.<FIGURE3 ,F]RIS1 ! UN(FICIAL ,RU/
MASCOT4 ,,CC#J PUBLIC DOMA94.>
,RU/ IS A SY/EMS PROGRAMM+ LANGUAGE T
A*IEVES :AT 0 ONCE 3SID]$ A 3TRADIC;N3 !
RAW P]=M.E & H>DW>E 3TROL ( ;,C &
,C"6"61 COMB9$ ) ! MEMORY SAFETY
GU>ANTEES T ^? LANGUAGES H N"E BE5 ABLE
TO PROVIDE4 ,X DOES ? )\T A G>BAGE
COLLECTOR1 )\T A RUN"T1 & )\T REQUIR+ !
PROGRAMM] TO MANUALLY MANAGE MEMORY "?
MALLOC & FREE4 ,9/1D1 ,RU/ 5=CES SAFETY
"? A COMPILE-"T [N]%IP & BORR[+ SY/EM  A
SET ( RULES1 *ECK$ BY ! COMPIL]1 T
PREV5TS 5TIRE CATEGORIES ( BUGS F "E
EXI/+4
,S9CE XS #A4J REL1SE 9 #BJAE1 ,RU/ HAS
BE5 VOT$ ! MO/ ADMIR$ PROGRAMM+ LANGUAGE
9 ! ,/ACK ,OV]FL[ ,DEVELOP] ,SURVEY E
YE> "? #BJBE  AN UNPREC$5T$ /R1K4 ,X HAS
BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,L9UX K]NEL1 ,&ROID1
,W9D[S1 ,CL\DFL>E1 ,4CORD1 ,DROPBOX1
,AMAZON1 ,META1 & ,MICROS(T4 ,X IS1 BY
MO/ M1SURES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT NEW SY/EMS
LANGUAGE TO EM]GE 9 ! #BA/ C5TURY4
,ORIG9S3 A BROK5 ELEVATOR & A /U2ORN
IDEA
,RU/ 2GAN Z A P]SONAL PROJECT BY
,GRAYDON ,HO>E1 A PROGRAMM] AT ,MOZILLA1
9 #BJJF4 ,! ORIG9 /ORY IS FAM\S3 ,HO>E'S
A"P;T BUILD+'S ELEVATOR 0 BROK5  AG 
CRA%$ BY A S(TW>E BUG4 ,HE 2GAN ?9K+ AB
A LANGUAGE T CD PREV5T ! K9DS ( MEMORY
]RORS T PLAGUE SY/EMS S(TW>E1 & />T$
WRIT+ "O4
,! PROJECT 0 A SIDE PROJECT = ?REE YE>S4
,HO>E DESCRIB$ ! E>LY P]IOD Z 8YE>S &
YE>S ( J PUTT]+ >.D 9 CIRCLES1 ! K9D (
SN[BALL-ROLL+ T'S NEC TO G F NO?+ TO
'WELL 44 MAYBE 44'0 ,! BABY ,RU/ (
#BJJF#BJJI _H NO TYPE *ECK]1 G5]AT$
T]RIBLE CODE1 & RAN ON ONLY "O PLAT=M
"<#CB-BIT X#HF">4.<CITE3 ;,G4 ,HO>E1
8#AJ ,YE>S ( ,/ABLE ,RU/3 ,AN
,9FRA/RUCTURE ,/ORY10 ,RU/ ,F.DA;N1 ,MAY
#BJBE  .<RU/F.DA;N4ORG2 SEE AL ;,B4
,&]SON'S ,RU/ "TL9E.>.>
,9 LATE #BJJI1 ,MOZILLA 2CAME 9T]E/$ &
2GAN FUND+ ,HO>E TO "W ON ,RU/ FULL-"T4
,? 0 ! CRITICAL 9FLEC;N PO9T4 ,MOZILLA'S
9VE/;T IMMLY QUADRUPL$ ! T1M1 & !
COMPANY SU/A9$ XS COMMIT;T F #BJJI TO
#BJBJ  OV] A DECADE ( IMPROBABLE
CORPORATE 9VE/;T 9 A PROGRAMM+ LANGUAGE
T _H NO US]S1 NO ECOSY/EM1 & NO C]TA9TY
( SU3ESS4.<CITE3 ;,G4 ,HO>E1 8#AJ ,YE>S
( ,/ABLE ,RU/3 ,AN ,9FRA/RUCTURE ,/ORY10
,RU/ ,F.DA;N1 ,MAY #BJBE 
.<RU/F.DA;N4ORG2 SEE AL ;,B4 ,&]SON'S
,RU/ "TL9E.>.>
,! "N 8,RU/0 COMES F ! RU/ FUNGI 
ORGANISMS T >E ROBU/1 4TRIBUT$1 & GR[ ON
NE>LY ANY?+4 ,HO>E HAS AL NOT$ T ! "N
3TA9S A SUBSEQU;E ( E PRIOR LANGUAGE HE
ADMIR$4
,! L;G ROAD TO #A4J
,! PA? F ,MOZILLA SIDE PROJECT TO /ABLE
LANGUAGE TOOK SIX YE>S ( REL5T.S IT]A;N4
,! LANGUAGE 0 R$ESIGN$ MULTIPLE "TS 
MAJOR F1TURES 7 ADD$1 TRI$1 & REMOV$4 ,!
ORIG9AL ,RU/ _H GRE5 ?R1DS "<L ,G'S
GOR\T9ES">1 A G>BAGE COLLECTOR1
TYPE/ATE1 & A V DI6]5T SYNTAX4 ,ALL 7
REMOV$ 2F #A4J4
,KEY MILE/"OS ON ! ROAD3
- #BJAJ3 ,RU/ ANN\NC$ AT ,MOZILLA
,SUMMIT 9 ,:I/L]4 ,! BOOT/RAP COMPIL] 0
WRITT5 9 ,O,CAML "<@9#CH1JJJ L9ES">4 ,!
LANGUAGE AT ? PO9T 0 B>ELY RECOGNIZABLE
Z ! ,RU/ T EXI/S TD4 - #BJAA3 ,! ,RU/
COMPIL] 2CAME SELF-HO/+  ,RU/ 0 N[
COMPIL$ BY ,RU/4 ,BOOT/RAP BUILDS TOOK
H\RS4 - #BJAB3 ,RU/ #J4A REL1S$4 ,!
REGIONS_/LIFE"TS SY/EM  ! PR$ECESSOR ( !
MOD]N BORR[ *ECK]  0 9TRODUC$4 ,? 0 !
3CEPTUAL BR1K"? T WD DEF9E ! LANGUAGE4 -
#BJAC3 ,GRAYDON ,HO>E /EPP$ BACK F !
PROJECT4 ,BY ? PO9T1 ! COMMUN;Y & !
,MOZILLA T1M 7 ! PRIM>Y DRIV]S4 ,! GRE5
?R1DS RUN"T 0 REMOV$  A DECI.N T 0 PA9;L
B ULTIMATELY CRUCIAL1 Z X ALL[$ ,RU/ TO
2 US$ Z A TRUE SY/EMS LANGUAGE )\T A
M&ATORY RUN"T4 - #BJAD3 ,C>GO 0 REL1S$ 9
ALPHA1 TRANS=M+ ! DEVELOP;T EXP]I;E4 ,!
COMMUN;Y 2GAN TO GR[ RAPIDLY4 - #BJAE1
,MAY #AE3 ,RU/ #A4J REL1S$1 ) A /ABIL;Y
GU>ANTEE3 CODE T COMPILES ON #A4J W
COMPILE ON E FUTURE V].N4 ,! SIX-WEEK
REL1SE TRA9 2GAN4 ,! *URN 0 OV]4
,! #A4J REL1SE 0 A ;BET T ! DESIGN 0 GD
5\<4 ,T5 YE>S LAT]1 ! ;BET PD (F  !
LANGUAGE HAS EVOLV$ SUB/ANTIALLY "?
$I;NS & /ABILIZ$ F1TURES1 B ! CORE
[N]%IP MODEL HAS N"E NE$$ TO 2 R$ESIGN$4
,S]VO3 ! PROV+ GR.D
,AL;GSIDE ,RU/1 ,MOZILLA FUND$ ,S]VO  AN
5TIRE WEB BR[S] 5G9E WRITT5 9 ,RU/1 F
#BJAB ONW>D4 ,S]VO 0 N J A DEMON/RA;N
PROJECT2 X 0 A CRITICAL FE$BACK LOOP4
,WRIT+ A BR[S] 5G9E EX]CISES E CORN] ( A
SY/EMS LANGUAGE3 3CURR5CY1 MEMORY
MANAGE;T1 P]=M.E1 ,,FFI1 UNSAFE CODE1 &
R1L-_W COMPLEX;Y4 ,F1TURES T ,RU/ LACK$
OR GOT WR;G 7 4COV]$ "? ,S]VO1 & !
LANGUAGE 0 ADJU/$ ACLY4.<CITE3 ;,G4
,HO>E1 8#AJ ,YE>S ( ,/ABLE ,RU/3 ,AN
,9FRA/RUCTURE ,/ORY10 ,RU/ ,F.DA;N1 ,MAY
#BJBE  .<RU/F.DA;N4ORG2 SEE AL ;,B4
,&]SON'S ,RU/ "TL9E.>.>
,S]VO'S P>ALLEL LAY\T 5G9E DEMON/RAT$ T
,RU/'S [N]%IP SY/EM CD 5ABLE SAFE
P>ALLELISM 9 PRACTICE  MULTIPLE ?R1DS
PROCESS+ DI6]5T "PS ( A WEB PAGE
SIMULTANE\SLY1 )\T DATA RACES1 )\T LOCKS
ON ! CRITICAL PA?4 ,? 0 ! EXI/;E PRO( T
! !ORY "W$ AT SCALE4
,2F ,RU/3 ! MEMORY SAFETY PROBLEM
,TO "U/& :Y ,RU/ MATT]S1 Y NE$ TO "U/& !
PROBLEM X SOLVES4
;,C 0 DESIGN$ 9 #AIGB4 ,C"6"6 APPE>$ 9
#AIHE4 ,2T !M1 !Y P[] VIRTUALLY ALL
OP]AT+ SY/EMS1 EMB$D$ SY/EMS1 BR[S]S1
DATABASES1 GAME 5G9ES1 & P]=M.E-CRITICAL
9FRA/RUCTURE ON ,E>?4 ,!Y >E FA/ 2C !Y
GIVE ! PROGRAMM] DIRECT 3TROL OV] MEMORY
MALLOC TO ALLOCATE1 FREE TO REL1SE1
PO9T]S TO A3ESS4 ,!Y >E DANG]\S =
EXACTLY ! SAME R1SON4
,! PROGRAMM] IS RESPONSIBLE = GETT+ X
"R4 ,FREE TOO E>LY3 USE-AF-FREE4 ,FREE
TWICE3 D\BLE FREE4 ,=GET TO FREE3 MEMORY
L1K4 ,9DEX PA/ ! 5D ( AN >RAY3 BU6]
OV]FL[4 ,%>E A PO9T] ACR ?R1DS )\T
SYN*RONIZA;N3 DATA RACE4 ,E "O ( ^! IS A
POT5TIAL SECUR;Y VULN]ABIL;Y1 & E "O (
!M HAS BE5 EXPLOIT$ 9 ! WILD  REP1T$LY1
= DECADES4
,MICROS(T 4CLOS$ 9 #BJAI T #GJ.0 ( ALL
SECUR;Y VULN]ABILITIES 9 _! PRODUCTS >E
MEMORY SAFETY ISSUES4.<CITE3 ,MICROS(T
,,MSRC1 .<8,WE NE$ A SAF] SY/EMS
PROGRAMM+ LANGUAGE01 ,JULY #BJAI2 ,,NSA1
8,S(TW>E ,MEMORY ,SAFETY01 ,CYB]SECUR;Y
,9=MA;N ,%EET1 ,NOVEMB] #BJBB.>.>
,GOOGLE PUBLI%$ SIMIL> NUMB]S = ,&ROID &
,*ROME4 ,! ,,U ,NA;NAL ,SECUR;Y ,AG5CY
PUBLI%$ A CYB]SECUR;Y 9=MA;N %EET 9
#BJBB EXPLICITLY RECOMM5D+ T ORGANIZA;NS
TRANSI;N TO MEMORY-SAFE LANGUAGES4 ,!
,:ITE ,H\SE ,(FICE ( ! ,NA;NAL ,CYB]
,DIRECTOR FOLL[$ ) A REPORT 9 #BJBD
CALL+ = ! SAME4
,! ALT]NATIVES  G>BAGE-COLLECT$
LANGUAGES L ,JAVA1 ,G1 ,PY?ON1 & ,C_? 
SOLVE ! MEMORY SAFETY PROBLEM B
SACRIFICE ! L[-LEVEL 3TROL & PR$ICTABLE
P]=M.E T SY/EMS PROGRAMM+ REQUIRES4 ,Y
_C WRITE AN OP]AT+ SY/EM K]NEL 9 ,JAVA4
,Y _C WRITE A R1L-"T AUDIO DRIV] 9
,PY?ON4 ,! GAP 2T 8SAFE B SL[0 & 8FA/ B
DANG]\S0 P]SI/$ = =TY YE>S4
,RU/ CLOSES T GAP4 ,X IS ! F/ LANGUAGE
TO (F] ;,C-LEVEL P]=M.E ) COMPILE-"T
MEMORY SAFETY GU>ANTEES  NO G>BAGE
COLLECTOR1 NO RUN"T OV]H1D1 NO MANUAL
MEMORY MANAGE;T1 & NO 5TIRE CATEGORIES (
BUGS T H CO/ ! 9DU/RY BILLIONS ( DOLL>S
& C.T.S SECUR;Y BR1*ES4
,! TE*NICAL A*IEVE;T IS N T ,RU/ PREV5TS
BUGS  ANY LANGUAGE ) 5 RE/RIC;NS C D T4
,! A*IEVE;T IS T ,RU/ PREV5TS ! BUGS )\T
SACRIFIC+ P]=M.E4 ,A ,RU/ PROGRAM & AN
EQUIVAL5T ;,C PROGRAM1 ON ! SAME H>DW>E1
RUN AT ! SAME SPE$4 ,! SAFETY IS FREE4
,! [N]%IP SY/EM
,RU/'S C5TRAL 9NOVA;N IS XS [N]%IP SY/EM
A SET ( COMPILE-"T RULES T GOV]N H[
MEMORY IS MANAG$4 ,! SY/EM IS *ECK$
5TIRELY BY ! COMPIL] "<SPECIFICALLY1 !
BORR[ *ECK]">1 S X HAS Z]O RUN"T CO/4
,! RULES >E SIMPLE TO /ATE3
#A4 ,EA* VALUE 9 ,RU/ HAS EXACTLY "O
[N]4 #B4 ,"! C 2 ONLY "O [N] AT A "T4
#C4 ,:5 ! [N] GOES \ ( SCOPE1 ! VALUE IS
DROPP$ "<FRE$">4
,^! ?REE RULES1 5=C$ /ATICALLY1 ELIM9ATE
AN 5TIRE CLASS ( BUGS T H PLAGU$ ;,C &
,C"6"6 = FIFTY YE>S3
,BUG CLASS  ,H[ ,RU/ PREV5TS X   ,USE AF
FREE  ,! COMPIL] TRACKS [N]%IP2 ONCE A
VALUE IS MOV$1 ! ORIG9AL "N IS 9VALID  
,D\BLE FREE  ,ONLY "O [N] C DROP A VALUE
,DANGL+ PO9T]S  ,REF];ES _C \TLIVE !
DATA !Y PO9T TO "<LIFE"T *ECK+">   ,DATA
RACES  ,Y C H EI "O MUTABLE REF];E OR
ANY NUMB] ( IMMUTABLE REF];ES  N"E BO?  
,NULL PO9T] D]EF];E  ,RU/ HAS NO NULL2 X
USES ,OP;N@<,T@> 9/1D   ,BU6] OV]FL[ 
,>RAY A3ESS IS B.DS-*ECK$ BY DEFAULT
,BORR[+
,R ?AN COPY+ DATA "EY":1 ,RU/ ALL[S
BORR[+  CR1T+ REF];ES TO DATA )\T TAK+
[N]%IP4 ,! BORR[ *ECK] 5=CES A KEY
9V>IANT3 AT ANY GIV5 "T1 Y C H EI3
- ,"O MUTABLE REF];E "<@&MUT ;,T">1 OR -
,ANY NUMB] ( IMMUTABLE REF];ES "<@&,T">
B N"E BO? SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,? S+LE RULE
PREV5TS DATA RACES AT COMPILE "T1 )\T
LOCKS1 )\T RUN"T *ECKS1 )\T A G>BAGE
COLLECTOR4
FN MA9"<"> _<     LET MUT ;S "7
,/R+33F"<8HELLO0">2     LET R#A "7 @&S2 
_/_/ IMMUTABLE BORR[  ,,OK     LET R#B
"7 @&S2      _/_/ ANO!R IMMUTABLE BORR[ 
,,OK     _/_/ LET R#C "7 @&MUT ;S2 _/_/
,,]ROR3 _C BORR[ Z MUTABLE    
PR9TLN6"<0_<R#A_>1 _<R#B_>0">2 _>
,! BORR[ *ECK] IS ,RU/'S MO/ CELEBRAT$ &
MO/ CURS$ F1TURE4 ,NEW ,RU/ PROGRAMM]S
R\T9ELY DESCRIBE 8FI<T+ ! BORR[ *ECK]0 Z
_! BI7E/ FRU/RA;N4 ,EXP]I;ED ,RU/
PROGRAMM]S REPORT T ONCE !Y 9T]NALIZE !
[N]%IP MODEL1 ! BORR[ *ECK] CAT*ES R1L
BUGS T WD H BE5 SUBTLE1 H>D-TO-REPRODUCE
CRA%ES 9 ;,C OR ,C"6"64 ,! LE>N+ CURVE
IS /EEP2 ! PAY(F IS T AN 5TIRE CATEGORY
( PRODUC;N 9CID5TS SIMPLY _C HAPP54
,LIFE"TS
,:5 A FUNC;N TAKES A REF];E1 ,RU/ NE$S
TO "K H[ L;G T REF];E IS VALID4 ,LIFE"TS
>E ! COMPIL]'S WAY ( TRACK+ ?4 ,9 MO/
CASES1 ! COMPIL] 9F]S LIFE"TS
AUTOMATICALLY "<A PROCESS CALL$ LIFE"T
ELI.N">4 ,:5 X _C1 ! PROGRAMM] ANNOTATES
!M EXPLICITLY3
FN L;GE/@<'A@>"<;X3 @&'A /R1 ;Y3 @&'A
/R"> -@> @&'A /R _<     IF X4L5"<"> @>
Y4L5"<"> _< ;X _> ELSE _< ;Y _> _>
,! 'A SYNTAX M1NS3 8! RETURN$ REF];E
LIVES AT L1/ Z L;G Z BO? 9PUT REF];ES40
,? IS *ECK$ AT COMPILE "T  IF Y TRY TO
USE ! RESULT AF EI 9PUT HAS BE5 DROPP$1
! COMPIL] /OPS Y4
,! LANGUAGE
,RU/ IS A MULTI-P>ADIGM LANGUAGE4 ,X
SUPPORTS IMP]ATIVE PROGRAMM+ ) MUTABLE
/ATE1 FUNC;NAL PROGRAMM+ ) CLOSURES &
IT]ATORS1 G5]IC PROGRAMM+ ) TRAITS1 &
3CURR5T PROGRAMM+ ) *ANNELS1
ASYNC_/AWAIT1 & FE>.S 3CURR5CY
GU>ANTEES4
,:AT X LOOKS L
USE /D33COLLEC;NS33,HA%,MAP2
FN ^W.-C.T"<TEXT3 @&/R"> -@>
,HA%,MAP@<@&/R1 USIZE@> _<     LET MUT
C.TS "7 ,HA%,MAP33NEW"<">2     = ^W 9
TEXT4SPLIT.-:ITESPACE"<"> _<        
"9C.TS45TRY"<^W">4OR.-9S]T"<#J"> "6"7
#A2     _>     C.TS _>
FN MA9"<"> _<     LET TEXT "7 8! QK BR[N
FOX JUMPS OV] ! LAZY DOG ! FOX02     LET
C.TS "7 ^W.-C.T"<TEXT">2     = "<^W1
C.T"> 9 @&C.TS _<        
PR9TLN6"<0_<^W_>3 _<C.T_>0">2     _> _>
,? IS IDIOMATIC ,RU/3 PATT]N MAT*+1
IT]ATORS1 REF];ES1 & ,HA%,MAP  ALL ) Z]O
G>BAGE COLLEC;N & Z]O UNSAFE MEMORY
A3ESS4
,5UMS & PATT]N MAT*+
,RU/'S 5UM TYPE IS F> M P[];L ?AN ,C'S 
EA* V>IANT C C>RY DATA4 ,COMB9$ ) PATT]N
MAT*+1 ? CR1TES A SY/EM ": ! COMPIL]
=CES Y TO H&LE E CASE3
5UM ,%APE _<     ,CIRCLE"<F#FD">1       
_/_/ RADIUS     ,RECTANGLE"<F#FD1
F#FD">1   _/_/ WID?1 HEI<T    
,TRIANGLE"<F#FD1 F#FD1 F#FD">1 _/_/
SIDES _>
FN >EA"<%APE3 @&,%APE"> -@> F#FD _<    
MAT* %APE _<        
,%APE33,CIRCLE"<;R"> "7@>
/D33F#FD333/S33,,PI "9 ;R "9 ;R1        
,%APE33,RECTANGLE"<;W1 ;H"> "7@> ;W "9
;H1         ,%APE33,TRIANGLE"<A1 ;B1
;C"> "7@> _<             LET ;S "7 "<A
"6 ;B "6 ;C"> _/ #B4J2             "<;S
"9 "<;S - A"> "9 "<;S - ;B"> "9 "<;S -
;C">">4SQRT"<">         _>     _> _>
,IF Y ADD A NEW V>IANT TO ,%APE LAT]1 E
MAT* 9 ! PROGRAM T DOESN'T H&LE X W FAIL
TO COMPILE4 ,? IS EXHAU/IVE MAT*+1 & X
ELIM9ATES AN 5TIRE CLASS ( 8=GOT TO H&LE
? CASE0 BUGS4
,]ROR H&L+
,RU/ DOES N H EXCEP;NS4 ,X USES !
,RESULT@<,T1 ,E@> TYPE  AN 5UM T IS EI
,OK"<;,T"> "<SU3ESS"> OR ,]R"<;,E">
"<FAILURE">4 ,! 8 OP]ATOR PROPAGATES
]RORS 3CISELY3
FN R1D.-3FIG"<PA?3 @&/R"> -@>
,RESULT@<,/R+1 /D33IO33,]ROR@> _<    
LET 3T5TS "7
/D33FS33R1D.-TO.-/R+"<PA?">82    
,OK"<3T5TS4TO.-UPP]CASE"<">"> _>
,? =CES ! PROGRAMM] TO AC"KL$GE E
POSSIBLE FAILURE PO9T4 ,Y _C A3ID5TALLY
IGNORE AN ]ROR 9 ,RU/ ! WAY Y C 9 ;,C
"<UN*ECK$ RETURN VALUES"> OR ,C"6"6
"<UNCAU<T EXCEP;NS">4 ,! COMPIL] W N LET
Y4
,TRAITS
,RU/ USES TRAITS 9/1D ( 9H]IT.E4 ,A
TRAIT DEF9ES A SET ( ME?ODS T A TYPE M/
IMPLE;T3
TRAIT ,DRAWABLE _<     FN
DRAW"<@&SELF">2     FN
B.D+.-BOX"<@&SELF"> -@> "<F#FD1 F#FD1
F#FD1 F#FD">2 _>
,TYPES IMPLE;T TRAITS EXPLICITLY  "! IS
NO IMPLICIT 9H]IT.E HI]>*Y1 NO FRAGILE
BASE CLASS PROBLEM1 & NO DIAMOND
9H]IT.E4 ,RU/'S TRAIT SY/EM IS H1VILY
9FLU;ED BY ,HASKELL'S TYPE CLASSES & IS
"O ( ! MO/ EXPRESSIVE G5]IC PROGRAMM+
SY/EMS 9 ANY MA9/R1M LANGUAGE4
,$I;NS
,RU/ USES AN $I;N SY/EM TO EVOLVE !
LANGUAGE )\T BR1K+ EXI/+ CODE4 ,E ?REE
YE>S1 A NEW $I;N IS REL1S$ "<#BJAE1
#BJAH1 #BJBA1 #BJBD">4 ,EA* $I;N C
9TRODUCE NEW KEY^WS1 *ANGE SYNTAX1 &
MODIFY DEFAULTS  B OLD CODE COMPIL$ "U A
PREVI\S $I;N 3T9UES TO "W4 ,DI6]5T
CRATES 9 ! SAME PROJECT C USE DI6]5T
$I;NS & 9T]OP]ATE S1M.SLY4
,$I;N  ,KEY *ANGES   #BJAE  ,! #A4J
BASEL9E   #BJAH  ,NON-LEXICAL LIFE"TS
"<,,NLL">1 ASYNC_/AWAIT PREP>A;N1 MODULE
SY/EM OV]HAUL1 DYN ,TRAIT SYNTAX   #BJBA
,CLOSURE CAPTURE IMPROVE;TS1
,9TO,IT]ATOR = >RAYS1 4JO9T CAPTURE 9
CLOSURES   #BJBD  G5 BLOCKS1
UNSAFE.-OP.-9.-UNSAFE.-FN L9T ON BY
DEFAULT1 LIFE"T ELI.N 9 IMPL ,TRAIT1
,,RPIT LIFE"T CAPTURE *ANGES ,? $I;N
SY/EM IS UNIQUE AM;G MAJOR PROGRAMM+
LANGUAGES4 ,X ALL[S ,RU/ TO MAKE BR1K+
*ANGES "<L RES]V+ NEW KEY^WS"> :ILE
GU>ANTEE+ T EXI/+ CODE 3T9UES TO COMPILE
9DEF9ITELY4
,! ECOSY/EM
,C>GO
,C>GO IS ,RU/'S BUILD SY/EM & PACKAGE
MANAG]4 ,X H&LES DEP5D5CY RESOLU;N1
COMPILA;N1 TE/+1 B5*M>K+1 DOCU;TA;N
G5]A;N1 & PUBLI%+  9 A S+LE TOOL1 \ ( !
BOX4 ,9 ! #BJBE ,/ACK ,OV]FL[ SURVEY1
,C>GO 0 VOT$ ! MO/ ADMIR$ CL\D DEVELOP;T
& 9FRA/RUCTURE TOOL4.<CITE3 ,/ACK
,OV]FL[1 .<8#BJBE ,DEVELOP] ,SURVEY 
,TE*NOLOGY0.>.>
,A ,C>GO4TOML FILE DESCRIBES ! PROJECT3
.<PACKAGE.> "N "7 8MY-PROJECT0 V].N "7
8#J4A4J0 $I;N "7 8#BJBD0
.<DEP5D5CIES.> S]DE "7 _< V].N "7
8#A4J01 F1TURES "7 .<8D]IVE0.> _> TOKIO
"7 _< V].N "7 8#A01 F1TURES "7
.<8FULL0.> _>
C>GO BUILD1 C>GO TE/1 C>GO RUN1 C>GO DOC
! "WFL[ IS S CL1N T X HAS 2COME ! /&>D
AG/ : O!R LANGUAGE TOOL*A9S >E M1SUR$4
CRATES4IO
CRATES4IO IS ,RU/'S PACKAGE REGI/RY4 ,Z
( #BJBF1 X HO/S OV] #AGJ1JJJ CRATES
"<LIBR>IES">4 ,! REGI/RY ADD$ A CODE
BR[S] 9 #BJBF1 ALL[+ US]S TO 9SPECT !
EXACT FILES T C>GO D[NLOADS  9CLUD+ DI6+
2T V].NS  DIRECTLY ON ! WEB4 ,! ,RU/,SEC
ADVISORY DATABASE IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO CRATE
PAGES1 ) W>N+ BANN]S = UNMA9TA9$
PACKAGES4.<CITE3 CRATES4IO T1M1
.<8CRATES4IO3 DEVELOP;T UPDATE01 ,9SIDE
,RU/ BLOG.>.>
,TE/+1 DOCU;TA;N1 & TOOL+
,RU/'S TOOL*A9 9CLUDES F/-CLASS SUPPORT
= TE/+ "<_?.<TE/.> ATTRIBUTES1 C>GO
TE/">1 DOCU;TA;N "<_/_/_/ DOC COM;TS
R5D]$ Z ,,HTML BY C>GO DOC">1 B5*M>K+
"<C>GO B5*">1 L9T+ "<CLIPPY">1 & =MATT+
"<RU/FMT">4 ,! PHILOSOPHY IS T ^! >E N
AF?"\S  !Y >E "P ( ! LANGUAGE'S DEF9I;N
( :AT A COMPLETE DEVELOP;T 5VIRON;T
LOOKS L4
,CLIPPY1 ,RU/'S (FICIAL L9T TOOL1 3TA9S
OV] #GJJ L9TS = COMMON MI/AKES1 /YLE
VIOLA;NS1 P]=M.E PITFALLS1 & CORRECT;S
ISSUES4 ,RU/FMT 5=CES A CANONICAL CODE
/YLE S T =MATT+ DEBATES  ! OLDE/ & L1/
PRODUCTIVE >GU;T 9 PROGRAMM+  SIMPLY
DON'T HAPP54
,! SIX-WEEK TRA9
,RU/ REL1SES A NEW /ABLE V].N E SIX
WEEKS1 L CLOCK"W4 ,? 8TRA9 MODEL0
"<BORR[$ F ,FIREFOX & ,*ROME"> M1NS T
F1TURES L& 9 NI<TLY1 /ABILIZE 9 2TA1 &
%IP 9 /ABLE ON A PR$ICTABLE S*$ULE4 ,Z (
,OCTOB] #BJBF1 ,RU/ IS AT V].N #A4II4J1
) #A4AJJ4J S*$UL$ = ,NOVEMB] #AB1
#BJBF4.<CITE3 ,RU/ PROJECT1 .<REL1SE
NOTES & ,,REL1SES4MD.>.>
,RU/'S REL1SE S*$ULE HAS BE5 ALM
P]FECTLY 3SI/5T S9CE #A4J4 ,9 OV] #FJJ
WEEKS1 ! ONLY *ANGE 0 A %IFT F ,FRI"D TO
,?URS"D REL1SES />T+ ) V].N #A4C4J4 ,AT
! CURR5T PACE1 ,RU/ #A4AJJJ4J IS S*$UL$
= ,MAY #AA1 #BACJ4
,RU/ 9 ! ,L9UX K]NEL
,! MO/ 3SEQU5TIAL ADOP;N ( ,RU/ 9 !
#BJBJ;S HAS BE5 XS 9TRODUC;N 9TO ! ,L9UX
K]NEL4
,9 ,OCTOB] #BJBB1 ,L9UX #F4A 2CAME ! F/
K]NEL REL1SE TO 9CLUDE ,RU/ SUPPORT
9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,! DECI.N 0 N )\T 3TROV]SY
"S VET]AN K]NEL DEVELOP]S OBJECT$ TO !
9TRODUC;N ( A SECOND LANGUAGE1 & !
DEBATE 2CAME "O ( ! MO/ H1T$ 9 ,L9UX
K]NEL HI/ORY4
,9 ,FEBRU>Y #BJBE1 ,L9US ,TORVALDS
DIRECTLY ADDRESS$ ! 3TROV]SY ON ! K]NEL
MAIL+ LI/1 FIRMLY BACK+ ,RU/'S 9CLU.N3
8,IF Y Z A MA9TA9] FEEL T Y 3TROL :O OR
:AT C USE YR CODE1 ,,,Y >E WR;G,'40
,TORVALDS MADE CLE> T :ILE NO "O 0 =C$
TO WRITE ,RU/1 NO MA9TA9] CD BLOCK O!RS
F WRIT+ ,RU/ CODE T 9T]FAC$ ) _!
SUBSY/EMS4.<CITE3 ;,L4 ,TORVALDS1
.<8,RE3 ,RU/ K]NEL POLICY01 ,,LKML1
,FEBRU>Y #BJ1 #BJBE.>.>
,BY LATE #BJBE1 PRODUC;N ,RU/ DRIV]S 7
2+ M]G$3
,DRIV]  ,SUBSY/EM  ,/ATUS   ,&ROID ,B9D]
,,IPC  ,PRODUC;N2 %IPP$ ON MILLIONS (
DEVICES   ,,ASIX ,,PHY  ,NET"W+  ,F/
8,RU/ REF];E DRIV]0   ,NOVA ,,GPU 
,GRAPHICS "<,,NVIDIA">  ,9 DEVELOP;T  
,TYR ,,GPU  ,GRAPHICS  ,9 DEVELOP;T  
,,DRM ,PANIC ,,QR  ,GRAPHICS  ,M]G$  
,,AMCC ,,QT#BJBE ,,PHY  ,NET"W+  ,M]G$
,GOOGLE ANN\NC$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #BJBE3
8,&ROID'S #F4AB ,L9UX K]NEL IS \R F/
K]NEL ) ,RU/ SUPPORT 5ABL$ & \R F/
PRODUC;N ,RU/ DRIV]0  M1N+ MILLIONS (
,&ROID DEVICES >E N[ RUNN+ ,RU/ CODE 9 !
K]NEL4.<CITE3 ,GOOGLE ,SECUR;Y ,BLOG1
.<8,RU/ 9 ,&ROID3 MOVE FA/ & FIX ?+S01
,NOVEMB] #AC1 #BJBE.>.>
,! ,DEBIAN K]NEL T1M 5ABL$ ,RU/ SUPPORT
9 #BJBE1 MAK+ X AVAILABLE 9 ! NEXT
,DEBIAN ,/ABLE REL1SE4 ,! TRAJECTORY IS
CLE>3 ,RU/ IS 2COM+ A P]MAN5T "P ( !
K]NEL1 N AN EXP]I;T4
8,! BI7E/ *ANGE IS OBVI\SLY ! *OICE (
PROGRAMM+ LANGUAGE4 ,WE DECID$ TO USE
,RU/ 2C X DIRECTLY ADDRESSES A NUMB] ( !
*ALL5GES )9 ,B9D] T WE H FAC$ DUR+ ! LA/
YE>S4 ,X PREV5TS MI/AKES ) REF C.T+1
LOCK+1 B.DS *ECK+1 & AL DOES A LOT TO
R$UCE ! COMPLEX;Y ( ]ROR H&L+40  ,&ROID
,B9D] DRIV] COMMIT MESSAGE
,": ,RU/ IS US$
,RU/ HAS MOV$ F> 2Y XS ,MOZILLA ORIG9S4
,A "PIAL LI/ ( MAJOR ADOPT]S3
,OP]AT+ SY/EMS & 9FRA/RUCTURE
- ,L9UX K]NEL  ,RU/ DRIV]S 9 PRODUC;N
"<,&ROID1 ,,NVIDIA1 NET"W ,,PHY"> -
,&ROID  ,RU/ IS A F/-CLASS DEVELOP;T
LANGUAGE2 ! ,BLUETOO? /ACK1 ,,DNS
RESOLV]1 & ,,UWB /ACK >E ALL ,RU/ -
,W9D[S  ,MICROS(T HAS BE5 REWRIT+ CORE
,W9D[S COMPON5TS 9 ,RU/2 ! COMPANY
DESCRIB$ ,RU/ Z ! 8BE/ *.E0 AT ADDRESS+
MEMORY SAFETY 9 SY/EMS CODE - ,CL\DFL>E 
,! ,P+ORA ,,HTTP PROXY "<REPLAC+
,,NG9X"> H&LES OV] A TRILLION REQUE/S P]
"D - ,,AWS  ,FIRECRACK] "<! MICRO,V,M 2H
,LAMBDA & ,F>GATE"> IS WRITT5 9 ,RU/
,APPLICA;NS & S]VICES
- ,4CORD  ,REWROTE _! ,G-BAS$ ,R1D
,/ATES S]VICE 9 ,RU/2 LAT5CY DROPP$ F
#HJMS P#II TO "U #AJMS - ,DROPBOX  ,CORE
FILE SYNC 5G9E REWRITT5 9 ,RU/ -
#A,PASS^W  ,! CR$5TIAL MANAG]'S CORE IS
,RU/ - ,FIGMA  ,! MULTIPLAY] SYNC+ 5G9E
- ,V]CEL_/,TURBOPACK  ,NEXT4JS BUNDL]
SU3ESSOR1 WRITT5 9 ,RU/ - RIPGREP  ,!
REGEX SE>* TOOL FA/] ?AN GREP1 ;AG1 &
ACK2 US$ Z A LIBR>Y 9 ,,VS ,CODE'S SE>*
,WEB & TOOL+
- ,D5O  ,! ,JAVA,SCRIPT_/,TYPE,SCRIPT
RUN"T "<F ,NODE4JS CR1TOR ,RYAN ,DAHL">1
BUILT 9 ,RU/ - ,,SWC 
,JAVA,SCRIPT_/,TYPE,SCRIPT COMPIL]1
#BJ-#GJ;X FA/] ?AN ,BABEL - ,BIOME 
,L9T] & =MATT] REPLAC+ ,E,S,L9T "6
,PRETTI]1 WRITT5 9 ,RU/ - UV  ,PY?ON
PACKAGE MANAG]1 VOT$ MO/ ADMIR$ ,/ACK
,OV]FL[ TAG TE*NOLOGY 9 #BJBE1 BUILT 9
,RU/ - ,/>%IP  ,CROSS-%ELL PROMPT1
WRITT5 9 ,RU/ - BAT1 FD1 EXA_/EZA1
ZOXIDE1 DELTA  MOD]N REPLACE;TS =
CLASSIC ,UNIX TOOLS1 ALL ,RU/
,EMB$D$ & R1L-"T
,RU/ HAS A GR[+ EMB$D$ SY/EMS COMMUN;Y4
,! _?6.<NO.-/D.> ATTRIBUTE ALL[S
PROGRAMS TO RUN )\T ,RU/'S /&>D LIBR>Y 
ON B>E METAL1 ON MICROCONTROLL]S1 ON
SY/EMS ) NO OP]AT+ SY/EM AT ALL4 ,!
,EMBASSY PROJECT PROVIDES AN ASYNC RUN"T
= EMB$D$ ,RU/1 & ! ,,ESP-,,RS PROJECT
PROVIDES F/-CLASS SUPPORT = ,ESPRESSIF
MICROCONTROLL]S "<,,ESP#CB FAMILY">4
,F]ROC5E1 A QUALIFI$ ,RU/ COMPIL]1 HAS
BE5 C]TIFI$ = USE 9 SAFETY-CRITICAL
AUTOMOTIVE & 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS "U ,,ISO
#BFBFB & ,,IEC #FAEJH4
,GAME DEVELOP;T
,:ILE ,C"6"6 REMA9S ! DOM9ANT LANGUAGE 9
GAME DEVELOP;T1 ,RU/ HAS GA9$ TRAC;N "?
PROJECTS L ,BEVY "<A DATA-DRIV5 ,,ECS
GAME 5G9E">1 WGPU "<A CROSS-PLAT=M
GRAPHICS AB/RAC;N OV]
,VULKAN_/,METAL_/,,DX#AB_/,WEB,G,P,U">1
& ,VELOR5 "<AN OP5-_W MULTIPLAY] ,,RPG
WRITT5 5TIRELY 9 ,RU/">4 ,! ,RU/
COMMUN;Y'S GAME DEVELOP;T ECOSY/EM IS /
"Y COMP>$ TO ,C"6"6'S DECADES (
MIDDLEW>E & TOOL+1 B X IS GR[+ RAPIDLY4
,CRYPTOGRAPHY & SECUR;Y
- RU/LS  ,A ,,TLS IMPLE;TA;N ) NO ;,C
DEP5D5CIES & Z]O ,C,V,ES S9CE 9CEP;N -
,LET'S ,5CRYPT _/ ,,ISRG  ,! ,PROSSIMO
PROJECT IS FUND+ MEMORY-SAFE REPLACE;TS
= CRITICAL ,9T]NET 9FRA/RUCTURE 9 ,RU/
"<9CLUD+ SUDO1 ,,NTP1 & ! ,L9UX K]NEL'S
,,TLS /ACK"> - ,SIGNAL  ,"PS ( ! MESSAG+
APP'S CRYPTOGRAPHIC CORE
,UNSAFE ,RU/
,RU/'S SAFETY GU>ANTEES H AN ESCAPE
HAT*3 UNSAFE BLOCKS4 ,9SIDE AN UNSAFE
BLOCK1 ! PROGRAMM] C3
- ,D]EF];E RAW PO9T]S - ,CALL UNSAFE
FUNC;NS "<9CLUD+ ;,C ,,FFI"> - ,A3ESS
MUTABLE /ATIC V>IABLES - ,IMPLE;T UNSAFE
TRAITS
,! KEY 9SI<T IS T UNSAFE DOES N TURN (F
! BORR[ *ECK]  X ONLY P]MITS A SMALL SET
( ADDI;NAL OP]A;NS4 ,! RE/ ( ,RU/'S
SAFETY GU>ANTEES REMA9 9 E6ECT4 ,&
CRITICALLY1 UNSAFE IS VISIBLE  X M>KS
EXACTLY ! SPOTS 9 A CODEBASE ": !
COMPIL] _C V]IFY SAFETY1 ALL[+ CODE
REVIEW & AUDIT+ TO FOCUS ON ^? SEC;NS4
,! ,RU/ /&>D LIBR>Y XF USES .*UNSAFE.*
9T]NALLY  Y _C IMPLE;T A D\BLY-L9K$ LI/1
A HA% MAP1 OR A MEMORY ALLOCATOR 9
PURELY SAFE ,RU/4 ,! DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
IS3 5CAPSULATE .*UNSAFE.* 9 A WELL-TE/$1
WELL-REVIEW$ MODULE & EXPOSE A SAFE
,,API4 ,! /&>D LIBR>Y'S .*,VEC.*1
.*,HA%,MAP.*1 .*,/R+.*1 & O!R TYPES >E
ALL UNSAFE 9SIDE & SAFE \TSIDE4
,ASYNC ,RU/
,RU/'S ASYNC SY/EM IS BUILT >.D FUTURES 
LAZY COMPUTA;NS T ONLY RUN :5 POLL$4
,UNLIKE ,G'S GOR\T9ES "<: USE A BUILT-9
RUN"T"> OR ,JAVA,SCRIPT'S PROMISES "<:
USE ! EV5T LOOP">1 ,RU/'S ASYNC IS
RUN"T-AGNO/IC4 ,! LANGUAGE PROVIDES !
ASYNC_/AWAIT SYNTAX2 ! RUN"T "<S*$UL]1
,I_/,O1 "TRS"> IS PROVID$ BY A LIBR>Y4
,TOKIO IS ! DOM9ANT ASYNC RUN"T1 P[]+ !
MAJOR;Y ( ,RU/'S NET"W+ ECOSY/EM4 ,X
PROVIDES A MULTI-?R1D$1 "W-/1L+ S*$UL]1
AN ,I_/,O DRIV] BUILT ON
EPOLL_/KQUEUE_/,,IOCP1 & AN EXT5SIVE SET
( ASYNC PRIMITIVES4
USE TOKIO33NET33,TCP,LI/5]2
_?.<TOKIO33MA9.> ASYNC FN MA9"<"> -@>
,RESULT@<"<">1 ,BOX@<DYN
/D33]ROR33,]ROR@>@> _<     LET LI/5] "7
,TCP,LI/5]33B9D"<8#ABG4J4J4A3#HJHJ0">4AWAIT82
LOOP _<         LET "<SOCKET1 ADDR"> "7
LI/5]4A3EPT"<">4AWAIT82        
TOKIO33SPAWN"<ASYNC MOVE _<            
PR9TLN6"<8,3NEC;N F _<ADDR_>0">2        
_/_/ H&LE SOCKET444         _>">2     _>
_>
,! Z]O-CO/ AB/RAC;N PR9CIPLE APPLIES3 AN
ASYNC FN COMPILES TO A /ATE MA*9E ) NO
H1P ALLOCA;N = ! FUTURE XF4 ,! G5]AT$
CODE IS COMPETITIVE ) H&-WRITT5 EV5T
LOOPS4
,! COMMUN;Y
,RU/'S GOV]N.E EVOLV$ F A
,MOZILLA-9T]NAL PROJECT TO A
COMMUN;Y-GOV]N$ ECOSY/EM3
- #BJJI#BJBJ3 ,MOZILLA ,RESE>* FUND$
DEVELOP;T - #BJBJ3 ,MOZILLA'S P&EMIC-]A
LAY(FS CUT ! ,S]VO T1M & S"EAL ,RU/
3TRIBUTORS1 CR1T+ A GOV]N.E CRISIS -
#BJBA3 ,! ,RU/ ,F.DA;N 0 E/ABLI%$ "<F.D+
MEMB]S3 ,,AWS1 ,GOOGLE1 ,HUAWEI1
,MICROS(T1 ,MOZILLA"> TO /EW>D !
LANGUAGE'S TRADEM>KS1 9FRA/RUCTURE1 &
FUND+ - #BJBC3 ,A ,L1D]%IP ,C\NCIL
REPLAC$ ! PREVI\S ,CORE ,T1M1 ) ELECT$
REPRES5TATIVES F EA* TOP-LEVEL T1M
,! COMMUN;Y IS FAM\SLY WELCOM+  ! ,RU/
,CODE ( ,3DUCT 0 "O ( ! E>LIE/ 9 OP5
S\RCE  & ! ,,RFC "<,REQUE/ = ,COM;TS">
PROCESS 5SURES T MAJOR LANGUAGE *ANGES
>E PUBLICLY DEBAT$ 2F IMPLE;TA;N4
,F]RIS ! CRAB1 ! UN(FICIAL MASCOT1 HAS
2COME "O ( ! MO/ RECOGNIZABLE SYMBOLS 9
PROGRAMM+4 ,! "N IS A PLAY ON 8F]R\S0
"<RELAT+ TO IRON  : RU/S">4 ,F]RIS IS
,,CC#J PUBLIC DOMA94
,:AT ,RU/ GETS WR;G  ! H"O/ CRITIQUE
,NO LANGUAGE >TICLE ON ? WIKI WD 2 H"O/
)\T AC"KL$G+ ! CO/S4
,! LE>N+ CURVE IS R1L4 ,RU/ IS H>D] TO
LE>N ?AN ALM ANY MA9/R1M LANGUAGE4 ,!
[N]%IP SY/EM1 LIFE"TS1 TRAITS1 G5]ICS1
MACROS1 & ASYNC MA*9]Y =M A /EEP WALL (
3CEPTS T A NEW PROGRAMM] M/ 9T]NALIZE 2F
!Y C 2 PRODUCTIVE4 ,! BORR[ *ECK] W
REJECT PROGRAMS T ! PROGRAMM] "KS >E
CORRECT  2C ! COMPIL] _C PROVE !Y >E
CORRECT )9 XS ANALYSIS FRAME"W4 ,? IS A
FUNDA;TAL 3SEQU;E ( ! S.D-&-9COMPLETE
DESIGN3 ! *ECK] N"E A3EPTS UNSAFE CODE1
B X "S"TS REJECTS SAFE CODE4
,COMPILE "TS >E SL[4 ,RU/'S
MONOMORPHIZA;N "<G5]AT+ SEP>ATE CODE =
EA* 3CRETE 9/ANTIA;N ( A G5]IC FUNC;N">1
DEEP TYPE 9F];E1 BORR[ *ECK+1 &
,,LLVM-BAS$ CODE G5]A;N COMB9E TO
PRODUCE COMPILE "TS T >E SIGNIFICANTLY
SL[] ?AN ;,C1 ,G1 OR ,ZIG4 ,! ,RU/ T1M
HAS MADE /1DY PROGRESS  9CRE;TAL
COMPILA;N1 P>ALLEL FRONT5D "W1 CRANELIFT
Z AN ALT]NATIVE BACK5D  B L>GE PROJECTS
/ M1SURE COMPILE "TS 9 M9UTES4
,ASYNC ,RU/ IS COMPLEX4 ,! DECI.N TO
MAKE ASYNC RUN"T-AGNO/IC M1NS "! IS NO
8/&>D0 ASYNC RUN"T4 ,TOKIO DOM9ATES1 B
XS ECOSY/EM ( TRAITS1 P9N+1 ,S5D_/,SYNC
B.DS1 & RUN"T-SPECIFIC ,A,P,IS CR1TES A
SECOND>Y LE>N+ CURVE ON TOP ( ! LANGUAGE
XF4 ,! PHRASE 8ASYNC ,RU/ IS A DI6]5T
LANGUAGE0 IS ONLY A SLI<T EXA7]A;N4
,! SYNTAX IS D5SE4 ,ANGLE BRACKETS1
TURB(I% "<33@<@>">1 LIFE"T ANNOTA;NS1
TRAIT B.DS1 ": CLAUSES1 & MACRO 9VOCA;NS
C MAKE ,RU/ CODE VISUALLY 9TIMIDAT+4 ,?
IS A 3SCI\S TRADE-(F  ,RU/ SURFACES
COMPLEX;Y T O!R LANGUAGES HIDE  B X M1NS
T R1D+ UNFAMILI> ,RU/ CODE REQUIRES
SIGNIFICANT EXP]TISE4
,UNSAFE IS NEC4 ,DESPITE ! SAFETY /ORY1
R1L-_W ,RU/ PROJECTS USE UNSAFE M ?AN !
M>KET+ SU7E/S4 ,,FFI ) ;,C LIBR>IES1
P]=M.E-CRITICAL 9N] LOOPS1 & FUNDA;TAL
DATA /RUCTURES ALL REQUIRE UNSAFE4 ,!
SAFETY GU>ANTEE IS T UNSAFE IS B.D$ &
VISIBLE1 N T X IS ABS5T4
,^! >E R1L CO/S1 & !Y >E :Y ,RU/ HAS N
REPLAC$ ;,C & ,C"6"6  & PROBABLY N"E W
5TIRELY4 ,! >GU;T = ,RU/ IS N T X IS
EASY1 B T ! BUGS X PREV5TS >E EXP5SIVE 5
TO JU/IFY ! 9VE/;T4
,! V].N HI/ORY
,V].N  ,DATE  ,L&M>K   ,PRE-HI/ORY 
#BJJF#BJJI  ,GRAYDON ,HO>E'S P]SONAL
PROJECT2 ,O,CAML BOOT/RAP COMPIL]   #J4A
,JANU>Y #BJAB  ,F/ NUMB]$ REL1SE   #J4D 
,OCTOB] #BJAB  ,REGIONS_/LIFE"TS
9TRODUC$   #J4F  ,APRIL #BJAC  D SYNTAX
REMOV$2 BORR[ *ECK] OV]HAUL$   #J4H 
,SEPTEMB] #BJAC  ,GRAYDON ,HO>E /EPS
BACK F ! PROJECT   #A4J  #AE ,MAY #BJAE 
,/ABLE REL1SE2 /ABIL;Y GU>ANTEE 2G9S  
#A4AE  ,FEBRU>Y #BJAG  ,PROC$URAL MACROS
"<CU/OM D]IVE"> /ABILIZ$   #A4CA 
,DECEMB] #BJAH  ,$I;N #BJAH2 NON-LEXICAL
LIFE"TS2 ASYNC_/AWAIT GR.D"W   #A4CI 
,NOVEMB] #BJAI  ASYNC_/AWAIT /ABILIZ$  
#A4EF  ,OCTOB] #BJBA  ,$I;N #BJBA  
#A4HE  ,FEBRU>Y #BJBE  ,$I;N #BJBD  
#A4II  #A ,OCTOB] #BJBF  ,LATE/ /ABLE2
EXT]N 8;,C0 V>IADICS "<,VA,LI/">1
,VEC,DEQUE33RETA9.-BACK
,! ELEVATOR PIT*  & ! R1L PIT*
,! ELEVATOR PIT* IS MEMORY SAFETY )\T
G>BAGE COLLEC;N4 ,! R1L PIT* IS BROAD]3
,RU/ LETS Y WRITE S(TW>E T IS CORRECT BY
3/RUC;N 9 WAYS T 7 PREVI\SLY IMPOSSIBLE
)\T 5ORM\S TE/+ EF=T OR =MAL V]IFICA;N4
,! BORR[ *ECK] CAT*ES DATA RACES1
USE-AF-FREE1 NULL D]EF];ES1 & BU6]
OV]FL[S AT COMPILE "T4 ,! TYPE SY/EM
CAT*ES MISS$ ]ROR CASES1 UNH&L$ 5UM
V>IANTS1 & TYPE 3FU.N4 ,! RESULT IS
S(TW>E T1 :5 X COMPILES1 HAS A REM>KABLE
T5D5CY TO SIMPLY "W4
,? DOES N M1N ,RU/ PROGRAMS >E BUG-FREE 
BUSI;S LOGIC ]RORS1 ALGORI?MIC MI/AKES1
& DESIGN FLAWS >E / ! PROGRAMM]'S
PROBLEM4 ,B ! CATEGORIES ( BUGS T H
CAUS$ ! MAJOR;Y ( ,C,V,ES 9 ;,C & ,C"6"6
CODEBASES = DECADES  ,MICROS(T E/IMAT$ T
#GJ.0 ( XS SECUR;Y VULN]ABILITIES >E
MEMORY SAFETY ISSUES  >E /RUCTURALLY
ELIM9AT$4
,MICROS(T1 ,GOOGLE1 & ! ,,NSA H ALL
9DEP5D5TLY RECOMM5D$ ,RU/ "<OR
MEMORY-SAFE LANGUAGES G5]ALLY"> = NEW
SY/EMS DEVELOP;T4 ,9 #BJBB1 ! ,,U
,NA;NAL ,SECUR;Y ,AG5CY PUBLI%$ A
CYB]SECUR;Y 9=MA;N %EET EXPLICITLY
RECOMM5D+ ORGANIZA;NS TRANSI;N TO
MEMORY-SAFE LANGUAGES4 ,GOOGLE'S 9T]NAL
DATA %[S T ,RU/ CODE HAS PRODUC$ Z]O
MEMORY SAFETY VULN]ABILITIES 9 ,&ROID
COMPON5TS WRITT5 9 X1 COMP>$ TO A /1DY
/R1M 9 ,C_/,C"6"6 COMPON5TS4
,RU/'S 9FLU;E ON O!R LANGUAGES
,RU/'S SU3ESS HAS RE%AP$ ! 3V]SA;N >.D
MEMORY SAFETY ACR ! 9DU/RY4 ,S"EAL
LANGUAGES H ADOPT$ OR >E EXPLOR+
[N]%IP-9SPIR$ F1TURES3
- ,SWIFT ADOPT$ MOVE-ONLY TYPES & [N]%IP
ANNOTA;NS "</>T+ ) ,SWIFT #E4I_/#F4J">1
EXPLICITLY CIT+ ,RU/ Z AN 9FLU;E4 -
,C"6"6 HAS EXPLOR$ V>I\S LIFE"T & BORR[
*ECK+ PROPOSALS "<9CLUD+ ! 8PR(ILES0
"W">1 ?\< N"O H BE5 A3EPT$ 9TO ! /&>D4 -
,C>BON "<,GOOGLE'S ,C"6"6 SU3ESSOR
EXP]I;T"> 9CORPORATES [N]%IP SEMANTICS4
- ,VALE1 ,MOJO1 ,HYLO1 & ,AU/RAL >E NEW]
LANGUAGES T EXPLICITLY BUILD ON ,RU/'S
[N]%IP MODEL4 - ,ZIG TAKES A DI6]5T
APPROA* TO ! SAME PROBLEM  MANUAL MEMORY
MANAGE;T ) SAFETY-ORI5T$ TOOL+  & IS (T5
4CUSS$ AL;GSIDE ,RU/ Z AN ALT]NATIVE4
,! BROAD] E6ECT IS CULTURAL3
8MEMORY-SAFE LANGUAGE0 HAS 2COME A /&>D
REQUIRE;T 9 GOV]N;T & 5T]PRISE
PROCURE;T1 & ,RU/ IS ! R1SON T PHRASE
5T]$ ! 3V]SA;N4
,RU/ & ,,ALB
,! ,ADA,LOGIC ,,BASIC PROJECT MA9TA9S
,RU/ 9 XS ECOSY/EM4 ,! WIKI'S NEWS SEC;N
COV]$ ! #A4II4J REL1SE 9 DETAIL 9 ,RU/
#A4II ,LETS ,Y ,WRITE PR9TF 9 ,RU/1 & !
,,ALB D[NLOAD 4TRIBU;N 9CLUDES ,RU/
#A4II4J 9/ALL]S = ,W9D[S "<#CB-BIT &
#FD-BIT"> & ,L9UX4 ,RU/'S SAFETY
PHILOSOPHY  PROV+ CORRECT;S AT COMPILE
"T R ?AN 4COV]+ BUGS AT RUN"T  RESONATES
) ,,ALB'S [N DESIGN GOALS >.D TYP$1
SAFE1 COMPIL$ CODE4
,SEE AL
- ,RU/ #A4II ,LETS ,Y ,WRITE PR9TF 9
,RU/  ! LATE/ ,RU/ REL1SE - ,HI/ORY (
,PROGRAMM+ - ,,=TRAN  ,,COBOL  ,,LISP 
,,ALGOL - ,HI/ORY ( ,,AI  ,RU/'S ROLE 9
,,AI 9FRA/RUCTURE "<DATA PIPEL9ES1 ,,ML
TOOL+1 9F];E S]V]S"> - ,ADA,LOGIC
,,BASIC  A MOD]N LANGUAGE C>RY+
,,BASIC'S A3ESSIBIL;Y ) COMPIL$ SAFETY