to be en\gh4 ,! ne$ to "k ab\t p o!r ?an ourselves1 & yet n too unlike1 9 circum/ances o!r ?an our own1 & yet n too /range1 seems to be a necess>y "p ( our education1 & we int]pret x 9 ! light ( our own p]sonal conduct4 ,out ( ?is1 z well z out ( our direct exp]i5ce1 we build our ideal4 ,:5 "o realises h[ an ideal may col\r ! :ole outlook ( a p]son1 "o beg9s to realise :at lit]ature means to a *ild4 ,! e>ly ideal is crude2 x may be ,jack ! ,giant-,kill]1 or an eng9e-driv]1 ,c9d]ella1 or ! /ep-clean]2 ?is may gr[ into ,hiawa?a or ,rob9son ,crusoe1 = boys1 & a fairy tale ,pr9cess or "o ( ! ,little ,wom5 = girls4 ,9 e h]o a *ild half-unconsci\sly sees himself1 & ! ideal /imulates all t hidd5 life :i* is probably ! mo/ important "p ( 8 gr[?4 ,z indirect exp]i5ces gr[1 or 9 o!r words z he he>s or reads m /ories1 8 ideal wid5s1 & 8 k ( ! problems ( life is enl>g$4 ,?is is ! raw mat]ial ( morality1 = out ( 8 answ]s to ^! problems he builds up /&>ds ( conduct & ( judgem5t4 ,he projects himself into 8 own ideal1 & he projects himself into ! exp]i5ces ( o!r p3 he lives 9 bo?3 ?is is imag9ation ( ! highe/ k9d1 x is (t5 call$ sympa?y1 b ! t]m is too limit$1 x is r imag9ative und]/&+4 ,!re is ano!r side ( life grasp$ by means ( ?is new _w ( exp]i5ce1 & t is1 ! spiritual side t lies betwe5 conduct & ideals2 *ildr5 h always accept$ ! sup]natural q readily & x is n to be wond]$ at1 = all ! _w is new & !re=e sup]natural to !m4 ,magic is done daily 9 *ildr5's eyes1 & !re is no l9e betwe5 :at is und]/&able & :at is n1 until adults try to int]pret x = !m4 ,!y are curi\s ab\t bir? & dea? & all orig9s3 ?und] is t]rify+1 ! sea is en?rall+1 ! w9d is my/]i\s1 ! sky is imm5se1 & all sugge/ a p[] beyond3 9 ?is ! *ildr5 are reproduc+ ! race exp]i5ce z express$ 9 my?s1 :5 p[] 0 embodi$ 9 a god or goddess4 ,!re=e ! fairy _w or ! giant _w1 or ! wood full ( dw>fs & wit*es' h\ses1 is z real to !m1 & z acceptable1 z any "p ( life4 ,x is _! recognition ( a _w ( spirits :i* lat] on m+les itself ) ! spiritual life ( religion4 ,t life is beh9d all matt]1 is ! ma9 tru? !y hold1 & :ile x is difficult "h to dis5tangle morality f religion1 x is supremely evid5t t a v great & significant side ( a *ild's education is be=e u4 ,x is by means ( ! div9e gift ( imag9ation1 probably ! mo/ spiritual ( a *ild's gifts1 t he c lay hold ( all t ! _w ( lit]ature has to (f] him4 ,because ( imag9ation he is indep5d5t ( pov]ty1 monotony1 & ! indiff]5ce ( o!r p2 he has a _w ( 8 own 9 :i* no?+ is impossible4 ,edw9 ,pugh says ( a *ild ( ! slums :o 0 passionately fond ( read+ *eap lit]ature3--,x 0 by means ( ?is p5ny passport to ,heav5 t %e escap$ f ! ,hell ( h] surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 9 ! maudl9 fancies ( "s poor besott$ lit]>y hack maybe1 t %e f\nd surcease f ! pa9s ( we>9ess1 ! c>ks & c>es ( h] mis]able e/ate4 ,a tea*] realis+ ?is1 %\ld feel an almo/ unspeakable s5se ( responsibility 9 hav+ to select & pres5t matt]3 b ! problem %\ld be solv$ on ! "o h& by h] own high /&>d ( /ory mat]ial1 & on ! o!r by h] k ( ! *ild's ne$s4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]i5ces ( life ! int]pretation ( ! /ory w diff]3 = example1 x 0 f\nd t ! *ildr5 ( a l[ slum neighb\rhood translat$ ,jack ! ,giant-kill] into t]ms ( a /reet fight3 to *ildr5 liv+ by a riv] or ! sea1 ! ,wat]-,babies w\ld mean v mu*1 :ile ,jan ( ! ,w9dmill w\ld be m famili> gr\nd = c\ntry *ildr54 ,fairy /ories ( ! be/ k9d h a univ]sal appeal4 ,9 *oos+ a /ory a tea*] %\ld be aw>e ( ! imp]i%able "p ( x1 ! tru? ar\nd :i* x grew2 sometimes ! tru? may seem a v commonplace "o1 sometimes a curi\s "o4 ,= example1 v "y *ildr5 g5]ally pref] /ories ( home life because r\nd ! family _! exp]i5ce ga!rs3 ! subject seems homely1 b x is really "o ( ! fundam5tal ?+s ( life & ! tea*] %\ld realise ?is 9 su* a way t ! tell+ or read+ ( ! /ory makes ! k]nel its c5tral po9t4 ,to "s *ildr5 ! ideal home life comes only ?r\gh lit]ature3 daily exp]i5ces r contradict x4 ,hum\r is an important factor 9 morality2 unless a p]son is capable ( see+ ! humor ( a situation he is likely to be want+ 9 a s5se ( balance2 ! humor ( a situation is (t5 caus$ by ! wrong proportion or wrong balance ( ?+s3 = example ! hum\r ( ,! ,mad ,tea-,p>ty lies1 p>tly at lea/1 9 ! absurd gravity ) :i* ! animals reg>d$ ! :ole situation1 ! extreme lit]al-m9d$ness ( ,alice1 & ! exagg]at$ imitation ( human be+s3 a really moral p]son mu/ h balance z well z sympa?y1 else he sees ?+s out ( proportion4 ,^! examples make evid5t t we are n to seek = any?+ v pat5tly high-fl[n 9 ! /ories = *ildr52 x is life 9 all its phases t gives ! mat]ial1 b x mu/ be true life3 n false or s5tim5tal or trivial life3 ?is w rule out ! pretty /ories = *ildr5 writt5 by trivial p 9 tea*]s' pap]s1 or ! pseudo-nature /ory1 or ! artificial my? ( ! ,h[ did type1 or ! w\ld-be *ildi% /ory :]e ! language is r t ( ! gr[n-up imitat+ *ildr5 ?an t ( real *ildr54 ,( late ye>s1 ) ! discov]y ( *ildr51 *ildr5's lit]ature has gr[n1 & !re is a good deal to *oose f pa/ & pres5t writ]s4 ,!re is no recognis$ or /]eotyp$ me?od ( tell+ a /ory to *ildr53 x is some?+ mu* deep] ?an m]ely an acquir$ art1 x is ! tea*] giv+ some?+ ( h] p]sonality to ! *ildr51 some?+ t is mo/ preci\s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( our ,engli% ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]s once said1 ,i feel almo/ z if ,i ought to prep>e my s\l be=e tell+ a /ory to "y *ildr51 & ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! /ory %\ld be *os5 & told4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 ext]nal qualifications :i* mu/ be s fully acquir$ z to be us$ unconsci\sly1 su* z a good vocabul>y1 p[] ov] "o's voice1 a recognition ( c]ta9 lit]>y phases 9 a /ory1 su* z ! work+ up to ! dramatic crisis1 ! work+ d[n to ! end s t x %all n fall flat1 & ! dramatic t\*es t give life2 ^! are c]ta9ly mo/ necess>y1 & %\ld be /udi$ & cultivat$2 b a tea*] %\ld n be hamp]$ 9 h] tell+ by be+ too consci\s ( !m4 ,r %e %\ld feel su* respect & ev5 rev]5ce = ?is side ( a *ild's education t ! framework & sett+ c only be ( ! be/1 always rememb]+ at ! same "t :at is framework & sett+1 & :at is ess5ce4 ,mu* t has be5 said ab\t ! me?od & aim ( /ories might apply to ^? tak5 f ! ,bible1 b !y ne$ c]ta9 additional consid]ations4 ,"h religion & morality come v closely toge!r3 ! recognition ( a def9ite p]sonality beh9d all circum/ances ( life1 to :om our conduct matt]s1 gives a s\l to morality4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is a record ( ! gr[? ( a nation m fully consci\s ( ,god ?an is ! record ( any o!r nation1 & because ( ?is *ildr5 c und]/& ,god 9 human life :5 !y read su* /ories z ! *ildhood ( ,moses & ( ,samuel4 ,*ildr5 resemble ! "y ,jewi% nation 9 ?is respect3 !y accept ! direct int]v5tion ( ,god 9 ! life ( e day4 ,_! primitive s5se ( ju/ice1 :i* is an eye = an eye1 w make !m welcome joyfully ! plagues ( ,egypt & ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x w\ld be premature to =ce on !m ! m mature idea ( m]cy1 :i* w\ld probably lead to confusion ( judgem5t3 !y mu/ be cle> ab\t ! balance ( ?+s be=e !y readju/ x = !mselves4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is h>dly suitable = v "y *ildr51 b ! mo/ %\ld be made ( :at !re is3 ! lives ( ,ea/]n p are int]e/+ to *ildr5 & help to make ! phraseology ( ! ,psalms & ev5 ( ! n>ratives cle> to !m4 ,wond] /ories su* z ! ,creation1 ! ,flood1 ! ,burn+ ,bu%1 ,elijah's exp]i5ces1 appeal to !m on ano!r side1 ! side t is eag] to wond]3 ! acc\nts ( ! *ildhood ( ,i%mael1 ,isaac1 ,joseph1 ,moses1 ,david & ,samuel1 & ! little ,syrian maid1 come v close to !m4 ,su* /ories %\ld be giv5 to "y *ildr5 s t !y =m "p ( ! en*ant$ memory ( *ildhood--:i* is p]man5t4 ,) ! ,new ,te/am5t ! problem is m difficult3 "o hesitates to br+ ! life ( ,*ri/ be=e *ildr5 until !y are ready to und]/&1 ev5 9 "s degree1 its significance2 ! subject is apt to be dealt ) ei!r too famili>ly1 & made too commonplace & ev]yday a matt]1 or z some?+ s f> remov$ f human affairs z to be my/]i\s & remote to a *ild4 ,to mix ,old & ,new ,te/am5t indiscrim9ately1 z1 = example1 by tak+ !m on alt]nate days1 is un=givable1 & no tea*] :o has /udi$ ! ,bible s]i\sly c\ld d s1 if %e c>$ ab\t ! religi\s tra9+ ( h] *ildr51 & und]/ood ! ,bible4 ,if ! *ildr5 c realise some?+ ( ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ help$ human be+s1 !n "s ( ! incid5ts 9 ,8 life might be giv51 su* z ,8 bir?1 ,8 "w ( heal+1 fe$+ & help+ ! poor1 & "s ( ,8 /ories1 su* z ! lo/ %eep1 ! lo/ son1 ! s[]1 ! good ,sam>itan4 ,x is difficult to speak /rongly en\gh ( ! mi/reatm5t ( ,scripture1 "u ! "n ( religion3 x has be5 spoilt m ?an any o!r subject 9 ! curriculum1 *iefly by be+ tak5 too (t5 & too slightly1 by tea*]s :o may be 9 !mselves deeply religi\s1 b :o h n appli$ intellig5ce to ?is matt]4 ,! religi\s life ( a "y *ild is v direct3 !re is only a little 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ces ( ! ,jews t c help him1 & mu* t c puzzle & h9d] him2 _! int]pretation ( ,god z rev5geful1 cruel & "o-sid$ 9 ,8 deal+s ) _! enemies mu/ greatly puzzle him1 :5 he he>s on ! o!r h& t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( all ! nations on ! e>?4 ,:at is suitable %\ld be tak5 & tak5 well1 b !re is no virtue 9 ! ,bible misund]/ood4 ,poetry is a =m ( lit]ature :i* appeals to *ildr5 if !y are n made to le>n x by rote4 ,unconsci\sly !y le>n x v quickly & easily1 if !y und]/& 9 a g5]al way ! mean+1 & if !y l ! s\nd ( ! words4 ,rhy?m is an e>ly inh]itance & c be enc\rag$ by poetry1 music & movem5t4 ,! s\nd ( words appeals /rongly to "y *ildr51 & rhym+ is almo/ a game4 ,! k9d ( poetry pref]r$ v>ies a good deal b on ! :ole n>rative or nons5se v]ses seem mo/ popul>2 few *ildr5 are ready = s5tim5t or reflection ev5 ab\t !mselves1 & ?is is :y "s ( ,/ev5son's mo/ *>m+ poems ab\t *ildr5 are n appreciat$ by !m z mu* z by gr[n-up p4 ,& = ! same reason only a few nature poems are really lik$4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! only aim 9 giv+ poetry to *ildr5 is to help !m to appreciate x1 & ! only me?od to secure ?is is to read x to !m appreciatively & (t54 ,besides su* an?ologies z ,! ,gold5 ,/aircase1 ,e4,v4 ,lucas's ,book ( ,v]ses = ,*ildr51 & o!rs1 we mu/ g to ! ,bible = poems l ! ,song ( ,miriam1 or ( ,deborah1 & ! ,psalms2 to ,%akespe>e = su* songs z ,:]e ! ,bee ,sucks1 ,i "k a ,bank1 ,ye ,spott$ ,snakes1 ei!r ) or )\t music2 to ,longfell['s ,hiawa?a = descriptive pieces1 & to ,scott & ,t5nyson = ballads & songs1 & to _m o!r simple classic s\rces outside ! ord9>y collections4 ,9 bo? prose & poetry1 probably ! ultimate aim is appreciation ( beauty 9 human conduct4 ,clutton ,brock says1 ,! value ( art is ! value ( ! ae/hetic activity ( ! _s1 & we mu/ all value t be=e we c value works ( art rightly3 & ultimately we mu/ value ?is glory ( ! univ]se1 to :i* we give ! "n ( beauty :5 we appreh5d x4 ,aga9 he says1 ,p>5ts1 nurses & tea*]s ought to be aw>e t ! *ild :5 he =gets himself 9 ! beauty ( ! _w is pass+ ?r\gh a sacr$ exp]i5ce :i* w enri* & glorify ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,if all ?is is :at lit]ature means 9 a *ild's exp]i5ces ( life1 !n x mu/ be giv5 a wor?y place 9 ! "t-table & curriculum & 9 ! s]i\s prep>ation by ! tea*] = h] "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,_w ,! fir/ exp]i5ces ! *ild ga9s f ! _w ( nature are ^? ( beauty1 ( s\nd1 col\r & smell4 ,fl[]s at fir/ are j lovely & sweet-smell+2 ! ke5 s5ses ( a *ild are m deeply satisfi$ ) col\r & sc5t ?an we h any idea (1 unless "s fa9t memory ( :at x meant rema9s ) u4 ,b he beg9s to grasp real sci5tific tru? f 8 exp]i5ces ) ! elem5ts :i* h = him su* a my/]i\s attraction2 by ! v contact ) wat] some?+ 9 ! *ild responds to its /imulus4 ,mud & s& h _! *>ms1 q intangible1 b univ]sal1 f pr9ce to co/]2 a bonfire is some?+ t ar\ses a k9d ( primeval joy4 ,aga91 race exp]i5ce reproduc+ itself may acc\nt = all ?is1 & x mu/ be satisfi$4 ,! dem& = contact ) ! re/ ( nature is a /rong & fi]ce "p ( human nature1 & x means ! gr[? ( some?+ 9 life t we _c d )\t4 ,we induce *ildr5 to come into our s*ools :5 ?is hung] is at its fi]ce/1 & v (t5 we d no?+ to satisfy x1 b set !m 9 rooms to look at ?+s inanimate :5 _! v be+ is cry+ out = life4 ,i want some?+ & ,i don't "k :at to want is ! expression ( a /ate v frequ5t 9 *ildr51 & n infrequ5t 9 gr[n-up p1 because !y h be5 balk$ ( some?+4 ,h[1 !n1 c we provide = _! exp]i5ce ( ?is side ( life8 ,we h tri$ to d s 9 ! pa/ by object & nature lessons1 b we mu/ admit t !y are n ! means by :i* "y *ildr5 seek to "k life1 or by :i* !y appreciate its beauty4 ,we h be5 try+ to kill too _m birds ) "o /one 9 our economic way2 to tra9 ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 to tea* a *ild to express himself1 to help a *ild to ga9 useful k ab\t liv+ ?+s1 h be5 ! mo/ usual aims4 ,& ! me?od has be5 t ( m9ute exam9ation ( a specim5 f ! plant or animal _w1 utt]ly deta*$ f its surr\nd+s1 consid]$ by ! docile *ild 9 p>ts1 su* z leaves1 /em1 roots1 petals1 & uses2 or head1 w+s1 legs1 tail1 & habits4 ,! innoc5t li/5] might frequ5tly ?9k ) reason t a numb] lesson r ?an a nature lesson 0 be+ giv54 ,! day ( ! object lesson is pa/1 & to "y *ildr5 ! nature lesson mu/ become nature "w4 ,x is 9 ! t]m nature lesson t ! root ( ! mis*ief lies3 nature is n a lesson to ! "y *ild1 x is an int]e/ f :i* he seeks to ga9 m pleasure1 by means ( 8 own activity3 plants enc\rage him to g>d51 animals /ir 8 desire to wat*1 fe$ & protect2 wat]1 e>? & fire ar\se 8 crav+ to inve/igate & exp]im5t3 !re is no motive = passive /udy at ?is juncture1 & )\t a motive or purpose all /udy leads to no?+4 ,adults comp>e1 & c\nt ! v>i\s p>ts ( a liv+ ?+ = purposes ( classification connect$ ) ! subdivisions ( life :i* we call botany & zoology2 b su* ?+s are f> remov$ f ! "y *ild's _w--only gradually does x beg9 to dawn on him t !re are int]e/+ lik5esses1 & t 9 ?is _w1 z 9 8 own1 !re are relation%ips2 :5 he realises ?is1 ! "t = a nature lesson has come4 ,b mu* direct exp]i5ce mu/ come fir/4 ,9 sett+ out ! furni%+ ( ! s*ool ! ne$ = ?is activity is impli$4 ,no s*ool wor?y ( ! "n c d )\t a g>d51 any m ?an x c d )\t read+ books1 or blackbo>ds1 inde$ ! =m] ne$ is great]3 if x is possible1 & possibilities gradually m]ge into acceptances1 a pond %\ld be 9 ! middle ( ! g>d51 & trees %\ld also be consid]$ z "p ( ! :ole4 ,x is n difficult = ! ord9>y p]son to make a pond1 or ev5 to beg9 a g>d54 ,9 a s*ool situat$ 9 ,s4,e4 ,london 9 ! mid/ ( r[s ( monoton\s little h\ses1 & close to a busy railway junction1 a miracle 0 p]=m$3 ! playgr\nd 0 n v l>ge1 & ( ! usual uncompromis+ concrete4 ,! *ildr51 mo/ ( ^: fa!rs work$ on ! railway1 liv$ 9 ! surr\nd+ /reets1 & mo/ ( !m _h a back-y>d ( sorts2 !y _h little or no idea ( a g>d54 ,"o ( ! tea*]s _h1 h[ev]1 a vision :i* became a reality4 ,%e ask$ h] *ildr5 to help to make a g>d51 & = weeks e *ild br\ght f 8 back-y>d 8 little pap] bag ( soil :i* 0 deposit$ ov] "s cl9k]s t 7 spread out 9 a n>r[ bord] aga9/ ! outside wall2 9 a few mon?s !re 0 a bord] ( two y>ds 9 :i* fl[]s 7 plant$3 ! c>etak]1 inspir$ by ! sight1 did 8 %>e ( fix+ a wood5 /rip z a k9d ( support+ bord] to ! :ole3 9 two ye>s ! g>d5 _h spread all r\nd ! outside wall ( ! playgr\nd1 & belong$ to sev]al classes4 ,an ev5 great] miracle 0 p]=m$ 9 a dock-side s*ool1 :]e to mo/ ( ! *ildr5 a back-y>d 0 a luxury beyond all possibility4 ,! s*ool playgr\nd 0 v small1 & ev5+ classes made a s*ool g>d5 q impossible4 ,b ! head mi/ress 0 "o :o saw life full ( possibilities1 & s %e saw a g>d5 ev5 9 ! sordidness4 ,r\nd ! p>i% *ur* 0 a gravey>d long disus$1 & ne> "o ( ! gates a small piece ( gr\nd t _h nev] be5 us$ = any gravey>d purpose3 x 0 ne> en\gh to ! s*ool to be possible1 & 9 a %ort "t ! miracle happ5$--! entrance to ! gravey>d became a *ildr5's fl[]+ g>d54 ,inside ! s*ool :]e plants & fl[]s 9 pots are num]\s1 a "p ( ! morn+ %\ld be sp5t 9 ! c>e ( ^!3 few p "k h[ to arrange fl[]s1 & few] h[ to fe$ & wa% !m2 if !re are an aqu>ium or *rysalis boxes1 !y h to be att5d$ to3 all ?is %\ld be a regul> duty ) a /rong s5se ( responsibility atta*$ to x2 x is curi\s h[ _m p are cont5t to live 9 an atmosph]e ( decay+ matt]4 ,if ! *ildr5 enjoy s int5sely ! col\r ( ! leaves & fl[]s !y w be glad to h ! opportunity ( pa9t+ !m2 ?is is z mu* a "p ( nature "w z any o!r1 & x %\ld be us$ z su*1 because x emphasises s /rongly ! side ( appreciation ( beauty1 a side v (t5 neglect$4 ,x is "h t ! individual pa9t box is s important4 ,if *ildr5 are to h any s5se ( col\r !y mu/ le>n to mat* v tru?fully2 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! blue ( ! =get-me-n & ( ! bluebell1 b only by exp]im5t c *ildr5 discov] t ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! am\nt ( r$ 9 ! latt]4 ,by means ( discov]ies ( ?is k9d !y w see new col\rs 9 life ar\nd !m1 & a new dep? ( mean+ w come to _! ev]yday obs]vations4 ,?is is true obs]vation1 n ! look & say ( ! oral lesson1 :i* has no purpose 9 x1 & leads to no natural activity1 or to appreciation4 ,x is difficult to satisfy ! int]e/ 9 animals4 ,9 connection ) ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool ! mo/ suitable h be5 m5tion$4 ,! transition & junior s*ool *ildr5 may see o!rs :5 !y g = excursions4 ,at ?is /age1 too1 *ildr5 h a great desire to le>n ab\t wild animals1 & ! ne$ (t5 arises out ( _! lit]ature3 ! camel t br\ght ,rebecca to ,isaac1 ! wolf t adopt$ ,m[gli1 ! re9de] t c>ri$ ,kay & ,g]da1 ! fox t tri$ to eat ! sev5 little kids1 ,&rocles' lion1 & ,black ,sambo's tig]1 might =m an int]e/+ s]ies1 help$ by pictures ( ! creature 9 its own home4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ?is may be t]m$ lit]ature1 geography1 or nature /udy4 ,! difficulty s]ves to %[ ! unity ( life at ?is p]iod4 ,books su* z ,seton ,?ompson's1 ,long's1 & ,ke>ton's1 & _m o!rs1 supply liv+ exp]i5ces ( animal life impossible to get f less direct s\rces4 ,z *ildr5 get old]1 & h ! p[] to look back1 !y w feel ! necessity ( keep+ records2 & ?us ! ,nature ,cal5d>1 =]unn] ( geography1 w be adopt$ naturally4 ,ano!r important feature 9 nature exp]i5ces is ! excursion4 ,froebel says3 ,n only *ildr5 & boys1 b inde$ _m adults1 f>e ) nature & h] "* z ord9>y m5 f>e ) ! air4 ,!y live 9 x & yet sc>cely "k x z some?+ di/9ct 444 !re=e ^! *ildr5 & boys :o sp5d all _! "t 9 ! fields & =e/s see & feel no?+ ( ! beauties ( nature & _! influ5ce on ! human he>t4 ,!y are l p :o h gr[n up 9 a v beautiful c\ntry & :o h no idea ( its beauty & its _s 444 !re=e x is s important t boys & adults %\ld g into ! fields & =e/s1 toge!r /riv+ to receive into _! he>ts & m9ds ! life & _s ( nature4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t excursions are z necess>y 9 ! c\ntry z 9 ! t[n1 :]e in/ead ( ! fields & =e/s p]haps only a p>k is possible1 b !re is no virtue 9 an excursion tak5 )\t prep>ation4 ,! tea*] mu/ fir/ ( all visit ! place & see :at x is likely to give ! *ildr54 ,%e mu/ tell !m some?+ ( x1 give !m "s aim 9 go+ !re1 su* z collect+ leaves or fruits1 or record+ diff]5t %apes ( b>e trees1 or collect+ ?+s t gr[ 9 ! grass4 ,^! are examples ( :at a t[n p>k might yield4 ,)9 "o gr\p ( *ildr5 !re might be _m ) diff]5t aims4 ,dur+ ! days foll[+ ! excursion "t %\ld be sp5t 9 us+ ^! exp]i5ces1 ei!r by means ( pa9t+ & modell+1 or mak+ classifi$ collections ( ?+s f\nd1 or compil+ records1 oral or writt54 ,o!rwise ! excursion deg5]ates into a s*ool treat )\t its natural enjoym5t4 ,) reg>d to ! inevitable gaps 9 ! *ildr5's m9ds 9 connection ) ! _w ( liv+ ?+s1 su* pictures z ! foll[+ %\ld be 9 e t[n s*ool3 a p9e wood1 a rabbit w>r51 a natural pond1 a dit* & h$ge1 a hayfield 9 ,june1 a wild daffodil pat*1 a %eet ( bluebells1 a cornfield at diff]5t /ages1 an or*>d 9 spr+ & 9 autumn1 & _m o!rs4 ,^! mu/ be con/antly us$ :5 !y are ne$$1 & n misus$ 9 ! artificial me?od kn[n z picture talks4 ,!re is ano!r side to nature "w4 ,froebel says3 ,! ?+s ( nature =m a m beautiful ladd] betwe5 heav5 & e>? ?an t se5 by ,jacob2 n a "o-sid$ ladd] lead+ 9 "o direction1 b an all-sid$ "o lead+ 9 all directions4 ,n 9 dreams is x se52 x is p]man5t1 x surr\nds u on all sides4 ,froebel believ$ t contact ) nature helps a *ild's realisation ( ,god1 & any "o :o believes 9 e>ly religi\s exp]i5ce mu/ agree2 a *ild's e>ly que/ions & difficulties1 z well z 8 e>ly awe & fe> %[ x--he is probably ne>] to ,god 9 8 nature "w ?an 9 _m ( ! daily ,scripture lessons4 ,all 8 education %\ld be p]meat$ by spiritual feel+1 b !re are "s aspects 9 :i* ! realisation is cle>]1 & possibly 8 contact ) nature /&s out z ! highe/ 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is no consci\s me?od or art 9 br++ ?is ab\t2 ! tea*] mu/ feel x & be conv9c$ ( x4 ,?us we come to ! conclusion t ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool nature "w c be safely left to look aft] itself1 provid$ ! surr\nd+s are satisfy+ & ! *ildr5 are free4 ,9 ! transition & ! junior s*ool !re %\ld be no nature lessons ( ! object lesson type1 b pl5ty ( nature "w1 lead+ to talks1 h&work1 & poetry4 ,! aim is n economic or in=mational at ?is /age1 b ! developm5t ( pure appreciation & int]e/4 ,!re c h>dly be a regul> place on ! "t-table = su* irregul> "w1 compris+ excursions1 g>d5+1 h&work1 & lit]ature at lea/1 & dep5d+ on ! wea!r & ! seasons4 ,!re %\ld always be a regul> morn+ "t = att5d+ to plants & animals & = ! ,nature ,cal5d>1 b no liv+ tea*] w be a slave to m]e "t-table ?raldom4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,tru?s ,by means ( toys1 h&work & games1 z well z v>i\s private individual exp]im5ts1 a *ild t\*es on mo/ sides ( ma!matics 9 ! nurs]y class4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) bricks he mu/ ( necessity h consid]$ relative size1 balance & adju/m5t1 =m & symmetry2 9 fitt+ !m back into _! boxes "s ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( cubic cont5t2 9 weigh+ out pret5ce sug> & butt] by means ( s& & clay new problems are !re = consid]ation2 9 mak+ a pap]-h\se que/ions ( measurem5t evolve4 ,?is is all 9 ! incid5tal play ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 & yet we might say t a *ild ?us occupi$ is le>n+ ma!matics m ?an any?+ else4 ,"h1 if he rema9$ till six1 he did a c]ta9 am\nt ( necess>y c\nt+1 & he may h acquir$ skill 9 recognis+ gr\ps1 he may h unconsci\sly & incid5tally p]=m$ a*ievem5ts 9 ! f\r rules1 b nev]1 ( c\rse1 9 any %ort5$ or te*nical =m4 ,probably he kn[s "s figures4 ,x is be/ to give ^! to a *ild :5 he asks = or ne$s !m1 z 9 ! case ( records ( games4 ,on ! o!r h& he may be cont5t ) /rokes4 ,v>i\s ma!matical relation%ips are made cle> 9 8 games or trials ( /r5g?1 su* z di/ance 9 relation to "t or /r5g?1 weight 9 relation to p[] & to balance1 l5g? & bread? 9 relation to mat]ials1 value ( mat]ial 9 relation to money or "w4 ,by means ( _m ( 8 toys ! prop]ties ( solids h become work+ k to him4 ,"h1 !n1 is our />t+-po9t = ! transition p]iod4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,/age ,und\bt$ly ! aim ( ! transition class is p>tly to cont9ue by means ( games & dramatic play ! k9d ( k ga9$ 9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool2 b x has also ! task ( beg9n+ to organise su* k1 z ! gr\p+ into t5s & hundr$s4 ,?is organisation ( raw mat]ial & ! pres5t+ ( %ort5$ processes1 z occur 9 ! fir/ f\r rules1 =ms ! "w also ( ! junior s*ool4 ,to give to a *ild %ort5$ processes :i* he w\ld be v unlikely to discov] 9 less ?an a lifetime1 is simply giv+ him ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 z primitive man did to 8 son4 ,b ! important po9t is to decide :5 a *ild's discov]y %\ld end & ! tea*]'s demon/ration beg94 ,?is is ! p]iod :5 we are accu/om$ to speak ( beg9n+ ab/ract "w2 x is well to be cle> :at x means1 & h[ x /&s relat$ to a *ild's ne$ = exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we leave ! problems ( life1 su* z %opp+1 keep+ records ( games & mak+ measurem5ts = con/ruction2 & :5 we beg9 to "w ) pure numb]1 we are said to be deal+ ) ! ab/ract4 ,=m]ly deal+ ) pure numb] 0 call$ simple1 & deal+ ) actual ?+s1 su* z money & measures1 comp\nd1 & !y 7 tak5 9 ?is ord]4 ,b exp]i5ce has rev]s$ ! process1 & a *ild comes to see ! ne$ ( ab/ract practice :5 he f9ds he is n quick en\gh or accurate en\gh1 or 8 sett+ out seems clumsy1 9 actual problems4 ,?is 0 discuss$ at great] l5g? 9 ! *apt] on ,play4 ,= in/ance1 he might set d[n ! po9ts ( a game by /rokes1 ea* l9e repres5t+ a diff]5t oppon5t3 ,john ,h5ry ,tom ,he w see h[ difficult x is to e/imate at a glance ! exact score1 & h[ easy x is to be inaccurate4 ,x seems ! mom5t to %[ him t ! idea ( gr\p+ or enclos+ a c]ta9 numb]1 & always keep+ to ! same gr\p+1 is helpful3 ,john #a t5 & #f s+les4 ,h5ry #a t5 & #a s+le4 ,tom #c s+les4 ,aft] do+ ?is a good _m times he c\ld be told t ?is is a univ]sal me?od1 & he w\ld d\btless enjoy ! purely puzzle pleasure 9 work+ long sums to p]fect practice4 ,?is pleasure is v common 9 *ildr5 at ?is /age1 b too (t5 x comes to !m m]ely ?r\gh be+ %[n ! trick ( c>ry+ t5s4 ,!y h rea*$ a purely ab/ract po9t1 b !y _c get ?r\gh x )\t "s m mat]ial help4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! k9d ( help t c be giv5 9 gett+ cle> ! concept ( ! t5 gr\p+ & ! processes x involves3 ,illu/ration3 ,bo>d ) hooks1 9 ranks ( n9e1 & r+s ,! :ole app>atus is a rectangul> piece ( wood ab\t #c_/d ( an in* ?ick1 & ab\t #cx#a-a_/b feet ( surface4 ,x is pa9t$ :ite1 & ! horizontal b>s are gre51 s t ! divisions may be app>5t at a di/ance2 x has p]p5dicul> divisions break+ x up into ?ree columns1 ea* ( :i* conta9s r[s ( n9e small dress] hooks4 ,x c be hung on an easel or support$ by its own h+e on a table4 ,ea* ( ! divisions repres5ts a num]ical gr\p+1 ! "o on ! "r is = s+les or units1 ! c5tral "o = t5s1 & ! left side "o = hundr$s3 ! c\nt]s us$ are button m\lds1 dipp$ 9 r$ ink1 ) small loops ( /r+ to hang on ! hooks3 x is easily se5 by a *ild t1 aft] n9e is rea*$1 ! units c no long] rema9 9 _! division or h\se1 b mu/ be ga!r$ toge!r into a bun* 7fa/5$ by a safety p97 & fix$ on "o ( ! hooks ( ! middle division4 ,sums ( two or ?ree l9es c ?us be set out on ! horizontal b>s1 & 9 processes ( addition ! answ] c be on ! bottom l9e4 ,x is v easy1 by ?is concrete means1 to see ! process 9 subtraction1 & inde$ ! :ole difficulty ( deal+ ) t5 is made concrete4 ,! :ole ( a sum c be gone ?r\gh on ?is bo>d ) ! button-m\lds1 & on bo>ds & *alk ) figures1 side by side1 ?us int]pret+ symbol by mat]ial2 b ! :ole process is ab/ract4 ,! piece ( app>atus is less ab/ract only 9 degree ?an ! figures on ! blackbo>d1 because nei!r repres5ts real life or its problems3 9 ab/ract work+ we are m]ely go+ (f at a side issue = ! sake ( practice1 to make u m compet5t to deal ) ! economic affairs ( life4 ,!re is a place = /icks & c\nt]s1 & !re is a place = money & measures1 b !y are n ! same3 ! =m] repres5ts ! ab/ract & ! latt] ! concrete problem if us$ z 9 real life3 ! bridge betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete is l>gely ! "w ( ! transition class & junior s*ool1 9 respect ( ! f\ndations ( ari?metic kn[n z ! fir/ f\r rules4 ,games ( skill1 v ?or\gh %opp+ or keep+ a bankbook1 or sell+ tickets = tram or tra91 repres5t ! k9d ( ev]yday problem t %\ld be ! c5tre ( ! ari?metic "w at ?is transition /age2 & out ( ! necessities ( ^! problems ! ab/ract & semi-ab/ract "w %\ld come1 b x %\ld nev] prec$e ! real "w4 ,a real purpose %\ld und]lie x all1 a purpose t is app>5t & /imulat+ en\gh to produce will+ practice4 ,a *ild w d mu* to be a good %opkeep]1 a good tram conductor1 a good bank]2 he w always play ! game = all x is wor?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,exp]i5ces ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,do+ ,9 ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool activity is ! *ief *>act]i/ic3 "o ( its mo/ usual =ms is exp]im5t+ ) tools & mat]ials1 su* z *alk1 pa9ts1 scissors1 pap]1 s&1 clay & o!r ?+s4 ,! desire to exp]im5t1 to *ange ! mat]ial 9 "s way1 to gratify ! s5ses1 especially ! muscul> "o1 may be /rong] ?an ! desire to con/ruct4 ,! h&work play ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool is !re=e *iefly by means ( imitation & exp]im5t1 & direct help is usually q unwelcome to ! *ild "u six4 ,!re is little m to be said 9 ! way ( direction ?an1 ,provide suitable mat]ial1 give fre$om1 & help1 if ! *ild wants x4 ,b ! case is r diff]5t 9 ! transitional /age4 ,z ! race le>nt to ?9k by do+1 s *ildr5 seem to approa* ?\ght 9 t way2 !y h a natural incl9ation to d 9 ! fir/ case2 !y try1 d wrongly1 consid]1 exam9e1 obs]ve1 & d aga93 = example1 a girl wants to make a doll's bonnet l ! baby's2 %e beg9s impulsively to cut out ! /uff1 f9ds x too small1 tries to visualise ! "r size1 exam9es ! real bonnet1 & makes ano!r attempt4 ,at "s app>5tly odd mom5t %e /umbles on a tru?1 p]haps ! relation ( "o =m to ano!r 9 ! mazes ( bonnet-mak+2 x is at ^! odd mom5ts t we le>n4 ,or a boy may be pa9t+ a ,*ri/mas c>d1 & 9 ano!r odd mom5t he may feel some?+ ( ! beauty ( col\r1 if1 = example1 he is copy+ holly-b]ries4 ,no purposeless look+ at !m w\ld h /irr$ appreciation4 ,:e!r ! end is do+1 or :e!r x is ?9k+1 ! two are inextricably connect$2 9 ! e>li] /ages ! way to "k & feel is v (t5 by action1 & "h is ! basis ( ! maxim t h&work is a me?od4 ,?is idea has (t5 be5 only half dige/$1 & consequ5tly x has l$ to a v trivial k9d ( application2 a nature lesson ( ! look & say description has be5 foll[$ by a pa9t+ lesson2 a geography lesson1 by ! mak+ ( a model4 ,if ! me?od ( le>n+ by do+ 0 ! accept$ aim ( ! tea*] !n x 0 n c>ri$ out1 = ?is is le>n+ & !n do+1 n le>n+ = ! purpose ( do+1 b do+ = ! purpose ( te/+ ! le>n+1 :i* is q ano!r matt]1 & n a v natural proc$ure ) "y *ildr54 ,_m p h tri$ to make ?+s f pr9t$ directions1 a woman may try to make a bl\se & a man to make a knife-box2 _! proc$ure is n to sep>ate ! do+ & ! le>n+ process2 probably !y h fir/ tri$ to d1 f\nd ne$ = help1 & gone to ! pr9t$ directions1 :i* !y foll[$ side by side ) ! do+2 & 9 ! light ( =m] failures or 9 ! c\rse ( look+ or ( exp]im5t+1 !y /umbl$ ^u k3 ?is is le>n+ by do+4 ,!re=e ! mak+ ( a box may be ari?metic1 ! pa9t+ ( a butt]cup may be nature /udy1 ! con/ruction ( a model1 or ( dramatic prop]ties may be geography or hi/ory1 n by any means ! only way ( le>n+1 b "o ( ! e>li] ways & a v s\nd way2 !re is a purpose to s]ve beh9d x all1 t w lead to v c>eful discrim9ation 9 selection ( k1 & to pa9s tak5 to reta9 x4 ,if ?is is fully und]/ood by a tea*] & %e is cont5t to take nature's way1 & abide = nature's "t to see results1 !n h] me?ods w be appropriately appli$3 %e w see t %e is n tra9+ a race ( box-mak]s1 b t %e is guid+ *ildr5 to discov] ?+s t !y ne$ to "k 9 a natural way1 & ensur+ t z ^! facts are discov]$ !y %all be us$4 ,consequ5tly nei!r ha/e nor p]fection ( f9i% mu/ cl\d ! aim2 x is n ! output t matt]s b ! me?od by :i* ! *ildr5 arrive at ! f9i%$ object1 n =ty good boxes1 b =ty good ?9k]s4 ,dewey has put x mo/ cle>ly :5 he says t ! "r te/ ( an occupation consi/s 9 putt+ ! maximum ( consci\sness into :atev] is done4 ,froebel says1 ,:at man tries to repres5t or d he beg9s to und]/&4 ,?is is :at we %\ld mean by say+ t h&work is a me?od ( le>n+4 ,b h&work has its own absolute place z well4 ,a *ild wants to acquire skill 9 ?is direction ev5 m consci\sly ?an he wants to le>n3 if he has be5 free1 9 ! nurs]y class1 to exp]im5t ) mat]ials1 & if he kn[s "s ( 8 limitations1 he is n[1 9 ! transition class1 ready = help1 & he %\ld get x z he ne$s x4 ,?is may run side by side ) ! m didactic side ( h&work :i* has be5 describ$1 b x is m likely t 9 practice ! two are inextricably mix$ up2 & ?is does n matt] if ! two ends are cle> 9 ! tea*]'s m9d2 bo? sides h to be reckon$ )4 ,! important ?+ to "k is ! k9d ( help t %\ld be giv51 & :5 & h[ x is ne$$4 ,x is well to rememb] t 9 ?is connection a *ild's limitations are n f9al1 b only m>k /ages3 = example1 9 8 e>ly attempts to use ?ick c>dbo>d he _c discov] ! neat h+e t is made by ! process kn[n z a half-cut2 he tries 9 va9 to b5d ! c>dbo>d1 s z to secure ! same result4 ,!re are two ways ( help+ him3 ei!r he c be q def9itely %[n & made to imitate1 or he c be set to ?9k ab\t x2 he is giv5 a c>dbo>d knife & all[$ to exp]im5t3 if he fails1 x may be sugge/$ t a clean edge c only be got by "s =m ( cutt+2 probably he w f9d out ! re/ ( ! process4 ,! second me?od is ! bett] "o1 because x promotes ?9k+1 :ile ! fir/ only promotes pure imitation & ! habit ( reckon+ on ?is easy solution ( difficulties4 ,a dull *ild may h to be %[n1 b !re are few su* *ildr51 unless !y h be5 tra9$ to dulness4 ,imitation is n1 h[ev]1 always a m$ic9e = dulness1 nor does x always produce dulness4 ,!re is a "t = imitation & !re is a k9d ( imitation t is v intellig5t4 ,= example1 a *ild may come across a toy a]oplane & wi% to make "o2 he w exam9e x c>efully1 ?9k ov] ! uses ( p>ts & proce$ to make "o z l x z possible3 "h aga9 is ! maximum ( consci\sness1 ! ess5ce ( ?9k+4 ,or ! imitation may consi/ 9 foll[+ v]bal directions3 ?is is f> f easy if ! tea*] is at all vague1 & promotes valuable ef=t if %e is cle> b n diffuse3 ! putt+ ( words into action necessitates a consid]able am\nt ( imag9+1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( v important associations 9 bra9 c5tres4 ,su* cases might occur 9 connection ) weav+1 c>dbo>d & pap] "w1 or ! m te*nical processes ( draw+ & pa9t+1 :]e race exp]i5ce is actually giv5 to a *ild1 by means ( :i* he leaps ov] ! exp]i5ces ( c5turies4 ,?is is progress4 ,if a tea*] is to take h&work s]i\sly1 & n z a pretty recreation ) pleas+ results1 %e %\ld be fully consci\s ( all t x means1 & apply ?is def9itely 9 h] "w3 x is s easy to be trivial :ile appe>+ to be ?or\gh by hav+ well-f9i%$ "w produc$1 :i* has necessitat$ little h>d ?9k+ on ! *ild's "p4 ,con/ruction gives a s5se ( p[]1 a /r5g!n+ ( ! w1 ability to conc5trate on a purpose 9 le>n+1 a social s5se ( s]viceabl5ess1 a deep5$ individuality3 b ?is c only be look$ = if a *ild is all[$ to approa* x 9 ! "r way1 fir/ z an exp]im5t] & inve/igator1 or z an arti/1 & aft]w>ds z a le>n]1 :o is also an individual1 & le>ns 9 8 own way & at 8 own rate3 b if ! tea*]'s ambition is ext]nal & economic !n ! *ild is a tool 9 h] h&s1 & w rema9 a tool4 ,we _c expect ! fruits ( ! _s if our goal is a mat]ial "o4 ,"o ( ! lessons ( ! w> is economy4 ,9 h&work ?is has come to u ?r\gh ! que/ = mat]ials1 b x has be5 a bless+1 if n[ & !n 9 disguise4 ,9 ! m =mal p]iod ( h&work only prep>$1 almo/ pat5t$ mat]ial 0 us$2 ev]y?+ 0 requisition$ & eag] manufactur]s suppli$ v highly f9i%$ /uff4 ,n v _m ye>s ago1 ! keep] ( a ,k9d]g>t5 /all at an exhibition said1 :ile po9t+ to c>ds cut & pr9t$ ) outl9es = sew+ & prick+1 ,we h s _m ord]s = ^! t we c af=d to lay d[n consid]able plant = _! production4 ,an example 9 ano!r direction is t ( a little girl :o att5d$ "o ( ! be/ s-call$ ,k9d]g>t5s ( ! "t3 %e 0 afflict$1 :ile at home1 ) ! don't "k :at to d malady2 h] "m sugge/$ t %e might make "s ( ! ?+s %e made at s*ool1 b %e negativ$ t at once ) ! rem>k1 ,i c\ldn't d t1 y see1 because we h none ( ! "r k9d ( /uff to make !m ( "h4 ,x is q unnecess>y to give m direct details z to ! k9d ( "w suitable & ! me?od ( do+ x2 m ?an en\gh books ( help h be5 publi%$ on e k9d ( mat]ial1 & x might p]haps be well if we made less use ( su* t]ms z clay-modell+1 c>dbo>d-"w1 raffia1 & took h&work m 9 ! s5se ( con/ructive or expressive "w1 lett+ ! *ildr5 select "o or sev]al m$ia = _! purpose2 !y ought to h access to a v>iety ( mat]ial2 & except :5 !y wa/e1 !y %\ld use x freely4 ,x is limit+ & un5light5$ to put d[n a special "t = ! use ( special mat]ial1 if ! end might be bett] answ]$ by some?+ else3 if modell+ is at #aa4cj on ,monday & *ildr5 are anxi\s to make ,*ri/mas pres5ts1 :at law 9 heav5 or e>? are we obey+ if we /ick to modell+ except ! law ( ,r$ ,tape4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,man ,?is aspect ( exp]i5ce comes 9 two =ms1 ! life ( man 9 ! pa/1 ) ! memorials & legacies he has left1 & ! life ( man 9 ! pres5t "u ! v>y+ conditions ( climate & all t x involves4 ,9 o!r words ^! exp]i5ces are commonly kn[n z hi/ory & geography1 ?\gh 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! appe>ance 9 s*ool x is p]haps bett] to call ! "w--prep>ation = hi/ory & geography4 ,!y w\ld naturally appe> 9 ! transition or ! junior class1 pref]ably 9 ! latt]1 b !y ne$ n be :olly new subjects to a *ild2 8 lit]ature has prep>$ him = bo?2 to "s ext5t 8 exp]im5ts 9 h&work h prep>$ him = hi/ory1 :ile 8 nature "w1 especially 8 excursions & records1 h prep>$ him = geography4 ,t he ne$s ?is ext5sion ( exp]i5ce c be se5 9 8 gr[+ dem&s = true /ories1 true 9 ! m lit]al s5se :i* he is com+ fa/ to appreciate2 und\bt$ly mo/ *ildr5 pass ?r\gh a /age ( extreme lit]alism betwe5 e>ly *ildhood & :at is g5]ally recognis$ z boyhood & girlhood4 ,!y beg9 to ask que/ions reg>d+ ! pa/1 !y are int]e/$ 9 ?+s f abroad1 h[ev] vague t t]m may be to !m4 ,p]haps x w be be/ to treat ! two subjects sep>ately1 ?\gh l all ! *ild's curriculum at ?is /age !y are inextricably confus$ & m+l$ bo? ) ea* o!r1 & ) lit]ature1 z exp]i5ces ( man's life & conduct4 ,! beg9n+s ( geography lie 9 ! *ild's f\ndations ( exp]i5ce4 ,probably ! fir/ real contact1 unconsci\s ?\gh x may be1 t any *ild has 9 ?is connection is ?r\gh ! production ( food & clo?+4 ,a c\ntry *ild sees "s ( ! beg9n+s ( bo?1 b x is d\btful h[ mu* ( x is really int]pret$ by him2 ! village %op ) its inexhau/ible /ores probably means mu* m 9 ! way ( orig9s1 & he may nev] g beh9d its cont5ts 9 8 speculations4 ,x is true he sees milk+1 h>ve/+1 %eep-%e>+1 & _m o!r op]ations1 b he (t5 misses ! /age betwe5 ! actual beg9n+ & ! f9i%$ product--betwe5 ! wool on ! %eep's back & 8 ,sunday clo!s1 betwe5 ! :eat 9 ! field & 8 loaf ( bread4 ,! t[n *ild has _m l9ks if he c use !m3 ! goods tra91 ! docks1 ! groc]'s1 gre5-groc]'s or drap]'s %op1 =eign]s 9 ! /reet1 ! vans t come ?r\gh ! sil5t /reets 9 ! e>ly morn+2 9 big t[ns1 su* m>kets z ,cov5t ,g>d5 or ,lead5hall or ,smi?field2 su* a riv] z ! ,?ames1 ,humb] or ,m]sey--f any "o ( ^! beg9n+s he c rea* out f 8 own small environm5t to ! _w4 ,a t[n *ild has v confus$ notions ( :at a f>m really means to national life1 & a c\ntry *ild ( :at a big railway /ation or dock involves4 ,all *ildr5 ne$ to "k :at o!r p>ts ( _! own l& look l1 & :at is produc$2 !y ought to trace ! products )9 rea* to _! orig91 & ?is w involve descriptions ( su* ?+s z fi%]ies at ,hull or ,ab]de51 ! coal m9es ( ,wales or ,lan>k%ire1 pott]y di/ricts ( ,/af=d1 wooll5 & cotton factories ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire1 mills driv5 by /eam1 w9d & wat]1 ligh?\ses1 ! %eep-re>+ di/ricts ( ,cumb]l& & ,midlo?ian1 ! flax-gr[+ ( nor!rn ,irel&1 & mu* else1 & ! means ( transit & communication betwe5 all ^!4 ,! *ildr5 w gradually realise t _m ( ! ?+s !y are famili> )1 su* z tea1 oranges1 silk & sug>1 h n be5 acc\nt$ =1 & ?is w take !m to ! lives ( p 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! means ( gett+ !re1 ! "t tak5 & mode ( travell+4 ,!y w also come to see t we d n produce en\gh ( ! ?+s t are possible to gr[1 su* z :eat1 apples1 wool & _m o!r common necess>ies1 & t we c sp>e mu* t is manufactur$ to c\ntries t d n make !m1 su* z boots1 clo!s1 *9a & cutl]y4 ,!re w come a "t :5 ! ne$ = a map is app>5t3 t is ! "t to bran* (f f ! ma9 !me & make "o2 x w h to be ( ! v imm$iate surr\nd+s fir/1 b x is n difficult to make ! leap soon to c\ntries beyond4 ,previ\s to ! ne$ = x1 map-mak+ is useless4 ,?is work+ outw>ds f actual exp]i5ces1 f ! home c\ntry to ! =eign1 f actual contact ) real ?+s to ?+s ( travell]s' tales1 is ! only way to br+ geography to ! v door ( ! s*ool1 to make x "p ( ! actual life4 ,! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 z ( geography1 lies 9 ! *ild's f\ndations ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! c\ntry village he sees ! *ur*1 possibly "s old cottages1 or an ,elizabe?an or ,jacobean h\se ne>2 9 ! *ur*y>d or 9 ! *ur* ! tomb/ones h qua9t inscriptions ) ref]5ce possibly to pa/ w>s or to e>ly colonisation4 ,! slum *ild on ! o!r h& sees mu* t is worn out1 b little t is antiquat$1 unless ! slum happ5 to be 9 su* places z ,ed9burgh or ,dept=d1 situat$ among ! rema9s ( really f9e h\ses3 b he realises m ( ! te*nicalities & (ficialism ( a social sy/em ?an does ! c\ntry *ild2 ! suburban *ild has probably ! scantie/ /ore ( all2 8 di/rict is presumably made up ( r[s ( respectable b monoton\s h\ses1 & ! social life is simil>ly respectable & monoton\s4 ,!re are c]ta9 crav+s1 int]e/s & ne$s1 common to all *ildr51 :i* come reg>dless ( surr\nd+s4 ,all *ildr5 want to "k c]ta9 ?+s ab\t p :o liv$ be=e !m1 n s mu* _! great do+s z _! small] ones2 !y want to "k :at ^! p 7 l1 :at !y work$ at1 & le>nt1 h[ !y travell$1 :at !y b\ght & sold3 & !re is und\bt$ly a primitive /ra9 9 all *ildr5 t comes out 9 _! love ( build+ %elt]s1 play+ at savages1 & mak+ ?+s out ( natural mat]ial4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int5se mom5ts 9 ,pet] ,pan to _m *ildr5 is ! build+ ( ! little h\se 9 ! wood1 & lat] on1 ( ! o!r on ! top ( ! trees3 t is ! little h\se ( _! dreams4 ,!y are n int]e/$ 9 con/itutions or ! mak+ ( laws2 w>s & invasions h mu* ! same k9d ( int]e/ = !m z ! adv5tures ( ,una & ! ,r$ ,cross ,knight4 ,h[ are ^! crav+s usually satisfi$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( hi/ory tea*+ ( to-day8 ,z a rule a s]ies ( biographies ( notable p is giv51 reg>dless ( *ronology1 or ! *ildr5's previ\s exp]i5ces1 & equally c>eless ( ! hi/ory lessons ( ! future2 ,joan ( ,arc1 ,alfr$ & ! ,cakes1 ,gordon ( ,kh>t\m1 ,boadicea1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,julius ,caes>1 =m a li/ :i* is n at all uncommon2 !re is no lead+ ?read1 no develop+ idea1 & ! old te/1 ! *ildr5 l x1 excuses indol5t ?9k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desire to "k m ( ! ,rob9son ,crusoe mode ( life has be5 app>5t to _m tea*]s = "s "t1 b ! mat]ial at _! disposal has be5 scanty & unc]ta94 ,x is to ,pr(4 ,dewey t we owe ! "r organisation ( ?is "p ( hi/ory4 ,he has %[n t x is on ! side ( indu/ry1 ! e>ly modes ( weav+1 cook+1 light+ & heat+1 mak+ implem5ts = w> & = hunt+1 & mak+ ( %elt]s1 t prehi/oric man has a real contribution to give3 b = ! beg9n+s ( social life1 = realisation ( su* imp]i%able virtues z c\rage1 patriotism & self-sacrifice1 *ildr5 mu/ g to ! lives ( real p & gradually acquire ! idea t c]ta9 ?+s are1 s to speak1 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 :ile o!rs *ange ) *ang+ & gr[+ circum/ances4 ,! prehi/oric hi/ory %\ld be l>gely conc]n$ ) do+ & exp]im5t+1 ) mak+ weapons1 or fir+ clay1 or weav+ ru%es1 or ) visits to su* museums z ,horniman's at ,=e/ ,hill4 ,! e>ly social hi/ory may well take ! =m be/ suit$ to ! *ild1 & n appeal m]ely to surface int]e/4 ,& ! _s 9 :i* ! lives ( o!r p are pres5t$ to *ildr5 mu/ n be ! n>r[1 prejudic$1 insul> "o1 s long associat$ ) ! p ( ,great ,brita91 :i* calls o!r cu/oms1 dress1 modes (3 liv+1 funny or absurd or extraord9>y1 b r ! sci5tific _s t int]prets life accord+ to its conditions & s builds up "o ( its greate/ laws1 ! law ( environm5t4 ,! geography syllabus1 ev5 m ?an ! hi/ory "o1 dep5ds = its beg9n+s at lea/ on ! surr\nd+s ( ! s*ool--out ( ! mass ( possible mat]ials a v ri* & compreh5sive syllabus c be made1 beg9n+ ) any "o ( ! c5tral po9ts already sugge/$4 ,above all !re %\ld be pl5ty ( pictures1 n z amplification1 b z mat]ial1 by means ( :i* a *ild may int]pret m fully2 a picture %\ld be ( ! nature ( a problem or ( a map--& picture read+ %\ld be 9 ! junior s*ool :at map read+ is 9 ! upp] s*ool4 ,9 bo? hi/ory & geography ! me?od is p>tly t ( discov]y2 especially is ?is ! case 9 t "p ( hi/ory :i* deals ) primitive indu/ries1 & 9 almo/ ! :ole ( ! geography ( ?is p]iod4 ,! tea*] is ! guide or lead] 9 discov]y1 n ! /ory-tell] m]ely1 ?\gh ?is may be "p ( 8 function4 ,! foll[+ is a small "p ( a syllabus to %[ h[ geography & hi/ory mat]ial may gr[ naturally out ( ! *ildr5's exp]i5ces4 ,x is meant 9 ?is case = *ildr5 9 a ,london suburb1 ) no p>ticul> *>act]i/ics3-- ,,geography ,x gr[s out ( ! %ops ( ! neighb\rhood & ! adjo9+ railway sy/em4 ,home-produc$ ,goods-- ,a4 ,! gre5-groc]'s %op4 ,trac+ ( fruit to its own home s\rce1 or to a =eign c\ntry4 ,home-gr[n fruit4 ,! fruit f>m1 g>d51 or*>d1 & wood4 ,! pack+ & s5d+ ( fruit4--,railway l9es4 ,cov5t ,g>d52 ! docks2 fruit /alls2 jam factories4 ,b4 ,a groc]'s or corn-*&l]'s %op4 ,fl\r & oatmeal trac$ to _! s\rces4 ,! f>m4 ,a :eat & gra9 f>m at diff]5t seasons4 ,a dairy f>m & a %eep f>m4 ,a mill & its processes4 ,wooll5 factories4 ,a dairy4 ,mak+ ( butt] & *eese ,di/ribution ( ^! goods4 ,c4 ,a *9a %op1 lead+ to ! pott]y di/rict & mak+ ( pott]y4 ,=eign ,goods-- ,furs--,r$ ,indians & ,canada4 ,dates--,! ,arabs & ! ,sah>a4 ,cotton--,! ,negroes & equatorial regions4 ,cocoa--,! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! transit ( ^!1 _! arrival & di/ribution4 ,! ne$ = a map w come e>ly 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! c\rse1 & ! ne$ = a globe 9 ! second4 ,,hi/ory ,?is gr[s naturally out ( ! geography syllabus & might be tak5 side by side or aft]w>ds4 ,! developm5t ( indu/ries4 ,! gr[? ( sp9n+ & weav+ f ! simple/ processes1 br++ 9 ! di/aff1 sp9n+-:eel1 & loom4 ,! mak+ ( g>m5ts f ! jo9+ toge!r ( furs4 ,! gr[? ( pott]y & ! developm5t ( cook+4 ,! gr[? ( roads & means ( transit4 ,?is w involve a good deal ( exp]im5tal & con/ructive h&work4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,exp]i5ces ,,record$ ,,& ,,pass$ ,,on ,read+ & writ+ are held to h lift$ man above ! brute2 !y are ! means by :i* we c discov] & record human exp]i5ce & progress1 & z su* _! value is incalculable4 ,b 9 !mselves !y are artificial conv5tions1 symbols inv5t$ = ! conv5i5ce ( mank9d1 & to acquire !m we ne$ ex]cise no great m5tal p[]4 ,a good eye & e> memory1 & a c]ta9 sup]ficial quickness to recognise & apply previ\s k1 is all t is ne$$ = read+ & spell+2 :ile = writ+1 ! developm5t ( a specialis$ muscul> skill is all t is necess>y4 ,9 !mselves !y d n z a rule hold any great int]e/ = a *ild3 sometimes !y h ! same puzzle int]e/ z a long addition sum1 & to *ildr5 ( a c]ta9 type1 me*anical "w su* z writ+ gives relief2 "o ( ! mo/ docile & un9t]e/+ ( little boys said t writ+ 0 8 fav\rite subject1 & x 0 easy to und]/&3 he did n want to be /irr$ out ( 8 commonplac5ess2 unconsci\sly he _h assimilat$ ! atmosph]e & adopt$ ! /&>ds ( 8 surr\nd+s1 :i* 7 monoton\s & commonplace 9 ! extreme1 & s he desir$ no m adv5tur\s me?od ( expression ?an ! process ( writ+1 :i* he c\ld d well4 ,imitation is (t5 a /rong inc5tive to read+1 x is "p ( ! crav+ = gr[n-upness to _m *ildr52 !y desire to d :at _! bro!rs & si/]s c d4 ,b dur+ ! fir/ /age ( *ildhood1 r\ghly up to ! age ( six or ev5 lat]1 no *ild ne$s to le>n to read or write1 tak+ ne$ 9 ! psy*ological s5se3 t p]iod is conc]n$ ) lay+ ! f\ndation ( real ?+s & ) le>n+ surr\nd+s2--any records ( exp]i5ce t come to a *ild c come z !y did to 8 e>lie/ =efa!rs--by ^w ( m\?4 ,:5 he wants to read /ories = himself1 or write 8 own lett]s1 !n he is impell$ by a suffici5tly /rong aim or inc5tive to make conc5tration possible1 )\t resort+ to any ( ! fanta/ic devices & app>atus s de> to s _m tea*]s4 ,inde$ x is safe to say ( _m ( ^! devices t !y prove ! fact t *ildr5 are n ready = read+4 ,:5 a *ild is ready to read & write ! process ne$ n be a long "o3 by wise delay _m t$i\s h\rs are sav$1 t$i\s to bo? tea*] & *ildr52 !y h already le>nt to talk 9 ^? preci\s h\rs1 to discrim9ate s\nds z "p ( language tra9+1 b )\t any resort to symbols--m]ely z some?+ natural4 ,x has be5 amply prov$ t if a *ild is n prematurely =c$ into read+ he c d z mu* 9 "o ye> z he w\ld h done 9 ?ree1 "u m /ra9$ conditions4 ,) reg>d to me?ods a great deal has be5 writt5 on ! subject2 x is pretty safe to leave a tea*] to *oose h] own--= mu* ( ! elaboration is unnecess>y if read+ is rightly delay$1 & if a *ild c read reasonably well at sev5 & a half !re c be no gr\nds = compla9t4 ,if 8 phonetic tra9+ has be5 good 9 ! e>li] /ages ( language1 !n ?is may be comb9$ ) ! look & say me?od1 or me?od ( read+ by :ole words4 ,! cat on ! mat type ( book is disappe>+1 & its place is be+ tak5 by books :]e ! subject matt] is int]e/+ & suitable to ! *ild's age2 b z 9 o!r subjects ! book *os5 %\ld be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! *ild's surr\nd+s1 ei!r to amplify or to ext5d4 ,writ+ is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a "p ( read+3 :5 words are be+ le>nt !y mu/ be writt51 or 9 ! e>lie/ /ages pr9t$1 b only ^? int]e/+ to ! *ildr5 & writt5 = "s def9ite purpose %\ld be select$3 a great aid to spell+ is transcription1 & *ildr5 are always will+ to copy some?+ !y l1 su* z a v]se ( poetry1 or _! "n & address4 ,z 9 ari?metic & 9 h&work1 !y w come to recognise ! ne$ = practice1 & be will+ to und]go su* ex]cise = ! sake ( improvem5t1 z well z = ! pleasure 9 ! activity--:i* actual writ+ gives to "s *ildr54 ,we mu/ be q cle> ab\t relative values4 ,read+ & writ+ are necessities1 & ! means ( op5+ up to u ?+s ( great value2 b ! art ( acquir+ !m is ( little intr9sic value1 & ! recognition ( ! ne$ is n an e>ly "o2 no?+ is ga9$ by beg9n+ too e>ly1 & mu* valuable "t is tak5 f o!r activities1 notably language4 ,! inc5tive %\ld be ! ne$ t ! *ild feels1 & :5 ?is is evid5t "t & pa9s %\ld be giv5 to ! subject s t x maybe quickly acquir$4 ,b ! art ( read+ is no te/ ( intellig5ce1 & ! art ( writ+ is no te/ ( orig9al skill4 ,! claims ( ! upp] dep>tm5ts mu/ be resi/$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,?+s ,,t ,,really ,,matt] ,! fir/ ?+ t matt]s is :at is commonly call$ ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]2 %e mu/ be a p]son1 unmi/akable f o!r p]sons1 & n a type2 :at %e has z an individual1 ( gifts or goodness1 %e %\ld give freely1 & give 9 h] own way2 t %e %\ld be tra9$ is1 ( c\rse1 z indisputable z ! tra9+ ( a doctor1 b h] tra9+ %\ld h deep5$ h] p]sonality4 ,pe/alozzi's curriculum & organisation left mu* to be desir$2 :at he has h&$ d[n to u came f himself & 8 own exp]i5ce1 n f any?+ sup]impos$3 records ( 8 pupils con/antly emphasise ?is3 x 0 8 goodness assimilat$ ) 8 outlook on life & read9ess to le>n by exp]i5ce1 t matt]$1 & x 0 ?is t rema9$ ) 8 pupils4 ,! tea*]'s own p]sonality mu/ dom9ate h] *oice ( pr9ciples else %e is a dead me?od1 a ma*9e1 & n a liv+ tea*]4 ,%e mu/ n keep h] int]e/s & gifts = out-(-s*ool use2 if %e has a s5se ( hum\r %e mu/ use x1 if %e is fond ( pretty clo!s %e mu/ we> !m 9 s*ool1 if %e appreciates music %e mu/ help h] class to d ! same1 if %e has dramatic gifts %e mu/ act to !m4 ,h] /&>d ( goodness mu/ be high1 & %e mu/ be /rong en\gh to adopt x practically1 s t %e is unconsci\s ( x3 goodness & righte\sness are z ess5tial z heal? to a tea*]3 = some?+ intangible passes f ! tea*] to h] *ildr51 h[ev] "y & unconsci\s !y may be1 & no?+ c awak5 goodness b goodness4 ,"p ( h] p]sonality is h] attitude t[>ds religion4 ,x is difficult to ?9k ( a tea*] ( "y *ildr5 :o is n religi\s1 i4e4 ^: conduct is n def9itely p]meat$ by h] spiritual life3 "y *ildr5 are ess5tially religi\s1 & ! life ( ! _s mu/ f9d a response 9 ! same k9d ( intangible assumption ( its exi/5ce z goodness4 ,no =m ( cre$ or dogma is meant1 only ! life ( ! _s common to all4 ,b ( c\rse !re may be p :o refuse to admit ?is z a necessity4 ,! next ?+ t matt]s is t all *ildr5 mu/ be reg>d$ z individuals3 !re has be5 mu* m talk ( ?is lately1 b practical difficulties are (t5 rais$ z a b>4 ,if tea*]s & p>5ts cont9ue to accept ! conditions :i* make x difficult1 su* z l>ge classes1 & a ne$ to ha/51 !re w always be a b>3 if individuality is held z "o ( ! greate/ ?+s 9 education1 au?orities _c cont9ue to economise s z to make x impossible4 ,x is ! individual "p ( ea* *ild t is 8 mo/ preci\s possession1 8 immortal side3 ,froebel calls x 8 div9e ess5ce1 & makes ! cultivation ( x ! aim ( education2 he is "r1 & any m g5]al aim w lead only to half-develop$ human be+s4 ,if we accept ! pr9ciple t only goodness is fundam5tal & evil a di/ortion ( nature1 we ne$ h no fe> ab\t cultivat+ individuals4 ,e doctor assures u t all normal babies are naturally heal?y2 !y are also naturally good1 b evil is easily ar\s$ by arbitr>y int]f]5ce or by mismanagem5t4 ,! ?ird ?+ t matt]s belongs m especially to ! intellectual life2 x might be describ$ z ! mak+ ( "r associations4 ,m ?an any o!r side ( tra9+1 ! mak+ ( associations means ! mak+ ( ! intellig5t p]son4 ,to see life 9 pat*es is to see pieces ( a great picture by ! squ>e in*1 & nev] to see ! relation%ip ( ^! to ea* o!r--nev] to see ! :ole4 ,! f\r? ?+ t matt]s is ! mak+ ( good & s]viceable habits3 mu* has be5 said on ?is1 9 connection ) ! nurs]y class1 & x is at t /age t ! process is mo/ important1 b x %\ld nev] cease4 ,if a *ild is to h "t & opportunity to develop 8 individuality he mu/ n be hamp]$ by hav+ to be consci\s ( ?+s t belong to ! subconsci\s region4 ,to />t a *ild ) a f\ndation ( good habits is bett] ?an ri*es4 ,! fif? ?+ t matt]s is ! realisation by tea*]s t opportunities matt] m ?an results2 opportunities to discov]1 to le>n1 to compreh5d all sides ( life1 to be an individual1 to appreciate beauty1 to g at "o's own rate2 "s are mat]ial 9 _! nature1 su* z ! actual surr\nd+s ( ! *ild 9 s*ool2 o!rs are r 9 ! atmosph]e1 su* z refra9+ f int]f]5ce1 enc\ragem5t1 sugge/ion1 spirituality4 ,! tea*] has ! mak+ ( opportunities l>gely 9 h] own h&s4 ,! six? ?+1 t matt]s is ! cultivation ( ! div9e gift ( imag9ation2 bo? morality & spirituality spr+ f ?is2 meanness1 c[>dice1 lack ( sympa?y1 s5suality1 mat]ialism1 quickly gr[ :]e !re is no imag9ation4 ,x ref9es & int5sifies p]sonality1 x op5s a door to ?+s beyond ! s5ses4 ,x makes possible appreciation ( ! ?+s ( ! _s1 & appreciation is a ?\s& times m important ?an k4 ,! la/ ?+ t matt]s is ! ne$ = fre$om f bondage1 ( ! body & ( ! s\l4 ,only f a free atmosph]e c come ! be/ ?+s--p]sonality1 imag9ation & opportunity2 & all are great ne$s1 b ! greate/ ( all is fre$om4 ,,bibliography ,,froebel4 ,! ,education ( ,man4 7,appleton47 ,,macd\gall4 ,social ,psy*ology4 7,me?u547 ,,groos4 ,! ,play ( ,man4 7,he9emann47 ,,drummond4 ,an ,introduction to ,*ild ,/udy4 7,arnold47 ,,kirkpatrick4 ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy4 7,macmillan47 ,,dewey4 ,! ,s*ool & ! ,*ild4 7,blackie47 ,! ,dewey ,s*ool4 7,! ,froebel ,society47 ,,/anley ,,hall4 ,aspects ( ,education4 ,,f9dlay4 ,s*ool & ,life4 7,g4 ,philip ,son47 ,,sully4 ,*ildr5's ,ways4 7,longmans47 ,,caldwell ,,cook4 ,! ,play ,way4 7,he9emann47 ,e4,r4 ,,murray4 ,froebel z a ,pione] 9 ,mod]n ,psy*ology4 7,g4 ,philip ,son47 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,,br[n ,,smi?4 ,education by ,life4 7,g4 ,philip ,son47 ,,m>g>et ,,drummond4 ,! ,dawn ( ,m9d4 7,arnold47 ,,boyd4 ,f ,locke to ,montessori4 7,h>rap47 ,,kilpatrick4 ,montessori ,exam9$4 7,con/able47 ,,wigg94 ,*ildr5's ,rights4 7,gay ,hancock47 ,,bir*5\gh4 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education4 7,univ4 ,tutorial ,press47 ,,macmillan4 ,! ,camp ,s*ool4 7,all5 ,unw947 ,,h>dy4 ,! ,di>y ( a ,free ,k9d]g>t54 7,gay ,hancock47 ,,scott4 ,social ,education4 7,g9n47 ,,tylor4 ,an?ropology4 7,macmillan47 ,,k+/on ,,quigg94 ,primeval ,man4 7,macdonald ,evans47 ,,solomon4 ,an ,infant ,s*ool4 7,! ,froebel ,society47 ,,felix ,,kle94 ,mon ,filleul au ,j>d9 d',enfants4 ,i4 ,comm5t il s'lve4 ,,ii4 ,comm5t il s'in/ruit4 7,arm& ,col91 ,p>is47 ,e4 ,,nesbit4 ,w+s & ! ,*ild4 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton47 ,,wells4 ,floor ,games4 7,palm]47 ,,rusk94 ,! ,two ,pa?s4 ,,dopp4 ,! ,place ( ,indu/ries 9 ,indu/rial ,education4 7,univ4 ( ,*icago ,press47 ,,prit*>d ,,& ,,a%=d4 ,an ,engli% ,prim>y ,s*ool4 7,h>rap47 ,,hall4 ,days be=e ,hi/ory4 7,h>rap47 ,,hall4 ,! ,?re%old ( ,hi/ory4 7,h>rap47 ,,spald+4 ,pi]s ,pl[man ,hi/ories4 ,junior4 ,bk4 ,,ii4 7,g4 ,philip ,son47 ,,%$lock4 ,! ,art ( ,/ory-tell+4 ,,bryant4 ,h[ to ,tell ,/ories4 7,h>rap47 ,,kle94 ,de ce qu'il faut racont] aux petits4 7,blond et ,gay47 ,! ,eurhy?mics ( ,jaques-,dalcroze4 7,con/able47 ,,f9dlay4 ,eurhy?mics4 7,dalcroze ,society47 ,,:ite4 ,a ,c\rse 9 ,music4 7,camb4 ,univ4 ,press47 ,,/anley ,,hall4 ,h[ to ,tea* ,read+4 7,hea?47 ,,b5*>a ,,bran=d4 ,a ,/udy ( ,ma!matical ,education4 ,field5 ,demon/ration ,s*ool ,record ,,ii4 7,man*e/] ,univ4 ,press47 ,,punnett4 ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,ari?metic4 7,longmans47 ,,a%=d4 ,s5se ,plays & ,numb] ,plays4 7,longmans47 ,,index ,abrahall1 ,miss ,h41 ,adam & ,eve "q1 ,adl]1 ,dr4 ,felix1 ,aim ( education & ( human life1 ,am]ica1 ,k9d]g>t5s 91 ,&]son1 ,pr(essor ,a41 ,animals & nature /udy1 ,app>atus4 ,see ,equipm5t ,ari?metic1 transition class1 ,arnswald1 ,colonel von1 ,art tra9+1 draw+1 etc41 ,see also ,col\r1 ,rhy?m1 etc41 ,assi/ance1 w>n+1 ,baby ,camp1 ,b>n>d1 ,dr4 ,h41 ,b>nes1 ,pr(4 ,e>l1 ,beauty1 conduct1 appreciation ( beauty 91 ,see also ,col\r1 ,rhy?m1 etc4 ,be]1 ,miss ,h41 notes (1 ,b]es=d's ,h\semates1 description ( a suburb1 ,b]gson1 ,b]mondsey ,settlem5t ,free ,k9d]g>t51 ,biological view ( education1 ,bir*5\gh1 ,bird1 ,mr41 & 8 family1 ,birm+ham ,k9d]g>t5s1 ,bi%op1 ,miss ,c>ol9e1 ,blank5b]g ,k9d]g>t51 ,bl[1 ,miss1 ,brad=d ,jo9t ,conf]5ce1 ,brock1 ,mr4 ,clutton1 quotations1 etc41 ,brooke1 ,/op=d1 ,br[n1 ,frances1 ,grannie's ,wond]ful ,*air1 ,br[n+1 ,br[n's ,"y ,arti/s' ,head]s1 ,buckton1 ,miss1 ,build+s4 ,see ,equipm5t & ,surr\nd+s ,caldecott ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 ,camp ,s*ool1 ,*ild /udy1 ,class discipl9e1 ,cleanl9ess & ord]1 ,cl\gh1 ,a4,h41 ,cl\/on1 ,dr41 ,col\r1 ,com5ius1 ,conduct-- aim ( education1 exp]i5ces (--,see also ,moral ,tea*+ ,connect$ness1 cont9uity4 ,see ,unity ,con/ructive play1 v>ieties ( mak+--,see also ,h&work ,cook1 ,mr4 ,caldwell1 ,! ,play ,way1 etc41 ,cooke1 ,mr4 ,e41 ,cook+1 ,co-op]ation 9 play1 ,correlation1 ,infant ,s*ool programme 9 ,transition p]iod1 pres5t-day ,infant ,s*ools1 ,c\ntry *ild1 ,c\ntry life = ! *ild1 ,crane1 ,walt]1 ,creation4 ,see ,con/ructive ,play ,cr*e4 ,see ,nurs]y ,s*ool ,curriculum-- pr9ciple guid+ selection1 transition class1 ,dal]oze1 ,m4 ,jacques1 rhy?mic tra9+1 ,dale1 ,miss1 phonic read+ books1 ,decimal sy/em1 ,def9ition ( education1 ,des]t isl& play1 ,dewey1 ,pr(41 quotations1 etc41 ,dick5s on ,infant ,g>d5s1 ,discipl9e1 ,docility v4 self-control1 ,dopp ,s]ies1 ,dramatic play1 ,draw+1 ,drill v4 games1 ,drummond1 ,dr41 ,eb]s1 ,ed9burgh1 ,free ,k9d]g>t5s1 ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 ( #aiai1 ,education by ,life1 ,education ( ,man1 ,environm5t-- s*ool equipm5t1 etc4 ,see ,equipm5t s\rce ( *ild's exp]i5ce1 ,equipm5t & surr\nd+s1 m9iature _w1 ,montessori didactic app>atus1 transition classes & ,junior ,s*ool1 ,ew+1 ,mrs41 /ories (1 ,exp]i5ce1 education by means (1 *ild's desires & ne$s1 gr\p+ subjects ( exp]i5ce1 mat]ial & opportunities1 morality & indirect exp]i5ces1 pass+ on exp]i5ce1 ,fairy tales1 ,field1 ,eug5e1 v]ses (1 ,f9dlay1 ,miss1 ,fi%]1 ,mr41 ,flem+1 ,m>jorie1 ,floor ,games1 ,fl[]s & plants1 #ic1 #bja4 ,see also ,g>d51 ,nature ,"w ,folsung1 ,=malism1 ,fre$om-- app>5t result at fir/1 def9ition1 ,froebel on1 ,montessori1 ,dr41 "w (1 vital pr9ciple1 w>n+ aga9/ int]f]5ce1 ,freud1 ,froebel & ,froebelian pr9ciples-- aim ( education1 beauty1 biologi/ educator & ,froebel1 def9itions ( ,k9d]g>t51 excursions1 impression & expression1 ,montessori & ,froebelian sy/ems1 society1 ,furniture1 ,see also ,equipm5t ,fyleman1 ,rose1 ,*imney s& ,fairies1 ,games1 ,g>d51 activities 9 a suburban g>d51 be/ use ( gr\nd1 possibilities 9 difficult places1 ,geography1 illu/rative syllabus1 ,glasg[1 ,pho5ix ,p>k ,k9d]g>t51 ,gl5conn]1 ,lady1 ,grant1 ,miss1 ,gre5=d ,av5ue ,s*ool1 ,hanwell1 ,groos1 ,habits1 tra9+ 91 physical habits & fix$ h\rs1 ,hall1 ,/anley1 ref]5ces to1 ,h&work1 ,hans51 ,g41 ,h>dy1 ,miss ,l41 ,he]w>t1 ,miss1 ,h]b g>d5 & s5se tra9+1 ,h]b>tian correlation1 ,hewit1 ,mr4 ,graily1 ,high ,s*ools = ,girls1 ,k9d]g>t5s 91 ,hi/ory1 discipl9e 9 practical reason+1 illu/rative syllabus1 indirect sociology1 indu/rial1 practical details1 prehi/oric1 /ories1 ,hodsman1 ,miss1 ,h(fman1 ,mr41 ,home surr\nd+s1 reproduction 9 s*ool1 s\rce ( *ild's exp]i5ce1 ,h[d51 ,miss1 ,hum\r1 factor 9 morality1 ,hygi5e ( ,m9d1 ,imag9ation & lit]ature1 ,imitative play1 ,individual1 *ild z1 ,see also ,fre$om ,infant ,s*ools1 e>ly ,infant ,s*ools1 =malism1 causes1 etc41 ,k9d]g>t5 sy/em1 p]v]sion (1 pres5t-day s*ools1 build+s1 furniture1 etc41 *ange 9 _s s9ce ! 'eighties1 effect ( *ild /udy movem5t1 etc41 curriculum1 lack ( cle> aim & cont9uity1 discipl9e1 =malism1 promotion & uni=mity1 heal?1 c>e (1 tea*]s1 tra9+ (1 transition p]iod1 ,in/9ct1 ,int]e/s ( a *ild1 ,int]f]5ce1 w>n+1 ,int]national ,educational ,exposition & ,congress ( #ahed1 ,inve/igation impulse1 ,junior ,s*ool4 ,see ,transition ,classes & ,junior ,s*ool ,keilhau1 ,k9d]g>t5 ,b&1 ,k9d]g>t5s1 ,am]ica1 fir/ ,engli%1 ,froebelian pr9ciples ,see ,froebel1 ,g]many1 ,kids' ,gu>ds1 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d ,infant ,s*ools1 propos$ introduction1 p]v]sion ( sy/em 9 ,infant ,s*ools1 ,s*rad]1 ,h5rietta1 "w (1 ,kle91 ,abb1 ,krause1 ,language tra9+1 games =1 ,lawr5ce1 ,miss ,e/h]1 ,levana1 ,lit]ature ,see also ,/ories & ,poetry ,lodge1 ,sir ,o41 ,macdonald1 ,george1 /ories (1 ,macdonald1 ,dr4 ,greville1 ,m',millan1 ,miss ,m>g>et1 ,macph]son1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 ,magic ,cities1 ,m>5holz1 ,madame von1 ,ma!matics1 transition class1 ,maufe1 ,miss1 ,m$ical view ( education1 ,dr4 ,montessori1 ,meum & tuum tra9+1 ,miall1 ,mrs41 ,mi*aelis1 ,madame1 ,mi*aelis ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 ,nott+ ,dale1 ,midd5dorf1 ,mission ,k9d]g>t51 ,moltke1 von1 ,montessori1 ,dr4 ,m>ia-- ,froebelian views (1 m$ical view ( education1 play activities1 failure to und]/&1 ,moral tea*+-- hum\r z factor 9 morality1 ,see also ,religion1 ,s]vice = ! ,community1 ,/ories ,morgan1 ,lloyd1 ,"m ,songs1 ,music1 ,k9d]g>t5 ,b&1 ,"n ( s*ool = little *ildr5 & its importance1 ,nature "w1 exp]i5ces ( ! natural _w1 activities 9 a suburban g>d51 aim (1 animals1 excursions1 movem5t c4 #ahij1 nature cal5d>1 object lesson & nature lesson1 pictures1 use (1 plants & fl[]s1 religion & nature "w1 ,necessities ( ! ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 ,see also ,equipm5t & ,pr9ciples ,nesbit1 ,mrs41 ,magic ,cities1 ,net b$s1 ,numb] "w4 ,see ,ma!matics ,nurs]y rhymes & nons5se v]ses1 ,nurs]y ,s*ool-- "n "q1 requirem5ts (1 ,ob$i5ce v4 self-control1 ,ob]l9 s*ools1 ,object lessons1 ,obs]vation ( *ildr51 ,odds & ends1 use (1 ,op5-air "q1 ,ow51 ,rob]t1 ,rational ,infant ,s*ool1 ,pap]-fold+1 ,p>5ts' ev5+s1 ,payne1 ,miss ,janet1 ,peabody1 ,miss1 ,p]iods ( a "y *ild's life1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,pe/alozzi-,froebel ,h\se1 ,phillips1 ,miss ,k41 ,phonic me?od ( tea*+ read+1 ,physical requirem5ts1 ,picture books1 ,pictures1 ,play-- biologi/ educator's view1 con/ructive1 co-op]ation 91 c\rage 9 ! tea*]1 def9itions1 di/9ction f "w1 ,froebel's !ory (1 practice at ,keilhau1 imitative1 mat]ial1 ,froebel's ,gifts1 etc41 self-expression 91 !ories (1 transition class1 ,play ,way1 ,!1 ,playgr\nd1 equipm5t1 etc41 g>d5 ess5tial1 transition class1 ,poetry1 ,poor & well-to-d *ildr51 diff]5t requirem5ts1 ,possession1 *ild's ne$ (1 meum & tuum tra9+1 ,prep>ation !ory ( play1 ,prie/man1 ,miss1 ,pr9ciples1 vital pr9ciples1 ,pugh1 ,edw91 ,punnett1 ,miss1 ,read+ & writ+1 age =1 matt] & me?ods1 phonic me?od1 etc41 ,recapitulation !ory ( play1 ,recreation !ory ( play1 ,re$1 ,miss1 ,religion1 age = fir/ tea*+1 ,see also ,/ories ,reproduc+1 ,see ,imitative ,play ,results1 paym5t by1 ,rhy?m & rhy?mic tra9+1 ,rob9son ,crusoe /age ( hi/ory tea*+1 ,ronge1 ,madame1 ,rossetti1 ,*ri/9a1 v]ses = *ildr51 ,r\sseau1 ,r[l&1 ,miss1 ,royee1 ,pr(41 ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 /ory (1 ,salt1 ,miss ,m>ie1 ,say+s ( ! ,*ildr51 ,s*epel1 ,miss1 ,s*ill]1 ,lett]s on ,ae/hetic ,education1 ,s*ill]-,sp5c] !ory ( play1 ,s*ool & ,life1 ,s*ools ( ,to-morr[1 ,s*rad]1 ,h5rietta1 ,sgu91 ,self-consci\sness1 ,self-control & ext]nal control1 ,s5se-tra9+1 h]b g>d51 ,s]vice = ! community1 tra9+ to-- ,froebel & ,montessori sy/em1 games1 social side1 idea ( unity1 religion1 "p (1 ,sesame ,h\se = ,home-,life ,tra9+1 ,%>pley1 ,miss ,f41 ,%9n1 ,miss1 ,sleep1 provision =1 ,slum *ild's exp]i5ce1 ,som]s ,t[n ,nurs]y ,s*ool1 ,spee* & vocabul>y1 ,spiritual life & /ories1 ,spontaneity 9 play1 ,/aff "q1 tra9+1 etc41 ,see also ,tea*]s ,/ev5son1 nurs]y songs1 ,/okes1 ,miss1 ,/ories & /ory-tell+1 fairy tales1 h[ to tell1 illu/rations1 made by *ildr51 moral tea*+1 religi\s tea*+1 repetition or accumulation /ories1 selection1 true /ories--hi/ory1 leg5d1 geography1 ,/ory ( a ,s& ,pile1 ,suburban *ild's exp]i5ce1 ,sup]natural1 ! *ild's acceptance (1 ,surr\nd+s4 ,see ,equipm5t & ,surr\nd+s ,table mann]s1 ,tea*]-- function1 p]sonality "q1 religion1 tra9+1 ,?ornton-le-,dale ,k9d]g>t51 ,"t-table ?raldom1 in/ance f a tea*]'s note-book1 ,tools1 ,t\*1 s5se (1 ,toys1 transition classes & ,junior ,s*ool1 ,wells1 ,mr41 on1 ,trah]ne1 ,transition classes & ,junior ,s*ool1 bridge betwe5 fre$om & timetable1 curriculum1 discipl9e1 equipm5t1 etc41 fre$om & class tea*+1 h&work1 help1 me?ods (1 imitation1 nature "w1 play _s1 ,ultimate ,belief1 ,uni=mity 9 ,infant ,s*ools1 ,unity ( aim & unity 9 exp]i5ce1 cases illu/rat+ problem1 previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! *ild1 bas+ curriculum on1 ,w>1 effect on ,nurs]y ,s*ool movem5t1 ,w>ne1 illu/rat$ /ories = *ildr51 ,wat]1 attraction (1 ,wat]-,babies1 ,wells1 ,mr41 ,:at is a ,k9d]g>t581 ,:5 c ,i make my little ,%ip81 ,wigg91 ,miss ,k4,d41 ,wild]sp9's ,infant ,s*ool1 ,w9d[s1 ,wordswor?1 ,wragge1 ,miss ,adelaide1 ,writ+4 ,see ,read+ & ,writ+ ,,! ,,end