,S(TW>E FAILS ALL ! "T BILLIONS ( "TS A "D1 QUIETLY1 9 WAYS NOBODY NOTICES4 ,B A H&;L ( BUGS CROSS$ OV]3 !Y KILL$ PATI5TS 9 _! HOSPITAL B$S1 VAPORIZ$ ROCKETS 9 MID-AIR1 ]AS$ COMPANIES 9 =TY-FIVE M9UTES1 & GR.D$ E FLIE ! BUGS FAM\S 5 TO E>N "NS ! 9DUCTEES ( ! ,S(TW>E ,BUG ,HALL ( ,9FAMY4 ,? IS ! C.TD[N1 F _?#AJ TO _?#A1 ESCALAT+ BY ! DAMAGE D"O4 ,! "NPLATE3 A LIT]AL BUG "<#AIDG"> ..> ,2F ! C.TD[N1 ! PLAQUE AT ! DOOR4 ,ON #I ,SEPTEMB] #AIDG1 OP]ATORS ( ! ,H>V>D ,M>K ,,II ELECTROME*ANICAL COMPUT] F.D ! MA*9E MALFUNC;N+4 ,TRAC+ ! FAULT TO RELAY _?#GJ1 PANEL ;,F1 !Y OP5$ X & F.D ! CAUSE3 A MO?1 D1D 2T ! 3TACTS4 ,!Y TAP$ X 9TO ! LOGBOOK & WROTE1 FAM\SLY3 8,F/ ACTUAL CASE ( BUG 2+ F.D40 ,! PAGE N[ LIVES AT ! ,SMI?SONIAN4 ,"O H"O/ CORREC;N TO ! LEG5D3 8BUG0 = A TE*NICAL DEFECT PR$ATES COMPUT+ BY DECADES ,$ISON US$ X 9 ! #AHGJ;S & ,GRACE ,HOPP]1 (T5 CR$IT$ ) F9D+ ! MO?1 POPUL>IZ$ ! /ORY R ?AN MAK+ ! LOG 5TRY H]F4 ,B ! LEG5D E>N$ XS PLACE3 ! MO? MADE 8DEBU7+0 LIT]AL1 & X REMA9S ! ONLY BUG ^: REMA9S >E 9 A MUSEUM4 ,N[ ! 9DUCTEES1 RANK$4 #AJ4 ,M>S ,PA?F9D] ! BUG DEBU7$ F #ADJ MILLION MILES AWAY "<#AIIG"> ,! ONLY 5TRY ^: FIX HAPP5$ ON ANO!R PLANET4 ,"DS AF L&+ 9 ,JULY #AIIG1 ! ,PA?F9D] L&] 2GAN RESETT+ XF MID-TASK XS ,VX,"WS OP]AT+ SY/EM KEPT HITT+ WAT*DOG "T\TS4 ,ON ,E>?1 5G9E]S REPRODUC$ X3 A L[-PRIOR;Y TASK HELD ! 9=MA;N BUS :ILE A M$IUM-PRIOR;Y TASK />V$ ! HI<-PRIOR;Y "O A PRIOR;Y 9V].N1 ! SUBTLE/ "KN CLASS ( 3CURR5CY BUG4 ,! FIX 5ABL+ PRIOR;Y 9H]IT.E 0 5COD$ & RADIO$ #ADJ MILLION MILES TO A MA*9E SITT+ ON ,M>S1 ": X TOOK E6ECT & 5D$ ! RESETS4 ,,NASA PUBLI%$ ! DIAGNOSIS 9 A N[-FAM\S 5G9E]+ REPORT TITL$ 8,:AT ,R1LLY ,HAPP5$ ON ,M>S10 : REMA9S REQUIR$ R1D+ 9 R1L-"T SY/EMS C\RSES4 #I4 ,! ,,AT@&,T CRA% "O L9E ( ;,C SIL;ES ,AM]ICA "<#AIIJ"> .E N[ GU>DS ! SKY 9 #AIIJ & #AIIA1 X WD FAIL TWICE1 9 V DI6]5T WAYS "<,,U ,>MY _/ PUBLIC DOMA9">.> ,ON #AE ,JANU>Y #AIIJ1 E L;G-4T.E CALL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 2GAN FAIL+ R\E UPDATE TO ,,AT@&,T'S #D;,,ESS SWIT*ES3 9SIDE A SWIT* /ATE;T1 A BR1K 0 PLAC$ 9SIDE AN IF BLOCK BR1K+ \ ( ! WR;G /RUCTURE & SKIPP+ ! CODE T RESET AN ]ROR FLAG4 ,:5 "O SWIT* HIT A FAULT & RESET XF1 X SIGNAL$ NEIE FE>$4 #H4 ,M>S ,CLIMATE ,ORBIT] @S#CBG MILLION OV] A UNIT 3V].N "<#AIII"> .S ,CLIMATE ,ORBIT] LO/ 2C "O T1M US$ P.DS & ! O!R US$ NEWTONS "<,,NASA_/,,JPL1 PUBLIC DOMA9">.> ,ON #BC ,SEPTEMB] #AIII1 ! ,M>S ,CLIMATE ,ORBIT] FIR$ XS MA9 5G9E TO 5T] ORBIT & BURN$ UP 9 ! ,M>TIAN ATMOSP"H 9/1D4 ,! 9VE/IGA;N F.D AN ALM 9SULT+ CAUSE3 ,LOCKHE$ ,M>T9'S GR.D S(TW>E PRODUC$ IMPULSE DATA 9 P.D-=CE SECONDS2 ,,NASA'S NAVIGA;N S(TW>E EXPECT$ NEWTON-SECONDS A FACTOR ( #D4DE ]ROR T PU%$ ! TRAJECTORY @9#EG KM TOO L[4 @S#CBG4F MILLION & A N9E-MON? MIS.N1 DE/ROY$ N BY A LOGIC ]ROR B BY NOBODY *ECK+ ! UNITS 9 ! 9T]FACE SPECIFICA;N4 ,,NASA'S PO/-MORTEM L$ DIRECTLY TO ! 8M1SURE;T SY/EMS0 CLAUSES N[ /&>D 9 A]OSPACE 3TRACTS4 #G4 ,P5TIUM ,,FDIV ! @S#DGE MILLION R.D+ ]ROR "<#AIID"> ,PR(ESSOR ,?OMAS ,NICELY NOTIC$ 8 COMPUTA;NS DRIFT+ SLIE OP]& PAIRS1 ! ,,FPU RETURN$ SUBTLY WR;G QUOTI5TS1 (F BY AB "O "P 9 A ?\S&4 ,9TEL'S F/ RESPONSE 8AN EXTREMELY R>E 3DI;N0 2CAME A CASE /UDY 9 H[ N TO H&LE A DEFECT4 ,! PUBLIC =C$ A RECALL3 ,9TEL (F]$ REPLACE;T *IPS TO ANY"O :O ASK$ & TOOK A @S#DGE MILLION *>GE4 ,X 0 ! F/ "T A H>DW>E BUG 2CAME FRONT-PAGE 3SUM] NEWS4 #F4 ,>IANE #EJA #CG SECONDS1 @S#CGJ MILLION1 "O OV]FL[ "<#AIIF"> .IANE FLI.> ,ON XS MAID5 FLIIANE #E ROCKET VE]$ (F C\RSE & SELF-DE/RUCT$ #CG SECONDS AF LIFT(F1 TAK+ F\R ,CLU/] SATELLITES ) X4 ,! CAUSE3 ! 9]TIAL REF];E S(TW>E _H BE5 REUS$ V]BATIM F ,>IANE #D4 ,! OLD] ROCKET'S HORIZONTAL VELOC;Y FIT 9 #AF BITS2 ! ,>IANE #E FLEW A DI6]5T TRAJECTORY1 & ! R1L VALUE OV]FL[$ ! #AF-BIT SIGN$ 9TEG] ! CODE TRI$ TO 3V]T X 9TO AN OP]& ]ROR T KILL$ BO? R$UNDANT COMPUT]S SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! 9QUIRY'S PHRASE 2CAME LEG5D>Y 9 S(TW>E CIRCLES3 ! CODE 0 CORRECT = ! WR;G ROCKET4 ,CO/3 R\S ( PROGRAM DELAY4 #E4 ,! ,MORRIS WORM ! NI ,ON #B ,NOVEMB] #AIHH1 A #BC-YE>-OLD ,CORNELL GRADUATE /UD5T "ND ,ROB]T ,TAPPAN ,MORRIS REL1S$ A PROGRAM T EXPLOIT$ A BU6] OV]FL[ 9 F+]D & A DEBUG-MODE HOLE 9 S5DMAIL4 ,X 0 SUPPOS$ TO SPR1D SL[LY & GAUGE ! 9T]NET'S SIZE B A DESIGN FLAW M1NT 9FECT$ MA*9ES KEPT GETT+ RE-9FECT$1 EA* COPY SPAWN+ M COPIES UNTIL HO/S COLLAPS$ "U _! [N LOAD4 ,AN E/IMAT$ #F1JJJ MA*9ES R\ ,ON #A ,AUGU/ #BJAB1 ,KNI ,ON #AI ,JULY #BJBD1 A R\T9E 3T5T UPDATE TO ,CR[D,/RIKE'S ,FALCON SECUR;Y S5SOR %IPP$ A *ANNEL FILE ^: DATA TRI7]$ AN \-(-B.DS MEMORY R1D 9 ! S5SOR DRIV] & 9/ANTLY S5T R\K4 ,X /&S Z ! L>GE/ ,,X \TAGE "E RECORD$ AN E/IMAT$ @S#E4D BILLION 9 DAMAGE TO ,=TUNE #EJJ COMPANIES AL"O & ! DEF9ITIVE PRO( T A S+LE BYTES-WIDE DEFECT1 PU%$ GLOBALLY 9 M9UTES1 C FREEZE A CIVILIZA;N'S 9FRA/RUCTURE4 #B4 ,BOE+ #GCG ,,MAX ,,MCAS :5 ! DESIGN IS ! BUG "<#BJAH#AI"> ..> ,! D1DLIE/ 5TRY IS AL ! MO/ 4PUT$ Z A 8BUG0 & ! H"O/ TR1T;T REQUIRES SAY+ S4 ,! ,MANEUV]+ ,"*I/ICS ,AUG;TA;N ,SY/EM "W$ Z DESIGN$3 X PU%$ ! NOSE D[N :5 ! ANGLE-(-ATTACK S5SOR REPORT$ A /ALL4 ,! CATA/ROPHIC FLAW 0 >*ITECTURAL ,,MCAS DEP5D$ ON A S+LE ,,AOA S5SOR & CD FIRE REP1T$LY4 ,LION ,AIR #FAJ & ,E?IOPIAN #CJB #CDF P DI$ 9 TWO NE>-ID5TICAL CRA%ES FIVE MON?S A"P2 ! FLEET GR.D$ = #BJ MON?S & ,BOE+ PD OV] @S#BJ BILLION4 ,! CODE DID :AT X 0 TOLD4 ,:AT FAIL$ 0 ! 5G9E]+ 4CIPL9E >.D X : IS PRECISELY :Y X 2L;GS "H3 ! D1DLIE/ S(TW>E BUGS >E ! "OS ^: SPECIFICA;N 0 ! DEFECT4 #A4 ,!RAC-#BE ! CODE T KILL$ "<#AIHE#HG"> ,! WOR/ BUG "E WRITT5 IS ! "O T MADE 8S(TW>E SAFETY0 A PR(ES.N4 ,! ,!RAC-#BE 0 A RADIA;N-!RAPY MA*9E ^: PR$ECESSOR'S H>DW>E 9T]LOCKS _H BE5 REPLAC$ BY S(TW>E 3TROL4 ,TWO DEFECTS COMB9$3 A RACE 3DI;N A FA/-TYP+ OP]ATOR CD F9I% $ITS 2F ! MA*9E'S 3CURR5T TASKS RESYN*RONIZ$ & AN 9TEG]-OV]FL[ FLAG T Z]O$ \ XS [N SAFETY *ECK E #BEF? PASS4 ,9 BO? FAILURE PA?S1 ! MA*9E CD 5T] A /ATE DELIV]+ ELECTRON-B1M DOSES UP TO @9#AJJ 9T5D$ PATI5TS DESCRIB$ FEEL+ 8FIRE0 & LAT] DI$ OR SU6]$ HORRIFIC RADIA;N 9JURIES4 ,AT L1/ SIX DOCU;T$ OV]DOSES1 S"EAL FATAL1 O3URR$ 2T #AIHE & #AIHG 2F ! ,,FDA =C$ A FIX4 ,NANCY ,LEVESON'S 9VE/IGA;N 2CAME ! TEXTBOOK CASE ! MO;T ! 9DU/RY LE>N$ T 8X COMPILES & USUALLY "WS0 IS N A SAFETY >GU;T4 ,! L$G] ! HALL AT A GL.E _? ,BUG ,YE> ,! TOLL ,! DEFECT 9 "O L9E #A ,!RAC-#BE #AIHE#HG S"EAL D1?S1 @9#F OV]DOSES RACE 3DI;N "6 OV]FL[$ SAFETY FLAG #B #GCG ,,MAX ,,MCAS #BJAH#AI #CDF D1?S1 @S#BJ;,B"6 S+LE-S5SOR DESIGN CD FIRE REP1T$LY #C ,CR[D,/RIKE #BJBD #H4E;,M MA*9ES2 @9@S#E4D;;,B \-(-B.DS R1D 9 A %IPP$ UPDATE #D ,KNIIANE #EJA #AIIF @S#CGJ;,M 9 #CG ;S #FD-BIT VALUE #AF-BIT 9T OV]FL[ #G ,P5TIUM ,,FDIV #AIID @S#DGE;,M RECALL #E MISS+ LOOKUP-TABLE 5TRIES #H ,M>S ,CLIMATE ,ORBIT] #AIII @S#CBG;,M SPACECRAFT P.D-SECONDS VS NEWTON-SECONDS #I ,,AT@&,T CRA% #AIIJ #I-H\R NA;NAL \TAGE BR1K EXIT+ ! WR;G BLOCK #AJ ,M>S ,PA?F9D] #AIIG RESETS ON ,M>S PRIOR;Y 9V].N PAT*$ F ,E>? ,4HONORABLE M5;NS "9 ,PATRIOT MISSILE1 ,DHAHRAN "<#AIIA"> A #BD-BIT CLOCK APPROXIMA;N ( #J4A SECONDS DRIFT$ @9#J4CD ;S AF #AJJ H\RS ( UP"T2 ! TRACK+ GATE MISS$ AN 9COM+ ,SCUD BY @9#FJJ ;M4 #BH SOLDI]S DI$4 ,! FIX _H %IPP$ X J _HN'T BE5 9/ALL$ YET4 "9 ,Y#B;,K "<#BJJJ"> TWO-DIGIT YE>S ?R1T5$ CIVILIZA;N'S DATE >I?METIC2 ! _W SP5T AN E/IMAT$ @S#AJJ BILLION ON REM$IA;N & ! ROLLOV] PASS$ ALM QUIETLY4 ,! MO/ EXP5SIVE BUG PRECISELY 2C X 0 FIX$4 "9 ,TOYOTA UN9T5D$ A3EL]A;N "<#BJJI#AJ"> 9VE/IGA;NS F.D POSSIBLE /ACK OV]FL[ & MEMORY CORRUP;N 9 ! 5G9E ,,ECU2 DOZ5S ( D1?S 7 ATTRIBUT$ TO UN9T5D$ A3EL]A;N & ,TOYOTA PD A @S#A4B BILLION SETTLE;T4 ,CAUSA;N REMA9S 4PUT$ LI/$ H"O/LY4 "9 ,HE>TBLE$ "<#BJAD"> A MISS+ B.DS *ECK 9 ,OP5,S,S,L'S HE>TB1T LET ANY"O R1D S]V] MEMORY2 @9#AG.0 ( ! WEB'S ,,TLS S]V]S L1K$ PRIVATE KEYS = TWO YE>S4 ,! BUG T PROV$ 9T]NET 9FRA/RUCTURE RAN ON VOLUNTE]S' SP>E "T4 ,:AT ! HALL T1*ES ,E 9DUCTEE FAIL$ DI6]5TLY AN OV]FL[1 A UNIT1 A SCOPE1 A RACE1 A FLAG1 A S5SOR4 ,B ! PATT]N "UN1? IS "O S5T;E3 ! CODE DID EXACTLY :AT X 0 WRITT5 TO D1 & :AT X 0 WRITT5 TO D 0 WR;G 9 A WAY NOBODY *ECK$4 ,! HALL'S R1L LESSON ISN'T T PROGRAMM]S ]R X'S T ^! T5 4A/]S 7 ALL PREV5TABLE BY ! BOR+ ?+S3 9T]FACE SPECIFICA;NS1 KILL SWIT*ES1 H>DW>E 9T]LOCKS1 & ASK+ :AT ! S(TW>E DOES :5 ! 9PUTS >E IMPOSSIBLE4 ,FREQU5TLY ASK$ "9 ,:AT 0 ! F/ S(TW>E BUG8 ,! ,H>V>D ,M>K ,,II MO? ( #I ,SEPTEMB] #AIDG ?\< 8BUG0 = A DEFECT PR$ATES COMPUT+ BY @9#GJ YE>S4 "9 ,:AT IS ! D1DLIE/ S(TW>E BUG8 ,BY DIRECT S(TW>E FAULT1 ,!RAC-#BE2 BY S(TW>E-9VOLV$ DESIGN1 ! #GCG ,,MAX'S ,,MCAS #CDF D1?S4 ,:AT IS ! MO/ EXP5SIVE S(TW>E BUG8 ,Y#B;,K REM$IA;N "<@9@S#AJJ;;,B1 SP5T PREV5T+"9 FAILURE">2 = A S+LE LIVE 9CID5T1 ,CR[D,/RIKE'S @9@S#E4D;;,B "D4 "9 ,:AT IS ! FA/E/ A BUG HAS DE/ROY$ M"OY8 ,KNI