,COMPETI;N 2T MANAG$ H"OY BEES & WILD
NATIVE BEES IS ! OLDE/ & BE/-/UDI$ ( !
ECOLOGICAL OBJEC;NS TO KEEP+  NE>
WILDL&S4 ,! ME*ANISM IS SIMPLE SCRAMBLE
COMPETI;N3 A H"OY BEE COLONY IS AN
9DU/RIAL =AG+ OP]A;N  T5S ( ?\S&S (
"W]S1 COMMUNICA;N D.ES1 & POLL5 /ORES
M1SUR$ 9 KILOGRAMS P] YE>  =AG+ ! SAME
FL[]S Z NATIVE BEES T >E MO/LY SOLIT>Y1
MO/LY SMALL1 & (T5 SPECIALIZ$ ON EXACTLY
^? PLANTS4
,! SCALE PROBLEM
,! >I?METIC IS ! "P T SURPRISES MO/
R1D]S4 ,A S+LE COLONY 3SUMES T5S (
KILOGRAMS ( NECT> & ON ! ORD] ( #AJ#BE
KG ( POLL5 P] YE>2 API>IES R>ELY COME 9
S+LES4 ,:5 ,H5RY & ,RODET EXP]I;TALLY
ADD$ AN API>Y TO A PROTECT$ >EA 9 ,FR.E
& TRACK$ VISITA;N1 WILD-BEE =AG+ ON !
PREF]R$ FL[]S DROPP$ M1SURABLY  DIRECT
EVID;E T ADD$ HIVES DEPLETE ! %>$
RES\RCE R ?AN M]ELY COEXI/ ) X4
,! E6ECT COMP.DS OV] 4T.E TOO3 H"OY BEES
=AGE KILOMET]S F ! HIVE1 S AN API>Y'S
FOOTPR9T IS N ! F;E >.D X B ! L&SCAPE
>.D X  : IS :Y ! DEBATE 3C5TRATES ON
API>IES PLAC$ 9 OR 2S PROTECT$ HABITAT4
,:AT ! REVIEWS ACTUALLY SAY
,! SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE IS C>E;L1 & !
H"O/ SUMM>Y IS3 E6ECTS >E R1L1
3TEXT-DEP5D5T1 & WOR/ AT HI< D5S;Y"9"94
,MALL+]1 ,GA9ES-,"D & ,GRATTON'S #BJAG
REVIEW ( ! EVID;E F.D DOCU;T$ NEGATIVE
E6ECTS ON WILD BEES 9 A SUB/ANTIAL %>E (
/UDIES  RES\RCE DEPLE;N & ALT]$ =AG+
*IEF AM;G !M  :ILE NOT+ GAPS &
C.T]-F9D+S4 ,"W S9CE HAS TILT$ ! SAME
DIREC;N3 ISL& /UDIES 9 ! ,CAN>IES F.D
H"OY BEES SUPPRESS$ WILD-POLL9ATOR
VISITA;N2 URBAN ANALYSES F9D FLORAL
RES\RCES ALR LIMIT+1 S ADD$ URBAN HIVES
COMPETE = :AT LL BLOOM A C;Y (F]S4
,! 3SI/5T PATT]N ACR ! BETT]-3TROLL$
/UDIES3
"9 ,ABUND.E3 WILD-BEE VISITS P] FL[]
FALL ": API>Y D5S;Y RISES "9 ,2HAVIOR3
REMA9+ WILD BEES %IFT TO LESS-PREF]R$
FL[]S OR %ORT] VISITS "9 ,3DI;N3 H1VY
COMPETI;N CORRELATES ) R$UC$
REPRODUCTIVE \TPUT 9 "S SOLIT>Y &
BUMBLEBEE /UDIES "9 ,ASYMMETRY3 ! LOS]S
>E N ! H"OY BEES  MANAG$ COLONIES >E F$
:5 =AGE FAILS
,N ! ONLY AXIS
,RES\RCE COMPETI;N 9T]LOCKS ) ! O!R
DOCU;T$ H>MS R ?AN /&+ AL"O3 %>$ FL[]S
>E AL ! TRANSMIS.N R\TE = PA?OG5
SPILLOV]1 ! WE$S T B5EFIT >E COV]$ "U
9VASIVE-PLANT POLL9A;N1 & ! NE/-CAV;Y
DIM5.N 2L;GS TO ! F]AL H"OY BEE /ORY4
,! POLICY $GE
,PRECISELY 2C ! EVID;E IS D5S;Y-DEP5D5T1
! PRACTICAL 3CLU.N IS N>R[] ?AN 8NO
HIVES ANY":03 API>Y /OCK+ LIMITS NE>
S5SITIVE HABITAT1 REGI/RA;N & D5S;Y CAPS
9 PROTECT$ >1S1 &  ! RECURR+ !ME  !
RECOGNI;N T A H"OY BEE HIVE IS A UNIT (
LIVE/OCK1 N A 3S]VA;N DEVICE4 ,EUROP1N
REGULATORS H 2GUN =MALIZ+ ?2 ,NOR?
,AM]ICAN P>K & REFUGE POLICY IS FUR!R
2H4
,REF];ES
- ,H5RY @& ,RODET  API>Y-ADDI;N FIELD
EXP]I;T "<#BJAH"> - ,MALL+]1 ,GA9ES-,"D
@& ,GRATTON  EVID;E REVIEW1 ,,PLOS ,,"O
"<#BJAG"> - ,VALIDO ET ;AL4  ,CAN>Y
,ISL&S EXCLU.N EXP]I;TS "<#BJAI"> -
,GELDMANN @& ,GONZLEZ-,V>O  8,3S]V+ H"OY
BEES DOES N HELP WILDLIFE10 ,SCI;E
"<#BJAH"> - ,CANE @& ,TEP$9O  POLL9A;N
3TEXT = NATIVE BEES "<#BJAG">
,SEE AL
"9 ,NATIVE BEES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA  ,H"OY
BEES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA "9 ,PA?OG5 SPILLOV]
9 BEES  ,H"OY BEES & 9VASIVE PLANTS "9
,F]AL H"OY BEE  ,SAVE ! BEES