,PATHOGEN SPILLOVER THE MOVEMENT OF BEE DISEASES FROM DENSE MANAGED HIVES INTO WILD POLLINATORS IS THE CLEAREST OF THE HONEY BEE'S ECOLOGICAL HARMS1 BECAUSE IT CAN BE MEASURED IN THE FIELD4 ,A MANAGED COLONY IS A DISEASE AMPLIFIER3 TENS OF THOUSANDS OF RELATED INDIVIDUALS IN CLOSE QUARTERS1 STRESSED BY TRANSPORT1 CARRYING VARROA MITES THAT ACT AS BOTH SYRINGE AND SELECTION PRESSURE FOR VIRULENT VIRUSES4 ,WHEN THOSE BEES FORAGE1 THEY LEAVE PATHOGENS BEHIND ON FLOWERS AND THE WILD BEES THAT VISIT NEXT PICK THEM UP4 ,THE FLOWER AS A DOORKNOB ,THE TRANSMISSION ROUTE IS NOT EXOTIC4 ,FORAGING BEES DEFECATE1 REGURGITATE1 AND GROOM ON AND AROUND BLOSSOMS2 ,,RNA VIRUSES AND MICROSPORIDIANS PERSIST IN NECTAR1 POLLEN1 AND FECES ON PETALS4 ,GRAYSTOCK AND COLLEAGUES DEMONSTRATED THE MECHANISM DIRECTLY FLOWERS NEAR MANAGED APIARIES CARRIED HONEY BEE PATHOGENS1 AND FLOWERS EXPERIMENTALLY CONTAMINATED WITH HIVE MATERIAL SICKENED BUMBLEBEES THAT FORAGED ON THEM4 ,THE SHARED FLOWER IS1 FUNCTIONALLY1 A DOORKNOB EVERY BEE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD TOUCHES4 ,WHAT CROSSES OVER ,DEFORMED WING VIRUS "<,,DWV"> THE FLAGSHIP CASE4 ;,FRST ET AL4'S #BJAD ,NATURE STUDY FOUND ,,DWV AND BLACK QUEEN CELL VIRUS CIRCULATING JOINTLY IN ,BRITISH HONEY BEES AND"9 BUMBLEBEES THE SAME STRAINS1 IN THE SAME PLACES1 WITH PREVALENCE HIGHEST NEAR APIARIES4 ,IN HONEY BEES1 ,,DWV'S VIRULENCE IS AMPLIFIED BY VARROA'S DIRECT INJECTION2 IN WILD BUMBLEBEES IT ARRIVES UNINVITED THROUGH FLOWERS4 ,NOSEMA CERANAE A MICROSPORIDIAN GUT PARASITE THAT HOST-JUMPED FROM THE ,ASIAN HONEY BEE ,APIS CERANAE INTO ,A4 MELLIFERA"9 AND NOW APPEARS IN WILD BUMBLEBEES NEAR MANAGED OPERATIONS4 "9 ,OTHER ,,RNA VIRUSES ,LAKE ,SINAI VIRUSES1 ,,IAPV1 ,,CBPV AND RELATIVES CIRCULATE IN THE MANAGED POOL AND HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN WILD BEES1 THOUGH THEIR WILD-HOST PATHOLOGY IS LESS CHARACTERIZED4 ,THE MANAGED-BUMBLEBEE MIRROR ,THE CRITIQUE CUTS BOTH WAYS1 AND HONEST COVERAGE SAYS SO3 COMMERCIALLY REARED BUMBLEBEES SHIPPED FOR GREENHOUSE POLLINATION CARRY THE SAME DISEASE-AMPLIFIER PROBLEM AND HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN ,NOSEMA AND VIRUS SPREAD TO WILD ,BOMBUS INCLUDING AS A SUSPECT IN THE RUSTY PATCHED BUMBLEBEE'S COLLAPSE4 ,THE PROBLEM IS NOT THE SPECIES ,APIS MELLIFERA AS SUCH2 IT IS DENSE1 TRANSPORTED1 STRESSED LIVESTOCK OF ANY BEE SPECIES PARKED NEXT TO WILD POPULATIONS4 ,HONEY BEES ARE SIMPLY THE BIGGEST SUCH LIVESTOCK BY SEVERAL ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE4 ,WHAT IT MEANS ,SPILLOVER RE-FRAMES THE 8HEALTHY HIVE0 METRIC4 ,A BEEKEEPER'S SUCCESS CRITERION A COLONY THAT SURVIVES WINTER IS NOT AN ECOSYSTEM CRITERION3 A COLONY THAT LIVES WITH A HEAVY VIRAL LOAD AT A MITE THRESHOLD IS STILL EXPORTING VIRUS TO EVERY FLOWER IN ITS FLIGHT RADIUS4 ,MANAGING FOR VARROA IS THUS ALSO MANAGING FOR THE NEIGHBORHOOD1 WHICH IS ONE REASON THE VARROA DESTRUCTOR STORY MATTERS FAR BEYOND THE APIARY4 ,REFERENCES - ;,FRST ET AL4 8,DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN HONEYBEES AND BUMBLEBEES10 ,NATURE "<#BJAD"> - ,GRAYSTOCK ET AL4 FLOWER-MEDIATED TRANSMISSION STUDIES "<#BJAE#AF"> - ,MARTIN ET AL4 VARROA SELECTING VIRULENT ,,DWV1 ,SCIENCE "<#BJAB"> - ,COLLA _/ ,CAMERON COMMERCIAL BUMBLEBEES AND WILD-,BOMBUS DECLINES ,SEE ALSO "9 ,VARROA DESTRUCTOR THE AMPLIFIER INSIDE THE HIVE "9 ,HONEY BEE COMPETITION WITH NATIVE POLLINATORS THE RESOURCE HALF OF THE PROBLEM "9 ,NATIVE BEES OF ,NORTH ,AMERICA THE RECIPIENTS "9 ,HONEY BEES IN ,NORTH ,AMERICA ,SAVE THE BEES