,CORAL #FF
,CORAL #FF WAS THE ,BRITISH MILITARY'S
ANSWER TO ,,JOVIAL  AND1 QUIETLY1 ONE OF
THE MOST-MANDATED LANGUAGES IN HISTORY4
,DEVELOPED AT THE ,ROYAL ,RADAR
,ESTABLISHMENT AT ,MALVERN BEGINNING IN
#AIFD BY ,PHILIP ,WOODWARD1 ,I4 ;,F4
,CURRIE1 AND ;,M4 ,GRIFFITHS1 IT FUSED
,,ALGOL #FJ'S STRUCTURE WITH ,,JOVIAL'S
REAL-TIME PRAGMATISM AND A LITTLE
,FORTRAN  A LANGUAGE BUILT EXPRESSLY FOR
MACHINES WITH LIMITED POWER1 FIXED-POINT
ARITHMETIC1 AND NO DYNAMIC STORAGE4 ,AND
ITS NAME CARRIES A BUREAUCRATIC
BACKRONYM3 THE ;,R IN ,,CORAL ORIGINALLY
STOOD FOR ,RADAR1 NOT 8,REAL-TIME0  THE
EXPANSION WAS REVISED WHEN THE
LANGUAGE'S REMIT GREW4.<CITE3 .<,CORAL
#FF  THE ,,RRE TEAM1 THE #AIFD START1
THE RADARREAL-TIME RETCON1 AND THE
,,JOVIAL_/,,ALGOL_/,FORTRAN RECIPE.>.>
,THE LANGUAGE'S FEATURES ARE A SPEC OF
ITS PROBLEM DOMAIN3 STRUCTURED RECORD
TYPES AND BIT-PACKING "<AS ,PASCAL WOULD
DO">1 INLINE ASSEMBLY FOR THE PARTS THAT
HAVE TO TOUCH HARDWARE1 AND STRONG
RUNTIME CHECKING  BECAUSE A RADAR
PROCESSOR CAN'T AFFORD A DANGLING INDEX4
,IN #AIFF ,CURRIE AND ,GRIFFITHS
STANDARDIZED IT UNDER THE
,INTER-,ESTABLISHMENT ,COMMITTEE2
,WOODWARD1 ,WETHERALL1 AND ,GORMAN'S
OFFICIAL DEFINITION WAS PUBLISHED IN
#AIGJ4 ,AND FITTINGLY FOR THE
,CAMBRIDGE-SCHOOL TRADITION1 ITS
COMPILERS WERE WRITTEN IN ,,BCPL4.<CITE3
.<,CORAL #FF  THE FEATURE SET1 THE #AIFF
,,IECCA STANDARDIZATION1 THE #AIGJ
OFFICIAL DEFINITION1 AND THE ,,BCPL
IMPLEMENTATION.>.>
,THE MANDATED DECADE
,IN #AIGA THE ,,UK ,MINISTRY OF ,DEFENCE
SELECTED ,CORAL #FF AS THE LANGUAGE FOR
ALL FUTURE MILITARY APPLICATIONS  NOT
RECOMMENDED1 REQUIRED  AND BUILT A
COMPILER-VALIDATION PROGRAM TO ENFORCE
THE STANDARD4 ,RADAR1 WEAPONS SYSTEMS1
NAVAL COMPUTING3 IF IT RAN IN ,,UK
DEFENSE IN THE SEVENTIES AND EIGHTIES1
IT PROBABLY RAN ON ,CORAL4 ,THE
PROGRAM'S RIGOR SET THE PRECEDENT THE
,,US ,DEPARTMENT OF ,DEFENSE ADOPTED FOR
,ADA  AND ,ADA'S MANDATE IS WHAT FINALLY
RETIRED ,CORAL4 ,A LANGUAGE BUILT FOR
RADAR ENDED UP DEFINING HOW GOVERNMENTS
STANDARDIZE LANGUAGES4.<CITE3 .<,CORAL
#FF  THE #AIGA ,MO,D MANDATE1 THE
COMPILER-VALIDATION PROGRAM1 AND THE
SUCCESSION BY ,ADA.>.>
,CORAL'S LINEAGE CLOSES A LOOP IN THIS
CATALOGUE3 BASED ON .<.<,,JOVIAL.>.>
"<,,SDC'S ,,ALGOL DIALECT">1 IMPLEMENTED
IN ,,BCPL "<,RICHARDS'S DISTILLATION OF
THE NEVER-FINISHED .<.<,,CPL.>.>">1 THEN
SUPERSEDED BY ,ADA  WHICH ITSELF DREW ON
THE COMMITTEE-LANGUAGES ERA ,CORAL AND
.<.<,,ALGOL ,W_\,,ALGOL #FH.>.>
BRACKETED4 ,MILITARY COMPUTING'S
LANGUAGE WARS RUN THROUGH ,MALVERN4
,WHERE IT SITS
,CORAL #FF IS THE PROOF THAT 8UNSEXY0
LANGUAGE DESIGN WINS REAL MANDATES3
SMALL1 CHECKABLE1 BIT-EXACT1 EMBEDDABLE4
,IT NEVER SOUGHT GENERALITY  IT SOUGHT
DEPENDABILITY AT #C A4M4 ON A RADAR
CONSOLE  AND FOR A DECADE IT WAS1 BY
GOVERNMENT DECREE1 THE ONLY CORRECT
CHOICE4
,CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
- .< .> ,WHAT DOES ,,CORAL STAND FOR 
AND WHAT DID THE ;,R ORIGINALLY MEAN8 -
.< .> ,WHO DESIGNED IT1 WHERE1 AND BASED
ON WHAT8 - .< .> ,WHAT DID THE ,,UK
,MO,D DO WITH IT IN #AIGA  AND WHAT
REPLACED IT8 - .< .> ,WHAT LANGUAGE WERE
,CORAL COMPILERS WRITTEN IN8
#A  "9"9,COMPUTER ,ON-LINE ,REAL-TIME
,APPLICATIONS ,LANGUAGE"9"9  BUT THE ;,R
ORIGINALLY MEANT "9"9,RADAR"9"9 "<,ROYAL
,RADAR ,ESTABLISHMENT">4 #B 
"9"9,WOODWARD1 ,CURRIE @& ,GRIFFITHS AT
,,RRE ,MALVERN"9"9  ,,ALGOL #FJ "6
,,JOVIAL "6 ,FORTRAN4 #C  "9"9MANDATED
IT FOR ALL FUTURE MILITARY
APPLICATIONS"9"9 "<#AIGA">  REPLACED BY
"9"9,ADA"9"94 #D  "9"9,,BCPL"9"9 
,RICHARDS'S STRIPPED ,,CPL4