,:5 ALL TW5TY-TWO ,,U AIR R\TE TRA6IC
3TROL C5T]S W5T D>K TGR ON ,FRI"D1 !
>*ITECTURE TOLD ! /ORY 2F ! 9VE/IGATORS
CD3 !Y ALL RIDE ! SAME WIRE4 ,AM]ICA'S
AIR TRA6IC 3TROL DOES N RUN ON TW5TY-TWO
9DEP5D5T NET"WS  X RUNS ON "O1 A PRIVATE
3TRACTOR-OP]AT$ BACKB"O T HAS BE5 FAIL+
REGIONALLY = EI<TE5 MON?S /RAI<T4 ,FRI"D
MAY SIMPLY 2 ! "D X FAIL$ NA;NALLY4
,! NET"W NOBODY'S HE>D (
,! ,,FAA ,TELECOMMUNICA;NS ,9FRA/RUCTURE
"<,,FTI"> IS ! 3NECTIVE TISSUE ( !
,NA;NAL ,AIRSPACE ,SY/EM3 A PRIVATE1
NA;NWIDE WIDE->EA NET"W DESIGN$1 BUILT1
[N$1 OP]AT$ & MA9TA9$ BY ,L#C;,H>RIS "U
A MANAG$-S]VICES 3TRACT4 ,P]
,L#C;,H>RIS'S [N PROGRAM LIT]ATURE1 X
9T]CONNECTS M ?AN #D1DJJ ,,FAA SITES
C>RY+ M ?AN #BI1JJJ TELECOMMUNICA;NS
S]VICES  VOICE1 DATA1 RAD> & VIDEO 
SPANN+ T]RE/RIAL1 SATELLITE & MICR[AVE
LA/-MILE L9KS1 M>KET$ AT #II4IIIGA.0
RELIABIL;Y4 ,CRITICALLY1 ,L#C;,H>RIS [NS
! EQUIP;T & L1SES ! "ULY+ TELECOM
CAPAC;Y3 :5 ! ,,FAA'S SY/EMS TALK TO EA*
O!R1 !Y >E TALK+ OV] A 3TRACTOR'S
WIRES4.<CITE3 ,L#C;,H>RIS1 .<8,,FAA
,TELECOMMUNICA;NS ,9FRA/RUCTURE
"<,,FTI"> ,PROGRAM01 PROGRAM
LIT]ATURE.>.>
,! P>ADE ( FAILURES
,REGIONAL V].NS ( ,FRI"D'S EV5T H BE5
>RIV+ ON A NE>-MON?LY CAD;E  E "O
MUNDANE1 E "O 9/RUCTIVE3
"9 ,SPR+ #BJBE  ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,REP1T$
RAD> \TAGES AT ,PHILADELPHIA ,,TRACON2 9
"O 9CID5T ! FACIL;Y LO/ BO? PRIM>Y &
BACKUP DATA L9ES SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,,AP
TRAC$ A FAILURE TO A SWIT* ON ! PRIM>Y
COMMUNICA;NS L9E4.<CITE3 ,ASSOCIAT$
,PRESS1 .<8,TE*NICAL PROBLEMS ) AIR
TRA6IC 3TROL %[ ! NE$ = AN OV]HAUL01
#BJBE.>.> "9 ,JUNE #BJBE  ,JACKSONVILLE
,,>TCC4 ,A FIB] CUT TOOK RAD>1
FREQU5CIES & AUTOMA;N (FL9E2 ,L#C;,H>RIS
& ! LOCAL EX*ANGE C>RI] 7 4PAT*$ TO
REPAIR X4.<CITE3 ,REUT]S1 .<8,,FAA SAYS
,JACKSONVILLE ,,>TCC EXP]I5C+
TELECOMMUNICA;NS ISSUE01 #BJ ,JUNE
#BJBE.>.> "9 ,SEPTEMB] #AI1 #BJBF 
,DALLAS4 ,FRONTI] ,COMMUNICA;NS CREWS
A3ID5TALLY S"E$ TWO FIB] CABLES C>RY+
BO? PRIM>Y & BACKUP L9KS 9TO ,DALLAS
,,TRACON  & ,L#C;,H>RIS'S R$UNDANCY
FAIL$ TO OP]ATE CORRECTLY4 ,HUNDR$S (
FLI<TS C.EL$1 #AJJ1JJJ"6 TRAVEL]S
/R&$4.<CITE3 ,A]O,"T1 .<8,DALLAS ,,ATC
\TAGE EXPOSES M W1K;SES 9 ,,U AVIA;N
9FRA/RUCTURE01 ,SEPTEMB] #BJBF.>.> "9
,SEPTEMB] #BA#BC1 #BJBF  ,PHILADELPHIA
AG4 ,]ROR MESSAGES ON A TELECOM CIRCUIT
PROMPT$ ,L#C;,H>RIS TO %IFT TO A BACKUP
FIB] L9E2 ! RESULT+ \TAGE / SN>L$ ?\S&S
( ,EA/ ,COA/ FLI<TS4.<CITE3 ,REUT]S1
.<8,,U ,,FAA SAYS ]ROR MESSAGES 9
TELECOMMUNICA;NS CIRCUIT PROMPT$ %IFT TO
BACKUP01 #BC ,SEPTEMB] #BJBF.>.> "9
,NOVEMB] #AC1 #BJBF  "EY":4 ,! SAME
FAILURE SIGNATURE1 N[ AT ALL #BB C5T]S
SIMULTANE\SLY3 A 8TELECOMMUNICA;NS
\TAGE10 P] ,,DHS4.<CITE3 ,! ,WA%+TON
,PO/1 .<8,,FAA GR.DS FLI<TS AT ,U4,S4
AIRPORTS01 #AC ,NOVEMB] #BJBF.>.>
,:Y ! R$UNDANCY KEEPS FAIL+
,! RECURR+ !ME ACR ^! EV5TS IS N A S+LE
W1K L9K  X IS DESIGN$ R$UNDANCY T
DOESN'T SURVIVE 3TACT3 TWO FIB] PA?S CUT
9 ! SAME TR5* "<,DALLAS">1 A BACKUP T
DOESN'T TAKE OV] CL1NLY "<,PHILADELPHIA1
,DALLAS">1 MA9T5.E ON A PRIM>Y T EXPOSES
A FRAGILE SECOND>Y "<,SEPTEMB]">4 ,,FAA
(FICIALS H 3C$$ T M* ( ! SY/EM / RUNS ON
DECADES-OLD 9FRA/RUCTURE DEP5D5T ON
EXT]NAL TELECOM PROVID]S1 PAT*$ &
UPGRAD$ B RETA9+ ANALOG-]A
EQUIP;T4.<CITE3 ,A]O,"T1 .<8,DALLAS
,,ATC \TAGE EXPOSES M W1K;SES 9 ,,U
AVIA;N 9FRA/RUCTURE01 ,SEPTEMB]
#BJBF.>.>
,A %>$ BACKB"O IS E6ICI5T EXACTLY UNTIL
X ISN'T4 ,E REGIONAL EV5T S9CE MID-#BJBE
0 A DRESS REHE>SAL3 ! BLA/ RADIUS GR[S
ONLY 2C ! DEP5D5CY IS NA;NAL4 ,A S+LE
BACKB"O FAULT T\*+ ALL #BB C5T]S
PRODUCES ! OBS]V$ SIGNATURE  A
SIMULTANE\S NA;NAL /OP  ) NO ADV]S>Y
REQUIR$4
,:AT X M1NS = ! 9VE/IGA;N
,FRI"D'S EV5T IS UNREM>KABLE 9 "EY?+
EXCEPT SCALE  & SCALE IS :AT A
COMMON-MODE FAILURE LOOKS L :5 X F9ALLY
HAPP5S4 ,! COMPANION ANALYSIS >GU+ ? IS
! MO/ PROBABLE EXPLANA;N IS AT ,:Y ,!
,SKIES ,W5T ,D>K2 ! CASE T ! SAME
SIGNATURE CD 3C1L A DEMON/RA;N ATTACK 
S9CE LIV+-(F-!-L& 9TRU.NS >E BUILT TO
LOOK L FAULTS  IS AT ,*9AS ,F/ ,CYB]
,PE>L ,H>BOR4 ,BO? RE/ ON ! SAME
UNCOM=TABLE TRU? ? >TICLE DOCU;TS3 !
,,FAA _C CURR5TLY TELL ! DI6];E 2T XS [N
DECAY & "S"O ELSE'S "W4
,SEE AL
"9 ,,FAA ,GR.DS ,ALL ,,U ,FLI<TS
,NOVEMB] #AC  HUB COV]AGE "9 ,:AT ,IS
,,,SM>T FAA AI,' ,AIR ,TRA6IC ,SY/EM  !
NEW V>IABLE RID+ ! SAME BACKB"O "9 ,E
,"T ,AM]ICA ,GR.D$ ,E ,FLI<T "9 ,,ALB
,WIKI ,LAUN*ES ,NEWS