,COMPETITION BETWEEN MANAGED HONEY BEES AND WILD NATIVE BEES IS THE OLDEST AND BEST-STUDIED OF THE ECOLOGICAL OBJECTIONS TO KEEPING ,APIS MELLIFERA NEAR WILDLANDS4 ,THE MECHANISM IS SIMPLE SCRAMBLE COMPETITION3 A HONEY BEE COLONY IS AN INDUSTRIAL FORAGING OPERATION TENS OF THOUSANDS OF WORKERS1 COMMUNICATION DANCES1 AND POLLEN STORES MEASURED IN KILOGRAMS PER YEAR FORAGING THE SAME FLOWERS AS NATIVE BEES THAT ARE MOSTLY SOLITARY1 MOSTLY SMALL1 AND OFTEN SPECIALIZED ON EXACTLY THOSE PLANTS4 ,THE SCALE PROBLEM ,THE ARITHMETIC IS THE PART THAT SURPRISES MOST READERS4 ,A SINGLE COLONY CONSUMES TENS OF KILOGRAMS OF NECTAR AND ON THE ORDER OF #AJ#BE KG OF POLLEN PER YEAR2 APIARIES RARELY COME IN SINGLES4 ,WHEN ,HENRY AND ,RODET EXPERIMENTALLY ADDED AN APIARY TO A PROTECTED AREA IN ,FRANCE AND TRACKED VISITATION1 WILD-BEE FORAGING ON THE PREFERRED FLOWERS DROPPED MEASURABLY DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT ADDED HIVES DEPLETE THE SHARED RESOURCE RATHER THAN MERELY COEXIST WITH IT4 ,THE EFFECT COMPOUNDS OVER DISTANCE TOO3 HONEY BEES FORAGE KILOMETERS FROM THE HIVE1 SO AN APIARY'S FOOTPRINT IS NOT THE FENCE AROUND IT BUT THE LANDSCAPE AROUND IT WHICH IS WHY THE DEBATE CONCENTRATES ON APIARIES PLACED IN OR BESIDE PROTECTED HABITAT4 ,WHAT THE REVIEWS ACTUALLY SAY ,THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE IS CAREFUL1 AND THE HONEST SUMMARY IS3 EFFECTS ARE REAL1 CONTEXT-DEPENDENT1 AND WORST AT HIGH DENSITY4 ,MALLINGER1 ,GAINES-,DAY AND ,GRATTON'S #BJAG REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FOUND DOCUMENTED NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON WILD BEES IN A SUBSTANTIAL SHARE OF STUDIES RESOURCE DEPLETION AND ALTERED FORAGING CHIEF AMONG THEM WHILE NOTING GAPS AND COUNTER-FINDINGS4 ,WORK SINCE HAS TILTED THE SAME DIRECTION3 ISLAND STUDIES IN THE ,CANARIES FOUND HONEY BEES SUPPRESSED WILD-POLLINATOR VISITATION2 URBAN ANALYSES FIND FLORAL RESOURCES ALREADY LIMITING1 SO ADDED URBAN HIVES COMPETE FOR WHAT LITTLE BLOOM A CITY OFFERS4 ,THE CONSISTENT PATTERN ACROSS THE BETTER-CONTROLLED STUDIES3 "9 ,ABUNDANCE3 WILD-BEE VISITS PER FLOWER FALL WHERE APIARY DENSITY RISES "9 ,BEHAVIOR3 REMAINING WILD BEES SHIFT TO LESS-PREFERRED FLOWERS OR SHORTER VISITS "9 ,CONDITION3 HEAVY COMPETITION CORRELATES WITH REDUCED REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN SOME SOLITARY AND BUMBLEBEE STUDIES "9 ,ASYMMETRY3 THE LOSERS ARE NOT THE HONEY BEES MANAGED COLONIES ARE FED WHEN FORAGE FAILS ,NOT THE ONLY AXIS ,RESOURCE COMPETITION INTERLOCKS WITH THE OTHER DOCUMENTED HARMS RATHER THAN STANDING ALONE3 SHARED FLOWERS ARE ALSO THE TRANSMISSION ROUTE FOR PATHOGEN SPILLOVER1 THE WEEDS THAT BENEFIT ARE COVERED UNDER INVASIVE-PLANT POLLINATION1 AND THE NEST-CAVITY DIMENSION BELONGS TO THE FERAL HONEY BEE STORY4 ,THE POLICY EDGE ,PRECISELY BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE IS DENSITY-DEPENDENT1 THE PRACTICAL CONCLUSION IS NARROWER THAN 8NO HIVES ANYWHERE03 APIARY STOCKING LIMITS NEAR SENSITIVE HABITAT1 REGISTRATION AND DENSITY CAPS IN PROTECTED AREAS1 AND THE RECURRING THEME THE RECOGNITION THAT A HONEY BEE HIVE IS A UNIT OF LIVESTOCK1 NOT A CONSERVATION DEVICE4 ,EUROPEAN REGULATORS HAVE BEGUN FORMALIZING THIS2 ,NORTH ,AMERICAN PARK AND REFUGE POLICY IS FURTHER BEHIND4 ,REFERENCES - ,HENRY @& ,RODET APIARY-ADDITION FIELD EXPERIMENT "<#BJAH"> - ,MALLINGER1 ,GAINES-,DAY @& ,GRATTON EVIDENCE REVIEW1 ,,PLOS ,,ONE "<#BJAG"> - ,VALIDO ET AL4 ,CANARY ,ISLANDS EXCLUSION EXPERIMENTS "<#BJAI"> - ,GELDMANN @& ,GONZLEZ-,VARO 8,CONSERVING HONEY BEES DOES NOT HELP WILDLIFE10 ,SCIENCE "<#BJAH"> - ,CANE @& ,TEPEDINO POLLINATION CONTEXT FOR NATIVE BEES "<#BJAG"> ,SEE ALSO "9 ,NATIVE BEES OF ,NORTH ,AMERICA ,HONEY BEES IN ,NORTH ,AMERICA "9 ,PATHOGEN SPILLOVER IN BEES ,HONEY BEES AND INVASIVE PLANTS "9 ,FERAL HONEY BEE ,SAVE THE BEES