,H"OY BEES & 9VASIVE PLANTS =M "O ( !
QUIET] FE$BACK LOOPS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN
ECOLOGY3 AN 9TRODUC$ G5]ALI/ POLL9ATOR
RELIABLY S]VICES 9TRODUC$ PLANTS1 HELP+
! WE$S T 4PLACE ! NATIVE FLORA WILD BEES
DEP5D ON4 ,! RELA;N%IP IS MUTUALI/IC 9 !
WOR/ S5SE  ! WE$ GETS POLL9AT$1 ! BEE
GETS =AGE1 & ! NATIVE COMMUN;Y LOSES
TWICE4
,G5]ALI/S LOVE WE$S
,! R1SON IS =AG+ /RATEGY4 ,NATIVE BEES
T5D T[>D SPECIALIZA;N  ! "R FL[]1 AT !
"R "T1 (T5 9 N>R[ W9D[S  :ILE ,APIS
MELLIF]A IS AN OPPORTUNI/IC G5]ALI/
BUILT TO EXPLOIT :AT"E IS ABUNDANT4
,9TRODUC$ WE$S1 : BY DEF9I;N R1* HI<
D5SITIES 9 4TURB$ GR.D1 >E EXACTLY !
ABUNDANT S+LE-SPECIES BLOOM A H"OY BEE
COLONY IS OPTIMIZ$ TO /RIP4 ,! RESULT IS
T H"OY BEES FREQU5TLY "W 9VASIVE PLANTS
PREF]5TIALLY  & POLL9ATE !M4
,! NOTABLE CASES
,YELL[ />?I/LE "<,C5TAUREA SOL/ITIALIS">
"O ( ! ,WE/'S WOR/ RANGEL& WE$S &"9 "O (
XS MAJOR H"OY PLANTS4 ,H"OY BEES >E A
PRIM>Y POLL9ATOR ( A PLANT T HAS OV]RUN
MILLIONS ( ACRES ( ,CALI=NIA RANGE  !
BEE IS SIMULTANE\SLY A PRODUC] ( />?I/LE
H"OY & AN AG5T ( />?I/LE SPR1D4 "9
,SPOTT$ KNAPWE$  ANO!R MAJOR WE/]N H"OY
PLANT & 9VASIVE2 H"OY BEE =AG+ SU/A9S XS
SE$ SET4 "9 ,PURPLE LOOSE/RIFE  WETL&
9VAD] H1VILY "W$ BY H"OY BEES ACR !
,NOR?1/ & ,MIDWE/4 "9 ,JAPANESE KNOTWE$1
BUTT]FLY-BU%1 BUCK?ORNS  ! PATT]N
REP1TS3 :AT"E ! ABUNDANT 9TRODUC$ BLOOM1
! 9TRODUC$ BEE F9DS X4
,! FE$BACK LOOP
,ECOLOGI/S CALL ! G5]AL PATT]N 9VA.N
MELTD[N  9TRODUC$ SPECIES FACILITAT+ O!R
9TRODUC$ SPECIES4 ,! BEEWE$ LOOP IS A
TEXTBOOK 9/.E3 H"OY BEE POLL9A;N 9CR1SES
WE$ SE$ SET2 WE$S \TCOMPETE ! NATIVE
FLORA2 R$UC$ NATIVE FLORA FUR!R /RESSES
! NATIVE POLL9ATORS ALR PRESS$ BY
RES\RCE COMPETI;N & PA?OG5 SPILLOV]4 ,!
:OLE CIRCUIT RUNS D[NHILL4
,! H"O/ CAV1T
,! RELA;N%IP IS R1L B N ABSOLUTE  H"OY
BEES AL POLL9ATE NATIVE PLANTS1 & "S
WE$-3TROL PROGRAMS USE !M DELIB]ATELY4
,! DOCU;T$ PO9T IS N>R[] & / DAMN+3 ":
,A4 MELLIF]A MEETS 9TRODUC$ FLORA AT
SCALE1 X ACTS Z AN EXT5.N ( ! 9VA.N1 N A
*ECK ON X4
,REF];ES
- ,TRAVESET @& ,RI*>DSON 
BIOLOGICAL-9VA.N MUTUALISMS REVIEWS -
,B>!LL ET ;AL4  />?I/LE_/H"OY BEE
POLL9A;N /UDIES - ,9VASIVE-PLANT
POLL9A;N LIT]ATURE "<KNAWE$1 LOOSE/RIFE1
KNOTWE$"> - ,GELDMANN @& ,GONZLEZ-,V>O 
,SCI;E "<#BJAH">
,SEE AL
"9 ,H"OY BEE COMPETI;N ) NATIVE
POLL9ATORS  ! O!R HALF ( ! SQUEEZE "9
,PA?OG5 SPILLOV] 9 BEES  ,H"OY BEES 9
,NOR? ,AM]ICA "9 ,NATIVE BEES ( ,NOR?
,AM]ICA  ,SAVE ! BEES