,THE ,ADDRESS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE "<,RUSSIAN3 #D@A#E;,A"7,K#I ,O#G;,K3"> IS ONE OF THE WORLD'S FIRST HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES1 CREATED IN ,KYIV IN #AIEE BY ,KATERYNA ,YUSHCHENKO TWO YEARS BEFORE ,,FORTRAN'S FIRST COMPILER SHIPPED1 AND YEARS BEFORE POINTER MACHINERY REACHED MAINSTREAM ,WESTERN LANGUAGES "<,,IPL HAD LINKED LISTS IN #AIEF2 ,,PL_/,I ADDED AN EXPLICIT ,,POINTER TYPE IN #AIFD">4 ,ITS CENTRAL IDEA WAS EXACTLY THAT3 MANIPULATING ADDRESSES OF SECOND AND HIGHER RANK VALUES THAT POINT AT OTHER POINTERS AS FIRST-CLASS PROGRAM OBJECTS4 ,TWO PRINCIPLES ,YUSHCHENKO BUILT THE LANGUAGE ON THE TWO THINGS A STORED-PROGRAM MACHINE FUNDAMENTALLY DOES3 - ,PROGRAM CONTROL A PROGRAM DESCRIBES A SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS AND HOW EXECUTION MOVES BETWEEN THEM2 - ,ADDRESSING DATA LIVES AT ADDRESSES1 AND ADDRESSES THEMSELVES CAN BE COMPUTED1 STORED1 AND DEREFERENCED4 ,FROM THOSE PRIMITIVES THE LANGUAGE DERIVED ITS SIGNATURE CAPABILITY3 INDIRECT ADDRESSING1 AND ADDRESSES OF HIGHER RANK A FIRST-RANK ADDRESS POINTS AT DATA2 A SECOND-RANK ADDRESS POINTS AT AN ADDRESS2 AND SO ON4 ,IN MODERN TERMS3 POINTERS1 AND POINTERS-TO-POINTERS THE MACHINERY BEHIND LINKED DATA STRUCTURES1 LISTS1 AND TREES4 ,IT ALSO GAVE PROGRAMS FREE LOCATION IN MEMORY3 CODE COULD BE MOVED AND RELOCATED1 A PROPERTY MOST CONTEMPORARIES LACKED4 ,HARDWARE PARTNERSHIP ,THE LANGUAGE WAS NOT MERELY IMPLEMENTED ON THE ,KIEV COMPUTER IT SHAPED IT4 ,AT THE #AIEG#EH ,KYIV ALGORITHMS SEMINAR "<,GLUSHKOV1 ,KALUZHNIN1 ,KOROLYUK1 ,YUSHCHENKO">1 THE LANGUAGE'S NEEDS FED BACK INTO THE MACHINE'S DESIGN3 THE ,KIEV'S INSTRUCTION SET CARRIED A UNIQUE GROUP OPERATION ON ADDRESSES PERFORMING ;N-FOLD DEREFERENCE IN A SINGLE MACHINE OPERATION1 ACCELERATING WORK ON ABSTRACT DATA TYPES1 PLUS THE 8;,P0 OPERATION INCLUDED AT ,YUSHCHENKO'S SUGGESTION4 ,PROGRAMS WERE WRITTEN IN ADDRESS LANGUAGE AND COMPILED BY ,,PP 8PROGRAMMING-PROGRAM0 TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS1 AN EARLY COMPILER PIPELINE4 ,FROM ,KYIV IT SPREAD ACROSS THE ,SOVIET FLEET3 ,URAL1 ;,M-#BJ1 ,MINSK1 ,DNIPRO1 ,PROMIN ESSENTIALLY EVERY FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION ,SOVIET MACHINE RAN AN IMPLEMENTATION4 ,IT STAYED IN SERVICE FOR NEARLY TWENTY YEARS1 COMPUTING BALLISTIC-MISSILE TRAJECTORIES1 AVIATION AND SPACE PROBLEMS1 MACHINE BUILDING1 AND DEFENSE WORK2 THE EARLY RELATIONAL-TYPE ,,DBMS ,AVTODIREKTOR ON THE ,KIEV WAS WRITTEN IN IT4 ,STANDING AND INFLUENCE ,THE INSTITUTE'S OWN FRAMING IS AMBITIOUS CLAIMING THE LANGUAGE'S IDEAS ANTICIPATED ABSTRACT DATA TYPES1 OBJECT-ORIENTED AND FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING1 LOGICAL PROGRAMMING1 DATABASES1 AND ,,AI TOOLING4 ,THE DOCUMENTED STANDING IS IMPRESSIVE ENOUGH WITHOUT THE SUPERLATIVES3 ONE OF THE WORLD'S FIRST HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES1 THE FIRST WITH POINTER-STYLE ADDRESSING1 CONCEIVED A DECADE BEFORE THE ,WEST ADOPTED THE IDEA1 AND THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THE ,SOVIET SCHOOL OF THEORETICAL PROGRAMMING THAT ,YUSHCHENKO LED FOR FORTY YEARS4 "9"9,NAME COLLISION4"9"9 ,THE LANGUAGE IS SOMETIMES ABBREVIATED "9"9,,APL"9"9 IN ,SOVIET-ERA ,ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SOURCES IT IS "9NOT"9 ,IVERSON'S ,,APL4 ,FRENCH AND ,GERMAN EDITIONS RENDER ,YUSHCHENKO AS "9,IOUCHTCHENKO"9 _/ "9,JUSTSCHENKO"94 ,THE RECORD - #AIEE ,YUSHCHENKO CREATES THE LANGUAGE " - #AIEG#EH THE SEMINAR PERIOD2 LATE-#AIEI IMPROVEMENTS2 FEEDBACK INTO ,KIEV'S OPERATION SET - #AIFC ,YUSHCHENKO'S #D@A#E;,A"7@>#E 8@A@>#C@A#J@<@<#H@A@>#BJ"7#HE "<#BHF PP"> THE CANONICAL BOOK - #AIFD ,ELEMENTS OF ,PROGRAMMING " IN ,GERMAN "<,TEUBNER"> AND ,HUNGARIAN2 A ,,PP TRANSLATOR FOR ,URAL-#A - #AIFF THE ,KIEV MACHINE DESCRIPTION REACHES THE ,,USAF "<,,FTD TRANSLATION"> - #AIFI ,ELEMENTS OF ,PROGRAMMING IN ,FRENCH "<,DUNOD"> - #AIGD FURTHER ,FRENCH PUBLICATION ON THE ADDRESS SYSTEM ,REFERENCES - ,GLUSHKOV ,INSTITUTE MUSEUM 8,THEORETICAL ,PROGRAMMING IN ,UKRAINE02 MACHINE-FLEET ACCOUNTS - ,YUSHCHENKO1 #D@A#E;,A"7@>#E 8@A@>#C@A#J@<@<#H@A@>#BJ"7#HE "<,KYIV1 #AIFC"> - ,GLUSHKOV @& ,YUSHCHENKO1 ,THE ,KIEV ,COMPUTER3 ,A ,MATHEMATICAL ,DESCRIPTION "<#AIFB2 ,,FTD-,,TT-#FE-#IGB1 #AIFF"> - ,GNEDENKO1 ,KOROLYUK @& ,YUSHCHENKO1 ,ELEMENTS OF ,PROGRAMMING "<,GERMAN #AIFD1 ,HUNGARIAN #AIFD1 ,FRENCH #AIFI"> - ,,NASU PROFILE3 8,KATERYNA ,LOHVYNIVNA ,YUSHCHENKO INVENTOR OF ,POINTERS0 ,SEE ALSO - ,KATERYNA ,YUSHCHENKO ,VICTOR ,GLUSHKOV ,KIEV COMPUTER - ,,MESM ,DNIPRO COMPUTER ,,MIR COMPUTER