,PA?OG5 SPILLOV]  ! MOVE;T ( BEE 41SES F
D5SE MANAG$ HIVES 9TO WILD POLL9ATORS 
IS ! CLE>E/ ( ! H"OY BEE'S ECOLOGICAL
H>MS1 2C X C 2 M1SUR$ 9 ! FIELD4 ,A
MANAG$ COLONY IS A 41SE AMPLIFI]3 T5S (
?\S&S ( RELAT$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 CLOSE
QU>T]S1 /RESS$ BY TRANSPORT1 C>RY+ V>ROA
MITES T ACT Z BO? SYR+E & SELEC;N
PRESSURE = VIRUL5T VIRUSES4 ,:5 ^? BEES
=AGE1 !Y L1VE PA?OG5S 2H ON FL[]S  & !
WILD BEES T VISIT NEXT PICK !M UP4
,! FL[] Z A DOORKNOB
,! TRANSMIS.N R\TE IS N EXOTIC4 ,=AG+
BEES DEFECATE1 REGURGITATE1 & GROOM ON &
>.D BLOSSOMS2 ,,RNA VIRUSES &
MICROSPORIDIANS P]SI/ 9 NECT>1 POLL51 &
FECES ON PETALS4 ,GRAY/OCK & COLL1GUES
DEMON/RAT$ ! ME*ANISM DIRECTLY  FL[]S
NE> MANAG$ API>IES C>RI$ H"OY BEE
PA?OG5S1 & FL[]S EXP]I;TALLY 3TAM9AT$ )
HIVE MAT]IAL SICK5$ BUMBLEBEES T =AG$ ON
!M4 ,! %>$ FL[] IS1 FUNC;NALLY1 A
DOORKNOB E BEE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD T\*ES4
,:AT CROSSES OV]
,DE=M$ W+ VIRUS "<,,DWV">  ! FLAG%IP
CASE4 ;,FR/ ET ;AL4'S #BJAD ,NATURE /UDY
F.D ,,DWV & BLACK QUE5 CELL VIRUS
CIRCULAT+ JO9TLY 9 ,BRITI% H"OY BEES &"9
BUMBLEBEES  ! SAME /RA9S1 9 ! SAME
PLACES1 ) PREVAL;E HI<E/ NE> API>IES4 ,9
H"OY BEES1 ,,DWV'S VIRUL;E IS AMPLIFI$
BY V>ROA'S DIRECT 9JEC;N2 9 WILD
BUMBLEBEES X >RIVES UN9VIT$ "? FL[]S4 
,NOSEMA C]ANAE  A MICROSPORIDIAN GUT
P>ASITE T HO/-JUMP$ F ! ,ASIAN H"OY BEE
,APIS C]ANAE 9TO ,A4 MELLIF]A"9 & N[
APPE>S 9 WILD BUMBLEBEES NE> MANAG$
OP]A;NS4 "9 ,O!R ,,RNA VIRUSES  ,LAKE
,S9AI VIRUSES1 ,,IAPV1 ,,CBPV &
RELATIVES CIRCULATE 9 ! MANAG$ POOL & H
BE5 DETECT$ 9 WILD BEES1 ?\< _! WILD-HO/
PA?OLOGY IS LESS "*IZ$4
,! MANAG$-BUMBLEBEE MIRROR
,! CRITIQUE CUTS BO? WAYS1 & H"O/
COV]AGE SAYS S3 COMM]CIALLY RE>$
BUMBLEBEES %IPP$ = GRE5H\SE POLL9A;N
C>RY ! SAME 41SE-AMPLIFI] PROBLEM & H
BE5 IMPLICAT$ 9 ,NOSEMA & VIRUS SPR1D TO
WILD ,BOMBUS  9CLUD+ Z A SUSPECT 9 !
RU/Y PAT*$ BUMBLEBEE'S COLLAPSE4 ,!
PROBLEM IS N ! SPECIES ,APIS MELLIF]A Z
S*2 X IS D5SE1 TRANSPORT$1 /RESS$
LIVE/OCK ( ANY BEE SPECIES P>K$ NEXT TO
WILD POPULA;NS4 ,H"OY BEES >E SIMPLY !
BI7E/ S* LIVE/OCK BY S"EAL ORD]S (
MAGNITUDE4
,:AT X M1NS
,SPILLOV] RE-FRAMES ! 8H1L?Y HIVE0
METRIC4 ,A BEEKEEP]'S SU3ESS CRIT]ION  A
COLONY T SURVIVES W9T]  IS N AN ECOSY/EM
CRIT]ION3 A COLONY T LIVES ) A H1VY
VIRAL LOAD AT A MITE ?RE%OLD IS /
EXPORT+ VIRUS TO E FL[] 9 XS FLI<T
RADIUS4 ,MANAG+ = V>ROA IS ?US AL MANAG+
= ! NEI<BORHOOD1 : IS "O R1SON ! V>ROA
DE/RUCTOR /ORY MATT]S F> 2Y ! API>Y4
,REF];ES
- ;,FR/ ET ;AL4  8,41SE ASSOCIA;NS 2T
H"OYBEES & BUMBLEBEES10 ,NATURE
"<#BJAD"> - ,GRAY/OCK ET ;AL4 
FL[]-M$IAT$ TRANSMIS.N /UDIES
"<#BJAE#AF"> - ,M>T9 ET ;AL4  V>ROA
SELECT+ VIRUL5T ,,DWV1 ,SCI;E "<#BJAB">
- ,COLLA _/ ,CAM]ON  COMM]CIAL
BUMBLEBEES & WILD-,BOMBUS DECL9ES
,SEE AL
"9 ,V>ROA DE/RUCTOR  ! AMPLIFI] 9SIDE !
HIVE "9 ,H"OY BEE COMPETI;N ) NATIVE
POLL9ATORS  ! RES\RCE HALF ( ! PROBLEM
"9 ,NATIVE BEES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA  !
RECIPI5TS "9 ,H"OY BEES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 
,SAVE ! BEES